Transcript
A CORBA BASED PLATFORM AS COMMUNICATION SUPPORT FOR SYNCHRONOUS COLLABORATIVE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS Stephane ´ Louis Dit Picard, Samuel Degrande, Christophe Gransart Universite´ des Sciences et Technologies de Lille Laboratoire d’Informatique Fondamentale de Lille 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq cedex, FRANCE
louisdit, degrande,
[email protected] ABSTRACT
!"$#&%')(*+,+ .- /0
1(*(234 513636 879:<;3=31,,+ = >? A@$B0 , CD3E>E3(* 3F4 ,+, 4HGIDJLKA0M796N1 O+3F = (2,B= 3 0 ,B;P 3 Q-RS1T $13U79V 5 4W1EX< .YZG 4Q0 XL Z [,+4 5 4\N/ =] 5 3F/4-3Z S1F;U 4 . 4:XL P 3 )1P"$#&%'^ 4:,+ _(` ,,5-Q <;3.13a U BW<= 5 b 3)c([ 3 T d U 13\Ye"$ ,+ f(g L-2- ;Ah(*(634 13\ND13 83Ti (* $(* .Ei3E>?F4 3H(* = 3(jf[kM13 $Fl6(i0 (23+ 13\m 3n [3 Q+3T]< 4 (*3Td-B)"$#$%' _HkMoFE3Tl*1(*(234 513pY Categories and Subject Descriptors
&Y qFY rZs tZuwvdxzy!{|E}4~.tZuwvvPyzz_1{4u P
S|E{.Zu }pN\98<0 PGE;< (*Lf.MH.? w2Y EY 7Ws ! ¡u }vd{4_u .\{|}5 ¡ 1|Qz¢¤£8}5||\{{4_u \¡N2¥&] 3 ]"&T? 3a4 3 JM3F L=f?f¦§=¨$ EfF©ªD¨$ EM..«¡5?=MH1« =.f¦¬O J.Y 7Y ®8s tZuwvdxhyp{|E}§¯°}5xh±zf?Nz 0¡98(* 30 3 ,z¥&= & 3 °#& ,(6³²\f=w´ fµ
General Terms
(*(634 32ID,+ _(¤9$ T13Z3T$"$#$%'·¶S, -
Keywords
@$Cm(6,BB0¡ \>EB ,-,+\m1"$#$%'Zm5¶SJ<"8Izm ,+ ,+ O(6,0 4 <4m (2,B(* 4+ /< 4 (*3T6 >E+
1.
INTRODUCTION
! RE3T2 1> 3F= T1 $p &= +*T4-Sp &JM3E .3 3 2@& ,h#A 4 ,BL;W .31,T;Fmw([ 3F;W1,,+ = 5>? *@$B0 ,6C3E>EB13(* 3E·¸¡@$C=¹W (* T 1Yº@$Cd,+ · >1 = , +3i $>E ,E-,6- .;2 3i3F = .-B*XL
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3W 4 =P .4Y§GF;3.131$@8CD$5>+ 2 &-BW ,,+13H O ;i-R*(6,B= 3 1,B;wNhB3E>?1,>? A (* 313& 3S 4 ,B0M,Bf Z=Q &1,,+ = 513pmw1(*(634 5+3 3H3F = .+3pY'@$Cn,+ 5f(¼ ½EB (* 3F *s ¾N ¿ f&(6,B+, § 3FN 3EA,+ 3°3,B;c>EB[ Q 3E>EB13(* 3F[° ,b1,,+ = 1m 1(*(234 5 8 3 H3F = -S 4 =Q 4Y ¿ = /+<13[ 3 *([ 3 T1 (* 3F4NpZ = >1 $ 0 , >E+ A_= (* = m1, 3F0M .>? O 5= & 53T8h (*1<81(*(*13P ? =pY§CO .P 5 3F§(2<& 4>? 6,F4 ,z1F;°D 4 .Q 4QXL 4N /@$Cn, 5f( (6<z5>E $,+ ;F h8([ 3 T1 3 Z$<;3.13+a <= §h §,4 5 4S1EX< Y ¿ >? 3F3BÀ 13H 3°3 L-R*(*(634 13\Nz(* =0 3(*°(6<H U5>E+ 4cb3B_;),+ 3EHZ >? 3E ¸f H4 3Á SXL [ >? 3EmO=Á [ 3nXL [<= (*EBÀ 4 513pm* 13n([ 3 T1 (* 3EZ >1 3FmO.Á 3F 3T§O, 4 4>E+3TZ 8 13 ¹.YJ¡O(2<5>E+ Âi 3F 1(*(234 513QF,+A[ 4>?1+Q3 .L-RS,+ T° 3 H ([ 3F= 3] *3F = >? *f ,3TU3] [ 4]>EB , 1Y ¿ 4 ,+ ,+BM;\N(2,B, & 8 , A&X<3° $,+,+ 0 = >? Z 13d-B1$ 1,;U T= 3T[ 2½F ,+BM; h >E 1Y JL3° /(6,B0¡ .>EB , -,+wmXL 5 8,4 5 4°3[ >F0 = ,&(* Y) W1EX< ° Q= 5= a cF;bÀ ,+ =[ O1,4m B+3pmE Y'&3*1EX< 4i1Ti 53T*DBA. = <ZÀ ,+YID >E18@$Cn, 5f(* =[ ¶Q'8GGEJL@$Cns 5w98JM@8Cns q4w 46 B4-3[1(*(23B0 4 5+32,+ ;F !f! >? 3F!3BÀ 13\YD O3 - <1(*(*3 "$EX< A#A 4½F <&%OR? &'A=B . *¸¡"$#&%'8¹$sBÃ1Ã.h BÀ0 4 5+385>+ 2 >1 = ,h4 , 8[ & Z >? ,10 (* 3F28@&B ,C3E>EB13(* 3EYbG(* S 1 = SsÃ45& n.¦.i..¦4= Q (* EnÁ ,>? H. 3T1 °b >F0 = ,, 3FY H(* = 3(ÄA1 >? 0¡ > ,+ H ,,4- *R? W *,+ 3E0¡ >1 8 5.B m / >1 $([ 3 T1 >EB ,D 3E>EB13(* 3F§ 3d3BÀ 8 i, 3F/ 3E;P= 3T 1Y 2([ 3P, (³.U H,13U§4 ,+ ,+BM;\N$ f0 ([ 3 ° . 4 i- 3b [3E(2 Z&,+ 3E6+3 4 Y·' 1,+3nU1,>? °i, (Å6U0M>E ° H>EB , UsÃ45Yb'Ai W, 3F.Æ >1 [ =B . [3EE 63 .0 -R·, TmB°[ ], (Ç_[ Q3F = >? Sf ,+3TNU3)
reference 1
object 1
reference 2
object 2
reference n
GIOP message
object 1 reference
object n
request
object 2 Message packaging
GIOP
Transport packaging
MIOP
Network transport
UDP/IP
Message splitting into n packets packet 1
packet 2
packet n
Network
packet
object n
È_É y!}5|dÊ Ë$Ì2±p|Hpu {4_u bu É }5u y!x·*_{4±b4Íi£Îu {4±p|SÏ_|E ¡{ 4_¢!| Ðh z¢n*_{4±:ÑÍi£¼u c{4±!|W}_É ±\{[4f¢p|wÒ
Packets including MIOP IOR and GIOP message fragment
Packets collector
Collects packets and rebuilds GIOP messages
GIOP message physical network
@$Cmp *3F = .+3b(6</ °3] ,B0+(* *3b= Z32 </ !+3T1,,+ = >? 13\YD"$! 1 =Z! [(6,B4 </1(*(234 513d_24 ,+ ,M;Fm 3](6,4 < ,B0+(* /< 4 (*3Ti3W= AiR? H §3F = >? §_ ,3TY 'AO A1(*(634 5+3O A([ 1 A3[(6,B+ <4mF,+ f( T ° 6 3F= ,a 4S >1 4Y 2.
THE DESIGN OF OUR PLATFORM
" A,+ _(Ó+3E>?,>? A >? = ,z >E m 1Y TYA Q4=[..¦4= $ 3°= 2 3 A 54m 5 & (* A+(* mE13,B;[3 $ O2 3[1EX< 4mE [µ ¨284?_E©2..¦4.$3[= 133 Z3 .-ÔXL 23TS * 3pYQJM3d+Z 4m!- 3F[13,B;Á Q(6,B+ <°"$#&%'Õ 4Á1(*(23+ 13 ,+ ;F 4YhÖ] & 4>? A,+ 4*1EX< 13* >? = , 1(* N!- (2<[<;3=3a S B°<= 1Y"$[, 5f(×5>+ iL- - ;_w 3T/ & (* $ z1EX< Nh AÀ<_ d+(*, Sw cØ¡Ù_4Ù¤wQ<Ú42¨*4 ÛO1Ü5m*+* 30 4iF;2 p $ (* (* E63E>?F4 513*(* = 3(Q § 3 Sf8 >1 = ,pw 5 3P 6&(* QØ¡Ùf4Ù$¨6« _E©[=¨6¨6E1Ü1Nh 3 4[E;6 $ 8!(6,4 < < (* AF;S 2< 4 (Ý([ 3 T (* 3F >E 1Y
2.1 Multicast ORB Mechanism
§"$#&%'Þ<= 3 =PsBÃ1Ãp 1 4[F;* $"$XL &¶Q 30 T1 (* 3E8¥&1b¸¡"§¶W¥§¹ BÀ $ iF1,mw4 ,, 4U¥$ 3 = , JM3F 0L"$#$%ÝIhF,[¸¡¥$J"8IO¹.mÁ .+ U(* T1 YÔ T1*, >? ,F1, À 3 ND /1(*(*3i9§ 5= /#A 3F= 13 ¸¡9$#8¹O2([ SJM9§ßWL; 63 L-R* 3F= 13\m 3SJL30 .1 = , W"$EX< .i#A f 3 P¸J"$#$¹8W 13F6P 3·XL 3 P [(* T 2f([ *¸f ½E <4m ,;Fmw .5¹.YZ"$#&%'à3 4 P= 3 [,+ ;F *] ;c¥$J"8Ij(* T YÞGEd W"§¶W¥ ,d À * W34 <2= 3 i,+ ;F 24 ,, 4·JJ"8IÔ¸JM3F 0 3 JM3F 0L"$#$%bIhF,¹O-.[ IOÆJLIhYEJM3*JJ"8IzmF 4 . (* .EH3E>?F4 513Q 4½F <+A 3Fi á .,;H13 § >? 4N 3 JJ<"8I· .f 3 /13,;H 13Fi3 §1EX< 4Y
2.1.1
Group Communications
MJ 3W= &*<;3.13a § Z<= 5 2O 3W1EX< $-BQ *BQ (* ]1+ m§- (2<W b , ]c T13 b 4 . 1F;FY'&B5-3H3HÀ T ZÃ1mEi ,+,4-âTS1(*(634 50 3S-BQJJ"8IzmE- §(2<RE34-: & f 3 /z 4 =S (* 1F;FYz&5- >? D"$#$%'/m4T12 &(2,B4 <!= 3 D,+ 4;? ,, 4Q¶S,4 <JL3F 0L"$#&%ÁIhF1,D¸¡¶SJ"8IO¹As rmwÃ4q5m ,,+4- A4 ,+,F(* .E\13/ >1 = ,hkM 3F4 ,l$XL z3/13 OTNp- ¶SJ<"8Izm\ Z .f 3 */ °T1d _ 3 1m!HB§(* 4 3$ 5 >? = ,DXL / 4>? Z 6 (* 2 _ 3 1Y*C =U(* EP4 ,, 3* $(2,B4 <h _ 3 .á 4Z13i =6(* .h-. 3Q(* (*;° 3QXL A-H _ 3 1Y 3F,B;Fm B§ 8ã&9§IÆ5J
1 ,+ P3H1S = (* Yj'A[- (2<R? * A3< 3.;[ L- 3[ $@8CD8¸Y Y &<= 5 4 .U 5 4P1EX< .¹.mw- 6(6<8>E+ 2 * , , i(*(60
È_É y!}5|·åwËWÍiÞ{4±!|bÏ| ¡{°{4±!|·vPyzÏ_{4_1 {S1uwvvPyzzf{4_u {hÐ!z¢bu ·{4±!|S}_É ±\{Z{4±!|U¯°4Íi£¼vd|4É |SxzÏf_{{4_!É!Ò 34 513Q(* = 3(¼-B3W¶SJ<"8IzY 2.1.2
Reliable Communications
2.1.3
Performances
' 8= 3 &, >? ,m i(* E°+3E>?F 13QA13 6¥$J<"8I (* T1 8z 3E;i+a $-=H(2<O $ 3FZ1EX< .3T/ (6,B+ <8 _ 3 1Y6'&8B§§4-3U3dÀ T iqEm\ 4 =b¥$J<"8I (* T1 $,3EZ >? .= ,= T1(* 3EOf = 3 4Nz- 3 4·U5>E+ S P ,+ , QF1,-=n 3 2 * ,, 33 4Q .& +>1 2 ,,h(* T mw3 (* ,B;Fm ,+,h =R? A ,,p(* T Y 'bÀ<h ? =/fh ,++ , (6,B+ <hHæ_Ú. F.«<.¨2f .=41f µ)?=ÚÁ?=?.[E8_*=.f¦.1= ¬+4©F.¨*. ¨[..4©F.pç.<¨¼f.._¦..èNDD 3*'Aéj¸'&=R34-,+ T1 .0 (* 3F.¹ 4UF,s êYZG.WF,84 3P 2 °,13 Z11, (Ô ;* § /T13BÀ4 3F3 L-Ri= Âi1Y 'ë 13S 1 =Qæ_Ú/. ?.ZE¨*=../1=ÚQ.!?=?. ¬Df_ÚÁPEìHE¨i..UØf .¨[.¡1E¨*=.MÜ4ªZ.._¦..SF« M*$1=?.UEfF©b_Úd=.i=.f¦U1=?.*E¨*=. S_ÚiA.._¦i?=?.AE¨i..=ªA WS¨[..4©F6f/. ¡W_Ú°. F.[fn<F.[¡P«<.¨2f8¨2f=_E©i?=?.èN*/ iK8'Aég¸K$3W'&=RE34-, 4T (* 3F.¹ 4QF1,s ®4¡Y&GE= F1,§3 4U 3P3À 3B Zo5- =R? m -+=U+$381 4 1N$- 6 4>? 2 °À3 P3E(6 &O .R? .$f/ 4 =¥$J<"8I (* T1 1YzÖ] (6<z +>1 ,, =R? h36= hA 3<. ,,¥$J"8IÞ(* T mD 3 U i/3°- ;PW 8 6,+ h 8,+ <A .R1 4Y '&8- i .f ZK8'Aé¼ 4UF1,§Q'AéÝ 4d0 ,+_3 L-R6= 5Â*& 13mE- 8 XL< /K8'AéâF1, ° d,+(*B 4Á3(6 6§ =R? YâC =)33 4 (* .i(6<iRE34-Î S3E(6 2$ =R? 6& 4 =c(* <0 T 1ND3E(6 3F3* A,+ < =R? 4m 3 i + , .R1 A 3W'Aéà 1,;S3Q= 6 3 § 13\Y ° 6 ([ 33TP =R? i 5 S 3F63TU WK8'Aé³ ,B0 ;FY"&z Z BA A'Aéj 1,;°fA $, <$ =R? 4mE- 3 4[ZRE34-Þ ,+,w33 4[ m+3T6 6©5P..¦4.§ 3 [< 4W ,T1B(QY&$-RS83& 3E Q+3Q 4Y'A- 6 5 /+3P i([ ,,!TW3F áE4m- 6i3$3 4 1(*+a 13A.Q = 5.F;[ /s êY !Z 3=([ 5R2#A ,+ ,+ 8¶SJ"8I:¸#$¶SJ"8IO¹D(*(634 0 13Q,+ ;F 4m- § 4>? 8([ 1 81(* § .á .+(* 3EN ¿ SÀ , *= 3<_ 2 L- 3]M-W(* .Z3TPBíw 3E 3 M-RZ 3 E-EY!JM (* a h 1O(2,B4 < = 3 ,+ 4;? 5>? ã&9§IÆ5J? . 3[3 A, 3F4YhÖ: 3* &3E(2 p, 3F +2(6,,+ 4F;d3pmD [T,+ , 2(* U¸f1(Ä 3 4î 13Fz>E -&¹z $IÆ5J? ,;$. 30 ¿ T1 P U 3F= 5+3ë2 Á79ïXL W5>? .S3 L-R YÔJ¡ (* a $ Z,+(*B= 5+3§"$#&%'àf§ 3([ 5+3pN 4 .n 3F= 13c(*EBÀ 4 513Á 3 [d13 S 0 (* /(* 0ES4 ,,m\[$ 4 5 § *T 4 583 L-RH= 5_0 À Y8 23E(2 O,+ ;F $ .L- 3P3 M-RH,+ 4;? i¸0 X< R? , 3 ¹ 3 [ ,4 13H,+ 4;? §¸1EX< (*, (* 30 = 3 ¹ 4 5 &1,+ (*f 4 ,B0¡(* §3F = .+3pY 2.2 The Multimedia Streams Management Service over a Multicast ORB
' /Z/ (* a 4dE;UZ á (* 3Fmh"$#&%'V+Z30 A B= , UfSo FE3TÁ1(*(634 5+3:=Þ S (* W 4 ,B0 (* W 3([ 3YÞ'Ó1,13c+* .[(6,B4 <* 4 ,B0(* < (*i M- 3n,+4 5 4·1EX< NQ"$#&%'Ý+i P- 4;b <= ,] 6< 4 (*Y["$§ 1 ,D/ 4U3d i'&0 FÆ@&+ ]GE 4 (*3TQ >E UsBÃ4ðmAÃ475N*i"§¶W¥g<= 3 = À 3 ° ]_= (* -RnfH P >1 ,1(* 3E[/3E .1 = , <+ 48(2,B(* 4+ < (*3T ,4 5+3YD DR? ;&1(i0 3 3F & &< (Ô13F1, F,p 3 i A3F $ *< 4 (e13F1,O1EX< YS'Vo4-Î/3+ b Z S30 3E&(* 4+ i= 3<f § .L- 3d(2,B(* 4+ i >E Y/ o4-Q4 3â UT1 4)1T S·_(` Á< 4 (QYÝ < (*z 5 .(*+3 48F;&< 4 (ë 3 13F\ p13F= +3§ o4-c 3 +3FYh@&B , >E ¸@&98 >¹!13(* E < (e = N& ;W * [T1d, >? ,D <= .+3](6,B+(* .0 + S > Y6 6< 4 (^3E,,+ .[¸¡GE 4 (°O,_¹8 6R1 ; 1(* 13 3F§3U 6< 4 (^ <= ,(* 3F§F,N8Z ,,+4- [+3Q /@$98 >H1T .4Y§ Z<= 3 5=P5>+ &o á+, hfOíw . 3FDR3h (6,B(* 4 >E DF;/íw 3T 6ßpT1FA 3Sä,,!IhÀ,+ § BÀ 4 5+3pNDíw .6 ,4 0 3d >? , AM-[, >? ,&< 4 (*A([ 3 T (* 3F4Yä& ß\T1FZÀ, *13,B;U [GF 4 ([CD3 13F/ 3bGE (°O,D30 . / Z á 1 4wm - $_8 2ä,,zÀ , 1m\ [T 4 5 T §D3E,p5>E+ 4H 4 .°o 4-â+3F f §-B3S < (gA .á 4\Y Ö] U 1XL<° P<= 3 5=cÁS< 4) 3)(6,4 < 5.B Nd- W Q W#$¶SJ"8Ij(*(634 13n,+ 4;? °+3 = Z &< 4 (*3H3 $TYO'&O- § 5 $3Q /(6,4 < 13F áE4m!3,B;Á .¬µU..i * 4wN8° 63 0 T+ 3 1mp §1 4UF;Q 2<= 3 =\m\ M- 3U >EB ,h > § 4 Y&Ö 2 2+3W Z 6O 6ß\T1F IhÀ, 1Nh13,B;2 < 4 (à 3 3E 3 Z < 4 (V13F1,, .á & B3E . 1YOCO .°1F;*z / 5 4[1EX< 0 5 4S-BW 6< 4 (g 3 13F4N i S1EX< .$(*, (* 3E S@&98 >3F 1m 3 · 4 .Á< 4 (ï 3 13F*4 3n S <0 F 5 4W-W >? = ,! PXL Y$GE (g 3 13F$ 5 ,+4 5 4\mE ;i 3F °Eì/©1 ¨Õ. .f.N ;H /(*, (* 3F 4*-BW 6(2,B4 <$"$#&%'¤1EX< 4Y'A BA4-3Q3HÀT1 87m- 3W Z 5 4S1EX< A <([ 5 (* 8w 3Ti3 °i §13 $T1S 6< 4 (Qm $ 0 ½F < XL & RE $< 4 (Ý13F1,, 2 2< (QNDB (* 3p ! 4 =Z1EX< D1F;§(6<z 133 . 4/ABh F0 5 4[< 4 (¼ 3 3E4E++([ AF;i &< 4 (¼13F1,, 1T1* 8(2,B4 <D (* (* EZ+3E>?F 13*36 T1 \< 4 (j 3 13FYD A133 13* 4iXL B >? $< (Ô 3 3EO 4 5 8o 4-: 3 +3F4ND B 4-3H+3°À T 8rm = 6 5 §13(* 4[AE 4°F;* 4H1EX< ATHo 4-â 3 13F4Y GEH 6< 4 (e+§ .Z 3 U 5= °= 3(*13] 3]<= 54Y* < (*/([ 3 T1 (* 3F§Z([ iF;W i< 4 (Ä3F1,, 4N2 $< 4 (¼ 3 13F 5 8(6,B+ <A"$#&%':1EX< .m ,+,w0 .= 13A¸. 4 13\mF <3pm 5¹! 5 ([ 1 363 TY
local core
remote core 2.1 connect(...)
1. request_ connection(...) stream controller shared object
2.2 connect(...)
stream endpoint
shared object
stream endpoint
2.2 connect(...)
4. link() flow endpoint
4. link()
CORBA Reliable MIOP
3. create(...)
flow endpoint
3. create(...)
È_É y!}5|dñ\Ë/ÌZ±!|UvPyzÏ_{4f {*{}5|E vò|{{4f!Éx!}u{u\1u ÏMÒ 2. local update
local core shared object
1. update 6. update
remote core 5. consume data
shared object
3. produce data
flow endpoint flow endpoint
flow endpoint 4. send data
4. receive data Multicast streams
È_É y!}5|UópË/Ì2±p|UvUyzÏ{4f1{[{}5| vò1u vvUy!zf1{4_u OÒ < 4 (^13F,+, Z4 3] i(*,+ (* 3F 4W / ° 3F= ,a 4] .0 >E S333TU13c d >1 4md * Q =B Q0 >E+ 4§F;8 <= 3 5=\YD(* 5 4/ h3Z(6, +3F < 4 (*2>E+ dF;d *<= 3 =wmz °¶SJ<"8Ië(*(634 0 13P,+ ;F 8 3 , 8A[13F1,D ,,z /< 4 (Õ 3 13F$3 13,B;S3 /T1Y'&A,+ _(Ó_,,B;W+< 4]¸Y 1YO 3Z 3F= ,+a ° >1 .¹.mF- $ A< ;3T§ $+<13° $< 4 (g3E,,+ .4Y 2.3 Implementation
Ö [ ° Q"& *"$#&%j(*+, - 5 dsBÃr_(Å"$EX< . " 3F 4H13 /¸¡"§"§¹2(*, (* 3FO11(*(634 5+3 & ,+ 5f(QYZ8(*+, - 2íw $H >? ,1 8 °313U (*(634 13n,T0¡+3)1T1: ]= (* -Rc ,, 4Þ"$ 3 1(*(23+ 13JM3F P¸¡"§J¹.Yzã&3TQ/_= (* -Rd- 4 3P >? ,+Q3 .-¤F,+$=W & [¶SJ"8Ic1(*(634 5+3 ,+ ;F 4Y Z ,+ , i(2,B4 <8F1,D8(*, (* 3F 4Q+3TQô§ô ,+ 3T1 T1 5>? .Wã$9§IOÆJLIg 3 :W3F T= 5 4â3F· b¶SJ<"8I ,T0¡3ë W 3Þ áE 313:-=Þ- ]4 ,,Z#$¶SJ"8IÕ¸#& ,+ , 0 ¶SJ"8IO¹.N5Bhz 1,+ O$<-B.2;3 (*4 ,,B;§ M- 3Z= 3<f . 1, m , , i¸#$¶SJ"8IO¹38¸¡¶SJ"8IO¹.YFÖ:B°(*, 0 (* 3F= 3pm B§8 ,S 1,+ ZH 2JJ<"8I)3U= &H 3E * 63+½F 8XL 4Y U'A ?Æ@$+ ÁGE 4 (*H .> PQ ,Á(*,+ (* 3F 4n3 ô§ô: 32 D #$¶SJ"8IP1(*(234 513Z, ;F ._O< 4 (* ([ 3 T (* 3F4YD &(*, (* 3F= 3°5>+ Z= (* -Ri >? ,1H(6,B(* 4 2 ,4 13& ,B;FY
3. THE SPIN-3D CVE
GIDJLKA0M79Äs 7A* d79Õ *3F S_*<;3=361,B0 ,+ = >? i-R Y°"$/3F *Z T13 4U_Z([ ,,DT (* 3T1°=: H<= 3FH, 4 3+3T·H0M +T3:B 3Y '&/BZ25-3]+3dÀ T1 °Emz- * 1 ° S3 .-Ô + ,OT? 50 3a4 513W= RE3T[ > 3F= T ZD §B=W(* 313W 3 W [79 3F = 3i(*E ,E+3T$L-§ > m?13 f T13 13[ 3 h_O([ 3+,+ 36wXL Y!$ 1,,+ = 0 13[ - 5 3 m =* OO 3F 463i (* &GIDJLKA0M79 F; H,13 m W79Ý 3F= 13b .Æ5(* ,BLYQÖ] [ 11 ·kL3f . 3 Z= ,+ lH(* = 4N .§ 2,+F 4U 3 P = , i3 S3T, *>B ,hF1(QY*GIDJLK&0M79Ô 8 ["$#&%' 4H,+ f(g .+ H >1 1YDJM &@$B ,\#A 4 ,+BM; ¶SE ,+3TPß! 3T1 T1 W¸@¶Qß!¹AQ [79Ô1EX< [sBÃNZ @$#$¶QßQ1EX< 3F 4*F;6 >1 = , À ,+m 3* 4 =*À ,+
È_É y!}5|]õwË/öÄÏ_|E}zf!É·4{4y!{_u ÞfÞ÷p£§.
H~=ñøPÒ = 5= .+a ° Q1EX< 4mfH .á (*, Q d,+TE°[. = 0 a E;UB/1,i 3 ]BZ 1B13pY°Ö *(*>1 6 i@¶Qß -BH §(6,BB0¡ O áE 3+3H3B 4*F;6 -Rip Aßp>F0 3T6Ö,T1s ùY"&z $+(*, (* 3F= 13° 13FAh>E -§m _Z [ 5 4U@¶QßbXL 4mp 4 =PB$À ,+8$ 3F 4 F;] W"$#&%'Ô1EX< 4YW °<;3.13a4 513 *> , * /À ,+&8([ 1 ZF;H18(*(634 13W,+ f(QN- 3 Q= 3T *F/3b S 5 4dÀ ,+c¸Y YQ W"$#&%'ÔXL .¹.m S(*(634 3Á,+ f(Å3BÀ iB6 (* °1+ *<0 3T°3 /F8w *¸Y 1Y+3T* (* §(* ES3E>?F4 3 (* . 3(°¹86(6,,+ *w 5 H¸Y 1YU3TP [< 4 (*3T .> /(* = 3(°¹.Y /,+ _(g=F1 & 8- ;QD3B0 À4 3QF;H3Ti3_([ 5+3W13F= +3 4S3H §@$#$¶Qßd 0 3TQ 13\N8f2 =d 4PÀ ,+\m\ . 6/ 3] 3= ZQ ;5-j i (* *w 2 5 *([ 1 1m! > , 2.P 3d 5 Z4 3U Uk< 13lHWk< 3([ 13lY GE°$$= 3 5 3F8f8 6GIDJLKA0L79j1T= (*(* N ; 3,B;° B_;°3f([ 513Q3H $@¶QßP 5+3T* 0 3p§(* 5>? * .;c4 3:(*EB_;· W3BÀ4 13)M; P;E0 3 (*4 ,+,B;*F;2. 3T13T§O -1 3F;24 ,, 8 1(*(634 5+3W,+ _(QY/88 _,!_§ 6 3([ 13 zXL NO 3H1EX< (* ,B;[ 3([ 4[3TZ< 4 (*+3TY 3F1,A1 = 5+3[13n< 4 (*W¸.n [ 13\m <0 3pmE 5¹ 3* = 8= 3 A([ 1 = 3 5 3F,B;iF;6 1(*(634 5+3S, 5f(QY 4.
CONCLUSIONS
5.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
6.
REFERENCES
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