Preview only show first 10 pages with watermark. For full document please download

A Fine Grained Heuristic To Capture Web Navigation Patterns

   EMBED


Share

Transcript

A Fine Grained Heuristic to Capture Web Navigation Patterns Jose´ Borges and Mark Levene Department of Computer Science, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.               ABSTRACT  !  "  $#% !#% '&  $    ()*+ +," +,"  -./( +   +, 0+,& $ ' &  "  1#%& !  #2,"  !+,& 0#% 3)4%&   3  "  +,"  '" 5  . +,"  3 + "  (-56  7#% -   " 8./(/9   (: $*&;   + ?%@-A'#%&" & " .#%" +,&" )+,& '    52    .   "  " +,"61   ..  $4%&  +$ 5&" & +$   "  " +,;:+,"  0    + (B;)+,& 1   9 . 2  , (++,&  % 5  ('  "  +,"  *+,  "  %C1 &  D  "  , ;. (/+ ( <  " . +D#%" +,&.2ED  (+,&9,F3"  + G   &!   " +,&H=E%F G A+. 5  I+,& . < & +,"  $ 9 + +,"  ) 5  +,& '+,"  '#%" +,&*   "  "6+,;)   $0,  " J (  +,9 " +#%&" &'#% 2  +,& K L/M NO 3P2 +,&  &$+,& 2   " +,&$Q  "  !+," . $  " . "    ;B#%" +,&)+,& '/- $ 5-   ..  + + " +2& +,& (/  #% - 58 +,"  0   /- - 5  $#%& B+,& $ +,9 " +'" '.  - (B1.  - +' 5-  ; ,&  +2 #%& 0+,& - +,9 " +2" 2&" &3  +,&" %#% /#% %  +% #)& " +," -+,& +D"  . +2   $ " +   +,"  '(   "  0   &*#%&  " *+,& . + 5D " 2"   9 . +   ;'  . + (.;-J +D <   "  .+,  "  %#%" +,&'&" &'  9  "  " +,; *PR+ "  1   . + ." -   " ( ()#%&" &!.  ,  +,& %(/" +  % +,#%  .+,& D  +3 9, +D (-" +8  , (/9 "  '. < " . 8 +2 + "  ($;'+,& -E%F G    " +,&$%C!& 1+,& + "  1   . + '+ / .+,& '    $S  1+,& .& " +," 0 9  , (-+'+,& -E%F G    " +,&T (0 +,& -   . + -+ /      -    -+'  +,& /- - 5D  + "  (1(         (/"   ;  <  " . +'#%  ' (/+ (!#%" +,&! +,&*  2 (!; +,& +,"  U ( + (+,& 8 , +8,& #*+,& +35 82 "  . +,9 " +D+,& 8/9  2 5 %" (/ ('"     2./ +,& ;'#%" +,&$+,& (      5 +,& 0+ "  ! " + "  374%&  5  D;! ++,"  *+,& 0    0 5 +,& '+ "  1 " + "  )+,& .   ;/+. !( +  "  $+,& /9  - ($V   " +,;1 53 -+ " (/ (W3+,& -V   " +,;0 5D " .  , ($;. +,&0" +%  +,&* ('   "  "6+,;  Keywords   '" "  8  "  +,"  ) ++ 8&;   + ?%@-A% (0( +." "  0+ &" V  -   (0+ J(1+,& -&" &    "  "6+,;*+,"  -#%&" &*  , (*+'+,&   Q - 5  (1  "  +,"  7+,  "    )[ ^ _%#% .&  ' ?%@:   ;/,"   "  "6+," ;$(  " ,"  0& " +," '+." 9 (/ - +D 58+,"  2#%&       " $   "  " +,;$" %   2,  " J ('+,& ,&  (D4%& %>?%@!./( /   " ( D,"  2 (  (1+/ %+',.. "  .+,&  " +   +,"  !#%" +,&*+,& #%   ('#%&" &'" D + +,"    ;' 56 +,&$+-+,& 2#% '," + ( ,"    (0+.+,& " (/"  " (/ D    !+,& $  .& (D;1,"  11>?%@k+0   ;/ 0   .   +,& .#% *," + .( ,"  ' 1  J+-56  k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e   ?%@ ./( 2  , ($+0+,&)  (  Z0 / 1./( 3  $[ h_, 2  +, ; 8    % +,&  -&  .     !   ,"  !+,& . $ 5Z0 / !./(  .+1+,& '+,(;* 5   0#% B  "  +,"  a &  "    \ ! _+,& 1 +,& 0  9  a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ah0  +$ 7    " #I 5>?%@2#%&"  G +,"  :^   +0+,& 0    (B& " +," ! (B( + "  1+,& 0 , +$ 5  5  . () <  " . +BF3"    ; 2"  G +,"  7f1#% $ "  0     (/"  $ .  2. THE HPG MODEL PI  !J * ," +$" :* 9 1  (  (7 +$ 5.#% B  V  +.56  T#%&" &)" +"  ,"  1+0" 5 . .  "  +,"    ,"   G "  '" +-" . <  + (!+,& +$ . " ," +'0#% *," + .  -+,& 0   2  "  +,"  * ,"  0" %,   ;0( J (  %- V   - 5  V  +D56  a+,&  . 2 2,&$+,& + '+,#%'   +,"   V  +-      + (0;$.  +,& $  # " /+ 8#%&  % #T" -$ "  1   . +    ![ ! _D+,& . +,&       (.5   #k+,& %    2 53 h " & "2" /+ #%&" &.  , ( +' \ & "-+ (  (0(  "  +,"   58+,& -    -+," . 2 +,#%  $  " + 5   V  + G "  .+,& 33. ;0 +,&  &  . ( + ( +,& -    . 5D^ ]." /+ 5   #3D48 &" V  -+" 5    9 "  +,"  * ,"  56  a  '( +'  -(  "  (0" ![ \ \ _, PT   +,"  k 5 1  "  +,"  R ,"  1" 0./(   (a 0  N K bN/b  K c d M d Obd M c  /Lc' /N'[ \ h_    + (*;*  N K b N /b  K  c d M d Obd ( /K,c c/K0= ,"  ;!>?%@-A.[ h_%#%&" &!"     $,   ' 5   "  "  +," 1    $   ..  0[ h/\ _,*P >?%@)" %-   "  " +,"6-       .. 2#%&" &'& %-  9,+ 9   . "  ' +,#%  1+,&  + 58 +  "  % (0+  "   ;/-   U  &) +  "  ;/- -  , ($+11#%   $ (*$ /(/+,"  B '  , ('+0$ " ! +,#%    $Z0     8+,&  '  '+,#%$ ((/" +,"     +," J "  + +  ( *#%&" &1   +-+,& +  + (0J" ,&!+ +  5%+,& )     "  +,"  ! ,"  24%&    "  "6+,;1 5D.   .. +,"  '"  "  0;'+,& 2 /(/+ 58+,& 2   "  "6+," - 58+,&  /(/+,"    (." '" +%( "   +,"  32C1 2  3+,& % /(/+,"  #%" +,& )  '" +  5+,9& ($," ( 'Obc/K b  K '/+ L bd  O8 ($#%   3+,&  /(/+,"     , (/"  '+ " % +,#%  . -bK, c Od6bd , N  K '/+ L bd  O  U <     +,"  -g% ; " &+ n  h ] ] ]poq-rHstu.v.wwxy  ;$h ] ] ] zD  . .h/  , .\9D -f\ F  H+,& 0   +,"  a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k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h_8#% . / -  5D+,&      +$[ j_,D#%&  \ D( +  "  '+,& '  . .  ;$#%& 0  "  +,"  0+,& #% 3"  ; "  0+,& +#%& 1 " ,9 " +,"  *$ $  ;*+,&   "  , ;) " ," + (! "     +,& . " !+,& . #%"  2&/  $+'5    #a   "  1"  +$+,& 0+,  $#%" +,& ( +,&1  -+,& -     5D+,& -+ "  '   . + " 2 + (  (B     + (B  " +0+,& 0+ "  ! " + "  3-,  " J (B; +,& -   ;/+  58+,& -+ "  $ " + "  0" 2. +2+,&  <     +,"   +  +,&  #%"  -+,& ( +,&0 53+,& +,  2" D"   . + ($;.   (.  +,& %+,  "  D#%" +,&  +,&'+,#%  % <    (D4%& %+ "     . + 8" 8+,&  9, + (. (   (  " '#%" +,&.+,& + "  0 " + "  3W8+,& - / - +," / +," %+,& + "   " + "  1" 2. + C!& !0+,  " D" - "  1 <    (!   ;0 +,9 " !56   " +  + + + -"      + (*+'( +  "  " 5D" +2"  )c  d O Od M N-N  c + Od  $ - )d  c  d O Od M N N   c Od 8P:+,  " % <  ,"  *"  (/9 " ,"  *" 5.#%"    (7+*!+,  " -#%" +,&B   "  " +,;:   1+,& U <     +,"  -g% ; " &+ n  h ] ] ]poq-rHstu.v.wwxy  ;$h ] ] ] zD  . .h/  , .\9D -f ^  +,9 " +- ($"  (" ," 6 ." 5D +%Z0     '+,  " 3" %c' d c MD#%& 1" +& -$ (" ,"  $ <  ,"  ' (1$+,  " D" - c /d /c/bN2#%& $" +%&  +%  +2   (" ,"  ' <  ,"  3         unexplored link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h ] ] ] ]'+ + +,& - J(  +,& ,&  (0 +,#%  1] \ ( ] ` ($+,& ,  +2+,& ,&  (0#% DJ #%     .#% .+ + (*"  G +,"  B^ ^D+,& ' 5  .  0#%  +.  " , 1#%& 7(  " ,"  )+,& 0& " +," * (B . 0(/"  +,"  $5  +,& D"    . +D 5" +3 5  .  2#%  D  - "  3DF3"    ;  +,& +,#%-  ,"   53+,& 2& " +,"   2" (/" +,"  "6,& 6 -" 0+,& /- . 5D" +   +,"  - 5  . (*  +,&  &!#%& * ," ( "  +,& D"  -+," . 2+,& D   (;  ,"  . 5  .8, " &+, ; ++   4 3.5 FG aggregated weeks (Conf.=0.1) 5 Grd Bt 2.5 4 2 1.5 Num. rules (x1000) Length 3 MRL, Grd MRL, Bt ARL, Grd ARL, Bt 1 0.5 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Stopping criterion 0.8 2 1 1 F3"  '\ h D4%& -  "  +,"  * 5D+,&   +,&1 5D+,&  #%" +,&0+,& J 9,   "  ('+ "   " + "  $#%& .  " ('++,& %; +,& +,"  ( + F3"  B\ h*,& #20+,& 1  "  +,"  R 5.+,& *    1 1  +,& =P(8A2 (*+,& . < " . %   +,&B=Z 8A2#%" +,&*+,& .+ 9 "  ' " + "  1#%& 0+,& - J(  +,& ,&  (0#% 2 +% +2]+& \   +2 $ -  0+,& +2  05 %&" &1    - 58+,& -+ "  $ " 9 + "  3#%&" &$  , (+-.   9, +" +D" D ,"  +  + " $   - 2 ,  "    ;$#%" +,&'+,&    (;.  ,"  3  .5 + #%" +,&!+,& '   (;1  ,"  !" +-"  ,"  0+$ + " ) . .      .+'+,& -. < " . D  +,&*#%" +,&1+,& + "  0 " + "  * + G @l-mm 3 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Stopping criterion 0.8 1 F3"  \f+34%& D  "  +,"  ' 5+,& 8/- D 5/ 8#%" +,&.+,& 8J 9   "  (1+ "  $ " + "  1#%& 1  " (1+.+,&   8( + F3"  !\f*,& #2'+,& 0  "  +,"  : 5-+,& $/- 0 5 $ 9 + "  (!#%" +,&!+,& '+ "  * " + "  )5 +,& .  2( + U  &  " +" !+,& .  +  , ('+$+,& '    . , +. 52+,&   1( +. +%5  "  * J   +,"  3W3  &0( +. +2 9  , (.+$0#%  1 5%  0( +$4%&  , +. J T+,&  U <     +,"  -g% ; " &+ n  h ] ] ]poq-rHstu.v.wwxy  ;$h ] ] ] zD  . .h/  , .\9D -f i  + "  ($#%" +,&'; +,& +," -( +;,& #%"  +,& +%+,&  %" D  9   +,"    " +,;! +,#%  !+,& ./- ' 5% . (!+,& .    $ 5 +,& 2+ "  . " + "  3  .5 + -.    "  +,"  $" $+,& 2     52+,& '+ "  1 " + "  B#%"  %  (*+0$," "   $  "  +,"  !"  +,& /-  5D - + "  (* (1+,& +-  "  +,"  *" -    .+ " 5   +,&   & +-+,&     58+,& -+ "  $ " + "  3 FG greedy; aggregated weeks 0.7 RS, Conf=0.1 CT, Conf=0.1 RS, Conf=0.3 CT, Conf=0.3 0.6 Probability 0.5 FG aggregated weeks (Conf.=0.1) 10 MRL, Grd MRL, Bt ARL, Grd ARL, Bt Length 8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 6 0.2 0.4 0.6 Stopping criterion 0.8 1 F3"  -\ j 84%& %    +,"  $ 5 +,&'+,& % (/" ( +  (+,& D 9  +#%" +,&)+,& '+ "  * " + "  B#%& !+,& '   (;*  ,"  )"    " (1 1+,&   8( + 4 2 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 Stopping criterion 0.8 1 F3"  -\'" 34%& D  "  +,"  $ 5+,& D," S 2 5+,& 8 D#%" +,&+,& DJ 9   "  (1+ "  $ " + "  1#%& 1  " (1+.+,&   8( + F3"  !\'"1,& #2.& #k +,&BP(: (BZ :   ;!#%" +,&B+,& + "  $   . + 5 -+,& -  8( +' +4%&  , +- 9 J  +,&  1 + "  (:#%" +,&7; +,& +," *( +RZ0     2" +$"  " +  +,"  $+- + +,& +2#%" +,&0+,&    (;'  ,"  1+,& -     '  +,&!& -" +. < " -     $#%& !+,& .+ "  * " 9 + "  !" . + ++ ] & j/D#%&" &!"   +,& ." (/"  +,"  :+,& + .    $+,  "  + (0+.  <    (1J +P  (/"  $+'+,& ( J9 " +,"  2"  G +,"  0^ ^+,& 2 9, +D" 5  ($ + " 2 +,&$+,&  (/" ( + 1 (!+,& $. < " . -+,  "  .5 '0 "  7    0 5+,& + "  !   . +  BP2 +  +,"   ; -+,& '& " +," *  ()  +,1+. "  +,& -   ;/++,& -. < " . D+,  "  -  ;     "  " +,;:+,& +$  , (0+* (/" ( + !+,  "    B5 + +,&  2J  %,& #B+,&     +,"  1 53+,& 2,R 53+,& 2   "  " 9 +," D 5+,& %. < " . +,  "  2=  G A3 (.+,& % (/" ( + +,  "  2=,g%4A #%" +,&)+,& '    0 5+,& $+ "  * " + "  3!C!&"  0F3"  * \ !   , (+.+,& - +,9,+,  " %  ,"  *F3"  $\ j.  , ( +'+,& .   (;0  ,"  3.4%&  , +-,& #a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a   !+,& * +,9 " + U <  " . +1#%" +,&7 +,& ; +,& +,"  (  ( +-#%  2 (/+ (' (.+,& D , +%,& # +,& +-+,& .+ "  0   . +  "  +,& .   ;/+. +,  %   +,& /- - 58 "  (0 (0+,& " 2   "  "6+,"  P-56+, '#% *#%   )+$"     + $" !+,& '>?%@k./(       ..  ,  5%+,& -#% 0  + (056  k.  V   ;." 0  ( 2+ ," ++,&    ;/+%" $J(/"  '+,  "  2    + +.. "  1+ " -   + ($;$. +2 53/ ;/#%  ( U <     +,"  -g% ; " &+ n  h ] ] ]poq-rHstu.v.wwxy  ;$h ] ] ] zD  . .h/  , '\98 f ` 5. REFERENCES           !  "  # ! $%  &' ( )  #*# # + ,-. /0123054765894:0;/658<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:A B 0=C 49/9=?19D0=FEG=0H3A 9IJ 9KG@ L10M:9/NF>:=?IK>:6->O!@ =@ =J:P )    Q R:S?:T:UP:V3WDX Y?PZ7[\GP\3$ $#7R R ] ^      _7 #!`   :a7$ :   #  )  ## ,-. /012 05476589b!9cedL>J 93f3=?>:A N:L@ L7>:=?I!dL9/ . /0C g A @ =J b0/h:L80iP )   USU jP [ _7  P:k  %  a5  P:\3$ $# R R R ^ ^s7?~l?X  P?: " +P}G p  " :(- %  P  ZG_7:'  %5   `Ž$ 3 "" )  ##  # ' ` "3&' )  #*# %  Y  ,- . /012054 6589 g 46583<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:Ab0/A Ieb @5I 9Gb!9cGB 0=49/9=?19P )   3r r„S?rQPv  P  " P  :' R R j ^:U:VGœ? ! !  k # $"# W +(- W 3a5  `€ $# :( ` #:   #   ,-!. /01270546589GfBOKG@ J:@ 6->:A?ˆ@ C c/>:/@59Lb0/h:L80iw0=lž /5J >:=@ š@ =Jlb!9cey i> 19P )   GT:Q:ST:]P   Y % ' P k  %  a5  P \3$ $#3R R R U:      :\l&$  # " # " ) #$  %   $ W +!:   #  )  ## ,-. /012G0546589 g /L6 <=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:A B 0=49/9=?190=m A 9165/0=@51eB 0nn9/19>:=?I b!9co?918 =0A 0-J:@59LP p W  "&P:ZG q P?[ ) #`+? ^:r r r s  ))   Q:,?k  t P?[? p :u' P  v[`'#& \w   % )  + + %  # " a5  `W Ya5 "% $#     $ % ,-D. /0199I:@ =J:L054e6589 L@ x:658!fBOzy< { E7K7K|<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:AB 0=49/9=?190=EG=0H3A C 9IJ 9!KG@ L10M:9/NF>:=?IK>:6->O!@ =@ =J:P3 # P    "&$##P \3$ $# ^:r r rs  ))   T,k  t P_}3"Y  ` P k3? Y?Pv?[`'#&P:  [?~D& #    $ %  t # D :ae:   #  )  ## e wFW +w #$  ` %3+ D"% $#  ,-l. /0199I:@ =J:Ll0546589!L@ x:658fBO y< { E7K7K€<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:AB 0=49/9=?19D0=FEG=0H3A 9IJ 9!KG@ L10MC 9/Ne>:=?IK>:6->O!@ =@ =J:P # P    "&$##P\3$ $#3^:r r r s  ))   j: _ k  #%   3v  #Y :W7k &  "#  t +  :W   #  #  3 #&W % W  W +GB 0n7i;6-9/‚G965H30/h:L >:=?I <yK7‚ƒyN:L6-9nLP^ „…5j†‡ r jTSr„UP:\ )  %R RT „3 k &   Y? y6->:65@ L65@51>:Aˆ>:=J:;>J 9Gˆ9>:/=@ =J:s &3 R R j ,-sv P ]:k3 k & #-‰?% [# # # " % a5 "3    ` Y : ` %  f i iA @59I y6->:65@ L65@51LP^ ^‡ „S^:rPR„:U "&   R: ([?k &P?[?v Y?P ev[?X $Š" #  #`   a5 ?# :   % )  ## <m m mlo/>:=L> 165@-0=L30=EG=0H3A 9IJ 9G>:=?I K>:6->m =J:@ =?99/@ =J:Pr…-^ †‡ ^:r R:S^ ^  P  "&?‹:\ )  %R R ] r: k Y%  ?}3' )  #*#‡G\3 #  $"# e $  ' <m m m B 0n7i;6-9/P?^:r…5R†‡ :„SQ:P [ ) #`+? R ]„  ŒG k  % ' P7: + & P  [  : #::_7 # )  )   #  a5 `  !W % DW  !W +F+  :W   )  ##  EG=0H3A 9IJ 9 >:=?I<=4:0/n>:65@-0=!yN:L6-9nLP? …:†‡ TSU^P:+ $ 'eR R R :^ 7  p   t $ \ )  + + %  # "  ))   "&# : (    # l Ž&' )  #*#3<=4:0/n>:65@-0=|y?1@59=?19LP Q‡ jTS?] jP R R R U:V3 % ?s & #7 :a :   # #&  $ &  & ' )  #*# B 0nC n;=@51>:65@-0=L054G65897fBO!PU U…5U†‡ ^:R j:SUrP:  "&!R R r Q:v Y :W  #t GG #t 5\3 ) #  W +G #‡? G\3,?"& % ( %   ,-D. /012054 g 46-99=658<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:A3?0@ =6eB 0=49/9=?19 0= f3/65@ g 1@5>:A<=6-9A A @ J 9=?19 ‘5<Bf3<C’“”:P )   3j:S^ PV3  :' P : )  P \3$ $#7R R„ :T v Y :W  #t  eG #t 5\3 ) #    #‡\3$# ` # " % % ' '#& t eW + )   ,-F. /012 054 6589 g 46-99=658‚G>:65@-0=?>:A B 0=49/9=?190=f3/65@ g 1@5>:A<=6-9A A @ J 9=?19‘5f3f3f3<C’:•”:P )   „ ^ „S „:U^P     P ~D "  P:$% ' R R ] j:ŒG7ŒGG[ $YY: 5  Y )  "# D  )  #&l  % ' e$    Y :D"&   ,-w. /0199I:@ =J:Ll0546589=@ =658D<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:A b0/A Ib @5I 9eb!9c B 0=49/9=?19P?\3`#  ` P:}3 % %  P^:r r r :„[? ["&"&# P q7  & P   _ [` # &Z3  )  #& ‚ 965H30/h:L>:=?I )  :‰?% # )  "#&## ) –$#GB 0n7i;6-9/ G <yK7‚ƒyN:L6-9nLPU r‡ QT „SQ j„P R R ] ]:[ )  %  ) $% $ ! k3? $% # "&~DZ3‡e#  %?a5 7W + $# %  t #   % ' :,-!. /0127054G65897<=6-9/=?>:65@-0=?>:A7b0/h:L80i 0=e6589b!9c7>:=?I7K>:6-> c>:L9LG‘:b!9cK7—˜ ’:•”:P )    ] Q:S^:r UP  :( % " P[ )   P:  "&!R R ] R: [  : #::PŒG k  % ' P::_7& )   P v (-VG:s :~!+ $  7`  ‡_7 " :  ' e )) %  " #  :a $   )  ##  a5  `ƒW +  #y< { E7K7Kwm xiA 0/>:65@-0=LP …-^ †‡ :^S^:UP ^:r r r ^:r:ŒG [# $#?b!9c3y@ 6-93y6->:65L™ 65/> 1h:@ =J8 @ 65L3>:=?I>:=?>:A Nš@ =J65/>-›D1 3+? 3 " p :W (-}3 % %5P?R R„ ^k3[?:~!#& % %5:v  + + %  # "%   $  ‡\F  W  ` ) –$# B 0n7i;65@ =Jy;/M:9N:LP:^…5Q†‡ U jSU „:RP_7"`( +? 7R ] r G @l-mm U <     +,"  -g% ; " &+ n  h ] ] ]poq-rHstu.v.wwxy  ;$h ] ] ] zD  . .h/  , '\98 %" ]