Transcript
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Heating & energy handbook Contents Heating - Energy Energy savings
134 135
Air curtains Why is there draught from an open door? Air curtains block the flow Measurements ADA Cool Balanced ventilation Important notes Energy savings with Air curtains
136 137 138 139 140 140 141
Control and regulation Fan speed regulation Heating regulation
142 143 143
Table and diagrams for dimensioning
144
Suggestions and positioning Energy Savings with air curtains
145 148
Sound
150
Symbol guide for wiring diagrams
151
Contact us
152
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Heating - Energy The need to heat a building arises from heat losses that are caused by the temperature difference between indoor air and outdoor air.
The outdoor air temperature varies with the season and place but indoor air temperature should remain even and comfortable.
Heat losses can be divided into two parts:
The dimensioned input requirement for a building is the heat input necessary to maintain the desired indoor temperature when the outdoor air temperature is at its coldest.
Transmission losses: Losses via parts of the building (roof, walls etc.) Ventilation losses: Losses through ventilation, unsealed areas and openings.
The energy requirement is the total energy requirement of the year for each hour, i.e. the area below the output requirement curve in the diagram.
Output [W]
Temperature [°C] Dimensioned output requirements
Outdoor temperature
30 25 Desired indoor temperature 20
Output requirement
15
Energy requirement
10 5 0 -5 -10 -15
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
-20
DURATION DIAGRAM A common method of achieving the energy requirement for heating is to use a Duration diagram. The Duration diagram has two axes. The X axis shows the number of hours in one year, the Y axis the outdoor temperature in °C. One can draw a curve to describe the duration of the outdoor temperature in each place. If the average temperature for the year, is +8°C, then it is colder than +8°C for six months or 4380 hours.
If a line for desired indoor air temperature is inserted into the diagram, e.g. 20°C, this line will intersect with the duration diagram to show the number of degree hours that are needed for heating to 20°C. The number of degree hours is a measurement that is proportional to the energy requirement for heating. For any particular place, one can either calculate based on such a diagram or consult climate tables.
Temperature [°C]
Temperature [°C] 35
35 30 25
25
Average yearly temperature
20
20
15
15
10
Outdoor temperature
5
10 5
0
0
-5
-5
-10
-10
-20
Outdoor temperature Energy requirement
-15
-15 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
134
Indoor air temperature
30
Time [h/year]
-20
Time [h/year] 0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Energy savings Heat losses
TRANSMISSION LOSSES
VENTILATION LOSSES
The size of transmission losses varies according to the areas of the building parts and insulation. The losses are proportional to the temperature differences between room air and outdoor air.
The ventilation in a building is either mechanical or of the natural type. Mechanical ventilation most often consists of a supply and exhaust air unit that makes heat reclamation possible. Natural and involuntary ventilation consists of thermal currents causing warm air to rise and leak through openings and unsealed areas.
Methods to reduce heat losses Improved insulation of a building naturally reduces heat losses and increases energy savings, but there are other methods of reducing heating costs as well. EQUALIZING TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES
REDUCE LEAKAGE
Equalizing the temperature differences can reduce heat losses by as much as 30% while making optimal use of the heat. Radiant heaters The temperature difference between ceiling and floor becomes very small with radiant heaters. Ceiling fans The installation of ceiling fans is a very simple and inexpensive way to equalize the temperature difference.
Large energy losses often occur through openings such as doors. Expensive heated or cooled (airconditioned) air disappears through the opening. This can be prevented by the installation of air curtains. air curtains create a barrier between different temperature zones. Balanced ventilation and shorter door opening times also contribute to the reduction of energy leakage.
LOWER INDOOR TEMPERATURE Another method of saving energy is to lower the indoor temperature. However, this must be done so that comfort is not compromised. Spot and zone heating Radiant heaters can supply varying temperatures to different zones of the same building. Radiant heat contribution With radiant heaters, the air temperature of a room can be lowered somewhat and still be experienced as being at a high temperature, the so-called operative temperature. Time control When there is no-one in the building, e.g. at night and on holidays, the temperature can be lowered.
HEAT RECLAMATION To reduce ventilation losses when ventilation is mechanical, a portion of the energy content of the exhausted air can be reclaimed GREATER EQUALIZATION OF TEMPERATURES With a triac-controlled power regulator, the room temperature can be set to 20 °C and the temperature will not deviate from this setting.
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Air curtains Energy saving and comfort
Large energy losses occur through open hatches, doors and gates. Heated, cooled or air conditioned air disappears through the door. Resulting in high heating costs. The cold air that gets in through the opening in-turn creates problems. Open and draughty doors with bad insulation result in draught and cold draught. This is often a big problem in the working environment even with smaller openings, such as service hatches in kiosks. An open door or hatch also leads to other problems, such as the ingress of exhaust fumes and insects. In many places the door is opened so often, that considerable energy losses occur and the working environment becomes unpleasant. A simple solution to these problems is to install an air curtain. Expressed in simple terms you could say that air curtains create a barrier between air different temperatures. An invisible door is created which prevents the indoor air from leaking out and the outdoor air from getting in. This gives lower energy costs and a substantially improved working environment.
Electrical heat, hot water heat or without heat.
Fricos air curtain series is called Thermozone. The Thermozone-series includes air curtains for every requirement and opening. They are designed to save energy and increase comfort.
On these pages we at Frico would like to explain what an air curtain is, how it works and which air curtains suit which environments and applications. Further information is to be found under the sections for each air curtain in the catalogue and at our website www.frico.se
136
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
WHY IS THERE DRAUGHT FROM AN OPEN DOOR? How much air that leaks out through an open door depends on the pressure difference between the indoor and outdoor air. The air flow through an opening is caused by three factors: pressure difference external/internal temperature difference outdoors/indoors wind velocity at the opening Simply put you could say that if the conditions on each side of the door differ in any way, than there will be a draught through the doors. Air leaks out through an open door to level out the differences in pressure and temperature. In a heated room this means that warm air leaks out and is replaced by cold air. Wind blowing towards the opening also affects the air flow. Airpressure Inside/Outside The pressure difference between the building and its surroundings can be eliminated with balanced ventilation which counteracts the air flow resulting from pressure differences between internal and external air. Air Flow due to Temperature Differences Warm internal air is less dense and is lighter than cold out-door air, causing a pressure difference at openings. The cold outside air streams in at the bottom of the opening and forces out warm air through the upper part of the doorway. This is referred to as the opening breathing.
where
W H µ0 g ∆ρ
= = = = =
Width of the door [m] Height of the door [m] Flow coefficient (0.8-1.0) Gravitation coefficient (9.81 m/s2) Density differences between the air masses ρm = Average density of the air masses
Air Flow due to Wind Stress When the wind blows against the doorway, air streams through the opening. The air stream is evenly distributed over the entire opening. The size of the air flow is thus proportional to the wind velocity at a right angle to the opening. (After a time, the room will have such a great overpressure that the air flow will be limited to what leaks out through unsealed areas of the building.) Air flow due to wind stress, Qv, can be calculated thus: υ10 [2] Qv = W H 0.25 x L 2
W H
= Width of the door = Height of the door
υ10
= Average yearly velocity at a ht. of 10 metres (see climate data or an isovel diagram) 0.25 = Wind direction frequency factor L = Position factor, 1 = normal value, >1 for subjected position Total Air Flow Total air flow through the opening is the sum of the flow due to temperature differences and the flow due to wind stress. Qtot = QT + QV [3]
Air flow due to thermal pressure differences
The size of the air flow varies according to the differences in temperature between internal and external air. The air exchange is therefore said to be caused by thermal temperature differences. Using known values for the temperatures in the building as well as outdoors, the density of the air masses can be calculated and thereby also the pressure differences and the air flow through the opening. The air flow, QT, can be calculated thus: QT =
1.5 W H µ0 3
√g
Total Air Flow
∆ρ ρm
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
AIR CURTAINS BLOCK THE FLOW Air curtains are used to prevent cold air from leaking in and warm air from disappearing out. They are also used to protect air conditioned and cold-storage rooms from warm air leaking in and cold air escaping. An air curtain creates a barrier at the open door, preventing undesirable air flow. The air velocity in the air curtain must be great enough to direct the resulting velocity downward. The air curtain should be directed so that a small part of the air stream goes out while the main part comes back into the room. Then the cold outdoor air follows the air curtain out again and the warm indoor air is retained in the building. Choose the right air curtain for the best effect It is important to choose the right type of air curtain. The door height is critical in this case, and the adjustment of the air speed is also of great importance.
Too strong air curtain gives energy loss
Correct air curtain
Weak air curtain which cannot cover the door height
Research and development At our laboratory in Partille research and measurements are done regularly to develop new products but also to enhance and improve existing products. A result from our efforts is ADA Cool, which is one of the air curtains in the Thermozone ADA series, a serie of air curtain units without heating coil. ADA Cool is specially developed for cold-storage rooms. The result from the generated measurements of ADA Cool show how well an air curtain function and how important it is to get the correct adjustments.
138
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK Measurements ADA Cool The simulated environment was a cold-storage room in a food store where dairy products are held. The room had a direct connection with at normal room temperature. By carrying out a set of tests at different conditions, and by measuring the temperature at different points in the air-stream, the following charts were generated, showing how the air flow can effect the temperature in the different areas around the
opening. The dark red colour shows a normal temperature and the darkest blue colour the lowest cold-storage temperature. The value on the x-axis indicates the distance in millimetres from the unit, the value on the y-axis indicates the distance in millimetres from the floor. To the right of each diagram is a key to the colours/temperature relationship.
Opening without an air curtain In an opening without protection you can see how the cold air escapes through the opening, resulting in significant amount of warm air ingress.
Opening with a correctly adjusted air curtain With the air curtain correctly set-up a sharp separation is made between the temperature zones.
Opening with an air curtain, velocity too high The air flow is an important factor in achieving a good result with an air curtain. At too high energy loss and an increase in the cold room temperature will result.
Opening with an air curtain set at the wrong angle If the angle is too small, warm air will blow in to the cold-store and result in an increased internal temperature and subsiquent energy loss.
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
BALANCED VENTILATION For an air curtain to function at optimum efficiency it is important that the pressure differential across the doorway it not too great. Ventilation systems are generally designed such that this pressure differential is very small; these conditions being achieved for the design point. When conditions move from this point however, through variations in temperature, air pressure, wind effect or humidity, the balance of the zero pressure system will be displaced resulting in
either an over or under pressure in the building. If the ventilation system is balanced, comfort levels are raised and energy costs reduced. Balanced ventilation can, for example be obtained through a system that continuously measures the pressure difference between the internal and external air and regulates infiltration loss from the building accordingly by mechanical means.
IMPORTANT NOTES
140
If there is a negative prassure in the room the performance of the air curtains will be substantially reduced, the ventilation should therefore be balanced.
To obtain optimal air curtain performance the air curtain should be placed as close to the opening as possible and cover the whole width of the opening.
In most cases the air curtain unit should be placed on the inside of the opening it is meant to protect. When protecting a cold room however it is positioned on the warm side.
The direction and speed of the air stream should be adjusted according to the characteristics of the doorway. Wind pressure will suppress the affects of the air curtains performance and tend to bend the air stream inwards. The air current should therefore be angled outwards.
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
ENERGY SAVINGS WITH AIR CURTAINS The diagram below shows how big the energy losses can be through a door without air curtains as protection. Assumptions:
Large room Average yearly temperature of 6.5ºC Average yearly wind velocity υ10 = 4 m/s Duration of open door conditions = 1 hr/day Door Height [m]
Losses [MWh/year] 240
8
220 200 1 80
6
1 60 5
1 40 1 20
4
1 00 80
3
60 40 20 1
3
2
5
4
6
7
8
Energy losses through unprotected door.
9 Door Width [m]
With the right type and size of air curtain protecting the doorway, you can see the size of the energy savings as a precentage given in the diagram below. The height of the door determines how big the savings can be. Savings [%] 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
Normal energy savings with air curtains.
Example:
6
6,5
7
7,5
8
8,5
9
9,5 10 Door Height [m]
Door H = 4 m, W = 4 m. Energy losses through unprotected door: 50 MWh/year Energy savings with air curtains: 50 MWh/year x 80 % = 40 MWh/year
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Control and Regulation Simple and Intelligent
The control system is the heart and the brain of a heating system. It decides both comfort level and energy consumption. The temperature of an electric heating system can be more quickly, easily, and exactly regulated than in any other type of heating system.
Heat Regulation The heat balance in a building is a dynamic interplay of several factors that can be divided into three main groups: Heat losses Heat contribution Heat storage The purpose of heating (the heat contribution) is to cover the differences between the various posts so that the desired temperature can be maintained in the building. In practice, both the climatic stresses (outside temperature, sunshine, wind) and the heat contribution to a building vary over time. The variations can be long-term, such as with the seasons, or shorter, such as when the sun is hidden by clouds when, a room is filled with people, or when a door is opened. The ability of the sections of the building to store heat is of great significance for these shorter variations. It is vital to choose the right control and regulation system, as it determines the comfort level and energy consumption of the building.
Frico offers several regulators
On the following pages we at Frico will tell you more about control and regulation. Further information is to be found under the section Thermostats and at our website www.frico.se. Under each product in the catalogue you will also find information about which type of regulation we recommend for each product.
142
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK The small air curtains have a built in control and regulation system. For the 200-series and larger a remote regulation system is available as an accessory. For best result heat and air flow should be regulated. There is avariety of regulation systems from which to choose depending on requirements and usage.
FAN SPEED REGULATION
HEATING REGULATION
Basic functions For best results theunit should be fan speed regulated. Generally it is sufficient to use a simple 2, 3, or 4-stage regulator, depending on the size and function of the unit. In a more sensitive application a more precise variable fan speed regulator is available.
For electrical heating it is sufficient to use a precise on/off regulator through a thermostat. A 2-stage thermostat improves the precision and makes it possible to increase or decrease the effect depending on the heat demand. The electrical heating effect can also be regulated with an output selector. For hot water heating a single-stage thermostat is used.
2-stage speed regulation (high/low speed) A low speed set-back can be used for spaceheating, switching to high speed for protection when doors are opened. Variable outdoor compensation Enable variable adjustment of low and high speed. Outdoor compensated regulation of the high speed operation; i.e the fan speed increases with a decreasing outdoor temperature. Can be used in conjunction with a time delay for high/low speed or low speed/off. Heat control through an indoor thermostat.
Thermostats can be divided into two types: Mechanical thermostats (bi-metallic or capillary tube) Electronical thermostats, with resistance sensors Both types of thermostat control the output (on/off cycling) around the desired temperature. It is however possible that the temperature fluctuations around the set value can be wide. By using electronic thermostats, the precision of regulation can be adjusted to achieve a lower differentiation. See the temp. curve for on/off control. The choice of thermostat depends on the surronding environment. In, for example, a shop an electronical thermostat is often choosen since it looks better, on the other hand it has a lower protection class. In an industrial environment where the protection class demands are higher a capillary thermostat would be a better choice.
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Table and diagrams for dimensioning Basic electrical formulas Amperage Direct current and single-phase atlernating current at cosj=1 I=U/R=P/U
Dimensioning table for cables and wires
3-phase alernating 3-phase alternating current current Y-connection D-connection I=If √3
I f =I
Connection wires Area Continuous [mm2] current [A]
1.5
10
0.75
6
10
2.5
16
1
10
10
4
20
Fuse [A]
6
25
1.5
16
16
10
35
2.5
25
20
16
63
4
32
25
25
80
6
40
35
35
100
10
63
63
50
125
70
160
Power
95
200
120
250
Direct current and single-phase atlernating current at cosj=1
3-phase alernating 3-phase alternating current current Y-connection D-connection
150
250
185
315
240
315
300
400
P=UI
P=√3 UI cosϕ
400
500
Voltage Direct current and single-phase atlernating current at cosj=1
3-phase alernating 3-phase alternating current current Y-connection D-connection U=Uf √3
U=RI
U f=U
P=√3 UI cosϕ
U = operating voltage in volts: with direct current and 1phase alternating current between the two conductors, with 3-phase alternating current two phases (not between phase and zero). Uf = voltage between phase and zero in a three-phase cable. √3 ≅ 1.73 I = current in ampere I f = current in ampere in phase wire R = resistance in ohm P = power in watts
127/1
230/1
Voltage [V] 400/1 230/3
400/3 500/3
1.0
7.85
4.34
2.50
2.51
1.46
1.16
1.1
8.65
4.78
2.75
2.76
1.59
1.27
1.2
9.45
5.22
3.00
3.02
1.73
1.39
1.3
10.2
5.65
3.25
3.27
1.88
1.50
1.4
11.0
6.09
3.50
3.52
2.02
1.62
1.5
11.8
6.52
3.75
3.77
2.17
1.73
Symbols for model types = normal model (no symbols) = drip-proof design = splash-proof design = jet-proof design = water-tight model
1.6
12.6
6.96
4.00
4.02
2.31
1.85
1.7
13.4
7.39
4.25
4.27
2.46
1.96
1.8
14.2
7.83
4.50
4.52
2.60
2.08
1.9
15.0
8.26
4.75
4.78
2.75
2.20
2.0
15.8
8.70
5.00
5.03
2.89
2.31
2.2
17.3
9.67
5.50
5.53
3.18
2.54
Protection classes for electrical material
2.3
18.1
10.0
5.75
5.78
3.32
2.66
2.4
18.9
10.4
6.00
6.03
3.47
2.77
2.6
20.5
11.3
6.50
6.53
3.76
3.01
2.8
22.0
12.2
7.00
7.03
4.05
3.24
3.0
23.6
13.0
7.50
7.54
4.34
3.47
3.2
25.2
13.9
8.00
8.04
4.62
3.70
3.4
26.8
14.8
8.50
8.54
4.91
3.93
3.6
28.4
15.7
9.00
0.05
5.20
4.15
3.8
29.9
16.5
9.50
9.55
5.49
4.39
4.0
31.15
17.4
10.0
10.05
5.78
4.62
4.5
35.4
19.6
11.25
11.31
6.50
5.20
5.0
39.4
21.7
12.50
12.57
7.23
5.78
5.5
43.3
23.9
13.75
13.82
7.95
6.36
6.0
47.3
26.1
15.0
15.1
8.67
6.94
6.5
51.2
28.3
16.25
16.3
9.39
7.51
7.0
55.0
30.4
17.50
17.6
10.1
8.09
7.5
59.0
32.6
18.75
18.8
10.8
8.67
8.0
63.0
34.8
20.0
20.1
11.6
9.25
8.5
67.0
37.0
21.25
21.4
12.3
9.83
9.0
71.0
39.1
22.5
22.6
13.0
10.4
9.5
75.0
41.3
23.75
23.9
13.7
11.0
IP, first figure 0
Protection against solid objects No protection
1
Protection against solid objects ≥50 mm
2
Protection against solid objects ≥12.5 mm
3
Protection against solid objects ≥2.5 mm
4
Protection against solid objects ≥1.0 mm
5
Protection against dust
6
Dust-tight
IP, second figure 0
Protection against water No protection
1
Protection against vertically dripping water
2
Protection against dripping water angled at
3
Protection against sprinkled water
4
Protection against spraying with water
5
Protection against water jets
6
Protection against heavy seas
7
Protection against short-term immersion in water
8
Dimensioning table Amperage at different powers and voltages Power [kW]
max 15°
Protection against the effects of long-term immersion in water
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Installation wires, open or in conduit Area [mm2] Fuse [A]
10.0 78.5 43.5 25.0 25.1 14.5 11.6 For power outputs between 0.1 and 1 kW, the amperage read is multiplied by 0.1. For power outputs between 10 and 100 kW, the amperage read is multiplied by 10.
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Suggestions and positioning Thermozone air curtains are available for openings of different heights and fields of application. To make the choice of air curtain easier, you will find some typical examples and the recommended air curtain solution for these on the following pages. Kind of opening: Kiosk or service hatch. Recommendation: Thermozone AD100 1m
Short description: Small air curtain with electrical heating (2-3 kW). Mounted horizontally above the opening. For wider openings several units can be mounted next to each other. For more information see page 16-19.
1.5 m
Approximate height of the opening [m] Output [kW]
AD102
Kind of opening: Entry doors Recommendation: Thermozone AD200 Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 2.5 metres are available without heat, with electrical heating (6-18 kW) and with hot water heating coils. The air-curtain is mounted horizontally above the opening. In wider openings several units can be mounted next to each other. For more information see page 20-31.
2m
1.5 m
AC200 is also a good alternative, see page 32-41.
Approximate height of the opening [m] Length of the air curtain [dm] Electrically heated / Ambient / Water heated / Compact Output [kW]
AD215E06
Kind of opening: Entry door or small gate to air conditioned rooms or cold rooms. Recommendation: Thermozone ADA Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 2.5 metres. Without heat. Reduces the loss of cooled or air conditioned air. Prevents exhaust, smoke, dust and smells from entering the locality. The air-curtain is mounted horizontally above the opening. For more information see page 10-13.
2m
1.2 m
AD200A is also a good alternative, see page 20-31.
Ambient (without heat) Length of the air curtain [cm] High airflow / low airflow
ADA120H
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Kind of opening: Shop entries, business environments etc. Recommendation: Thermozone Corinte
2m
2m
Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 3 metres. With electrical heating (3-31.5 kW) or hot water heating. Creates a temperature differentiating barrier that effectively prevents cold draught and gives energy savings. The air curtain is mounted vertically beside the opening or horizontally above. For more information see page 42-45.
2m
2m
Length/height of the unit [mm] Water heated / Electrically heated
AC300 and WAC300V are also good alternatives, see page 62-77.
AD2200W
Kind of opening: Large shop entries Recommendation: Thermozone AD300 Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 3.5 meters. Available without heat, with electrical heating (9-18 kW) and with hot water heating coils. Creates a temperature differentiating barrier that effectively prevents cold draught and gives large energy savings. To be mounted horizontally above the opening. For more information see page 46-61.
3m
4m
Approximate height of the opening [m] The length of the air curtain [dm] Electrically heated / Ambient / Water heated Output [kW]
AC300 and WAC300V are also good alternatives, see page 62-77.
AD320E18
Kind of opening: Demanding applications Recommendation: Thermozone AD400 Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 4.5 metres. Available without heat, with electrical heating (13,5-27 kW) and with hot water heating coils. Creates a temperature differentiating barrier that effectively prevents cold draught and gives large energy savings. To be mounted horizontally above the opening. For more information see page 78-93. AC400 and WAC400(V) are also good alternatives, see page 94-109.
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4m
4m
Approximate height of the opening [m] The length of the air curtain [dm] Electrically heated / Ambient / Water heated Output [kW]
AD420E27
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK Kind of opening: Smaller industrial entrance Recommendation: Thermozone AD300 Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 3.5 metres. Available without heat, with electrical heating (9-18 kW) and with hot water heating coils. Creates a temperature differentiating barrier that effectively prevents cold draught and gives large energy savings. To be mounted horizontally above the opening. For more information see page 46-61.
3m
4m
Approximate height of the opening [m] The length of the air curtain [dm] Electrically heated / Ambient / Water heated Output [kW]
AC300 and WAC300(V) are also good alternatives, see page 62-77.
AD320E18
Kind of opening: Industrial entrance Recommendation: Thermozone AD400 4m
Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 4.5 metres. Available without heat, with electrical heating (13,5-27 kW) and with hot water heating coils. Creates a temperature differentiating barrier that effectively prevents cold draught and gives large energy savings. To be mounted horizontally above the opening. For more information see page 78-93. AC400 and WAC400(V) are also good alternatives, see page 94-109.
4m
Approximate height of the opening [m] The length of the air curtain [dm] Electrically heated / Ambient / Water heated Output [kW]
AD420E27
Kind of opening: Large industrial entrance Recommendation: Thermozone AC500 Short description: Air curtain unit for openings with heights up to 6 metres. Without heat. Creates a shield and prevents effectively energy losses through the open door. To be mounted horizontally above the opening or vertically beside. For more information see page 110-115.
5m
6m
5m
6m
Approximate height of the opening [m] Length/height of the unit; 1 = 1000 mm, 2 = 1500 mm
AC502
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Kind of opening: Heavy industrial applications Recommendation: Thermozone AC600 Short description: Air curtain units for openings with heights up to 8 metres. Without heat. Air at high speed is pressed through a narrow slot in the floor inside the door opening, this gives almost 100% protection against cold draught. To be mounted beside the opening. For more information see page 116-123.
6m
3m
Approximate height of the opening [m] Number of fans
AC603
Energy Savings with air curtains An industrial building has a door that is 5 metres high by 4 metres wide. We assume that the door is open a total of 1 hour per working day and for an average of 5 minutes each time. The heat losses come from thermal currents and wind stresses.
We will compare the energy losses through a open, unprotected door to an equivalent door with air curtains installed. Energy losses, unprotected door: Energy losses, door with air curtain: Energy Savings:
69 MWh/yr 21 MWh/yr 48 MWh/yr
Thus, the air curtain eliminates 70 % of the air exchange through the door. Approximate energy savings (efficiency) gained with air curtains for doors of different heights compared to equivalent unprotected doors. Savings [%]
We can limit the air exchange and energy losses by installing air curtains inside the door.
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
6,5
7
7,5
8
8,5
9
9,5 10
Door Height [m]
RECOMMENDATIONS AND POSITIONING To obtain the optimal air curtain effect, the air curtain should be placed as close to the opening as is possible and should cover the entire width of the door.
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Recommendations: 2 pcs. Thermozone AC 502 1 pcs. Thermozone AC 501 1 pcs. Fan speed regulator
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
FRICO Object Service Company: Industri AB Contact: John Smith Asdress: Anytown Telephone: xxxx-xxxxx Object: Industrial Building Example Energy Savings: Air curtains AC 500
Calculation Performed by: Frico AB Telephone: +46 31-336 86 00 Date: 2001 08 31
Input Dim. indoor temperature Dim. outdoor temperature Average annual temperature Wind velocity Volume of the room Energy price Door: Height Width Days per week in operation Open time per 24 hours Duration of each opening of door Position factor (1 = normal position)
18 -18 5 4 6400 0.5
°C °C °C m/s m3 Euro/kWh
5 4 5 1 5 1
m m days h/24 min/opening
Results Energy losses, unprotected door Energy losses, door with air curtain Energy savings Financial savings
69 21 48 24 000
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
MWh/yr MWh/yr MWh/yr Euro/yr
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HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Sound Sound levels in a work environment are of great importance. Therefore, it is vital to know what sound is, how it is measured, and what the different concepts are. WHAT IS SOUND? Sound is caused by air-pressure fluctuations that evolve when a sound source vibrates. One cycle of a sound wave in air, consists of one compression of the air together with the subsequent rarefaction that occurs. The air molecules are forced together (compression or compaction) and then subsequently they immediately begin returning to their equilibrium state. A soundwave can have different velocities in different media. In air the sound has a velocity of 340 m/s. How do we hear? The ear is divided into three areas: The outer ear (auricle or pinna) and the ear canal The middle ear (with the Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), and Stapes (Stirrup) The inner ear (with the cochlea) Sounds (air pressure waves) reach the pinna and then continue in to the ear canal as far as to the eardrum. Here they are converted into mechanical vibrations which are passed to the middle ear structure. The middle ear contains three small bones known as the Melleus, Incus and Stapes. These bones work together as a lever system and amplify the sound vibrations driven by the eardrum. The stirrup then passes the vibrations to the oval window which is a membrane covering an opening in the bony case of the cochlea. Here the mechanical force that is transmitted gets intensifed and is immediately transformed in the cochlea into hydraulic pressure which is then passed to the auditory nerve and emitted to the brain to be recognized as a sound. The smallest sound pressure that the ear can appreciate is called the threshold of hearing and the highest the ear can endure is called the threshold of pain. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS Sound pressure Pressure develops when pressure-waves move, for example, in the air. The sound pressure is measured in Pascals (Pa). To clairify sound pressure a logarithmic scale is used which is based on the differences between the actual sound pressure level and the sound pressure at the threshold of hearing. The scale has the units decibels (dB), where the threshold of hearing is 0 dB and the threshold of pain is 120dB. The sound pressure decreases with the distance from the source but is also affected by the acoustics of the room.
150
Sound power Sound power is the energy per time unit (Watt), which the object emits. Sound power is calculated from the sound pressure and also uses a logarithmic scale. Sound power is not dependent on the sound source nor the acoustics of the room, which therefore simplifies the comparisons of different objects. Frequency A sound sources periodical oscillation about a resting position is the sound sources frequency. Frequency is measured as the number of oscillations per second, where one oscillation per second is 1 Herz (Hz).
SOUND POWER AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS If the sound source emits a certain sound power level, the following will affect the sound pressure level: 1. Direct factor, Q Specifies how the sound is distributed around the sound souce. See figure below. 2. Distance from sound source, r is the measurement distance from the sound source in metres. 3. The rooms equivalent absorption area, A ekv The ability for a surface to absorb sound can be expressed as an absorption factor, α, which has a value between 0 and 1. The value 1 corresponding to a fully absorbing surface and the value 0 to a fully reflective surface. The total absorption area of a room is expressed in m 2. This can be calculated by multiplying the rooms surface area by the surfaces absorption factor. With these known factors it is possible to calculate the sound pressure if the sound power level is known.
Equivalent room absorption. Q = 1 Q = 2 Q = 4 Q = 8
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
Middle of room On wall or roof Between wall and roof In corner
HEATING AND ENERGY HANDBOOK
Symbol guide for wiring Diagrams Terminal Block
L1L2L3
Element group
kW
3a 2a 1a
Circuit Breaker 3 2 1
Diagram showing the functure of a Circuit Breaker
X X X X X X
0 3 2 1
Conversion terminal
∼
Single phase engine with thermal protection
M
Alternating contact
1 Fan speed regulation
2
3 poled contactor
Temperature limiter with manual reset Thermostat or limiter with automatic function
3
C
Diode
Triac Control C
Regulated phase
∼
Time-controlled contact Time -delay circuit Limit position switch Transformer Element or resistor Fuse Acceleration resistance
TA
Light Temperature sensor of the resistive type
Element group
Capacitor
Interference protection
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
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Frico Export Department Jan Svallingson Export Director Tel: + 46 31 336 86 21 Fax: + 46 31 26 28 60
[email protected]
Jan-Erik Lundholm Export Area Manager Tel: + 46 31 336 86 13 Fax: + 46 31 26 28 60
[email protected]
Languages: Swedish Spanish English German French Italian
Languages: Swedish German English French Danish
Tord Östlund Export Area Manager Tel: + 46 31 336 86 24 Fax: + 46 31 26 28 60
[email protected]
Solveig Bergquist Export Area Manager Tel: + 46 31 336 86 23 Fax: + 46 31 26 28 60
[email protected]
Languages: Swedish English German
Languages: German Swedish French English
Welcome to Frico Customer Support! You are very welcome to contact us. We tend to your orders for products and quests for printed material and we will make sure that your deliveries are on time.
Yvonne, Ingvor and Ulrika Tel: + 46 31-336 86 00 Fax: + 46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se
Technical support Frico´s technical support department offers qualified technical support and guidance. If you or you company want to know more about the possibilities with Frico´s products or wish to discuss a possible application, you are very welcome to contact us! Björn Sandkvist Product Manger Tel: + 46 31 336 8614 Fax: + 46 31 26 28 60
[email protected]
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Jörgen Wrennfors Technical sales Tel: + 46 31 336 8618 Fax: + 46 31 26 28 60
[email protected]
Frico AB, Box 102, SE-433 22 Partille Tel: +46 31-336 86 00 Fax: +46 31-26 28 60
[email protected] www.frico.se Design and specifications are subject to change without notice.
