Transcript
AB07 Common Collector PNP Transistor Characteristics
Analog lab Experiment board Ver 1.0 QUALITY POLICY To be a Global Provider of Innovative and Affordable Electronic Equipments for Technology Training by enhancing Customer Satisfaction based on Research, Modern manufacturing techniques and continuous improvement in Quality of the products and Services with active participation of employees.
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AB07
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Common Collector PNP Transistor Characteristics AB07 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.Introduction
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2. Theory
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3.Experiment
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To study the characteristics of PNP transistor in common collector configuration and to evaluate Input resistance, Output resistance, and Current gain.
4.Datasheet
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5.Warranty
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6.List of Service Centers
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7.List of Accessories with AB07
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INTRODUCTION AB07 is a compact, ready to use Transistor Characteristics experiment board. This is useful for students to plot different characteristics of PNP transistor in common collector configuration and to understand various region of operation of PNP transistor. It can be used as stand alone unit with external DC power supply or can be used with SCIENTECH Analog Lab ST2612 which has built in DC power supply, AC power supply, function generator, modulation generator, continuity tester, toggle switches, and potentiometer. List of Boards : Model AB01 AB02 AB03 AB04 AB05 AB06 AB08 AB09 AB10 AB11 AB14 AB15 AB16 AB17 AB18 AB19 AB20 AB21 AB22 AB23 AB25 AB28 AB29 AB30 AB31 AB32
Name Diode characteristics (Si, Zener, LED) Transistor characteristics (CB NPN) Transistor characteristics (CB PNP) Transistor characteristics (CE NPN) Transistor characteristics (CE PNP) Transistor characteristics (CC NPN) FET characteristics Rectifier Circuits Wheatstone Bridge Maxwell’s Bridge Darlington Pair Common Emitter Amplifier Common Collector Amplifier Common Base Amplifier Cascode Amplifier RC-Coupled Amplifier Direct Coupled Amplifier Class a Amplifier Class B Amplifier (push pull emitter follower) Class C Tuned Amplifier Phase Locked Loop (FM Demodulator & Frequency Divider / Multiplier) Multivibrator ( Mono stable / Astable) F-V and V-F Converter V-I and I-V Converter Zener Voltage Regulator Transistor Series Voltage Regulator
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AB33 AB41 AB42 AB43 AB44 AB45 AB51 AB52 AB53 AB54 AB56 AB65 AB66 AB67 AB68 AB80 AB81 AB82 AB83 AB84 AB85 AB88 AB89 AB90 AB91 AB92 AB93 AB96 AB97 AB101 AB102 AB106
Transistor Shunt Voltage Regulator Differential Amplifier (Transistorized) Operational Amplifier (Inverting / Non-inverting / Differentiator) Operational Amplifier (Adder/Scalar) Operational Amplifier (Integrator/ Differentiator) Schmitt Trigger and Comparator Active filters (Low Pass and High Pass) Active Band Pass Filter Notch Filter Tschebyscheff Filter Fiber Optic Analog Link Phase Shift Oscillator Wien Bridge Oscillators Colpitt Oscillator Hartley Oscillator RLC Series and RLC Parallel Resonance Kirchoff’s Laws (Kirchhoff’s Current Law & Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law) Thevenin’s and Maximum power Transfer Theorem Reciprocity and Superposition Theorem Tellegen’s Theorem Norton’s theorem Diode Clipper Diode Clampers Two port network parameter Optical Transducer (Photovoltaic cell) Optical Transducer (Photoconductive cell/LDR) Optical Transducer (PhotoTransistor) Temperature Transducer (RTD & IC335) Temperature Transducer (Thermocouple) DSB Modulator and Demodulator SSB Modulator and Demodulator FM Modulator and Demodulator ………… and many more
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THEORY Transistor characteristics are the curves, which represent relationship between different dc currents and voltages of a transistor. These are helpful in studying the operation of a transistor when connected in a circuit. The three important characteristics of a transistor are: 1.
Input characteristic.
2.
Output characteristic.
3.
Constant current transfer characteristic.
Input Characteristic : In common collector configuration, it is the curve plotted between the input current (IB) verses input voltage (VBC) for various constant values of output voltage (VEC). This characteristic reveals that for fixed value of output voltage VEC, It is quite different from CB and CE configuration. This different is due to the fact that input voltage VBC is largely determined by the value of VEC. As the base to collector voltage increases, VBE is reduced thereby reducing IB. The approximated plot for input characteristic is shown in fig. 1.
Fig. 1
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Output Characteristic : This is the curve plotted between the output current IE verses output voltage VCE for various constant values of input current IB. The output characteristic has three basic region of interest as indicated in fig.2 the active region, cutoff region and saturation region. In active region the collector base junction is reverse biased while the base emitter junction is forward biased. This region is normally employed for linear (undistorted) amplifier. In cutoff region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are reverse biased. In this region transistor acts as an OFF switch. In saturation region the collector base junction and base emitter junction of the transistor both are forward biased. In this region transistor acts as an ON switch.
Fig. 2
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Constant current transfer Characteristic : This is the curve plotted between output emitter current IE verses input base current IB for constant value of output voltage VCE. The approximated plot for this characteristic is shown in Fig 3.
Fig. 3
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EXPERIMENT Objective : To study the characteristics of PNP transistor in common collector configuration and to evaluate 1. Input resistance 2. Output resistance 3. Current gain Apparatus required :
1.
Analog board of AB07.
2.
DC power supplies +12V, -5V from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab.
3.
Digital Multimeter (3 numbers).
4.
2 mm patch cords.
Circuit diagram : Circuit used to plot different characteristics of transistor is shown in Fig 4.
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Fig. 4
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Procedure :
• •
Connect -5V and +12V dc power supplies at their indicated position from external source or ST2612 Analog Lab. To plot input characteristics proceed as follows :
1.
Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
2.
Connect Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input base current IB(uA).
3.
Short or connect a 2mm patch cord between test point 4 and 5
4.
Connect one voltmeter between test point 1 and ground to measure input voltage VCB and other voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.
5.
Switch ON the power supply.
6.
Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at some constant value (4.5V, 5V, 5.5...)
7.
Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input voltage VCB in step and measure the corresponding values of input current I B for different constant value of output voltage VCE in an observation Table 1.
8.
Rotate potentiometer P1 fully in CCW direction.
9.
Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of output voltage VEC.
10.
Plot a curve between input voltages VBC and input current IB as shown in Fig 1 using suitable scale with the help of observation Table l. This curve is the required input characteristic.
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Observation Table 1 :
S.no.
Input voltage VBC
1.
0.0V
2.
0.1V
3.
0.2V
4.
0.3V
5.
0.4V
6.
0.5V
7.
0.6V
8.
0.7V
9.
0.8V
10.
0.9V
Input current IB(uA) at constant value of output voltage VEC = 4.5V
VEC = 5V
VEC =5.5V
•
To plot output characteristics proceed as follows :
1.
Switch OFF the power supply.
2.
Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
3.
Connect voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VEC.
4.
Connect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current IB(uA) and other Ammeter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output current IE(mA).
5.
Switch ON the power supply.
6.
Vary potentiometer P1 and set a value of input current IB at some constant value (0uA i.e. input open circuit/remove ammeter between test point 2 and 3, 1uA, 2uA...)
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7.
Vary the potentiometer P2 so as to increase the value of output voltage VEC from zero to maximum value in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IE for different constant value of input current IB in an observation table 2.
8.
Rotate potentiometer P2 fully in CCW direction.
9.
Repeat the procedure from step 6 for different sets of input current IB.
10.
Plot a curve between output voltage VEC and output current IE as shown in Fig 2 using suitable scale with the help of observation table 2. This curve is the required output characteristic.
Observation Table 2 : Output current IE (mA) at constant value of Output input voltage S.no. voltage IB = 0uA VCE IB =10uA IB =20uA IB =30uA IB =40uA (open) 1.
0.0V
2.
0.5V
3.
1.0V
4.
2.0V
5.
3.0V
6.
4.0V
7.
5.0V
8.
6.0V
9.
7.0V
•
To plot constant current transfer characteristics proceed as follows:
1.
Switch OFF the power supply.
2.
Rotate both the potentiometer P1 and P2 fully in CCW (counter clockwise direction).
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3.
Connect voltmeter between test point 6 and ground to measure output voltage VCE.
4.
Connect one Ammeter between test point 2 and 3 to measure input current IB (mA) and other Ammeter between test point 4 and 5 to measure output current IE (mA).
5.
Switch ON the power supply.
6.
Vary potentiometer P2 and set a value of output voltage VCE at constant value.
7.
Vary the potentiometer P1 so as to increase the value of input current IB in step and measure the corresponding values of output current IE in an observation Table 3.
8.
Plot a curve between output current IE and input current IB as shown in Fig 3 using suitable scale with the help of observation Table 3. This curve is the required Transfer characteristic.
Observation Table 3 : S.no.
Input current IB (uA)
Output current IE (mA) at constant output voltage VEC = 3V
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
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Calculations :
1.
Input resistance: It is the ratio of change in the input voltage VBC to change in the input current IB at constant value of output voltage VEC or it is the reciprocal of the slope obtained from the input characteristic. Mathematically
To calculate input resistance determine the slope from the input characteristic curve obtained from observation Table 1. Reciprocal of this slope will give the required input resistance.
2.
Output resistance: It is the ratio of change in the output voltage VEC to change in the output current IE at constant value of input current IB or it is the reciprocal of the slope obtained from the output characteristic. Mathematically
To calculate output resistance determine the slope from the output characteristic curve obtained from observation Table 2. Reciprocal of this slope will give the required output resistance. 3.
Current gain: It is the ratio of change in the output current I E to change in the input current IB at constant value of output voltage VEC or it is the slope obtained from the constant current transfer characteristic. It is denoted by αac
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Mathematically αac = Slope of constant current transfer characteristic =
∆IE ∆IB
To calculate current gain, determine the slope from the constant current transfer characteristic curve obtained from observation Table 3. This slope is the required current gain. Results : Input resistance Rin
= ________________
Output resistance Rout = ________________ Current Gain αac = ______________
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DATASHEET
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WARRANTY
1) We guarantee the instrument against all manufacturing defects during 24 months from the date of sale by us or through our dealers. 2) The guarantee covers manufacturing defects in respect of indigenous components and material limited to the warranty extended to us by the original manufacturer, and defect will be rectified as far as lies within our control. 3) The guarantee will become INVALID. a) If the instrument is not operated as per instruction given in the instruction manual. b) If the agreed payment terms and other conditions of sale are not followed. c) If the customer resells the instrument to another party. d) Provided no attempt have been made to service and modify the instrument. 4) The non-working of the instrument is to be communicated to us immediately giving full details of the complaints and defects noticed specifically mentioning the type and sr. no. of the instrument, date of purchase etc. 5) The repair work will be carried out, provided the instrument is dispatched securely packed and insured with the railways. To and fro charges will be to the account of the customer. DESPATCH PROCEDURE FOR SERVICE Should it become necessary to send back the instrument to factory please observe the following procedure: 1) Before dispatching the instrument please write to us giving fully details of the fault noticed. 2) After receipt of your letter our repairs dept. will advise you whether it is necessary to send the instrument back to us for repairs or the adjustment is possible in your premises. Dispatch the instrument (only on the receipt of our advice) securely packed in original packing duly insured and freight paid along with accessories and a copy of the details noticed to us at our factory address.
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LIST OF ACCESSORIES 1.
2mm Patch cord (red) .........................................................2 Nos.
2.
2mm Patch cord (black) ......................................................2 Nos.
3.
2mm Patch cord (blue) ........................................................1 Nos.
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