Transcript
MK-701 Air Table Experiments
ORIGINAL: The power supply produces two independent arcs for pucks and able to produce traces on standard papers. No need of Conductive carbon paper. One can also get two traces by placing two papers. The pucks operate independently from each other. Possible Experiments : The Elastic-Inelastic Collisions in Two Dimensions Conservation of Momentum and Energy Inclined Plane, Projectile Motion, Atwood Experiments Oscillations with Springs Newton's Law Experiment
Standard Equipment :
1 arc producing power supply, 1 air table, 1 silent compressor, air manifold, 2 pucks, weight set, puck throwing equipment, connection cables. Technical details : The air pressure produced by a compressor and transferred to the air manifold through a hose helps two pucks moving on the surface without friction although they weigh nearly 0.5 kg each. The bands around pucks are arranged such that they can collide elastically or inelastically (sticking together after collision). The power supply produces arcs at the frequencies of 5-40Hz that can be selected from the buttons on the front panel of the arc power supply. The power supply produces approximately 12 kV voltages of nearly 2 kHz and this voltage produces between the tip electrode placed in the center of the pucks and the aluminium foil on the thick glass floor. The arcks produce traces that can be visible even on standard paper but thermal paper is preferred for stronger traces. With this set, one can create an inclined surface by placing plastic materials on one side of the air table. By throwing one of the pucks from the high side, the puck follows a trajectory similar to projectile motion. the distances between the trace points give velocities since the frequencies thus the period between subsequent arcks are known.By placing a perpendicular pulley and tying a rope to one of the pucks and tying a weight to the other end of the rope one can perform Newton's experiment with free fall. By placing parallel pulley to the raised edge of the rtable one can perform Atwood experiment running with both of the pucks. The arcks can be initiated by a hand button or foot pedal. Note: New version of the arc power supply allows independent full control of each pucks through a microcontroller.
MK - 601 Fundamental Measurements and Errors
MKS system: length, weight, time, area, volume measurements as well as temperature, resistance, capacitance, diode measurements Possible Experiments : Length, weight, time measurements Error and statistical measurements
Standard Equipment 1 adet vernier caliper, 1electronics balance, 1 chronometer, 1 micrometer, 1 ruler, object set, weight set Technical Information The MKS:meter-kg-seconds system is investigated by using micrometer, vernier caliper, ruler. Bu us,ng the balance and object set, the volumes and the densities are measured and error measurements are performed by multiple measurements.
EE-507 Current Balance Experiments
Possible Experiments : Measurement of the Lorentz force affecting current carrying wire in magnetic field The effect of conductor length on Lorentz force The interaction of current carrying coils with external magnetic fields The variation of the Lorentz force with the angle between wire and magnetic field
Standard Equipment A holder platform, 1 DC current source, 1 weight balance, multimeter, 1 magnetic apparatus, wire set, 1 angle adjustable coil, cables Technical Information : The force affecting a moving charge is known as Lorentz force and given by: F=qVxB. Here V is velocity, B is the magnetic field. In this set the magnetic field is created by permanent magnets. The magnitude of this force is given
by: F = qVBSin(a) where a is the angle between magnetic field and current direction. Ifd a charge moves a distance of dx within a time interval of dt, then the velocity and current are given by: V=dx/dt and I=dq/dt. Using these definition lorentz force can be written as:F=I LxB. This is called Biot-Savart law. Here vector L denotes the length of the wire with a direction of current flow. Considering the angle a between this direction and the magnetic field tion, the magnitude of this force becomes: F=ILBSin(a). This equation depends on the magnitude of current, length of wire, the strength of magnetic field and this angle. The experiment set is designed such that the Lorentz force is against gravitational force which increases or reduces the weight of the magnetic apparatus.
MK - 201 Pulleys and Balance Experiments
Single pulley, multi-pulley and balance experiments Possible Experiments : Pulley experiments Multi-pulley experiments Balance experiments
Standard Equipment 2 movable pulleys, 2 fixed pulleys, 2 multi-pulleys, 1 balance rod, connector, 1 weight set, 2 dynanometers (5 Newton) Technical Information With this experiment set numerous pulley and balance experiments can be done. the dynamometers and all other pieces can be fixed to the rails all around the panel. The pulleys and dynamometers can be connected at different angles.
MK - 401 Inclined Plane and Conservation of Energy
Conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy Usable panel for writing equations Possible experiments : Kinetic energy as a function of inclination angle Optional: Spring compression at the bottom , Energy conservation
Standard equipment 1inclined frictionless rail (3 different angles), 2 cars, microcontrolled velocity sensor (6-10VDC or battery input), 1 spring (optional). Technical Information If a mass of "m" is "h" above florr its potential energy is given by: P=mgh. This
potential energy totally is converted into kinetic energy: K=1/2mv2 provided that there is no friction. equating these equations one can get: v2=2gh so that the acceleration due to gravity "g" can be calculated when the exit velocity is measured. If desired, a spring is compressed on the bottom so that final kinetic energy is stored totally in the spring as potential energy: U=1/2kx2. There may be discrepancies among these energies since the frictionless rail still has an air friction. From the compression, the spring constant "k" can be calculated.
MK - 602 Free Fall Experiments
Show that the free fall time is independent of the mass, conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy Possible Experiments : Free fall from different heights Free fall with different masses Conservation of energy
Standard Equipment 3 steel balls at different masses, 1 experiment panel, ball release equipment, microcontrolled time sensor (0.01ms accuracy), ruler. OPTIONAL: 4 different time sensor at different adjustable locations. Technical Information When a mass "m" is released from a height "h", the potential energy:P=mgh is converted into kinetic energy: K=1/2mv2 provided that there is no air friction. Equating these equations one gets: V=(2gh)1/2 as floor velocity. By measuring this velocity from free fall time, one can get acceleration due to gravity, g. In addition, the vertical displacement of a freely falling object is given by: y=1/2gt2. Using different heights and accurately measuring fall times from microcontrolled time sensor, one can accurately get "g" from the slope of the graph: y-t2. The sensitivity of time sensor is 0.01 ms.
MK - 603 Pendulum and Oscillations
Measurements of period and frequency of oscillations by microcontrolled sensor. Possible Experiments : Pendulum oscillations at different rope lengths, Pendulum oscillations at different masses
Standard Equipment 3 stainless sphere masses, 1microcontrolled period sensor (7-12VDC or battery operated), 1 panel and connection apparatus, 1 power supply for the sensor. Technical Information When a pendulum undergoes small oscilaltions with small angles its oscillation period is given by: T=2π(L/g)1/2 where L is the rope length, g is acceleration due to gravity. since the microcontrolled sensor can accurately measure the oscillation period, one can get "g" out of this equation by using different rope lengths. If periods are measured as a function of rope lenths, one can get "g" from the slope of T2-L graph. It can also be shown that oscillation period is independent of mass.The microcontrooled sensor can be closed toward pane when not in use..
EE - 601 Earth's Magnetic Field
Microcontrolled Teslameter
Measuring earth's magnetic field (31.869 µT) using Helmholtz coil pair. Accurate microcontrolled magnetic field teslameter (our own product)... Possible Experiments :
Measuring magnetic flux of helmholtz coil and calibration Measuring parellel magnetic field of Earth and measuring perpendicular component
Standard Equipment 1 Helmholtz coil pair, adjustable current supplyı, reoasta, digital teslameter (with zeroing pot.), Hall probe, multimeter, compass, connection rod Technical Information Earth includes rotating magma at its center and has a magnetic moment due to this motion. Earth's magnetic field is similar to that of magnetic dipole. The axis of this dipole has an angle of 11.5 degrees with the rotational axis of the Earth. The dipole's magnetic dipole moment is µ=8.0x1022 J/T. This causes that geographical north-south poles are at different locations from that of magnetic poles. If parallel, perpendicular components of theis field and deviation angle are calculated one can get magnetic field vector. To measure this field, one can use Helmholtz coil pair at 20-30 cm radius and 1-2 mm diameter copper windings. When current is provided at coils a magnetic field of: B=0.715 µ0 n I /R where n is number of windings and R is the radius of coils. First, the current is increased and magnetic field is measured between 0 and nearly 3-10 mT. When B=kI graph is drawn, the straight line is exptrapolaed through weak field region. Here "k" is the slope and called calibration constant. Using weak currents and the deflection in the compass, the magnetic field can be calculated...
EE - 601 Biot-Savart Law Experiments
With our own product: unique sensitive Teslameter and Hall probe, numerous experiments can be done.... Possible Experiments Measuring the magnetic field at the center of circular wires with different windings Measuring the change in the magnetic field along the centerline of coils
Standard Equipment DCcurrent source, Coil with 300 windings, Rail, Teslameter, Hall probe, Probe holder, circular wire set, connection cables Technical Information After Oersted invented on 1819 that compass deviates near current carrying wires,Jean Baptiste Biot ve Felix Savart showed that the wires carrying DC
currents create magnetic field which interacts with magnets. These scientists solved that the magnetic field can be found (anywhere in space) from a line integral being evaluated over the path C in which the electric currents flow. By solving this equation it was shown that the magnetic field at the center of a circular wire is given by: B=µ0 n I /2r, and magnetic field at the centerline given by: B= 1/2µ0 I n /(r2+L2/4)1/2 . Here µ0 magnetic permeability of free space, I is current, n is number of windings, r is wire cross section radius, and L is the length of coil windings. One can see from these equations that the magnetic field is directly related to number of windings and inversely related to the circular wire radius. This experiment involves of measurements and calculations of magnetic field and comparing these values. Note: The Teslameter (Gaussmeter) in this set can be used anywhere..!..
MK-604 Springs & Oscillations (Hooke's Law)
Automatic period measurements with different springs and masses Verification of the equation F = kx, Hooke's Law Possible Experiments: Spring elongation with different masses (Hooke's law), Oscillation and period measurements with springs with different strength
Standard Equipment 3 different springs, 3 weight, microcontrolled period sensor(6-10VDC or 220V input), connection apparatus to panel Technical Information In this experiment, the extension of the springs are measured as a function of different masses (forces) and the spring constants "k" is measured using Hooke's law: F=kx. The period equation given by: T=2π(m/k)1/2 is used for oscillating springs to determine k. This is done by automatically measuring the period by microcontrolled sensor. In addition, using different masses, different period's are obtained from the sensor. These data are used to graph T2-m whose slope gives the spring constant. All these values are then compared and error propagation is discussed.
EE - 701 Heat Capacity and Heat Transfer Experiments
The heat capacity of the container, aluminium, brass, bronz, iron and copper cubes, the proof of Dulong Petit's Law... Possible Experiments : The measurement heat capacity of the container and warm water Measuring heat capacities of aluminium, brass, bronz, iron and copper cubes, Dulong Petit's laws
Standard Equipment Calorimeter container, heating power supply, brass, bronz, aluminium, copper and iron cubes, 300 ml water container, gas fire tube, gas cartridge,anareoid barometer, digital chronometer, digital or mercury thermometer, digital balance, rope, equipment holders, glass containers. Theoretical Information The water (of mass mw) heated by heater up to 50 degrees is poured into the
calorimeter at the lab. temperature of (T1) and the stirred water temperatures are measured in time and this is graphed. From this measurement, one can obtain the mixture (water+container) temperature of (Tm). Since the heat capacity of the calorimeter container is given by: Cc= (mw Cw)(Tw- Tm)/(Tm- T) . Since the heat taken from outside to the calorimeter container is zero, one can use the following equation: Q=mcdT=(mwCw+Cc) (Tc- T1)+ mC(T100- T2)=0 where T100 is the boiling temperature of water (when metal is inside) approximately 100 degrees (indeed: aluminium:99.30C, brass: 99.80C) and Cw=4.187J/gK and T2 is the inserted metal temperature. Using this equation the heat capacity of the inserted metal (Cc) is found and compared with the listed values. Note: The heater for the calorimeter container is our own product....
EE - 109 Wheatstone Bridge Experiments
Extremely small resistance calculations by Wheatstone bridge....
Possible Experiments The calculation of very small resistances using Wheatstone bridge The change of the resistance with wire radius and wire type
Standard Equipment Resistance table, DC power supply, resistor set (0.4 ve 47ohm), multimeter, connection cables, wires: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mm Cr-Ni, 0.6 mm brass, 0.6 mm bronze. Technical Information The known resistance in the Wheatsone bridge is R, and the resistance to be measured is a thin wire. The wheatstoen table includes 5 wires connected. These are Cr-Ni wires of 0.2,0.4,0.6 mm radii and brass and bronze wires of 0.6 mm radius. In addition another Cr-Ni wire of 0.4 mm and 1 m of length is used as reaosta since it has a movable head. If the distances on the left and right of this head are L1, L2 these correspond to the resistances R1 and R2 since resistance is linearly dependent on the wire length. These lengths can easily be measured from the ruler on the table. The resistance of a wire is given by the equation: R= L/A where is the resistivity, L is the length and A is cross section area of the wire. The Wheatstone connection is made such that four resistances are known R, Rx to be measured (one of the wires) and R1and R2 are the left and right side reosta wires. After connection is done, the reosta head is moved until the multimeter connected to the middle of R-Rx and R1-R2 reads zero current. At this adjustment, the lengths are measured and the resistance to be measured is calculated from Rx=RL1/L2.
EE - 405 Magnetic induction and Faraday's Laws
Numerous experiments in solenoids by AC signals The changing magnetic field induces a voltage Possible Experiments Measuring inductance of solenoids, Magnetic induction (Faraday's Laws) experiments Spatial change of magnetic field in solenoids
Standard Equipment 1 big solenoid coil, 5 small coils at different cross section and number of windings, 1 signal generator, 1 multimeter, connection cables,oscilloscope:extra. Technical Information According to Faraday's law, the magnetic flux (magnetic fieldxarea) induces a voltage in coils if it changes in time. This is possible if only magnetic field changes in time (AC signals) or the area changes (electric motors) while
magnetic field is kept constant (usually by permanent magnets). If the current in a big coil changes according to the equation: I=I0Sin(2πft) where f is the frequency, the small coils placed in the big coil produce voltages in order to create an opposing magnetic field to eliminate the original field created by the big coil. This can only be done by allowing some currrents to flow across the windings of small coils. Induced voltage is given by: V = Ldi/dt =V0Cos(2πft). Although this equation is a function of the applied frequency, the magnitude (V0) of this signal is dependent on the number of windings, the length and the cross section of small coils. When any of these properties increases, the magnitude of induced voltage also increases. The measurements are performed by a multimeter for the frequencies up to 10kHz. The purpose is to show the dependence of induced voltage on these properties..
MK - 109 Force Table Experiments
The balance among the forces connected at different angles, Lami (Steven) theorem.... Possible Experiments The balance among different forces connected on two dimensional plane, Lami theorem and force statics
Standard Equipment 3 x 50 g , 36 x 20 g , 4 x 10 g , 8 x 5 g weight set, the height adjustable circular platform, 3 movable pulleys, 3 weight holders, 0-180° rotating angle measuring opaque acetate, central plastic circle (2cm radius). Technical Information The force is vectoral quantity and it is measured by dynamometer or weight measurement devices such as loadcell. If there is a net force acting on an object, it causes an acceleration and causes the momentum change: F = dP/dt where P = mVis the momentum. If different forces are applied and the object is stationary, then the forces are balanced and net force is zero. In that case the object remains stationary or moves at constant velocity. On a two dimensional plane the force vector is denoted by:F = Fxi + Fy j where i and j are unit vectors in x and y directions respectively. If the object is stationary both components of this vector should be zero, i.e., Fx= 0 & Fy= 0 . The experiment is done first by fixing pulleys at the angles of 0°, 120° & 240°. Then one end of the ropes are attached to different weights and other ends are tied to central plastic circle placed around central rod. By changing weights on 3 weight holders, the balance among the forces is established to get static balance. The resulting forces are calculated by the total weights and the results are compared with the theoretical solution.
EE - 109 Inductor and Inductance Experiments
The inductance measurements in coils and the effect of iron core to inductance
Possible Experiments The measurement of self inductance of coils, Self inductance of coils with iron core
Standard Equipment DC power supply, ampermeter, voltmeter, 12ohm resistor, 2 coils, 1 coil with iron core, function generator, connection cables. The coils have radii of 20 mm and their length is 14 cm... Technical Information The circuits with coils behave differently to DC and Ac signals. They show an impedence (Z) to AC current. A coil to which an AC potential is shown in the figure. From this circuit one can write: VAC=VAB+VBC where VAC= L dI/dt + R I where I is current, dI/dt is its change, L is the inductance and R is the resistance. The reaktans: XL=wL is a function of the angular frequency given by w=2πf with frequency: f. On a circuit with inductance, the voltages across resistor and coils have 90o phase difference but the current through the resistor has the same phase with the voltage. If VL is the inductance voltage, and VR is the resistor voltage, their vector sum gives: Z2=I L2w2 + R2 . If R is measured by a multimeter, and Z is obtained from I-V graph, one can easily calculate L. Note that the self inductance of the cylindrical coil is L0=μ0A N2/L where N is the number of windings, A is cross section area, L is the length and μ0 = 4πx10-7 H/m is the magnetic permeability of air. If an iron core is inserted thrugh the centerline of the coil, the inductance increases to L=μL0 where μ is the magnetic permeability of iron. The serial coil filters high frequencies (low pass filter). This property can be examined by applying signals with different frequencies from the function generator and measuring the ratio of input and output voltages.
EE - 209 Charging/Discharging of Capacitors
The charging and discharging, Time constant
Possible Experiments Charging a capacitor by a DC power supply and discharging by a resistor, Measurement of time constant of the circuit: τ=RC
Standard Equipment DC power supply, ampermeter, voltmeter, resistor and capacitor set, connection cables. Technical Information Charging If the capacitor in the figure is empty at t=0 it starts charging after S1 is closed (S2open). The voltage across the capacitor increases in time (τ=RC) with a time constant of but the current reduces from its initial value. As current drops to zero the voltage across capacitor reaches V, fully charged case. In that case the relationship: Q=CV is applicable. According to Kirchoff's law, V=IR+Q/C. If the time derivative is taken one gets the solution of this equation as: Q=CV(1-e-t/τ). Since I=dQ/dt, the current becomes: I=V/R e-t/τ. One can see from these equations that as charge increases in time the current reduces. Discharging If S2 is closed and S1 is open after fully charging, the current directs in opposite direction and capacitor gets emptier by the resistor. In that case the current is given as: I=-Vc0/R e-t/τ, minus sign showing it is in opposite direction and Vc0 is the voltage just before discharging starts. The currents are measured by multimeters (mA range) as charging and discharging as a function of time and their graphs are obtained. The log-time graphs of these functions give time constant. The calculated value is then compared with actual value.
MF - 202 Basic Optics Experiments
White LED Light and Red/Green Laser Light Together Possible Experiments : Images on flat, concave and convex mirrors, Images on convex and concave lenses Diffraction with prisms, Finding the focal distances of mirrors Interferenece through slits, Young experiment Polarizer experiments Grating experiments
Standard Equipment 1 flat mirror, 5 convex and concave mirror (F:-30-+10), 1 triangular prism, laser and white light and power sources, 1 slit, 1 double slit, 2 polarizer, 1 diffraction grating (1000 lines/mm), 1 screen, 1 flat table
Technical Information All the optical elements can be placed on a sigma rail or on flat platform attached to this rail. There is no need for dark room to perform experiments. The light source includes both white (LED) and laser (red or green) lights. The power supply for the lights can be selected from 110/220V-50/60Hz or 12VDC. The light source has laser and white light outputs on the front and back surfaces respectively. By removing from supply holder and reversing its direction, white or laser light can be selected. Different kind of lenses are possible upon request. With this experiment set, focal distance measurements, object location measurements, polarisation experiments, focusing experiments, interference, grating experiments, prism experiments, shadow experiments can be performed in the laboratory. The light source includes both white and laser light (red or green) and simply connectable top the optical rail. The law of refraction, reflection experiments can also be performed accurately.
MF - 203 Paralel Laser Experiments
Our own design: Parallel Laser Source with 3 or 5 beams option Single laser reflection, diffraction measurements, multibeam laser focusing Possible Experiments : Reflections and refractions with flat, concave and convex mirrors Images with convex and concave mirrors
Measuring focusing distances of lenses
Standard Equipment 1 flat mirror, 1 acryllic lens set, 1 laser supply (red or green options), object picture set Technical Information The laser experiments are done on the table top or on the magnetized board. The laser light is reflected at the sharp edges of flat acryllic lenses which have convex, concave, flat, trapezoidal, spherical shapes. they can be used side by side to show beam flattening, beam divergence, beam focusing etc. Reflection and Refraction The single laser ray is sent to the flat mirror and the incoming, refracting and reflecting angles are measured. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of refllection while the angle of refracting light should be closere to the normal since acryllic material has different index of refraction than air. Focusing with convex lenses The convex lens is placed on the camera picture and parallel rays of laser are sent to this mirror. These parallel beams are refracted through the mirror and are focused at the focal distance at which the eye window is located. Image on the telescope The required lenses are placed on the telescope picture and the directions of beams are observed.
OP-203 Michelson Morley Interference Experiments
Measurement of nm distances by Michelson Morley interferometer, finding index of refraction of liquids, vibration magnitude measurement of piezoelectric crystals Possible Experiments : measurement of very accurate displacements (in nm accuracy) Refractive index of liquids and interference measurements, Piezocrystal vibrations and magnitude measurements
Standard Equipment 1mW He-Ne Laser, 2 silver coated mirror, 2 mirrors with micrometers, 1 beam splitter and its holder, telescope system by mirrors, 1 breadboard, 1 screen. Additional Equipment 1 adet piezo crystal, 1 adjustable DC or AC power supply, 1 oscilloscope, 1 fotodiode, 1 diaphram
Technical Information The He-Ne laser beam's radius is expanded by a couple of mirrors and projected onto the beam splitter through a mirror. The passing and reflecting beams are reflected back from two mirrors placed in 90 degrees. The reflected lights arrive in the beam splitter and transferred to the screen. Provided that they are aligned and made level, the interferance patterns are seen on the screen. If the location of one of the mirrors is changed in the order of micrometers (and even nm) the interference patterns move. By counting how many maxima (or minima) pass from a point during displacement, one can accurately determine how much the mirror is displaced. The accurate displacement can be provided by a micrometered mirror. The diplacement is given by n /2 where n is the number of maxima counted during displacement. This accurate system can also be used by biology and chemistry experiments since index of reftacrions of liquids can be measured. In addition, the change in the intermediate peaks can be observed on an oscilloscope screen to determine vibration properties of a piezo-crystal driven by a DC or AC power supply. this professional experiment set can be used in high level research. A smaller and cheaper version of this experiment set in a small box is available.
OP-205 Brewster Angle Experiments
Measuring of Brewster angle by 1 or more lasers Possible Experiments : Fotodiode measurements Brewster angle experiments, Refraction index measurements
Standard Equipment 100 mW red diode laser, 1 rotating platform, 1 fotodiode, 1 microampermeter, 1 laser power supply, glass holder, 1 polarizer, connection cables. Additional Equipment The experiment is done with red diode laser. If desired the version with 5 different diode lasers (purple, blue, green, red, infrared) at wavelengths: 405, 445, 532, 660, 808 nm can be provided. Technical Information The electric field in the electromagnetic wave passing through a medium interacts with the atoms and molecules in the medium and may be partially absorbed. This property can be used in the polarization of this electromagnetic wave. E. H. Land (1938) invented an optical device called polarizer made of elongated molecules placed in organic polymer or glass. The normal direction to the polarizer's molecule chain is called as passing axis. The electric field of the electromagnetic field in this direction passes but that in perpendicular direction is absorbed. Thus the polarizer can polarise the electromagnetic wave as it passes through it. If the electric field is on the polarizer direction S polarization takes place but in perpendicular direction P polarisation occurs. If the linearly P type polarized electromagnetic wave is reflected from a mirror, its reflection intensity approaches to zero at nearly an angle of 57 degrees. this angle is called the Brewster angle. At this angle the incoming light angle equals the Brewster angle given by: θ1= θBR=arctan(n2/n1) where n1 and n2 are the index of refractions of air and reflecting material. Using this technique the refraction index of any medium can be accurately determined. It is noted that the Brewster angle depends also on the wavelength of the laser light. By purchasing our advanced model experiment set with 5 different lasers, this angle dependence can be accurately determined.
OP-405 Emission Spectrometer Experiments
Measuring emission of any light source between 200 and 700 nm Possible Experiments : Light emission measurements Vacuum and atmospheric pressure plasma emission measurements, Liquid absorbance measurements Surface light reflection and transmission measurements
Standard Equipment BAKI Spectrometer, computer software, fiber optics cable, connection cables. Technical Information Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is a method of chemical
analysis using the intensity of light emitted from a flame, plasma, arc or spark at a particular wavelength to determine the quantity of an elemen in a sample. The wavelength of the atomic spectral line that can be obtained from NIST database helps identifying the element's associated energy levels and photon emitted between them. The incoming light through fiber cable passes through a slit and projected onto diffraction grating (about 1000 lines/mm) and decomposed into different colors. The width of this diffracted light is adjusted so that it shines the surface of a linear CCD camera. The camera detects light intensity as a function of wavelength and send data to the computer. the software allows this intensity graph and its data to be captured. The measurements can be done continuously or with averages whose rates can be selected. Detector: TCD-1304DG, 200 - 1100 nm, 3648 pixels Grating: 300, 600 veya 1200 lines/mm Slit: 20, 50 veya 100 µm Optical resolution: 1.8 nm
MK – 109.2 Ballistic Pendulum Experiments
Calculating the launch speed of the ball with 3 stage ballistic pendulum Possible Experiments: Calculate initial launching speed of two different diameters of steel balls, Conservation of mechanical energy, momentum and inelastic collision.
Standard Equipments: 1 adet steel ball launcher, 2 adet steel ball (22 ve 25 mm diameters), 1 adet ballistic pendulum and angle measurement mechanism, main board... Technical Information: With the launching apparatus, the steel balls can be thrown (with 3 different speeds) towards the ballistic pendulum including a hole. The ball is caught by the ballistic pendulum (inelastic collision) and they perform a rotational motion together reaching a maximum height with a maximum angle. This angle can the raising height can easily be measured. By using the conservation of mechanical energy and momentum, the initial velocity of the launching ball can be determined. This apparatus is widely used in police intstituions for criminal investigations. Conservation of the Energy According to the conservation of energy, one can obtain the equation of Kinetical Energy = Potential Energy (see figures B and C): ½ (m+M)V2b+s=(m+M)gh where Vb+s ball+pendulum is the speed of the system. Conservation of Momentum The stationary ballistic pendulum with mass M initially move upward with a mass of M+m, after the impact by the steel ball of mass m initially moving with the lounch velocity: Vb. By equating initial and final mkomenta one cn get:e Pb = Pb+s or simply mVb=(m+M) Vb+s where Vb+s is the velocity of pendulum+ball system. By canceling the masses and using geometry one can show that Vb+s is given as: V2b+s = 2gL (1– L Cosa) which leads to V2b = 2gL (1+M/m)(1– L Cosa) . By measuring the maximum angle (a) after the impact the launch velocity: Vb can be measured. In this experiment one can measure the maximum angles of the pendulum by launching 2 different balls with 3 different stages (3 different launch speed).
NOTE: If desired, the launch speed measurement can be done by our unique optical microcontrolled velocity sensor.
MK - 431 Projectile Motion
Conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy by projectile motion.Microcontrolled flight and speed sensor.
Possible Experiments Parallel shoot projectile motion Shooting with angles Conservation of total energy
Standard Equipment 1 steel ball gun with 3 levels for 2 different balls, 1 steel ball falling platform, 1 carbon paper, 1 tape measure, 1 chronometer (if no microcontrolled sensor is requested) 2 different sized steel balls. Technical Information For a two dimensional projectile motion of a mass m (here steel ball) is under the effect of the gravitational force (mg) in -y direction. This means that the speed of theis mass increases in y direction while in projectile motion. The velocity in x direction remains constant since there is no force affecting it in the x direction. If initial velocity vector makes an angle θ with the x axis at y0=0, the x and y component of the velocities and displacements are given by: x velocity & displacement: Vx(t) = V0Cos(θ) , x(t) = V0Cos(θ)t and y velocity & displacement: Vy(t) = V0Sin(θ) - gt , y(t) = V0Sin(θ)t - 1/2gt2 where V0 is initial velocity. Using these equations one obtains maximum height (h) and maximum displacement in x direction as: h = V02Sin2(θ)/2g ve s = V02Sin(θ)/g. When the mass is at maximum height Vy=0 so that one gets the time of flight: t = V0Sin(θ)/g . When this is measured by time sensor and the angle of throw is recorded, the gravitational acceleration due to gravity can be calculated and compared with the actual value: 9.8 m/s2. Stainless velocity sensors with LCD display storing as many as velocity and time data desired.
MK-701 Air Table Experiments
ORIGINAL: The power supply produces two independent arcs for pucks and able to produce traces on standard papers. No need of Conductive
carbon paper. One can also get two traces by placing two papers. The pucks operate independently from each other. Possible Experiments : The Elastic-Inelastic Collisions in Two Dimensions Conservation of Momentum and Energy Inclined Plane, Projectile Motion, Atwood Experiments Oscillations with Springs Newton's Law Experiment
Standard Equipment : 1 arc producing power supply, 1 air table, 1 silent compressor, air manifold, 2 pucks, weight set, puck throwing equipment, connection cables. Technical details : The air pressure produced by a compressor and transferred to the air manifold through a hose helps two pucks moving on the surface without friction although they weigh nearly 0.5 kg each. The bands around pucks are arranged such that they can collide elastically or inelastically (sticking together after collision). The power supply produces arcs at the frequencies of 5-40Hz that can be selected from the buttons on the front panel of the arc power supply. The power supply produces approximately 12 kV voltages of nearly 2 kHz and this voltage produces between the tip electrode placed in the center of the pucks and the aluminium foil on the thick glass floor. The arcks produce traces that can be visible even on standard paper but thermal paper is preferred for stronger traces. With this set, one can create an inclined surface by placing plastic materials on one side of the air table. By throwing one of the pucks from the high side, the puck follows a trajectory similar to projectile motion. the distances between the trace points give velocities since the frequencies thus the period between subsequent arcks are known.By placing a perpendicular pulley and tying a rope to one of the pucks and tying a weight to the other end of the rope one can perform Newton's experiment with free fall. By placing parallel pulley to the raised edge of the rtable one can perform Atwood experiment running with both of the pucks. The arcks can be initiated by a hand button or foot pedal.
Note: New version of the arc power supply allows independent full control of each pucks through a microcontroller.
MK - 601 Fundamental Measurements and Errors
MKS system: length, weight, time, area, volume measurements as well as temperature, resistance, capacitance, diode measurements Possible Experiments : Length, weight, time measurements Error and statistical measurements
Standard Equipment 1 adet vernier caliper, 1electronics balance, 1 chronometer, 1 micrometer, 1 ruler, object set, weight set
Technical Information The MKS:meter-kg-seconds system is investigated by using micrometer, vernier caliper, ruler. Bu us,ng the balance and object set, the volumes and the densities are measured and error measurements are performed by multiple measuremen
EE-503 Equipotential lines and Electric Field Experiment
No need for conductive carbon paper. Hard conductive surface allows thousands of measurements. Possible Experiments The potential and electric field due to point charges Point-to-straight charges and their potentials, electric field
Standard Equipment 1 DC power supply (0-15V), 1 multimeter, 4 metallic surface, connection equipment and cables, 1 conductive surface, a set of graph paper Technical Information When there is a potential difference between any two points on a conductive medium, an electric field occurs and the charge (q) feels an electric force. This force is given byF = qE where electric field is related the gradient of potential E = -∇ V. When potential does not change along a curve, this curve is called equipotential line. These equipotential lines and electric field lines are perpendicular to each other. The experiment is done by first fixing circular or straight metals by screwing tightly. Then a DC voltage of 10 V is applied between these metals. This causes charge (so that potential) distribution on the conductive surface. The voltage reduces from high voltage to low voltage side. This can easily be measured by just touching the tip of the multimeter probe.The same voltage values are found by changing the location of the probe tip and this point is marked on a graph paper. By connecting these points equipotential lines of 8, 6, 4, 2 V are drawn. From these curves, the perpendicular electric field lines are obtained
MF-501 Angular Momentum & Moment of Inertia
Two independently rotating disks and their angular velocity measurements by microcontrolled sensors in each 1s or 2s. Possible Experiments Conservation of angular momentum Measuring the moment of inertia Inelastic angular collisions Angular oscillation experiments with springs
Standard Equipment 1 infrared microcontrolled sensor and its power supply, 1 aluminium disk, 1 stainless disk, 1platform, silent air compressor, frictionless pulley system, a set of circular objects, 2 pins Technical Information If a weight is connected to the central rod of disks (by a rope) and it is allowed to fall through frictionless pulley, it causes a force=mg and the disks to rotate. As the weight goes down, the angular speed of the disks increases. The disk feels a torque due to the weight given by: τ = Fxr = I α where r is the radius of the disk, I = Mr2 is the moment of inertia and α is angular speed where M is the mass of circular object. The angular momentum values (as weight falls) are measured by counting the number of lines around the disks by sensors. The optical sensors for the upper and lower disks independently count black lines which pass in each second or 2 seconds (selectable). The distance Δx
between black lines is 4 mm and the total number of black lines around disks is NT=100. In that case κ = radian/line = 2 π NT=0.0628 rad/line. If the number read from the sensor is N, then the angular velocity is easily calculated from ω = κ N. By putting and taking out pins the disks can be rotated independently or together.
Gauss-Meter (Teslameter)
Sensitive Magnetic Field Measurements Possible Experiments : Measuring DC or AC magnetic fields in coils Measuring DC or AC magnetic fields around permanent magnets , Measuring DC or AC magnetic fields around transformers RMS or time average measurements
Teslameter-Hall Probe Technical Information Operating Voltage optional
: 1 phase 1 neutral, 220V-240V or 5, 9, 12 VDC
Operating Frequency
: 50 Hz
Delay Time
: 1 ms for DC, 0.01 ms for AC
Operating Temperature : -5°C-50°C Display : Zero Adjustment, LCD display Hall Probe Measuring Limits
: Magnetic Hall Sensor with 3 cable connection : 0-500mT-DC
Sensitivity Protection Class
:+ - 0.02mT : IP 20
Weight Dimensions
: 0.18 kg : 20x20x10 cm3
Measurements transformers
: Inside coils, around permanent magnets and
This device can be used to measure all kinds of AC or DC magnetic fields . If AC measuremenmt is done, the measurement can be chosen to be RMS or average measurements over a time period. The probe connected to the device works according to Hall's principle. By carefully adjusting the probe tip, the magnetic field perpendicular to the tip can be measured. If desired, the probe tip can be manufactured to rotate between 0-90 degrees to allow side measurements. Before measurements, the ambiant magnetic field must be meaasured and zeroed by using a sensitive knob on the front panel. This device is microcontrolled and has an LCD display on the front panel measuring
the magnetic field with at least 0.02 mT accuracy. This teslameter can be produced to work with 220V, 50Hz or with a 12V DC power supply.
OP-203 Michelson Morley Interference Experiments
Measurement of nm distances by Michelson Morley interferometer, finding index of refraction of liquids, vibration magnitude measurement of piezoelectric crystals Possible Experiments : measurement of very accurate displacements (in nm accuracy) Refractive index of liquids and interference measurements, Piezocrystal vibrations and magnitude measurements
Standard Equipment 1mW He-Ne Laser, 2 silver coated mirror, 2 mirrors with micrometers, 1 beam splitter and its holder, telescope system by mirrors, 1 breadboard, 1 screen. Additional Equipment 1 adet piezo crystal, 1 adjustable DC or AC power supply, 1 oscilloscope, 1 fotodiode, 1 diaphram Technical Information The He-Ne laser beam's radius is expanded by a couple of mirrors and projected onto the beam splitter through a mirror. The passing and reflecting beams are reflected back from two mirrors placed in 90 degrees. The reflected lights arrive in the beam splitter and transferred to the screen. Provided that they are aligned and made level, the interferance patterns are seen on the screen. If the location of one of the mirrors is changed in the order of micrometers (and even nm) the interference patterns move. By counting how many maxima (or minima) pass from a point during displacement, one can accurately determine how much the mirror is displaced. The accurate displacement can be provided by a micrometered mirror. The diplacement is given by n /2 where n is the number of maxima counted during displacement. This accurate system can also be used by biology and chemistry experiments since index of reftacrions of liquids can be measured. In addition, the change in the intermediate peaks can be observed on an oscilloscope screen to determine vibration properties of a piezo-crystal driven by a DC or AC power supply. this professional experiment set can be used in high level research. A smaller and cheaper version of this experiment set in a small box is available.
EE-371 Transformer Experiments
Loaded and load free seconder voltage measurements, power measurements Possible Experiments : The seconder voltage measurements Dependence of seconder voltage on number of windings , Short circuit seconder current experiments
Standard Equipment AC power supply (0-14V, 50Hz), 1 ampermeter, 1 voltmeter, 10W reosta, two 0-50-100-150-200-250 windings coils, 1-U iron core, 1 rectangular iron core, cables and holders Technical Information The devices that change applied AC voltages to another value is called transformer. The transformer is never used for DC voltages since the coil acts as short circuit and the copper wires burn. The simplest transformer includes a U iron core with two coils wound on each side at different number of windings. The relationships between input and output voltages and currents are given by: V2=(N2/N1) V1 and I2=(N1/N2) I1. In this case whether the voltage increases or reduces depends on the ratio of windings. However these relationships are only valid for perfect transformers which is impossible to have. These relationships must be multiplied by performance constant (f) which is less than unity. In that case one has: V2=f(N2/N1) V1 and I2=f(N1/N2) I1 The reason for this is the magnetic flux leakage, Joule heat loss and Foucault currents on the core material. That's why the output power:P2 is less than the input power:P1. The transformer efficiency is defined as the ratio: P2/P1. This efficiency can be measured by a wattmeter or by measuring currents and voltages under loaded conditions and obtaining power from them: P=I.V.
MK-611 Wave Tank Experiments
Wave Tank Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction Experiments
Possible Experiments : Circular and planar waves Reflection of waves Refraction and wavelengths at deep and shallow waters Diffraction at single and double slits
Standard Equipment 1 wave tank, 1 microcontrolled power supply, wave production apparatus for circular, planar waves, 1 light source, connection cables. NOTE: This experiment can be done by using hand adjusted stroboscope light source or by LED light source. If desired both options can be included in the set. Technical Information The water surface is like a stretched layer with water molecules. The water waves propagate at this surface by shape changes and molecular motion energy and these waves do not diffuse deep waters. This is why the water waves are also called as surface waves. In the storms at the oceans the surface boats are affected from the waves but submarines are not. The water waves propagate by circularly moving molecules which transfer energy to neighboring molecules. When waves are examined, the definitions such as wavelength (λ), frequency (f), period (T), wave speed (V) are utilized. Period: The time elapsed for one full wave. It's unit is seconds (s) and the wave period is only dependent on the source for water waves. Frequency: The number of waves in one second by the wave source. It's unit is Hz. Wavelength: The distance a wave moves in a period time. It's unit is m (or cm here). It can be determined by measuring the distance between adjasent maxima or minima. The water waves are called periodic waves. the distance betwwen the maxima and minima following it is equal to λ/2. Wave speed can be found from: V=λT.
Circular and planar pulses The structure of water waves is dependent on the source. If the source is planar, the waves are also planar and circular if the source is just a point periodically touching the water surface. The wave speed depends on the depth of water. The speed increases with the depth if the depth of water is less than wavelength.. Reflection, The wave returns back with an angle equal to the incident angle after reflecting from a surface. If some barriers are placed in front of planar or circular waves, the reflection occurs. The reflected wave reflects the shape of the reflecting surface. For example, the incoming planar waves produces a focal point after reflected from a curved surface (in a circular arc). The wavelength, frequency and the speed does not change during reflection. Refraction: The change in the propagation direction due to the interface seperating media with different depths. The wavelength and speeds change during refraction when water waves pass from shallow to deep media (or vice versa). Diffraction: If a planar water wave passes through a slit (thickness comparable to wavelength) the slit behaves like a point source. If two slits are placed side by side, the interference due to two point soıurces can be observed.
High Voltage 5-20kHz Power Supply
High Voltage (5-20kV), High Frequency (5-20kHz) Possible Experiments : Production of ozone gas using special electrodes Atmospheric pressure discharge productioni Surface activation at atmospheric pressures Vacuum plasma experiments
High Voltage power Supply TECHNICAL INFORMATION Operation Voltage
: 1 phase 1 neutral, 220V-240V
Transformer Power Operation Frequency
: 80W : 50 Hz
Operation Temperature : -5°C-50°C Frequency Interval Output Voltage
: 5-20kHz adjusted at single value : 6-18kV(t-t) adjusted at single value
Option. 1 Option. 2
: Adjustable output voltage: 0-15kV : Adjustable frequency (5-20 kHz)
Protection Class Weight
: IP 20 : ~2 kg
Dimesions
: 280x220x100 mm3
This device can be used to produce plasma at atmospheric conditions and in the vacuum environments. This device operates by using an oscillation circuit, mosfet circuit and high voltage transformer. The output is totally independent from the input. If desired the (non-alive) output connector can be connected to the earth connector placed just below on the front panel. The device includes a fuse on its right side for protecting the device for output shortage. The resistance of the provided high voltage cables are nearly 0.5 ohms each. If different cables used, the output voltage may change. It is recommended that the device is not operated continuously more than 30 minutes. The microcontrolled and user adjustable version of this device is on the production soon..
