Address Guide

Transcript

On allocation and management of addresses in compliance with the Cadastral law Address guide On allocation and management of addresses in compliance with the Cadastral law – address guide The guide is developed by a work group consisting of: Finn E. Isaksen (Group Leader) – Norwegian Mapping Authority (20062009) Inghild Lier Andersen – Oslo/Bærum municipality (2005 – 2009) Tove Fagerbæk – Siljan municipality (2005 – 2009) Per Nordbø - Skien municipality (2005 – 2009) Stein Krokmyrdal – Bergen municipality (2005 – 2009) Frode Wold – Posten Norge (2006 – 2009) Hege Kvernberg Dahl – Norwegian Mapping Authority (2009) Trond Olav Vassdal – Norwegian Mapping Authority (2008 – 2009) Tore Bø - Norwegian Mapping Authority (2005) Håvard Hågård Norwegian Mapping Authority/Dekar (2005 – 2006) Illustrasjonene er laget av: Peter Juel Jeppesen – Byplantegnestuen, 3D illustrations Kristoffer Kristiansen – Norwegian Mapping Authority, 2D illustrations Layout: Øivind Mehlum – Norwegian Mapping Authority Log history: Address guide Version Date 1.2.2 18.11.2015 Grethe Thoresen 17.7.1. Detailed annotations to the various tasks 21.06.2012 Lena Helleren Grethe Thoresen Translation Image editing & translation Performed by Canges 2  Preface On allocation and management of addresses in compliance with the Cadastral law is the Norwegian Mapping Authority's guide to establishing and managing a common address system for the whole country in accordance with the provisions of the Law on property registration (Cadastral law). According to § 21 of the law, the municipality is the official address authority and this guide should therefore be of primary importance to them in this work. But the guide should also be of importance to other address users in understanding the allocation and management of addresses. The guide is based on earlier guides, among others: • Adresser og stadnamn (Addresses and geographical names), part 1, Handbok i kommunal adressetildeling (Handbook for municipal address allocation), published by the Norwegian Mapping Authority, the Ministry of the Environment and the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities, August 1986. • NOU 1977: 46 Address allocation • RiksGAB registration regulation The guide is also based on Regulations for property registration (Cadastre Regulations) with annotations. Further good ideas are taken from Guide and Examples for Determination of Addresses, published by Erhvervs- og Boligstyrelsen in Denmark, April 2004. Suggestions, contributions and questions from users in the municipalities and other address users have also been helpful in the development of the guide. The Norwegian Mapping Authority thanks everyone who has contributed in this way. The guide provides a background for and describes an address system with a division of administrative and political tasks within the municipalities as official address authorities. It should also be useful for other public and private operators for use with their client/address systems and for locating relevant buildings, objects or places. It is important that the guide is used in conjunction with and as a supplement to the Law and the Regulations with annotations. The guide is published exclusively on the internet. Updates will be continuously incorporated in the internet edition available at www.kartverket.no. Supplemental instructions will also be made available here. We are happy to receive views and ideas for improvement on email ([email protected]). Address guide 3 Contents Preface 3 Introduction and overview 7 1. The purpose of and requirements for a good address system 7 2. The address system – an overview 9 2.1. Address parcels (roads) 9 2.2. Address parcels with address numbers (house numbers) 10 2.3. Address parcels with address- and unit numbers​­ (dwelling number) 10 Principles and guidelines 11 3. Address area 4. Address parcel 5. Address code 6. Geographical name and name usage in addresses 6.1. Legal bases 6.2. Choice of geographical names 6.2.1. Existing or new geographical names 6.2.2. Notes on spelling 6.3. Determining spelling through formal naming proceedings 6.4. Using the Geographical Name Service 6.5. Reporting to SSR (the Central Register of Geo graphical names) 6.6. Address name 6.6.1. Principles for choosing address names 6.6.2. Address name are permanent fixtures 6.7. Additional address names 6.7.1. Holding names 6.7.2. Institutions- or buildings names 6.8. District names 6.9. Cadastre address name 6.9.1. Choosing cadastre address name 11 Address guide 12 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 18 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 4 7. Allocating address numbers 7.1. Principles for numbering along roads 7.1.1. The edge principle 7.1.2. The distance principle 7.1.3. Address number is allocated from official access point 7.1.4. Multiple access points 7.1.5. Additional letter 7.1.6. Special buildings and properties 7.2. Principles of numbering in areas with no clear road system ("Area addresses") 8. Allocating unit numbers 8.1. When are unit numbers determined? 8.2. Floor specification 8.3. The unit's number on the floor 8.3.1. Main principles for allocation of unit numbers 8.3.2. Changing unit numbers 8.3.3. Some examples 8.4. Unit identification 22 22 22 26 27 29 29 30 35 37 37 38 39 39 40 40 43 9. Districts and localisation of addresses 9.1. Address point and localisation with coordinates 9.2. Districts 9.2.1. Municipality 9.2.2. Basic statistical unit 9.2.3. Constituency 9.2.4. Parish 9.2.5. Urban area 9.2.6. Postal code area 44 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 10. Cadastre addresses 11. Signage 11.1. Division of responsibilities 11.2. Placement and use of signs 11.3. Address sign and -labels 11.3.1. Address name signs (sign 729 of the Signage regulations) 11.3.2. Area sign 11.3.3. Address number signs 11.3.4. City block signs 11.3.5. Direction signs 11.3.6. Address labels for unit numbers 11.4. Placement of signs (signage plan) 43 43 46 46 46 47 47 49 50 51 52 54 55 Address guide 5 12. Address style, abbreviations etc 12.1. Abbreviation of names 56 12.2. Presentation Rules 56 12.3. Postal address 57 13. Local regulations 13.1. Content of regulations 14. Change of address 57 58 58 14.1. New name for existing parcel 58 14.2. Change of access road 59 14.3. Division or merger of parcels 59 14.4. Insertion of new numbers 59 15. Parties-in-interest right to be heard 60 15.1. Right to be heard 60 15.2. Complaint 60 16. Reporting new, changed or deleted roads and addresses Organisation and processing 17. Organisation and processing 60 62 62 17.1. The municipality is the address authority 17.1.1. The content of address administration 17.1.2. Legal basis for address administration – two legislations 63 17.2. The municipality's starting points 17.2.1. No Street addresses, i.e. only cadastral addresses 17.2.2. Street addresses in urban areas only 17.2.3. Street addresses throughout the municipality 63 63 63 63 17.3. Organisation 17.3.1. Political tasks 17.3.2. Administrative tasks 63 64 65 17.4. Inter-municipal cooperation 65 17.5. Outsourcing tasks 66 17.6. Coordination when municipalities merge 67 17.7. Addresses- and processing 17.7.1. Detailed annotations to the various tasks 68 69 18. Definitions Address guide 56 62 62 74 6  Introduction and overview 1. The purpose of and requirements for a good address system The purpose of a good address system is specified in § 49 of the Cadastre Regulations: "Addresses and signs should ensure that everyone easily can locate and identify buildings, homes and other objects or places that it is important to locate. The address should also serve as localisation object and key to relevant information in private and public registries and archives. Entering of addresses into the Cadastre Registry should contribute to a common address system for the whole country". To succeed in this, there are several important and necessary factors. Address guide 7 Logical and easily understandable A good address system has to be structured in a logical and easily understandable way and follow the same rules that the address users are used to and comfortable with, while at the same time being common for the whole country. One must, however, accept a degree of discrepancy in some municipalities due to routines and rules established over a long period of time that may be difficult to change (e.g. even/odd numbers on the right or left side of the road, respectively). It is of prime importance that it is logical and easy to understand in order to achieve a quick and efficient distribution, which is especially significant for the emergency services "when the seconds count". Use of street addresses Using street or road addresses as opposed to cadastre addresses is important for a well functioning address system. Traditionally, cadastre addresses have been used in sparsely populated areas but this is disadvantageous in a modern address system and will therefore only be discussed in chapter 10. Visible addresses In order to make buildings, houses and other objects or places easy to find, it is important that a requirement to make addresses visible through signs for address names, address numbers, unit numbers etc. is included in the address system regulations. Good signage will substantially increase the value of the municipal work with addresses for many of its users. Clearly defined administrative routines There must be clearly defined guidelines for the division of responsibilities and tasks within each area of the address work process. This includes clarification of what is administrative and what is the political responsibility, and clarity of responsibilities and procedures in accordance with the Law of The Geographical Names and Cadastral Law. Ongoing maintenance It is required that as soon as the decision on the choice, establishment or change of an address name or additional address name is made it should be registered in the Cadastre and the central register of geographic names. The same requirement applies for assigning or change of an address number, section number, etc. Access, distribution and information It is of prime importance to other address users that there is ongoing maintenance of the Cadastre and the Central Register of Geographical Names, whether they get access through the Norway Digital Partnership or some other way. It is also important that routines are in place for how and to whom it is expedient or necessary to give notices or information from the address authority. Key information in other systems and solutions Address is the concept known to the public, and everyone knows their own address. Therefore it is an important key into the other systems, for example juridical registration, condominium (housing cooperative) register or property registers. Address is also an important key to the consumers’ registers, post and distribution registers, and other location and position services. All this requires a good and well-functioning system for address provision and management in the municipalities. Address guide 8 2. The address system – an overview The address system is built around the municipalities and important terms that make up an address are defined in § 2 of the Cadastre directive and in the annotations notes to chapter 12 of the directives. As registry addresses will eventually be replaced by street addresses, the following is mainly concerned with street addresses. (For cadastre addresses: see chapter 10) The address system of the official addresses is built up on three levels: 1. address parcels (roads) 2. address parcels with address number (house number) 3. address parcels with address and unite numbers (dwelling number ) A sketch of the address system might look like this: Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Municipality number Street address Address name Adress code Adress number Unit number Additional address name Coordinates Codes for: District name Basic statistical unit Constituency Postal code area Parish Urban area Figure 2-1 Diagram of the structure of the three levels of the address system. Address parcel, which denotes the first level, encompasses address name and address code as well as municipality number, the next level includes address number while unit number denotes the third level, where applicable. Also shown is what is covered by the term street address. The dotted line indicates that unit number and/or additional address name may be included in the address. 2.1. Address parcels (roads) An address parcel is a road or a section of a road in areas with official addresses that has been allocated an address code with an associated address name. The term address parcel also includes streets, squares and sites cf. annotations to chapter 12 of the Cadastre directives. Longer thoroughfares/ road sections within a municipality may be divided into Address guide 9 several address parcels, with associated address name. An address parcel extending through several municipalities is given a different address code in each municipality but the same address name. The term road parcel is a more technical term connected to construction and maintenance of roads or parts of roads and is not used in connection with addresses. 2.2. Address parcels with address numbers (house numbers) This is a street address that indicates the access address of each property, building, home or other object or place (e.g. Storgata 12B). The street address should indicate an approved access point for these units, cf. § 50, section 4 of the Cadastre directives. A set of geographical coordinates should be linked to the street address, which then form the basis for associated official district data: parish, electoral district, basic statistical unit, town, postal code area, cf. § 56 of the Cadastre directives An additional address name can also be associated with the street address (holding name, name of institution or building) in accordance with § 54, 1 & 2 of the Cadastre directives (e.g. Fjellveien 25, Tveit). 2.3. Address parcels with address and unit numbers (dwelling numbers) This is a detailed address that indicates the access address of each unit of a building (e.g. Storgata 36-H0203). The unit number consists of a floor designation plus a number within the floor, see chapter 8 for further details. Unit number as part of an official address is used only when there are several units in a building that share the same street address. Address guide 10  Principles and guidelines 3. Address area An address area is a geographical area that forms a natural unit in the address system. An address area may thus be one municipality or covering whole or parts of several municipalities cf. Figure 3-1. If the area covers multiple municipalities, the municipalities involved should begin their collaboration at an early stage. The reason it may be appropriate to establish addressing areas common to several municipalities, is primarily due to the fact that the public, emergency agencies, distribution and transport perceive them as natural units, geographical and communication purposes, regardless of municipal boundaries. It is therefore important that this is coordinated so that address names are unambiguous and the numbering follows a common system within the area, cf. chapter 6. Even when no formal agreement on a common address area has been made, it might be expedient to define roads that cross municipal boundaries as one address parcel with the same address name in all municipalities (but with different address codes), and with continuous address numbering, cf. annotation to § 12 of the Main address parcel Cadastre Municipal boundary directives. Boundary address area It will in Built up area this case be necessary to Urban area, population > 1000 determine in which municipality the numbering should begin. Figure 3-1, Address area may cover multiple municipalities. Address guide 11 4. Address parcel Division into address parcels make up the pattern in an address area. Address parcel could also include corresponding random roads and paths, places and areas, see notes to Chapter 12 of the Cadastre Directives. This is especially relevant for: • Institution areas, businesses, etc., where the road network is unclear • Cabin areas without roads and trails • Communities and areas with no trails and roads such as smaller islands Correct division into address parcels is important in order to achieve a well functioning and useful address system. Having many short address parcels may lead to cumbersome and difficult route-finding. It also creates extra sign maintenance work. Long address parcels may make accommodating road changes and adding new address numbers more difficult. Main address parcel Begin numbering Direction of numbering End numbering Municipal boundary Boundary address area Built up area Urban area, population > 1000 Figure 4-1 Top level address parcels are indicated with a startingand end point, and the direction of numbering. (The dotted square indicates area shown in more details in the following figure.) Address guide 12 It may also be expedient to assign address parcels to stretches of road where no address numbers are planned (e.g. along main roads without direct access out). It will often be natural to start with major roads or motorways when creating address parcels, but whether the road is an E-road, a national, county, municipal or private road, does not matter. An address parcel should constitute a unit with a starting point and an ending point located at natural geographical spots, like intersections, junctions by bridges and other distinct, natural spots. It is natural to start with the largest roads. For address parcels comprising areas with ambiguous or non-existent road systems, it will often be natural to base parcels around public car parks, wharves etc. National road County road Municipal road/ private road Small road without its own address name Begin numbering Direction og numbering End numbering Municipal boundary Figure 4-2 When the main road network has been divided into appropriate address parcels, address parcels for smaller roads are assigned. Address guide 13 When the main roads are defined the work continues on a more detailed level. Figure 4-3 When assigning address parcels for small roads, it might be expedient to work with a detailed map showing existing houses / address points. When deciding whether a side road should constitute its own address parcel, the following factors should be kept in mind: • length of the side road (preferably more than 2 km in sparsely populated areas) • number of address units connected to the side road (preferably more than 2-4 address units in sparsely populated areas, more than 10-20 in built-up areas) • future expansion of the side road • length of the main road • uneven numbering along the main road if the side road is included in the main road's address parcel • limiting address changes Address guide 14 5. Address code Each address parcel is allocated an address code. Address codes must be a number between 1000 and 99998 and allocated consecutively, independent of location or address parcel name. The address code is allocated by the municipality in the Cadastre. In address areas covering multiple municipalities with address parcels crossing municipal boundaries, each municipality will assign a different code. The address code in conjunction with the municipality number is nationally unique. Expired address codes should not be reused. When changing the address name of an address parcel, the address code is retained. 6. Geographical names and name usage in addresses 6.1. Legal bases Address name, additional address name (farm-, building- or institution name), registry address name and district name are all geographical names according to the definition in § 2 of the Law on Geographical Names. With the exception of additional address names, according to § 54, 1st section of the Cadastre directives, and certain district names, it is the municipalities that choose which names are to be used in addresses, while the spelling is determined based on the regulations of the Law on Geographical Names. The main principle for the spelling of geographical names is set out in § 4 of the Law on Geographical Names, which reads: Where nothing else is indicated in this law, the spelling of geographical names should be based on the traditional local pronunciation. The spelling should adhere to accepted spelling principles for Norwegian and Sami. For geographical names in the Kven language, the spelling should adhere to accepted spelling principles for Finnish. Finnish geographical names in Eastern Norway may be adapted to Norwegian spelling principles. When the same name is used for different name objects in the same area, the spelling for the primary function should be, as a rule, normative for the spelling of the other functions. Two or more spellings of the same name for the same name object may be allowed if one or more of these conditions are met: a) The name has more than one accepted pronunciation because the locality covers a broad geographical region or is located in a dialectical or administrative border area. b) Two or more spellings of the name are already well established. c) There is a strong local interest in having two or more spellings. 6.2. Choice of geographical name It is important that a name is chosen as quickly as possible during the address work process. Especially when there in certain cases may become necessary to institute formal naming proceedings. Collection and registration of potential geographical names should therefore begin as early as possible, preferably before the final allocation of address names to address parcels. Address guide 15 6.2.1. Existing or new geographical names When choosing geographical names in connection with addresses, it must be determined whether the names are already in official use in connection with some other function (such as landscape names, farm- or holding names etc.). If such existing names are to be used, alone or as part of a compound name, it is important that the following is kept in mind: 1) If a formal decision regarding the spelling of the name has been made in accordance with the Law on Geographical Names, the adopted spelling should be used in the address name, or be adapted in accordance with conjugation rules in cases of compound names, e.g. Brekkesvingen, from Brekka; Viksvegen, from Vika. The Geographical Name Service can provide advice on proper compound forms, see chapter 6.5. 2) If no formal decision regarding the spelling has been made, but the name was in official use before 1/7/1991 (when the Law on Geographical Names came into force), "public bodies [...] may continue to use the spellings that are used by public authorities when the Law comes into force, as long as a resolution to change the spelling has not been made", cf. § 9, third section of the Law. If these names/ spellings can be found in the Central Register of Geographical Names, their status will be approved. It is however still important to make appraisals of these "approved" spellings and how they conform to the intention and regulations of the Law. The Central Register of Geographical Names might for instance have a name unit spelled Vollslykkja while the cartographical series uses the spelling Woldsløkken. In such cases it is the spelling used in the "name unit" in the Central Register of Geographical Names, which must serve as a guideline, see § 15, last section, the Law on Geographical Names: When a name has not been processed according to the regulations of the Law on Geographical Names, and two or more spellings of the name in the same language is in use by public authorities and are registered with the Central Register of Geographical Names (SSR) as approved spellings, then one should use the SSR's "name unit" spelling for official purposes. If there is doubt regarding which spelling to use, the Geographical Name Service may be consulted or formal naming proceedings instituted in order to determine a single spelling. In general, it is unfortunate if a decision is made on an "approved" spelling of an address name, which is then later changed during formal naming proceedings. If there is a wish to use a spelling that has not been previously "approved", formal naming proceedings must be instituted to determine whether this is possible. In order to use completely new names in addresses, formal naming proceedings must in general be instituted in order to establish the spelling. For exceptions, see chapter 6.5 below. 6.2.2. Notes on spelling As mentioned above, the Geographical Name Service may be consulted on the spelling of names and spelling in general. There are also many guidelines available at the Norwegian Language Council's website (www.sprakrad.no) under "Rettskrivning og ordlister", among other things on: - Historical names – king Håkon or king Haakon? - Accents – acute accent: André, allé; grave accent: Genève, òg (=også); circumflex: Rhône, fôr (=dyrefôr) - Apostrophes – no apostrophe for Astrids veg, apostrophe for Vesaas' veg Address guide 16 - Capitalisation – not Olavs Veg but Olavs veg - Abbreviations, see also chapter 12.1. Also note the Norwegian rule that geographical names in the definite form ordinarily loses the definite form suffix when compounded with another name item. For example, we say Nesodden but Nesoddtangen, Vålerenga but Vålerengtunnelen, Oslofjorden but Oslofjordtunnelen. Also note the usage of joining-s and joining-a, such as in Lærdalstunnelen and Gudvangatunnelen. Furthermore, the name Hesselbergsvegen will ordinarily indicate that the road ends by Hesselberg while Hesselbergs veg indicates that the road is named for the person Hesselberg. Lammers' gate indicates that the street is named for the person Lammers, while Lammers gate is named for the person Lammer (no s). 6.3. Determining spelling through formal naming proceedings § 5 of the Law on Geographical Names specify who is eligible for instituting formal naming proceedings. Regarding the decision-making authorities is says: The municipality decides the spelling of official addresses and names of towns, villages, municipal roads, streets, squares, urban districts, residential areas, industrial sites etc. The Norwegian Mapping Authority decides the spelling of other geographical names as long as no other law or regulation states otherwise. § 6 have further regulations regarding the procedure, among other things on advice from the Geographical Name Service and on who has a right to be heard. See also chapter 17.7.1, item 6. As shown above in § 4, it is important in formal naming proceedings to clarify what the primary function of a name is. According to § 8 of the regulations of the Law on Geographical Names, the spelling of the primary function should be decided first. Since farm names/holding names/landscape names etc. often will be primary in addresses, it will be necessary to clarify the primary spelling before the municipality decides on the spelling of the name in relation to the address. The opinion of the Geographical Name Service must weigh heavily when deciding what the primary function is. 6.4. Using the Geographical Name Service Before the municipality decides on address names, the regional Geographical Name Service should receive the suggested names in order to make a statement in accordance with § 6, first section, last item of the Law on Geographical Names. Spellings that the Geographical Name Service find unproblematic in relation to the regulations of the Law, do not need to be processed in a formal naming proceeding, see chapter 6.5 below. The Geographical Name Service may also advice on choice of address name. Name of contacts, addresses etc. for the Geographical Name Service's departments, can be found on the website of the Norwegian Language Council (www.sprakrad.no under "Tema, Stedsnavn"). Address guide 17 6.5. Reporting to the Central Register of Geographical Names All formal decisions regarding the spelling of geographical names, must, according to § 12 of the Law on Geographical Names, be reported to the Central Register of Geographical Names by the person that made the decision and according to the routines set out in the Law on Geographical Names (for the time being, to the relevant county mapping office of the Norwegian Mapping Authority). Geographical names that are used as address names without a formal decision on spelling, should also be reported to the Central Register of Geographical Names. When formally approved names are used as the initial name item in, for instance, -vegen, it is not necessary to make a new resolution on the spelling, but the composition (for instance if there should be a joining-s) should be assessed by the Geographical Name Service. 6.6. Address name All address parcels shall be assigned an address name that is unique within the municipality or a common address area. Until the address name is determined the address code can be used as an address name (and it can be referred to, for example road 2335). 6.6.1. Principles for choosing address names The address name is important alongside the address number since it is the concrete, visible expression of the address. It is therefore important to find good and lasting names. Some names have been shown to be more popular among suggestion-makers, executive officers and decision makers than others. It should therefore be noted that § 3 of the Law on Geographical Names contains a name protection. This might set a geographical boundary for the extent to which forms of good geographical names can be used in address names. When choosing names, the following principles should be kept in mind: • The name must fit a unified address system • The name should be based on and carry forward the tradition of local names • The name should fit the area • The name should not be offensive or comical • The names should be varied • The name should be easy to write, read and pronounce • One should avoid using names of living persons and at least five to ten years should have passed since the person's death before using the name. Names of persons living in recent times should be spelled the way the person spelled the name. In general, restraint in the use of personal names is advised. • Category Name (concentration of significant groups) may be used when it seems expedient, however this way you may easily get a stereotypical character and this form of choosing names should not be exaggerated. Further advice on good naming practice can be found in "Adresser og stadnamn Del 2: Stadnamn i offentleg og privat bruk" (only in Norwegian edition). 6.6.2. Address names are permanent fixtures Address names should be established on the basis that they will be lasting and able to endure changing circumstances. It is costly and often difficult to change an established address name. One should consequently avoid period specific address names, names based on political circumstances, living persons etc. Address guide 18 One should also avoid names that are connected with the ownership of buildings or similar in the area, e.g. company names. If such a company changes names or moves from the area, the address name will usually be inappropriate for the new users. The same goes for special project names, names of housing cooperatives etc. To make sure such names are not adopted unofficially, the municipality should allocate addresses early and emphasise that this is the address that should be used in marketing. Historical names, old geographical names or other names connected with the cultural history of the area are, on the other hand, suitable as bases for naming. 6.7 Additional address names According to § 54 of the Regulations, street addresses may have an additional name, additional address name, as part of the official address. The reason for this is a wish to preserve holding names of cultural and historical value so that these will remain in common usage through official addresses. The same applies to names of especially well known institutions or buildings. The additional address name may apply to a single or a handful of street addresses, cf. annotations to § 21, 4th section of the Law, and is an addition to the street address with address name and address number. 6.7.1. Holding names In § 54, 1st section of the Cadastre Regulations, it states: "When the address belongs to a farm, the farm's legal owner has the right to demand that the official address should include the farm's holding name, as long as the name coincides linguistically and geographically with a traditional geographical name, cf. Law on Geographical Names". In § 2, letter c of the Law on Geographical Names, holding name is defined as: "name of property with one or more holding numbers or lease numbers under one farm number". Traditional geographical name is defined under letter d of the same section as: "a geographical name that has been handed down orally or in written form from earlier generations". So this is something the owner of a farm can demand, but it is the municipality that determines whether the conditions for such an additional address name are met. Some discretion will be necessary here. By farm, it is not necessarily meant a currently operational farm. An additional address may also be added to the street address of an original farmyard that has become a regular residential lot. The main guideline should be the heritage value of the holding name. When assessing whether a holding name is a traditional geographical name, the main rule is that it must be in use today as the name of the farm. It is further required that the name has been "handed down orally or in written form from earlier generations'. Names present in the Cadastre Register as of 1903-07 and in use today, will in most cases be traditional geographical names. Newer names may also be accepted as traditional geographical names following a heritage-evaluation of the name. For such Address guide 19 an evaluation, the draft Cadastre of 1950, public maps, documents and oral traditions may be relevant sources. This means that holding names that were new when the farm was established as a Cadastre unit may still be considered traditional geographical names. New farms may also be allowed additional address names if the existing, traditional geographical name is used as holding name, such as the name of the stretch of land or natural formation on which the farm i situated. Provisions have thus been made to allow holding names that coincide linguistically and geographically with a traditional geographical name to be used as additional address names regardless of when the farm became an independent Cadastre unit, e.g. smallholdings and new farms. It is the Norwegian Mapping Authority that decides the spelling of these holding names, cf. § 8 and § 5, third section of the Law on Geographical Names as well as comments to § 5 of the Law on Geographical Names in Rettleiing til forskrift om skrivemåten m.m. av stadnamn: The municipalities are also responsible for deciding the spelling of all names used in official addresses with the exception of holding names. Their spelling should be decided in accordance with § 8, cf. § 4, 2nd section on primary function. An example of the use of additional address names as part of an official address in running text might be: Tveit, Fjellveien 25 – where Tveit is the holding name of a farm. In addition to what is mentioned in chapter 6.2 regarding spelling, the following should be kept in mind regarding holding names: 1. Separate additions indicating direction, size etc. (Østre, Store etc.) should be included if they are part of the holding name (i.e., can be found in the Cadastre Registry/conforms to local name usage). It will then in general be placed ahead of the main name in accordance with Norwegian normalisation rules. 2. Additional words (farm etc.) should in general not be used unless they are specified as part of the holding name. The holding name will for the time being be registered in the Cadastre and to some extent in the Central Register of Geographical Names. In the future, the Central Register of Geographical Names will be the main site for storing and managing holding names. Other useful sources for information about holding names are the Cadastre draft from 1950 and O. Rygh: Norske Gaardnavne, both of which can be found under the project dokpro. 6.7.2. Institution- or building names In § 54 of the Regulations, it states: "When the address belongs to an especially well known institution or building, the municipality may, up on the request of the property's legal owner, set the official address to also include a name for the institution or building, as long as general considerations suggest that this is expedient". In this case, it is the municipality that decides whether an additional name should be used, and also decides the spelling. In the annotations to § 21, 4th section of the Law, it is stated that "the municipality must in both cases (holding name and building- or institution name) freely Address guide 20 measure any proposal from the owner to change or remove address names against all counter-indications". Based on this, the municipality has, on their own initiative and with the consent of the legal owner, the option to decide that the name of a building or institution should be part of the official address when the municipality finds this expedient. Whether general considerations indicate that an additional name should be included, may be determined by considering the following: • How well known is the institution or building? • Will the name endure if the current occupant changes names or moves? What is the likelihood? • Will the name make the address easier to find? Examples of such names might be: City Hall, Fylkeshuset, Ibsenhuset and University of Stavanger. 6.8. District names According to § 56 of the Cadastre Regulations, the official districts include: • • • • • • Municipality Basic statistical unit Constituency Parish Urban area Postal code area Municipalities are also allowed to manage other districts or zones in the Cadastre Registry, should they have the need, such as school districts, city districts etc. In such cases, the municipality may also allocate names within these districts. In general, the same rules and guidelines as for address names and other geographical names apply when choosing district names and their spelling, see above. . The Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development is responsible for choosing the names and spelling of municipalities (§ 3 of the Law on municipalities and counties (the municipality law)) and the Church of Norway through the Bishops' Conference for parishes (§ 2 of the Law of the Norwegian church (the Church law) and letter from the Ministry of Church Affairs, Education and Research to the dioceses regarding delegation, dated 19/7/1996). The municipalities are responsible for choosing the names of constituencies, Statistics Norway for basic statistical units and towns, and Norway Post for postal code areas. The spelling of the latter is decided by the Norwegian Mapping Authority in accordance with the regulations of the Law on Geographical Names. 6.9. Cadastre address names All registry addresses should have an additional name as part of the official address. If no additional address name has been allocated as farm-, building- or institution name in accordance with § 54, first or second section of the Cadastre Regulations, the municipality decides according to § 55, third section which registry address names can be used within specified geographical areas (polygons). The use of such an additional name in the registry address is in most cases necessary in order to find the address, since the registry address itself, consisting only of a farm- Address guide 21 or holding number, and, where applicable, lease number, will often be unknown and in many contexts not used at all. 6.9.1. Choosing cadastre address names Names should be chosen that are already in official use and well known locally, such as landscape names or settlement names. Names already in use as farm- or village names will often be suitable as registry address names as well. For further guidance on registry addresses: see chapter 10 7. Allocating address numbers When address parcels have been determined, it is important to allocate address numbers where these are applicable. This in order to avoid owners/residents choosing unofficial address numbers for themselves. Address numbers may be allocated before the address name. If deciding on an address name is taking too long, the address code may be used as address name (e.g. Veg 2468). It is also important that the allocation of address numbers adheres to certain principles. In areas with ambiguous road systems, for instance on small islands and in some holiday areas, these will be somewhat different from those of ordinary street addresses. 7.1. Principles for numbering along roads As a general rule, numbering should start at the centre of the largest town in the address area or at some other natural starting point. Otherwise, the following principles, discussed in detail below, should be adhered to • • • • • The edge principle The distance principle Address number is allocated from official access point Multiple access points Additional letter 7.1.1. The edge principle The numbering follows the edge of the road, turning in side roads, courtyards and open gateways, and, when viewed from the starting point, with odd numbers on the right and even numbers on the left as a main rule, cf. § 52-1 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. The numbering along both sides of the road should progress as parallel as possibly. To achieve this, it might be necessary to have leaps in the numbers. Numbers should be reserved for areas where it is likely to be future development or rezoning. Address guide 22 8 (Undeveloped) 4 Villavegen 7 5 10 (E.g. cemetery) 9 10 5 12 10 11 8 6 7 n 1 16 14 ) ege king Tun v (par Storgaten 3 2 6 8 10 12 5 3 7 9 11 16 18 20 15 (Undeveloped lot) 13 1 14 32 Langgaten 13 15 Villavegen 12 4 14 21 27 23 29 25 31 33 Figure 7-1 An example of address allocation in a built-up area, with even numbers on the left and odd numbers on the right. Note how numbers have been reserved for the undeveloped lots. Tunvegen illustrates address allocation around an open space. Figure 7-2 Two alternative ways of allocating addresses around an open space/"roundabout". In either case, good signage is important. Address guide 23 Figure 7-3 If side roads are included in the same address parcel as the main road, it may lead to uneven numbering along the main road, as shown along Granittveien in the illustration on the left. The illustration on the right shows another way to allocate numbers. Here, the side road has been given its own name, Bergveien. Address guide 24 Figure 7-4 Here a decision must be made on which access point from Bygata should be used for number allocation for the rear building. The edge principle is otherwise followed normally. Figure 7-5 The numbering ordinarily turns in through the gateway and continues along the buildings in the courtyard. Address guide 25 Figure 7-6 The numbering will run along side roads and pedestrian streets to the apartment blocks. This might lead to uneven numbering along Skogfaret. To avoid this, it might be expedient to omit numbers, cf fig. 7.3 above. 7.1.2. The distance principle I In sparsely populated areas, address numbers might be allocated based on the distance to the road's starting point, indicated in units of ten meters. A distance of 430 meters would then make the address number 43, 42 or 44. When side roads are included in an address parcel with distance-based numbering, distances for the side road are calculated from the beginning of the side road. The main advantage of the distance principle is that numbers will automatically be reserved as well as always be parallel. This might be helpful for locating an address, as long as it is known that this principle has been employed. The distance principle may be used in conjunction with ordinary numbering along the same road. An example might be when a road begins in a built-up area with ordinary numbering and continues into a more sparsely populated area. It might here be expedient to change over to distance numbering. It may be problematic; however, if several side roads belong to the same address parcel as a main road with distance numbering, see figure 7-7 next page. Address guide 26 Figure 7-7 Here the distance principle is employed for all main roads. Due to the address allocation of the side road from Fjordvegen, the distance principle is "broken" at numbers 44/45. This could have been avoided by making the side road a separate address parcel. 7.1.3. Address number is allocated from official access point The address should be associated with the road recognised as the property's or the building's official access point, cf. § 50-4 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. This is especially important when a property or building can be accessed from multiple roads or entrances, but where one specifically is the official access point (ordinarily one accessible by car). Address guide 27 Figure 7‑8 The house in the middle has Sjøvegen as its official access point even though access is also possible from Strandvegen (south west in the image). If no official access point has been specified, the municipality should associate the address with a drivable road, street or square. If this still does not clarify the address, answering questions such as: what does the owner consider his main access point; where is the letter box; where is the doorbell? This might be helpful. Figure 7-9 This property does not have an official access point and access by car is possible from two roads. What the owner considers her main access point, may serve as a guide. Here, the access point is then associated with Inngjerdinga. Address guide 28 7.1.4. Multiple access points A property or building may be given multiple street addresses. If a building has multiple main entrances recognised as official access points, each entrance should in general be given its own address. All entrances that are access points to residences should have a unique address. A residence may only have one street address. Figure 7-10 This shows an ordinary apartment block with multiple entrances and associated street addresses. 7.1.5. Additional letter According to § 52 third section of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, address numbers may contain an additional letter in order to avoid re-numbering of previously allocated addresses. Letters should thus not be used for address numbers in new areas. Figure 7-11 The before-situation with ordinary numbering. Number 2 is reserved for possible future development. Address guide 29 Figure 7-12 The after-situation. The new lot has been allocated the address number 4A in accordance with the edge principle. Number 4 originally, has become 4B. When using additional letters, all addresses with the same number should in general be given a letter, with continuous lettering in ascending order. When a letter is used in addition to the address number, capital letters should be used. The letters I, O, Q, Æ, Ø and Å may not be used. In running text and on signs, there should be no space between the number and the letter, cf. notes to chapter 12 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. 7.1.6. Special buildings and properties Below are examples of address allocation for special buildings and properties where the basic principles for road addresses have still been adhered. 7.1.6.1 Shopping Centres A shopping centre will often have multiple "main access points" and often several smaller access points directly to individual stores. It may be expedient to allocate a "main address" to the centre itself, but this does not preclude individual addresses for store access points. Figure 7-13 This shopping centre has been given one address associated with its main entrance from Torggata, but units/ premises with direct access from Skomakergata have also been given individual addresses. Address guide 30 7.1.6.2 Buildings with access through external stairs One fundamental guideline in such instances, apart from the edge principle itself, is that "the address coordinates should be placed on the stairway at ground level", cf. notes to § 50-first section of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. What this means in practice is that residences on the ground floor in general will be allocated unique street addresses while residences on the first floor and above, in general will have a shared street address with individual unit numbers as part of the official address. Good signages of unit numbers will here be important. Figure 7-14 Example showing stairways shared between unit pairs on the first floor. A unit pair's official addresses may be then be Bøgata 4-H0201 and Bøgata 4-H0202. Figure 7-15 Example showing a building with two stairways for all residences on the first floor. Only one of the stairways is however recognized as an official access point and the addresses are allocated accordingly. That the shared stairway has been allocated the address Bøveien 4, may be considered a break with the edge principle, but was in this case nevertheless deemed expedient. The edge principle and the principle of unit numbering have otherwise been adhered to, see chapter 8.3.1 for detailed information of the latter. Address guide 31 Figure 7-16 An alternative way to allocate addresses in Bøveien with two official access points. The edge principle is followed for the street addresses with a discretionary exception made for the two stairways. The residences on the first floor are allocated unit numbers associated with one of the two stairways (Bøveien 4 or 18, respectively). The same principle is followed for buildings with multiple floors and a common entrance and for buildings with external entry to residences via a balcony or portico. Each residence on the ground floor, as well as the common stair tower, is allocated a regular street address. The residences on the remaining floors are allocated unit numbers as part of their official addresses in accordance with standard guidelines. Figure 7-17 Here we see an example of a three-storey building with a common stair tower. The residences on the ground floor are allocated regular street addresses. The residences on the first and second floors share the street address of the stair tower and have individual unit numbers as part of their official addresses. Address guide 32 7.1.6.3 Houseboats etc. In wharf areas with accommodation for live aboard-boats/house boats, address numbers should be associated with mooring points along the wharf. Signs for address numbers must be placed on the wharf, not the boat. Figure 7-18 Here we see an example of a wharf area with accommodation for live aboardboats/house boats. 7.1.6.4 Squares Open squares defined as separate address parcels may have the surrounding buildings and other address objects associated with them. This requires that adjacent address parcels end outside the square. Figure 7-19 Address allocation around an open square. The square has been divided and a starting point for address numbering defined, which determines the allocation of even and odd numbers. Address guide 33 7.1.6.5 Areas with several small internal roads In some neighbourhoods, it might be necessary to consider in how many address parcels the area should be divided. This is especially important in areas with many small, internal roads, often with common car parks. Figure 7-20 Here two alternative solutions are shown for address allocation in an area with many small, internal roads. In the alternative below, Heges vei leaves out numbers 5-11 in order to achieve even numbering on both sides of the road. In either case, good signage (area signage) at access points would be important. Address guide 34 7.1.6.6 Technical facilities These may include transformer kiosks, pumping stations, bomb shelters etc. The most important question is whether to allocate these facilities their own specific addresses. Discretion must be used in these instances. 7.2. Principles of numbering in areas with no clear road system ("area addresses") The address principles employed in such areas should as far as possible follow regular address principles and addresses should have the same structure as Regular Street addresses, with address code, address name and address number. However, address parcels in such areas will cover broader tracts due to the absence of a clear road system. This would be relevant especially for spread-out cabins, shacks and farms in the mountains, for communities on islands without a road network, for the grounds of institutions, isolated farming areas and single houses. Natural and traditional boundaries should be considered when defining individual address parcels, as well as common car parks, wharves, harbours etc. Address number allocation for each parcel, however, should be associated with paths or regular access points for the individual address units wherever this is possible. Figure 7-21 The cabins are allocated addresses in the normal way along the access path with one of the car parks as the starting point. Numbers have been reserved in case of future development. Placing area signs at both car parks would be expedient. Address guide 35 Figure 7-22 Here, two area names have been used and the cabins allocated addresses consecutively in the normal way along the access paths, with starting points at the two car parks. Numbers have been reserved in case of future development. Placing area signs at both car parks would be expedient. Figure 7-23 Here too, addresses have been allocated in the normal way along the path, with even/odd numbers on the left and right hand sides, respectively. An area sign at the car park would be expedient also here. When allocating addresses in these types of areas, it will be important to place area signs at main access points (the car park, the wharf etc.) In wide forest- and mountain areas, the principle for area addresses will be the same. When using area names as address names here, it must be decided whether to divide the mountain area into currently used area names, such as farm names, or define larger areas covering multiple cabin-/farm areas. As logical, a numbering as possible should be striven for also here. If the municipality wishes cabin/farm owners to put up signs with both address name and number, it may express this desire, but it may only demand that owners put up address numbers (cf. § 57 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations). Note however that addresses in these areas will still be accessible as addresses for navigation services even if there are no roads in the area. Address guide 36 The same considerations must be made for address allocation on islands. One must decide either the island should have an address name or be divided into multiple areas. In addition, one must decide where the numbering should start. If there is an obvious wharf/quay, this should be used, if not one may decide to begin the numbering at the island's northern point and follow the strand clockwise, using the distance principle or available paths. In newer holiday areas, regular roads to individual houses are becoming more common. In these areas, it makes sense to use ordinary street addresses. If it is desirable that an area without a road network be associated with a road, car park, wharf etc., it is necessary in Vbase to add a short road link with the area's address code. This is then input for the area's access road. When using a navigation system, one will then be guided to this "junction point". 8. Allocating unit numbers Unit number is the general term for the individual units of a building and consists of a code for floor type, floor number and the unit's number within the floor (e.g. H0203). With this code is associated information about unit type (residence, holiday home etc.) in the Cadastre Registry. Unit number was previously known as dwelling number. When multiple residences share the same street address, the residences' unit numbers must be part of the official address, cf. notes to official addresses in chapter 12 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. If nonresidential units share the same street address, unit numbers may be part of the official address. Separate apartments in detached houses with only one entrance, should have unique addresses with unit numbers. In buildings with multiple residences/apartments with individual external entrances, each external entrance should have its own street address. Notification of allocated unit number is given in the form of an address label sent out by the Norwegian Mapping Authority. The address label should be put up where it is visible on or next to the front door of the unit. See figure in chapter 11.3.6. 8.1. When are unit numbers determined? Unit numbers are allocated in conjunction with registration of building regulation applications. When the unit number is part of the official address, the unit number should be verifiable and it may therefore be expedient and necessary to note it on the construction blueprints. Address guide 37 8.2. Floor Spesification As is stated in § 53 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, the floor spesification consists of a letter, which indicates the floor, and two digits making up a number within each floor type. Detailed definitions of floor types can be found in Føringsinstruks for matrikkelen (see www. kartverket.no). L01 H03 H02 H01 U01 K01 K02 Figure 8-1 Standard floor indication. Mentioned in the guideline is the general rule that floors should be designated equally within each level of a building. An exception to this may be acceptable for large buildings/apartment blocks on sloping terrain, as shown below. 3rd floor 4th floor 4th floor 5th floor 2nd floor 3rd floor 3rd floor 4th floor 1st floor 2nd floor 2nd floor 3rd floor Gnd. floor 1st floor 1st floor 2nd floor Gnd. floor Gnd. floor 1st floor Gnd. floor Figure 8-2 Alternative floor designation on sloping terrain. Address guide 38 8.3. The unit's number on the floor 8.3.1. Main principles for allocation of unit numbers Number allocation within a floor should start on the left hand side when viewed from the top step of the stairway and continue clockwise to the right (the "clockwise principle"). he Norwegian Mapping Authority may allow a different numbering based on special considerations.1 Figure 8-3 The main principle for unit number allocation. Main floor 02 Residence 03 from the left, clockwise L01 H04 H03 H0202 H0201 H0203 H0204 H02 Access entrance H01 U01 Stairway to the floor K01 K02 Figure 8-4 Allocation of unit numbers for a building with two access points. • For buildings with multiple access points leading to the same unit, the unit is associated with the access point designated as the main access for the unit. • In buildings where lifts are the main method of access, the stairway should still be the starting point for unit number allocation. • When registry addresses are used, the registry address should be associated with the unit in the same way as a street address. • In detached houses and farmhouses (building type 111-113), the main residence should be associated with floor H01 even if access is through, for instance, the basement. 1 For Oslo and Bærum municipalities, numbering principles differing from the main rule in item 8.3.1 on unit numbering within the floor have been approved. In these two municipalities, numbering begins on the left hand side when viewed from the external entry, and continues clockwise. This means that H0201, H0301 etc. are positioned directly above H0101 when the floors are similarly divided. Address guide 39 8.3.2. Changing unit numbers If a unit is removed, thus creating a gap in the unit numbers, the gap is maintained. Subsequent numbers are not altered. If a new residence is created, for instance by splitting up an existing residence, subsequent unit numbers must be shifted to retain the correct numbering order. If unit number H0102 is split in two, the two residences are given the numbers H0102 and H0103, while the original unit H0103 is changed to H0104 etc. This means that the official address is changed and that a new address label is sent out with the information about this change. Such a change must be treated as an address change and information must be sent out in the same way as with other address changes. 8.3.3. Some examples Here is shown the main principle for allocating unit numbers. Numbering starts on the left hand side when viewed from the stairs to the floor and continues clockwise to the right. In this instance, one stands on the top step of the stairs leading to the first floor and allocates numbers according to the main principle. Figure 8-5 Number allocation in an ordinary stairwell. Figure 8-6 Number allocation in a stairwell with lift. This figure shows number allocation in building with both stairs and lift. The main principle is to start at the stairway and allocate from left to right, clockwise. Address guide 40 Figur 8‑7 Number allocation in a large building with a single main entrance. The figure shows an example of number allocation in a large building with a single main entrance. In this instance, the first floor is accessed via stairs. Beginning at the stairs, the edge principle is followed and numbers allocated from left to right. Figure 8-8 Number allocation in a large building with two main entrances. This is a similar building to the previous figure but here two main entrances are present and given the address numbers 10 and 12, respectively. There is, however, no physical boundary/wall defining which units belong to which entrance. In this instance, the municipality has made a discretionary decision and defined an imaginary boundary before allocating numbers according to the edge principle. Associated with address number 10 are units H0201-H0208 and with address number 12 units H0201-H0206. Address guide 41 Figure 8-9 Number allocation in a building with two wings and a shared entrance. The figure shows an example of a building with two wings but a shared entrance (Storgata 12). Employing the edge principle, numbers are allocated left to right, clockwise, beginning with the left wing and continuing without interruption in the right wing. Even though the principles for unit numbering have been adhered to, it might be expedient to place referral or information signs by the entrance. Figure 8-10 Building with a common stairwell. The figure shows a building with a common stairwell and a left hand and a right hand hallway, closed off by doors. The edge principle is followed and numbers allocated consecutively from left to right. Address guide 42 Figure 8-11 Number allocation in a building with entrance via balcony. The figure shows a stairway to an entrance balcony for each floor. Number allocation follows the edge principle from left to right, clockwise, starting at the top step of the stairs leading to the floor. 8.4. Unit identification According to § 54 third section of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, all new units must be labelled on or close to the unit's entrance. Further discussion of these regulations can be found in chapter 11 of the Address guide, regarding signage. 9. Districts and localisation of addresses All official addresses should be localised with approved geodetic coordinates and automatically associated with the location's official districts when entered into the Cadastre Registry. 9.1. Address point and localisation with coordinates The coordinates of an address describe the address's geographical point, ordinarily placed at the entrance to a building, residence or other object or place. If an address belongs to only one building with one address, the address point is placed inside the outline of the building, right by the entrance/ access point. The same is true when multiple addresses are associated with multiple entrances/access points to a building. The address points are placed right by the respective entrances/access points inside the outline of the building. The address point is placed on the stairs closest to ground level for buildings with balcony or portico access to individual residences via external access stairs. Configure notes to § 50 first section of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. If an address is not linked to the building or entrance/access to the building, the address point is placed where it is natural to get to the object or property, or the centre of the object/property. Address guide 43 Figure 9-1 Here is shown the placement of the address coordinates for street addresses – just inside the building by the entrance/access point and on the stairs closest to ground level. 9.2. Districts Official district boundaries are maintained in the Cadastre Registry. This applies to the boundaries of municipalities, basic statistical units, electoral districts, parishes, towns and postal code areas. Municipalities may also manage other districts. These may include school districts, urban districts and other districts or zones the municipality needs. Districts are geographical zones used for administrative or statistical purposes and allocated individual codes and names for each district type according to the regulations of the Cadastre Registry. All official addresses should have associated information regarding which official districts they fall within. Regarding the spelling of district names, see chapter 6.8. Further information about routines for the maintenance and changing of districts can be found in Føringsinstruks for matrikkelen, see www.kartverket.no. 9.2.1. Municipality Please refer to the regulations of the Law on determination and changing of the boundaries of municipalities and counties (the Boundary Law), see www.lovdata.no. Address guide 44 9.2.2. Basic statistical unit The smallest district unit is the basic statistical unit and, should in general, form the basis on which the remaining districts within a municipality are divided. Statistics Norway (SSB) is formally responsible for the statistical unit division while the Norwegian Mapping Authority, according to an agreement with SSB, maintain the digital basic statistical unit-database. "The purpose of dividing municipalities into basic statistical units is to have stable geographical units that can form a flexible basis for working with and presenting regional statistics. A basic statistical unit consists of a geographically cohesive area that is as homogeneous as possible in terms of nature, industry, communications and building structure" (SSB's definition). 9.2.3. Constituency Constituencies should in general be based on basic statistical units. The municipalities are responsible for the management of electoral districts. Information concerning electoral district associated with an individual address in the Cadastre Registry is transferred to the Register of Residents and forms the basis for the electoral roll. 9.2.4. Parish Parishes should in general be based on basic statistical units. The Norwegian Church, which has the formal responsibility for the management of the parish division, has delegated this to the Diocesan Council. 9.2.5. Urban areas The borders of urban areas are defined by SSB's definition of town (population at least 200 and no more than 50 m between houses), and SSB is formally responsible for the management. The borders are automatically generated and maintained based on data in the Cadastre Registry and the Register of Residents. 9.2.6. Postal code area Postal code areas with information about postal codes and postal districts for individual addresses in the Cadastre are managed by Norway Post. Changes in postal code areas are effected each year on 1 October. 10. Cadastre addresses In general, official addresses should be street addresses. In accordance with § 55 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, however, the municipality have the right to decide that official addresses for some areas of the municipality will for a limited time consist of farm- and holding numbers, as well as lease numbers where applicable. With the registry address there should be associated a registry address name, see chapter 6.7 for further information. If multiple address units share the same registry number, sub-numbers are allocated according to the following principles: • address object no. 1 is not allocated a sub-number (usually the main house) • address object no. 2 is allocated the sub-number 1 • address object no. 3 is allocated the sub-number 2 etc. If there are many sub-numbers under the same cadastre number, the principles mentioned in chapter 7.2 should be followed as far as possible. Address guide 45 11. Signage Good signage for roads, houses and other address objects is important for addresses to serve their purpose. It is thus important that signs are designed, placed and maintained in such a manner that they are easily readable, also at night. 11.1. Who is responsible? Section 57 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations lists the responsibilities of the municipality, the owner, the leaser and the resident, respectively, for signage and labelling of addresses with address name, address number and unit number. According to § 29, item 1 of the Regulations for traffic signs, road markings, traffic lights and referral signs (the signage regulations), it is the regional road office of the Norwegian Public Roads Administration that is the authority for road- and street name signs (address name signs) along national and county roads. This is also emphasised in § 57 first section of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. As the signage authority for road- and street name signs along national and county roads, the Norwegian Public Roads Administration is also responsible for the procurement, placement and mounting of signs. It is therefore important that the municipality, as the address authority, maintain dialogue with the Norwegian Public Roads Administration in order to ensure the best and most practical signage solutions. The possibility of using shared posts where expedient should for instance be considered. Figure 11-1 Example of a combined address name sign and yield sign. According to § 5 of the Traffic Law, "the relevant authority […] on private and public property [has] the right to set up public traffic signs, signals, equipment for controlling traffic and the mountings for such devices and to carry out road marking. Damages and inconveniences caused by such work are compensated on a discretionary basis". 11.2. Placement and use of signs Signs serve a very important function and their placement must therefore be planned carefully. Considerations must in particular be made regarding how much time motorists have to read the signs and the fact that signs cannot always be placed on the ideal spot. When placing street name signs, considerations must be made regarding other traffic signs nearby so that attention is not diverted from these. Signs should be placed so that they are easily visible and readable. Signs Address guide 46 must not be blocked by other traffic signs, branches or bushes, billboards etc. Signs should be freestanding wherever possible. Address number signs and street name signs in cities are placed on walls where freestanding signs would be problematic due to space considerations. If there is a space between the carriageway and the pavement or footpath/bicycle lane, or between the pavement or footpath/bicycle lane and the buildings, the sign should be placed within this area. Signs should be placed outside the shoulder and the pavement. Where traffic islands exist between footpaths/bicycle lanes and the carriageway, or separating carriageway lanes, signs may be placed on these. Freestanding signs should be placed 1.8 – 2 m above ground as long as this does not inconvenience pedestrians or cyclists (higher in areas prone to vandalism). Other signs and signs on walls should be placed at least 2.2 m above ground. Street-/road maps may be placed lower. On using abbreviations, see chapter 12.1. 11.3. Address signs and -labels The following address signs and -labels may be used: • Address name signs (sign 729 "Street-/address name sign" in the Signage regulations) • Area signs • Address number signs • City block signs • Referral signs • Unit address labels Only the first sign is mentioned in the Regulations for traffic signs, road markings, traffic lights and referral signs (the signage regulations). The design and placement of these signs along national and county roads adhere to the relevant guidelines. The design and placement of address signs and -labels is discussed in detail below. 11.3.1. Address name signs (sign 729 of the Signage regulations) For placement along national and county roads, see Regulations for traffic signs, road markings, traffic lights and referral signs (the signage regulations), which contain detailed regulations on placement and design (colouring, fonts and font size etc.). It makes sense to base the design of similar signs along municipal and private roads on the same regulations. The municipalities, through local regulations, may define guidelines for alternative designs of address name signs, which may still be easily readable. This could for instance be due to historical or antiquarian considerations. Figure 11-2 Standard address name sign. Address guide 47 Figure 11‑3 Address name sign on a post. Use of signs Address name signs should ordinarily be placed at each arm of an intersection. If it is obvious which the thoroughfare is, the name of the intersecting road is set up alone. Signs on walls should be as close to the intersection as possible and on corners pointing into the intersection. Freestanding signs should be placed as indicated on figure 11-13. The specific placement of signs and any simplifications must be considered in each instance based on the particulars of the location. Size and design The signs should be white with black fonts. Signs with font size 105 mm should be used on roads that have a speed limit above 50 km/h and on important thoroughfares (main and long-distance roads) to indicate intersecting roads. Otherwise, 70 mm fonts should be used. The most important dimensions are listed below: Font size (H) 70 mm 105 mm Sign height 160 mm 230 mm Sign length 500 mm (8) 700 mm (7) Sign length 700 mm (12) 900 mm (10) Sign length 900 mm (16) 1150 mm(13) Sign length 1100 mm (20) 1400 mm (17) Sign length 1650 mm (20) Dark border 10 mm 15 mm Light edge 5 mm 10 mm Digits in parentheses indicate number of letters No sign should be shorter than specified above. If a sign must be longer due to a long name, the sign must be designed specially. If the name is longer than 22 letters, it should be split into two lines. Address guide 48 Figure 11‑4: Address name sign Address name signs with arrows may be used as referral signs, see chapter 11.3.5. 11.3.2. Area signs N 6 5 Nes Hageby 7 4 8 P 3 2 1 1 Nesveien 2 Nursing home 3 Nestunet 4 Skoleveien 5 Kindergarten 6 School 7 Blåbærstien 8 Shooting range P Car park Area sign Blind alley Lake 100 m Figure 11-5, Example of an area sign with road network. This sign is a useful information board located at access points to large areas such as the grounds of institutions, residential areas, holiday areas etc. The sign will ordinarily include an overview of the road system and occasionally famous or significant buildings. However, it can also be used in areas without a road system. The sign should be oriented so that it is easily interpreted and read. The sign should be placed at the area's access points. Use of signs Area sign may be used to explain the road network of smaller areas closed to (protected from) through traffic or in places where driving to certain destinations is especially complicated. The sign will as such be used in connection with traffic restructuring, car free zones, pedestrian areas and complicated one-way systems. If desired, road names may be included. The sign must only be used following careful consideration. In particular, the placement must be such that the sign does not cause traffic problems. Signs should be placed by roads leading into the area. There should be space to park near the sign for drivers who need to stop to orient themselveves. Size and design The size of the sign is decided in each individual case. Ordinarily, a font size of H = 105 mm would be suitable for the heading, H = 70 mm for Address guide 49 other important names and numbers, and H = 35 mm for street-/road names. Street-/road network is usually indicated with lines 30 mm or 20 mm thick, symbols may be approximately 100 mm. The white border may be 20 mm and the blue 10 mm. Map scale and the direction of north should be indicated. Dead ends and other roads closed to cars may be indicated with a red triangle (40 x 20 mm), see sign 308 "Dead end". Pedestrian roads, footpaths or other areas closed to cars may be indicated in green. If desired, lakes may be indicated with white hatching (10 mm lines). The sign should have a blue background and white text and be otherwise designed as sign 636 "Tourist information map". For especially complicated road networks, it might be necessary to use multiple colours. The sign may indicate relevant road signs in miniature. 11.3.3. Address number sign The address number sign indicates an individual access point. The sign should be placed where it is easily visible. If the address object is some distance from the road, there should be a sign by the road. There should still be a sign on the house however. One should avoid putting up signs on gates etc. that will be hidden from view when open. Figure 11-6 Standard address number sign. According to § 59 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, the municipalities may define further rules for the design and placement of address number signs. Use of signs The address number sign is the last link of the address-finder chain. It is important that all houses be numbered. The signs should be easily visible and placed where people expect to find them. They should thus be placed by gates and entrances. Different locations may be acceptable for private roads leading to the property. Signs should be placed on the left hand side of gates, doors etc. Normally, properties on the right hand side of the road, when viewed toward ascending numbers, are odd numbered. The left hand side will then be even numbered. Size and design Usually, font size H = 105 mm and sign size 150 mm is used. Sign width varies with the number of digits and should be 150 mm for single-digit numbers, 220 mm for double-digit numbers and 280 mm for triple-digit numbers. Address guide 50 Figure 11-7 Address number sign with measurements. 11.3.4. City block signs City block signs are used for indicating which address numbers belong to the block as well as the direction of numbering. The sign is usually placed on a wall below the address name sign. On the opposite side of the block, the sign is flipped, see figure. Figure 11-8 Standard city block sign. Use of signs City block signs may be used as needed to indicate which address numbers belong to a block as well as the direction of numbering. Careful considerations should be made regarding whether using this sign would compromise the general awareness of motorists in the intersection. The signs should be white with black numbers. The signs should be placed below address name signs. The figure shows an example of how city block signs are used. Size and design Numbers should be of the same size as the letters on the address name sign. Otherwise, the same rules for height, borders and distance between the dark border and the numbers/text apply as for address name signs. Figure 11-9 City block sign with measurements. Address guide 51 Figure 11-10 Use of quarter signs. 11.3.5. Direction signs Direction signs are used to indicate which addresses belong to the area the Direction sign is pointing to. Direction signs should be used for branching roads to make clear which addresses belong to which branch, and for address objects located such that they are, easier to find if such a sign is present. Figure 11-11 Direction signs with address name sign. Before putting up a Direction sign, it should be considered whether changing the address instead would be a better solution. Direction signs may be designed in two ways: either similar to city block Address guide 52 signs or with an arrow, see figure below. In many instances, it will not be necessary to include the address name sign. Figure 11-12 Direction signs without address name sign. In some instances, it may be expedient to include a note on even or odd numbers, see figure below. Figure 11-13 Direction signs with additional information. 11-17 Odd numbers L i ve g en Lo v e gen Figure 11-14 Standard address name sign on a post with an address name direction sign. Address guide 53 11.3.6. Address label for unit numbers For unit numbers in multiple-residence buildings, the Norwegian Mapping Authority mails out address labels ordered through the Cadastre Registry system. The address label should be placed on/by the entrance to the unit so that the unit number is easily visible. Figure 11-15 Standard address that is sent from the Norwegian Mapping Authority. The figure shows a standard address label mailed out by the Norwegian Mapping Authority (two stickers). The street address or cadastre address is at the top and the unit number directly below in order to emphasise and highlight the unit number. Length: 120 mm - width 25 mm. 3 mm enclosing border. Alternatively, signs/labels of metal, plastic or similar may be used as long as they do not deviate significantly from the standard layout. Figur 11-16 The address label should be placed where it is visible, on or next to the unit entrance. Address guide 54 11.4. Placement of signs (signage plan) The placements of signs matter. They should be easy to spot and look fairly similar everywhere. Figur 11‑17 Examples on signage plan for the location of the address name signs. The purpose of a signage plan is: • To ensure good signage • That signs are placed where they are needed • To ensure uniform practice • To coordinate with the road authority It may be expedient to make more detailed signage plans for intersections and along roads, especially when other bodies than the municipality's address authority carry out the actual erection, or when carrying out work that is more extensive. Figure 11-18 Example of a signage plan with placement details. Address guide 55 12. Address style, abbreviations etc. The spelling of geographical names in addresses should adhere to the regulations in the Law on Geographical Names; see detailed discussion in chapter 6. In this regard, all geographical names should be spelled out completely without abbreviations. On signs and in other places it may however be necessary and expedient to abbreviate a geographical name. When registering a geographical name with more than 22 characters in the Cadastre Registry, an abbreviated form should also be registered. It is a good idea to apply a standard style to addresses. This is discussed further below. 12.1. Abbreviation of names For general guidelines, see the Norwegian Language Council's guide to abbreviating words ­(www.sprakrad.no under "skriveregler og grammatikk"). Ut fra dette vil de mest aktuelle være: • gate, gaten, gata: g. • vei, veg, veien, vegen: v. • terrasse: terr. • plass: pl. Address name endings are abbreviated first. If this is not enough, the title/name is abbreviated, either in addition to abbreviating the ending or instead of it. For personal names in addresses, the following rules should be followed: Title is abbreviated first. First/middle name is then abbreviated. Surname should not be abbreviated as a rule. There should be a full stop after an abbreviated title and a space after the full stop. There should be a full stop after an abbreviated first name but there should not be spaces in the case of multiple given names. There should be a space before the surname. Examples: Dr. Martha Persens gate Th. Kittelsens vei P.A. Munchs gate. 12.2. Presentation rules In regular running text, street addresses should be written like this: Storgata 20: 1 space between address name and address number. Storgata 20B: no space between the number and the letter of the address number. A street address with additional address name should be written like this: Heggen, Vikavegen 225; e.g. the additional address name, comma and one space before the street address. A street address with unit number and additional address name should be written like this: Heggen, Vikavegen 225-H0304; the address name, comma and one space Address guide 56 before the street address, en-dash and unit number. In regular running text, cadastral addresses are written like this: Hovden, 37/15: additional address name or cadastral addresses name, comma and one space before farm number/holding number. Hovden, 37/15/3: additional address name or cadastral addresses name, comma and one space before farm number/holding number/lease number. Hoven, 37/15/3-2: additional address name or cadastral addresses name, comma and one space before farm number/holding number/lease numbersub-number. Hoven, 37/15-5: additional address name or cadastral addresses name, comma and one space before farm number/holding number-sub-number. A registry address with sub-number, unit number and additional address name or registry address name, is written like this: Hovden, 37/15/3-2-H0402; additional address name or registry address name, comma and one space before farm number/holding number/lease number-sub-number-unit number. 12.3. The postal address The postal address consists of the street address plus postal code and postal code area name. Properties without a street address use a geographical name plus postal code and postal code area name as postal address. The geographical name used in a postal address without a street address will often be the property's registry address name. More information about postal addresses can be found at the website of Norway Post: www.posten.no 13. Local regulations According to § 59 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, the municipalities have the right to define additional regulations regarding address allocation. The purpose of local regulations is to regulate elements of address allocation that are not mentioned in relevant the laws or regulations. Local regulations may state which of the recommendations in the address guide should be implemented in the municipality. In "Veileder: Lovteknikk og lovforberedelse", published by the Ministry of Justice and the Police, it says in ch. 14.7 that "resolutions are made when the body that has the authority to adopt the regulation, actually makes the resolution". This means that the municipality makes the resolution to adopt its own regulation. According to § 38, first section, letter c of the Administration Law, regulations should be announced in Norsk Lovtidend. They should be submitted to Norsk Lovtidend the day the resolution to adopt is made. If no date has been set for when the regulation should be adopted, the regulation comes into force a month after it has been announced in Norsk Lovtidend (cf. § 3 of the Law on Norsk Lovtidend etc., see www.lovdata.no). Rules are defined for how hearings should be conducted in chapter 5 of the Assessment directive (Directive on assessment of consequences, submissions and hearings in relation to public processes of assessment, regulation, proposition and notices to Parliament, see www.lovdata.no). As the professional body for addresses with responsibility for address legislation delegated by the ministry, the Norwegian Mapping Authority should together with the county governor act as consultative body for local Address guide 57 address regulations. The consultation period should normally be three months and no less than six weeks. During the hearing it is expected that the county governor functions as the expert on chapter 7, "On regulations", of the Administration law, while the Norwegian Mapping Authority functions as the expert on addresses. 13.1. Content of regulations Below are mentioned some elements of what local address regulations might include. • Address authority. Defines where the municipality's address authority lies and which tasks fall within the authority's scope • Name authority. Defines where the municipality's name authority lies and which tasks fall within the authority's scope • Rules/principles for address number allocation • Rules/principles for choosing address names • Signage Who is responsible for erecting various signs? Sign design, which materials to use in signs, sign placement • What the public may file complaints about • Implementation When determining whether the municipality should adopt local address regulations and what they should cover, an assessment should be made of the municipality's needs. In that regard, the municipality should also consider whether guidelines developed for the address work process are sufficient. It should in this regard be noted that a guideline expresses a municipality's address policy. It does not give the authority to implement measures. If the authority to implement measures in a consistent manner is needed, local regulations must be adopted. 14. Change of address Changing an already established address will often create extra work both for the address users and for the address authority. It should therefore be considered carefully whether better signage might be enough to avoid changing an address. Of most importance, however, is ensuring a good address system for its users and the municipalities must make the required changes even if it is inconvenient in the short term. In any case, information and a thorough explanation presented in a reasonable time before a change, is very important. When changing an address, it usually impacts several users and registers. When changing certain addresses, it should therefore be considered how this impacts other registers or administrative divisions. If the access road for an address parcel is changed, for instance, it should be considered whether district boundaries should be adjusted to maintain natural borders. See chapter 9.2 on districts. 14.1. New name for existing parcel If an address parcel changes name without any other changes, the address code is not changed. Address numbers already allocated remain the same unless changing these at the same time is desirable. Name changes are a good opportunity for also change address numbers. Address guide 58 14.2. Change of access road If an address parcel's access road is changed and all the address objects naturally have the new road as their access road, the name, code and numbers should be kept as far as possible, as long as this does not break with established address principles. This also applies to address numbers based on the distance principle, even when the distance from the starting point is somewhat altered. If the old road is still in use and some address objects keep it as their access road, these should keep their old addresses. The new address may then be given its own name or become part of the old one. 14.3. Division or merging of parcels When address parcels are divided, one part should keep the old address name and -code. This should be the part that to the furthest extent is able to keep the old numbering. The other parcel may be given a new address name and -code. To minimise changes, an addition may be made to the old address name to differentiate it. For instance a different ending, e.g. -stubben, see figure 14-1 below, or adding a prefix, e.g. Nordre or Nye Ørnebakken (as an alternative to Ørnestubben). 224 222 224 222 Storfossveien Storfossveien 22 2 1 3 6 5 8 10 Kindergarten 12 23 16 14 21 Ør nebak ken 9 15 13 25 17 19 1 2 1 3 Ør 5 ne 6 ba k ke n 8 10 Kindergarten 11 9 Ør nes 12 13 Green area 7 9 2 4 tub 10 ben 6 8 Green area Figure 14‑1 Example of road division (Ørnebakken). When a side road grows, either in length or in its number of address objects, to the point where it becomes natural that it should be its own address parcel, it must be given a new name, code and numbering. The rest of the old parcel keeps its addresses as long as this does not break with established address principles. When two address parcels are merged, they should be given one name. If either of the original names should be used, the address code should also be kept. One should then use the name of the address parcel that will be able to keep its numbering. A side road merged with a main road must be given the name of the main road. One should as far as possible keep the old numbering except for the numbers along the side road. 14.4. Insertion of new numbers Available address numbers may be used as long as they can be inserted in the regular address system. Letters should, according to § 52-3 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, only be used to avoid re-numbering. Cf. chapter 7.1.5 on additional letters. Address guide 59 15. Right to be heard, and complaints 15.1. Right to be heard According to § 21 of the Cadastral Law, individuals affected by the address allocation have the right to be heard. It is emphasised that this is a right and not a duty. Appropriate deadlines for speaking should be set. See also § 50-7 with annotations of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. 15.2. Complaints In address management, it is important to differentiate between: • Complaints about the address allocation itself • Complaints about the choice of address name • Complaints about the spelling of names The right to complain about the address allocation itself is accorded by § 46, letter f of the Cadastre Law, cf. the Cadastre Registry Regulations § 22 and the appeal body is the county governor. The complaint should be filed via the municipality, who may choose to support it. Names are chosen by municipal resolution and are not subject to formal complaints. These choices will ordinarily have been made well in advance of the actual address allocation. Complaints about the spelling of names are regulated by § 10 of the Geographical name law, which also states who has a right to complain. A resolution on the spelling of a name will ordinarily have been made well in advance of the actual address allocation and the appeal body will be a central complaints committee for geographical names. The complaint should be filed via the resolution-making body. 16. Reporting new, changed or removed roads and addresses All regulations regarding roads and addresses can be obtained by interfacing with the Register of residents, Statistics Norway, Norway Post, the Norway Digital partnership and Norsk Eiendomsinformasjon. The Register of residents passes addresses on to, among others, banks and insurance companies, and Norsk Eiendomsinformasjon passes addresses on to their customers. Each recipient decides how often he or she wish to retrieve address data. Medical emergency communications centres are provided address data at regular intervals by Norsk Eiendomsinformasjon through an external provider. The municipalities are not required to inform external address registers beyond the regulations of the Cadastre Registry, but it is known that large address users appreciate additional information about large and/or complex changes. Examples of this could be a change from cadastre addresses to street addresses in a wide area, and road renumbering. In such cases, the municipality will have internal documents that could be made available. To avoid having manually sent such documents out, the municipality should be able to provide address information through a newsletter directing recipients to the municipality's website where new roads with address names and address numbers can be found. Address guide 60 Norway Post has a common e-mail address ([email protected]) the municipalities may use for direct contact with Norway Post regarding information and questions about addresses. Professional providers of navigation services and their users have their own routines for updating addresses. Address guide 61  Organisation and processing 17. Organisation and processing 17.1. The municipality is the address authority The municipality is responsible for determining official addresses (§ 21 of the Cadastre Law). As a result, the municipality also becomes responsible for implementing local address systems and maintaining these through allocation of new addresses, changing and registering addresses in the Cadastre Registry. The municipal council determines, among other things, which segments of the municipal organisation should be responsible for the various tasks of address management, including choice of address names etc., and the spelling of these. Delegation through the organisation should be tiered, for example: Æ municipal council Æ chief administrative officer Æ chief municipal officer Æ department head If the municipality implements local regulations (cf. chapter 13), it would be a good idea if they also defined how authority should be delegated internally. 17.1.1. The content of address administration The following tasks will normally be part of the municipality address administration and a balance between political and administrative responsibilities: Oppgave Political Organisation and clarification of resources (Cadastre Law §§ 5a, 21, 25, 32; Cadastre Regulations §§ 16, 50) x Development of and resolutions on local regulations (chap. 13, Cadastre Regulations §§ 50, 59) Definition of area to be allocated addresses (chap. 4, Cadastre Regulations § 58) Administrative x x (x) x Definition of address parcels, allocation of codes and registering (chapter 5) Choosing names and determining the spelling of names, and registering names in the Central Register of Geographical Names (ch. 6, Cadastre Regulations § 51 and the Geographical name law) x x x Allocation and notification of address numbers (chapter 7, Cadastre Regulations §§ 50, 52) x Allocation of unit numbers (ch. 8, Cadastre Regulations § 53) x Changing of existing addresses (ch. 14, Cadastre Regulations § 50) x Registering of addresses (Cadastre Law § 25) x Development of signage plans (ch. 11, Cadastre Regulations § 57) x Handling complaints (ch. 15, Cadastre Law § 46 f, Cadastre Regulations § 22 og stadnamnlova) x Archiving of resolutions and their basis/documentation (the Archive Law) x As concerns the political and administrative responsibilities, are this discussed further in section 17.3. Address guide 62 17.1.2. Legal basis for address management – two legislations Address management primarily follows the Cadastre Law and associated regulations. Choice of address name (what should the address parcel be called?) is an internal process, decided within and by the municipality. When a choice of name has been made, the spelling of the name should be decided in accordance with the regulations of the Geographical name law before registering in the Central Register of Geographical Names. The fact that the municipal address authority has to relate to two different legislations, with their own required processes, makes organising address work in the municipalities particularly challenging. 17.2. The municipality's initial state When areas of responsibility for address management have been delegated, there are a number of ways to undertake the operative work, depending on the municipality's initial state: 17.2.1. No Street addresses, i.e. only registry addresses When the Cadastre Registry came into being, some municipalities had no street addresses. The municipality may decide to keep this system even though the Cadastre Registry's intention is that registry addresses should eventually be replaced with street addresses throughout the country. Registry addresses in no way fulfil the purpose of the address system. The municipality should therefore at least establish street addresses in built-up areas. It may be a good idea to define such transition to street addresses as a separate project, with temporarily increased human resources or access to consultants in order to ensure good progress. It is important that the process begin with the overall structure of the address system for the whole municipality, cf. chapter 3 and 4. It will then be possible to undertake address allocation in individual areas as sub-projects and still be confident the address system remains homogeneous and in harmony with neighbouring municipalities. 17.2.2. Street addresses in urban areas only If the municipality already has an address system in place for urban areas, this should form the basis for a system encompassing the whole municipality. In this case, too, it may be a good idea to treat the process as a project to ensure good progress. 17.2.3. Street addresses throughout the municipality Municipalities with a satisfactory address system must continuously manage the system so that new addresses are established when new addresses are needed. This may often lead to changes and adjustment of existing addresses. The need for new or altered addresses in an area may be due to changes in physical circumstances such as planned roador construction work, restructuring of traffic patterns and access roads, zoning- or development plans. Changes of emergency services/disaster services units and various systems for disaster warning systems may make address changes necessary to avoid confusion between areas. The municipality must continuously manage its addresses and establish routines for keeping up to date. The municipality may do this for itself or it may use contractors. 17.3. Organisation However, the municipality chooses to organise the tasks, it is important that everyone involved work together closely and that there is no ambiguity in who is responsible for what. It is important that the municipality first establish the address, i.e. address parcel, address name, address number Address guide 63 etc., and then register the address in the Cadastre Registry and the address name in the Central Register of Geographical Names. After this, the address must be made visible through signage. Tasks may be divided and delegated however is most expedient within each municipality. When deciding what is most expedient, one should consider: • • • • What is the purpose of a good address system? When and how the need for new addresses arises. The relationship between the municipality and the affected parties. Updating of registers, maps and archives. Preferably, only one department should have executive authority with responsibility for coordination and operations. This department should be given the opportunity to involve other departments as needed. Collaboration between multiple municipalities on the operative side of address management may also be established. Hiring private companies for special transition or streamlining projects is also possible. However, there must never be any doubt that the municipality is the formal address authority. 17.3.1. Political tasks According to the law, the task of establishing addresses belongs to the municipalities. Most management matters are usually delegated. Neither law nor regulations limit delegation. Section 59 of the Cadastre Regulations allows the municipalities to define supplementary address allocation regulations. These may also, to some extent specify what should be delegated (see introduction to chapter 17.1.). A big part of address management is to be regulated by the Cadastre Regulations and associated legislation. Choices of address names (and other names in connection with addresses) are not individual resolutions according to the Administration law and in many municipalities; it is common to delegate the determination of these names to a subordinate committee. This may be an executive committee, a primary committee, a culture committee or an urban-/village committee. Some municipalities have a separate naming committee that propose address names and other municipal names to the deciding body. It might be a good idea to delegate the decision authority to a lower tier to ensure quick and efficient progress in these matters. It is therefore important that the address name be allocated as early as possible in the process. If official address names are missing, other, unofficial, names might be adopted, creating problems. No matter who is given the authority to decide names, it is natural that the administration makes the required preparations specified in the Cadastre Law and the Law on Geographical Names as regards spelling. Delegation should be absolute, so that the matter can be decided fully by the body given the authority. At the political level, resolutions should be made on: • Organisation and clarification of resources • Development of and resolutions on local regulations • Choice of names in connection with addresses • Determination of the spelling of names in connection with addresses The remaining address tasks mentioned in chapter 17.1.1 should preferably be delegated to a technical manager at an appropriate level of the Address guide 64 organisation in order to achieve sensible operational management. It is important that the division into address parcel being undertaken in a consistent and professional manner. 17.3.2. Administrative tasks As shown in chapter 17.1.1 and in chapter 17.7, the administrative tasks of address management are many and varied. It may seem like the tasks would be different depending on whether a complete address system is being established in the municipality for the first time or an existing system is being maintained. However, the various tasks will still be fairly similar. What is different is the size of the tasks and the resources necessary. An address system should be built up logically based around main roads in the address area (cf. chapter 4). At the next level of detail, the parts of the road system, address parcels, that are to function as "links" connecting address numbers, are established. Each address parcel should have a name that adheres to a set of requirements for good address names, and be spelled according to the regulations of the Geographical name law (cf. chapter 6). The various address objects, buildings, entrances and access points should be associated with an address parcel in such a way that people will easily find their way. Signs should be put up to guide traffic. The addresses should be registered. The Cadastre Law and the Cadastre Registry Regulations specify how resolutions should be made and how the affected should be informed. It may be expedient to let the unit responsible for the registering into the Cadastre Registry also handles the address work process. Working with the Cadastre Registry is a good source of information, making it possible to predict the municipality's address needs, both in practical "on the ground" terms and in terms of registering. Other units within the municipality must however also be involved in the address work process, in particular the planning department, information- or service centres, and the road department. It is important that the address work process to a sufficient extent is coordinated with the municipality's planning work so that the preliminary address work can begin early. For instance, during the planning phase, information about existing geographical names in the area can be gathered, the address parcel pattern can be prepared, the need for new address numbers can be assessed and the address name processes can be prepared. The municipal information- or service centre will be useful for information work. The unit responsible for roads, on the other hand, can be used to put up and maintain signs. The administration's main responsibility is to make sure addresses are ready at an early stage of a construction process or the development of an area. When multiple units are involved, it is important that delegations and management are clearly and unambiguously defined: "Who does what, when?" In other words, good routines and close relationships are necessary to ensure good coordination until an address is clearly marked on site. 17.4. Inter-municipal cooperation The address system is built around the municipality as a unit. Municipal boundaries are in many places not well suited as the boundary of a wellfunctioning address system. It is therefore important that the municipal management understand the significance of close relationships with Address guide 65 neighbouring municipalities in achieving a good address system for an area, cf. chap. 3. Many address users operate within broader regions and want an address system that is unambiguous as regards address names in the region. Medical emergency communications centres are an example of such a user, as are other emergency departments. When the municipality allocates address names it should at least look at address names in all neighbouring municipalities and avoid using names already in use there. Ideally, however, an even broader area should be looked at, cf. § 58 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations and chapter 3. This may be challenging for the address authority: often the same geographical names are found in several adjoining municipalities. These names may be good candidates for address names. However, which municipality should be "allowed" to use a name if a choice has to be made? On such issues, politicians, landowners and the public will often involve themselves vigorously. Using the same address name in two adjoining municipalities may still be advisable if a road starts in one municipality and continues into the neighbouring municipality. In such an instance, it is not necessary to divide the road into two address parcels. The address parcel can cross the municipal boundary and have the same address name in both municipalities (but different address codes cf. chapter 5). Address numbers should continue consecutively across the municipal boundary, in particular where there are no physical separations or mark (junction, intersection, bridge etc.) at the municipal boundary. Municipalities that have not come very far with address allocation should consider a joint project with neighbouring municipalities, cf. § 58 of the Cadastre Regulations. Alternatively, a common naming committee could be appointed with representatives from all the municipalities. This naming committee should have the authority to make final decisions in such disputes as mentioned above. 17.5. Outsourcing tasks If the municipality lacks the human resources or expertise necessary undertakes an address project, one alternative is to outsource some of the administrative tasks. In principle, all the administrative tasks can be outsourced. In many places, it would make little difference whether tasks are outsourced to other units within the municipality or to other municipalities or to external companies. This guide will help show how this may be done. It should however be understood that the various tasks require different expertise and some tasks are easier to outsource than others are. Clear agreements are a necessity (see below) and the regulations on public procurement must be followed. If a municipality outsources the address work, the municipal staff will not develop the necessary expertise and routines. Outsourcing can however still be a viable alternative for a municipality that has to establish addresses for the whole municipality for the first time. The work will consist of establishing an address system with a given road network and existing address objects. Municipal staff should nevertheless be involved in the project as much as possible in order to contribute their local knowledge and through their participation develop expertise. Apart from developing the address system itself, the municipality will be an important user of the system throughout its administration and day-to-day running. In addition to the staff responsible for addresses, executive officers, service providers and service personnel all need familiarity with the new addresses. Some departments and systems may have to be adjusted. Even if the work can initially be done by others, the municipality has to gain ownership of the system at some point in the process. This should be an important task for the municipality's representative(s) on the project. Address guide 66 The address system does not remain static once it has been established. There will always be need for large or small changes and adjustments. Keeping addresses up to date is an ongoing operation closely tied to the municipality's area planning, residential development, traffic planning and other large and small development project. Registering and changing of addresses in the Cadastre Registry is closely tied to the registering of buildings and properties. This often happens simultaneously. The ongoing address work is therefore less suited to be outsourced. An agreement on address work (allocation of addresses) in a municipality should include the following: • References to legal basis, regulations and to this guide. Individual provisions should include concrete references to concrete sections of the legislation. • Description of current status and desired status at the end of the project. • The course of the address work, i.e. the division between the contractor and the municipality of tasks such as allocation of address parcels and address names, allocation of address numbers, the ordering and erection of signs. • Defining concrete milestones at which the municipality will approve or make resolution on, for instance plan for address parcels, plan for names for parcels, plan for address numbers, signage plan. • Specified procedures for determining address names. Who registers existing names and proposes suggestions, information to the affected and official groups, reception and processing of feedback and comments, suggestions about naming style before the municipality determines address name and spelling. • Announcement and processing of any complaints about spelling. • Processing of any existing addresses that need to be changed.Information to affected parties regarding planned addresses and processing of comments and input. • Processing of requests for additional address names. • Information to landowners regarding address resolutions. • Processing of complaints in accordance with the Cadastre Law and the Geographical Name Law. • Registering and reporting to the Central Register of Geographical Names and Vbase. • Specification of what the contractor should deliver. • Schedule, any regulations for changing this and reactions to breach of deadlines. 17.6. Coordination when municipalities merge When municipalities merge, the municipalities' address systems must be coordinated. Already in talks on merger and merger agreement, one should consider the harmonization of the municipality address system and designate the responsible agency for this work. The need for coordination is usually discovered early during the process of organising cooperation between the emergency services and the municipalities. In such situations and during other adjustments of municipal boundaries, projects that aim to harmonise addresses in the affected municipalities should be initiated. At the very least, the following should be addressed: • • • • Address guide Double address names Address numbering across the old municipal boundary Any differences in address numbering principles Any local regulations 67 17.7. Addresses- and processing The illustration below shows the main activities of the address administration. In the notes to the activities, references to this guide are made. The illustration covers both the establishment of an address system in an area and the subsequent maintenance. It makes sense to look at official addresses as a system that is implemented in an area: an overarching pattern that descends to the detailed level of access to each address object. When the framework and the overarching pattern of the system is laid down, the development of the details may commence with determining address parcels, in other words which stretches of road should have individual names, forming the basis for address numbering, cf. chapter 4. Then follow the three processes of address management as stated: • Determination of address names • Signage of address names, including any referral signs and • Allocation of address numbers and any unit numbers In the illustration below, these activities have been numbered, indicating their natural order. It makes sense to carry out the three processes (placed horizontally in the figure) more or less simultaneously. However, it may be expedient to prepare the work process of the address name somewhat earlier. Administrative work, an overall plan of the provision of addresses and use of resources. Building an address system 1. Address area 2. Address parcels Address name 3 Name suggestion Sign 4 Signage plan 6 Name processing 5 Address number plan 7 Informing owner and leaser - Cadastre Law - Geographical Name Law 8 Resolution Address number 9 Ordering of signs 10 Allocation of address numbers, address resolution 11 Registering in the cadastre 12 Complaints 13 Placing and maintaining signs 14 Complaints 15 Archiving Figure 17-1 Shows the course of the work process from determining the framework and pattern through three parallel processes to archiving and completion. Address guide 68 17.7.1. Detailed annotations to the various tasks 1. Address area The geographical area where official addresses are to be introduced must be defined. The address system is built around the municipality as a unit, but in many places municipal boundaries are not well suited as boundaries for the address system, cf. chap. 3, 17.2., 17.3.2 and 17.4 as well as § 58 of the Cadastre Regulations. 2. Address parcels The first task of address allocation is deciding which stretches of road and which areas should make up individual address parcels. This unit will be given an indvidual address name. Address units with access from this address parcel should have an address number associated with this parcel, cf. chap. 4. Address parcels are consecutively allocated address codes between 1000 and 99998, cf. chap. 5. This code may be used as a temporary address name, cf. chap. 6.2. 3. Name suggestion Name suggestions for each address parcel are formulated, cf. chap. 6 and § 50 of the Cadastre Regulations. The basis for name suggetions might be: • An overview of known names in the area from maps, the Central Register of Geographical Names, the municipality's own collection of names • Advice from people or groups with an interest in local history • Old maps and land consolidation maps • Advice from landowners and older citizens who have lived a long time in the municipality In some municipalities, it may be necessary to advertise or get media coverage to let the public know their name suggestions are wanted and at the same time inform about the beginning of the address work process. A local naming committee should nevertheless be fairly representative and have historical and naming expertise. The latter may be especially important if a superior body within the municipality has final resolution authority in naming matters. With a basis in such name material, suggestions for unique address names that cannot be confused with other names in the area, can be formulated, cf. chap.17.4. – See the detailed schematic procedure for the treatment of new address names in the law of geographical names in Activity 6. 4. Signage plan Simultaneous with tasks 3 and 4, a plan for address numbers is laid out on maps, with detailed plans for each address parcel, cf. chap. 7 and § 52 of the Cadastre Regulations. If there are no detailed plans available, groups of adress numbers may initially be reserved for each area. If there are existing buildings or available plans for new buildings, unit numbers must also be allocated, cf. chap. 8 and § 53 of the Cadastre Regulations. 5. Address number plan Simultaneous with tasks 3 and 4, a plan for address numbers is laid out on maps, with detailed plans for each address parcel, cf. chap. 7 and § 52 of the Cadastre Regulations. If there are no detailed plans available, groups of address numbers may initially be reserved for each area. If there are existing buildings or available plans for new buildings, unit numbers must also be allocated, cf. chap. 8 and § 53 of the Cadastre Regulations. 6. Name processing When processing names it is important to differentiate between choice of name and deciding the spelling. It is further important to know when formal naming proceedings are required (regarding spelling) and when they are not. This is discussed in more detail in chap. 6. When the administration proposes alternative names for an address parcel, all alternatives should be considered and discussed with the Naming Consultancy Service. Changing the spelling of an address name after it has been decided, should be avoided. Areas with multilingual names will present extra challenges when choosing language and spelling, cf. § 7 of the Regulations on the spelling of geographical names. Address guide 69 The process of selection and clarification of address names can be described as following: THE PROCEDURE FOR ADMINISTRATION OF NEW ADDRESS NAMES ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF PLACE NAMES: Beskrivelse Kommentarer 1. Create division in the address parcels This should be a technical/administrative task. 2. Come up with suggestions for address names of the individual parcel, and with the desired spelling Forward, or in connection with this, it may be appropriate to inform the public and relevant groups/associations, with the ability to make suggestions on the name. A draft proposal prepared by the executive officer. This will normally be dealt with by the political organ of the municipality that is responsible for geographical names/addresses. See the text below as you follow the process. In some municipalities, the choice of the address name, with the corresponding treatment of names, is submitted for consideration by the cultural departments, and its political part. 3. Proposals submitted Place Service (SNT) for comment. SNT considering the spelling of names in relation to the spelling of geographical names in Central Register (SSR). Name with main part that has the status of approved and with an acceptable spelling in accordance with the regulations, can be used as the address name and given the status approved in SSR. If an aberrant spelling is desired by the municipality, it must be instituted formal case in the usual way, where the primary function of the name is included. It is often Mapping Authority has the right decisions for the name of the primary function, which must be clarified. Name with main part that has the status of approved, should have this spelling also as address name and given the status approved. Information to the public should be provided through local announcement and/or municipality's web page. SNT provides advice, either if it should be necessary to initiate a formal case, or whether the proposed name can be given the status of approved or adopted. A copy of the recommendation from the SNT will be sent to the Mapping Authority. 4. After receiving the comments from SNT (and potential objections from the audience, the owners etc.), the municipality considers raising a formal "name case". Address guide Here applies the law on the Place names (ref. case procedures for treatment of name cases, available on www.kartverket. no.). Alternatively, a request on raising a case along with the proposed name can be send to the Mapping Authority. It is naturally that this name is left out of the main process in order for the address process to continue. See point 6. 70 5. When the spelling of the suggested name is approved, the municipality makes a resolution on choice of name for the relevant address parcel and registers the name in the Cadastre Registry. The resolution is made by the organ in the municipality which has the legal decision right (the municipal council or it can delegate the decision right to a subordinate committee). There is no formal right to complain about the resolution. 6. The municipality makes a formal resolution on the spelling of a name that has been treated a name case, see point 4, and registers the name in the Cadastre. This might be a name that the municipality is raising a case on directly, or it might be a case following the decision made by the Mapping Authority. This name is registered with the status V (vedtak - resolution) i SSR. The addresses which are not a result of a formal name case process are registered with the status G (godkjent- approved). 7. The new address name shall: New address names should be registered in the Cadastre and should be given an address code. The address code is important/ necessary for registration in the SSR and FKB-road net. The scheme below may be used as a basis for registration in the SSR during the name process, but only for names which are not a result of a formal name case. There is an own instruction for registration in the FKB-road net register. a) be registered in the Cadastre b) be registered in SSR c) be registered in FKBroad net PROCEDURE FOR TREATMENT OF ADDRESS ADDITIONAL NAME ACCORDING TO THE LAW OF PLACE NAMES: Essentially, an above procedure for treatment of new address names can be used analogously for address additional names. That is to say - transmitting the SNT for comment when demands for address additional names is put forward - and - assessment of spelling for possibly having to prosecute formal name case (primary function). It is important to emphasize what otherwise is set as a condition that the owner should be able to require address additional names, ref. Matrikkelforskriften § 54: - It should be defined as agricultural land (see more detailed description in the address guide Sec. 6.7.1) - and - it is the username as may be be required! (insofar as it coincides with an "inherited" place names). For further information about address additional names, read the article on the Norwegian Mapping Authority's website. Address guide 71 Should it become necessary to raise formal case to clarify the spelling of the address name, this process can be schematically indicated as follows: THE PROCEDURE FOR DECIDING THE SPELLING OF PLACENAMES: Somebody calls for formal naming proceedings in accordance with § 5 of the Law on Geographical Names, which specifies who are eligible to make such a call. The matter is handed to  The decisionmaking committee § 5, - 1 and 2 of the law specifies who the deciding part is, for which n ames. For instance, the municipality is the deciding part for the spelling of the names of roads, streets, municipal facilities, residential areas, villages, urban areas etc. The Norwegian Mapping Authority is the deciding part for all landscape names, pasture names and traditional holding names. The Norwegian Mapping Authority is also a deciding part on behalf of other state departments. The Norwegian Mapping Authority has delegated the processing and decision authority to the county mapping offices. The deciding part prepares the matter and hands it to til  The municipality for a hearing with a two-month deadline. (When the municipality is the deciding part, it already has the matter to hand.) The municipality writes to the owner/leaser directly in matters concerning holding names. Any local o rganisations with special ties to the name are also contacted. The municipality processes the matter and hands it to  The National Naming Consultancy Service for advice on spelling with a copy sent to the deciding body. The naming consultants have a two-month deadline. The matter is then handed to  The decisionmaking committee which makes a resolution. The resolution is sent to the municipality, which announces the resolutions in accordance with the regulations of § 6 of the law (with information about complaints procedures in accordance with § 10). The resolution is also sent to the Naming Consultancy Service and other public committees that will be using the name, and to  The Central Geographical name Register at the county office of the Norwegian Mapping Authority. Any complaints are sent to the deciding body. The procedure for complaints handling is the same as the initial naming procedure. If the complaint is not successful, the spelling is decided by the Complaints Board for Geographical name Matters. The decision of the Complaints Board is final. 7. Informing the affected According to § 50 (7) of the Cadastre Registry Regulations, the owner, leaser etc. must be informed before the municipality allocates or changes the address, cf. chap. 15.1. Address guide 72 8. Resolution The address name is decided by the department/committee given the authority. The spelling of the address name should be announced in accordance with the Geographical name law. Consideration should be made as to how to go about this without having to make a series of individual announcements. See also activity 7 on informing owner and leaser. 9. Ordering signs Address name signs, referral signs etc. are ordered in accordance with the signage plan (activity 4) with correctly spelled address names, or correctly spelled abbreviations if applicable, cf. chap. 12.1. Correspondence etc. should be archived in the address archive. 10. Allocation of address numbers/address resolution The address number is formalised. It will often make sense to send only one letter to the titleholder, formulated so that it is: • An orientation about the address name • A notification of which name the municipality wishes to use • A notification that this will become the address if no objections are received before the deadline Attached to this letter should be information (pamphlet) that briefly explains what a street address is, how address names and address numbers are decided and how the signage works. This information should in particular emphasize what it is possible to file complaints about, who is eligible to make complaints, complaints deadlines and where to send any complaints. 11. Registering in the Cadastre When the address resolution has been made, the address is registered in the Cadastre Registry. If the address name has not previously been registered in the Central Register of Geographical Names, this is also done at this time. 12. Any complaints about the spelling of address names are processed according to the regulations of the Geographical Name Law cf. chap. 15. 13. Signage and sign maintenance Signs are erected according to the signage plan. The basis for this work must be a good signage plan (cf. chap. 11.4.) and a detailed work description. If signs are put up on private property, the landowner must be contacted. When signs are placed on buildings or technical facilities, it is particularly important to have a detailed description of how the sign should be placed and secured (preferably with an illustration), cf. chap. 11. If the signage work is done by someone other than the municipality, an agreement must be signed which includes the signage plan and descriptions. Routines for control and maitenance of signs must be adopted. 14. Any complaints about the address allocation (access points and address numbers) cf. chap. 15 15. Archiving See the Regulations of the Archive law. The administrative archive is considered the main archive of the municipality. Here, documents are ordered according to their topic or subject matter (in accordance with the filing system). There also exist special archives where it is individual objects (person, property, address etc.) that form the archival basis. Files ordered as special archives will often be ordered as part of the administrative archive. The address archive should be a special archive ordered according to address names (and possibly address numbers). The address archive should be easily accessible to the address managers since it will be in constant use during changes and developments. This may create a conflict with the Archive Regulations' general requirements for periodization and remote storage. The quality assurance system, mentioned in chap. 17.3.2., must contain regulations about the address archive and its use. It should ensure that the address archive maintains a satisfactory level of quality as part of the municipality's official archives. Address guide 73 18. Definisions Definitions/explanations of a number of the terms used can be found in the table below. The definitions are listed alphabetically. Address guide Additional address name An additional address name is a traditional holding name or the name of an institution or building that is used as part of the official address. (Cf. § 2, letter h of the Cadastre registry Regulations.). Address code Address code (previously street code) is a number that uniquely identifies s street, road, path, square or area with an address in Cadastre registry. For each address name there should be an address code, cf. § 51 of the Cadastre registry Regulations. Address name Address name is defined in § 2, letter e of the Land registry regulations as the name of a road, street, path, square or area used as part of the official address. An address name should be unique within the municipality. Two streets can therefore not have the same name in the same municipality. If two or more municipalities share an address area, the name should be unique within each municipality. If the name consists of more than 22 characters, an official abbreviated version of the name should also be decided. Detailed regulations for the allocation of address names can be found in § 51 of the Land registry regulations. Address number Address number is defined in § 2, letter f of the Cadastre Regulations as a number, sometimes with an additional letter, that uniquely identifies properties, facilities, buildings or entrances to buildings on or in streets, roads, paths, squares and areas with addresses. The address number may be associated with areas, squares and objects where no buildings exist. In buildings with multiple residences where these have separate external entrances, each entrance should be allocated an address number, cf. § 50 third section of the Cadastre Regulations. The address number is in any case associated with the external access point of the address. Detailed regulations for address numbers can be found in § 52 of the Cadastre Regulations. Address object An address object is the place, building, part of building or unit that an official address belongs to. Address parcel An address parcel is a street, stretch of road, path, square or area that has or is to be given an address name. An address parcel may be located in one or multiple municipalities (e.g. a shared address area). In the latter case, the address parcel is allocated different address codes in each municipality but the same address name. An address parcel should form a unit with a starting point and an end point at natural, geographical spots such as intersections, junctions by bridges or other obvious spots. 74 Approved access Approved access is the access point approved by the municipality from the property or building to the public or private road the address is associated with. Attic An accessible room above the topmost regular floor that does not meet the requirements for being a regular floor. Standing room must be 1.9 m or higher over at least 0.6 m. The attic area is measured to 0.6 m beyond standing room of at least 1.9 m. Basement A level whose lower edge or ceiling are no more than 0.75 m above the average height of levelled terrain around the building. Basic statisti- A municipality is divided into several basic statistical units. cal unit A basic statistical unit is the smallest geographical unit Statistics Norway gathers statistics on. The basic statistical unit consists of four digits and a name. The first two digits indicate sub-area and the last two basic statistical units. Constituency district A municipality is divided into Constituency districts determined by the electoral board of each municipality. External entrance By external entrance is usually meant an access point from ground level. This means that for buildings, with access to individual residences via external stairs to balconies or porticoes, each access stair is allocated a street address shared by the residences. Farm name Name applied to everything under a farm number, cf. § 8 of the Law on Geographical Names. Cf. holding name. Floor Floor of a building. Holding name The name of a registered property, cf. § 8 of the Law on Geographical Names. Cf. farm name. Address guide Main floor A level whose lower edge is more than 1.5 m above the average height of levelled terrain around the building, and with standing room of at least 1.9 m over at least 1.9 m. Official address Official address is defined in § 2, letter d of the Cadastre Registry Regulations as the complete address of a building, part of building, unit, property or other object registered with an address in the Cadastre Registry. In other words, the official address is an identification associated with an address object. The official address can either be based on a street address or a registry address. If multiple units are associated with the same street- or registry address, as for instance in a block of flats, the official address will include a number (unit number) identifying the unit. The official address may also include an additional address name (cf. § 55 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations). The official address indicates an area's, buildings, part of building's or unit's access point. 75 Parish Address guide A municipality is divided into one or more parishes and a parish usually consists of a number of basic statistical units. The parish number includes diocese, rectory, administrative parish and parish. Each part of the number consists of two digits. Parishes also have an organisation number. Postal address The Postal address indicates the delivery point for post. The postal address usually consists of a street address together with postal code and postal code area name. A postal address may also take other forms, e.g. post office box addresses. Postal code area A postal code area is defined by Norway Post. A postal code area may cover multiple municipalities. Cadastre address Cadastre address is defined in § 2, letter j of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. A cadastre address is an address in the form of a farm- and holding number, and lease number and sub-number where applicable. A cadastre address may indicate multiple address objects. The cadastre address is used temporarily in some municipalities instead of street addresses. Cadastre address name Cadastre address name is defined in § 2, letter k of the Cadastre Registry Regulations as a name associated with an official address that is a cadastre address and that has not been allocated an additional address name. Detailed regulations regarding cadastre address names can be found in § 55 third section of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. Register of residents The central register of residents. School district Division indicating the school the address belongs to. Street address Street address is defined in § 2, letter i of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. A street address is an address in the form of an address name and an address number, e.g. Myntgata 2. A street address. Sub floor A level whose lower edge or ceiling are higher than 0.75 m, but no more than 1.5 m, above the average height of levelled terrain around the building. The distance principle The distance principle is the principle of allocating address numbers based on the address's distance from the starting point of the road, indicated in units of ten meters (a house on the left hand side two kilometres from the road's starting point, is given address number 200). When side roads are included in an address parcel with distance numbering, the distance is calculated from the beginning of the side road. The main principle of even numbers on the left hand side and odd numbers on the right hand side is adhered to in the normal way. The distance principle is used mainly in sparsely populated areas. 76 Titleholder The person whom the register designates as the owner and possibly leaser of a Cadastre registry unit is the titleholder and has the registry title of owner or leaser. For owner sections, the titleholder is the person registered as the sole rights holder to the section number. Traditional geographical name Geographical name that orally or in written form has been handed down from earlier generations, cf. § 2, letter d of Law on Geographical Names. The term handed down is to be interpreted to mean that the name has been in use for a long time. There are no requirements as to which time period the name should be from, however. Unit A unit is a part of a building. Units that are residences are also called residence units or residences. Apartment and premises are other terms used for units. Unit number Unit number is defined in § 2, letter g in the Cadastre Registry Regulations as a letter and four digits that uniquely identifies an individual unit within a building or part of building with an address (residence number). When the unit is a residence, residence number may be used as a synonym for unit number. The unit number is part of the official address of the respective address object. Regulations for allocation of unit numbers can be found in § 53 of the Cadastre Registry Regulations. Unit type The following unit types are defined in the Cadastre Registry: - Residence Unit not approved as residence Holiday residence Other non-residence Un-numbered unit The unit type "Un-numbered" is used to connect buildings to Cadastre registry units and addresses. Used as localisation help when the address and/or Cadastre Registry unit is not localised via other regular units in the building. Urban area Address guide Indicating the address falls within an urban area/town. Information about town boundaries can be found at Statistics Norway and it is these urban areas numbers that are registered in the Cadastre. Statistics Norway define town thus: A minimum population of 200 and in general no more than 50 m between houses. 77