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INDEX CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 BAND SIGNALS Introduction Types Comparison BROADBAND What is Broadband? How does Broadband work? Technology options for Broadband Services What are the advantages of Broadband? What are the types of Broadband are available? Technology used by BSNL and MTNL for their Broadband Services Services available through Broadband. INTERNET Definitions Types of Internet Connectivity ISDN connectivity Broadband connectivity How DSL work? ADSL Information How ADSL works? What is Splitter? Why we need micro Filter? ADSL line filters Capabilities ADSL MODEM CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9 - Types External Splitter Connecting ADSL line System view PPP configuration DHCP configuration PPPoE configuration Type-II ADSL modem Type-III ADSL modem DSLAM Definition Introduction Hardware structure Working Multiple benefits of DSLAM DSL background Configuration of MA5105 DSLAM TIER-II Brief Introduction Features S6506 Ethernet Switch ARP DHCP relay configuration Configuration of TIER-II TIER-I AND NIB Introduction Peering and BGP Technical capability of Backbone CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT Equipment features Installation procedure - Installation on USB port Configuring TCP/IP properties Huawei MT851 cpe configuration Wi-Fi configuration in laptop Enabling DHCP CONCLUSION ACHIEVEMENT BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER -1 BAND SIGNALS 1.1 - Introduction:It is important to know the difference between a base band signal, and a broadband signal. In the Fourier domain, a base band signal is a signal that occupies the frequency range from 0Hz up to a certain cut-off. It is called the base band because it occupies the base, or the lowest range of the spectrum. In contrast, a broadband signal is a signal, which does notoccupy the lowest range, but instead a higher range, 1MHz to 3MHz, for example. A wire may have only one base band signal, but it may hold any number of broadband signals, because they can occur anywhere in the spectrum. 1.2 - Types :1.2.1 - Base band Signaling: (1) (2) (3) (4) Uses digital signaling No frequency – division multiplexing Bi-directional transmission Signal travels over short distances 1.2.2 - Broadband Signaling: (1) (2) (3) (4) Uses analog signaling Unidirectional transmission Frequency-division multiplexing is possible Signal can travel over long distances before being attenuated CHAPTER - 2 BROADBAND TECHNOLOGY 2.2 - Technology Options for Broadband Services: The Broadband Policy Framework visualises creation of infrastructure through various access technologies, which can contribute to growth and mutually coexist. Spread of infrastructure is a must for healthy competition and therefore it would be the endeavour of the Government that the telecommunication infrastructure growth in the country is not compromised in any manner. 2.2.1- Optical Fiber Technologies: The Fiber optics technology can provide nearly unlimited bandwidth potential and is steadily replacing copper network especially in intra-city backbone networks. This is being deployed in commercial buildings and complexes and some metros / big cities having high-density potential broadband subscribers. Hybrid Fibre Coaxial (HFC), Fibre to the Curb (FTTC) and Fibre to the Home (FTTH) networks make use of fibre cabling into the last mile. The fibre based models are future proof as they are able to provide huge amounts of bandwidth in the last mile as well as provide a true IP and converged network that can deliver high quality voice, data and video. There are more than 4.5 lacs route kms. Of optical fibre laid by BSNL / MTNL and more than 1 lacs route kms laid by private operators. The spread of the networks of private service providers have to play an important role in bringing the fibre to homes as well as the rural areas and they are expected to focus on it. With the in commercial availability of fibre technologies, the cost of fibre rollout is approaching the cost of other wired networks. Spread of optical fibre networks shall be emphasized keeping in view the long-term perspective. 2.2.2-Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) on copper loop: DSL has proved to be an important technology for provisioning of Broadband services through the copper loop. The owner of copper loop have to be given a high priority because their role is critical as key drivers in the Broadband service market using DSL. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) as well as other access providers are expected to aggressively use their copper loop infrastructure for providing Broadband services through this technology. Recognizing that last mile copper loop is not a ‘bottleneck facility’ for broadband services, access providers shall be free to enter into mutually agreed commercial arrangements for utilization of available copper loop for expansion of broadband services. The owner of local loop shall be free to decide the areas in which investment is to be made to upgrade the infrastructure for Broadband services. The information regarding the areas in which Broadband services are being offered by a service provider shall be available in the public domain. There are more than 40 million copper loops in the country available with BSNL and MTNL out of which 14 million loops are in rural areas. Copper cable network of these operators is a combination of old new cable and this makes provisioning of Broadband on the entire available copper loop technically unfit. Therefore, around 25-30% of the remaining 26 million loops, i.e. approximately 7 million loops can be leveraged for broadband service by BSNL and MTNL taking into account the condition / life of copper cable and demand potential. Management of BSNL and MTNL has decided to provide 1.5 million connection by the end of 2005. The corporate / work plans of these PSUs have been drawn up for this purpose. Thereafter, annual plan for expansion of Broadband services by BSNL and MTNL will be determined of consultation with them. A quarterly review of their performance by the Government in the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) shall be undertaken to evaluate the achievement and redefine the future roadmap, if necessary. It is hoped that other access service providers would also provide broadband connections using their copper in a targeted manner. A constructive review of their performance shall also be undertaken. 2.2.3 - Cable TV Network: It is noted that cable TV connection as last mile infrastructure reaches more people than even the telephone copper infrastructure and can be leveraged in providing cable operator a new business model while giving a stimulus to Broadband penetration. Therefore, Cable TV network can be used as franchisee network of the service provider for provisioning Broadband services. However, all responsibilities for ensuring compliance of terms & conditions of the licence shall vest with the Licensee. The terms of franchise agreement between Licensee and his franchisee shall be settled mutually by negotiation between the two parties involved. 2.3 - Satellite Media: Very Small Aperture Terminals (VSAT) and Direct-toHome (DTH) services would be encouraged for penetration of Broadband and Internet services with the added advantage to serve remote and inaccessible areas. It is the intention of the Government to make available transponder capacity for VSAT services at competitive rater after taking into Consideration the security requirements. Department of Space is already interacting with VSAT service providers. Department of Telecommunications, in consultation with the concerned Ministries, will soon propose measures in the direction of Open Sky Policy for VSAT operators. The role of Department of Space is critical in such an endeavour. VSAT service providers are permitted to transmit data up to 2Mbps instead of earlier limit of 512 kbps in a Closed User Group domestic VSAT network. The increased data rate allows new applications like bulk data transfer for software industry, high-speed backhaul links, in-house training using audio-visual etc. Reduction in antenna size enables easy installation, lower space occupancy, lower cost of hardware etc. Accordingly, the antenna size has been reduced to 1.2 meters and 2.4 meters for star network and mesh network respectively in extended C-band. In Ku-band also, 1 meter diameter antenna in star network has been permitted. To keep pace with technological advances, this shall be periodically reviewed. Commercial VSAT service providers having ISP licence shall be permitted use of same hub station and remote station to provide Internet service directly to the subscribers. Further, this remote station shall be permitted to be used as a distribution point to provide Internet services to multiple independent subscribers. Necessary amendments in the licence agreement shall be carried out immediately. DTH service providers shall be permitted to provide Receive Only Internet Service after obtaining ISP licence from Department of Telecommunications. Further, ISP licensees shall be permitted to allow customers for downloading data through DTH after obtaining necessary permission from the competent authority. DTH Service providers will also be permitted to provide bidirectional Internet services after obtaining VSAT and ISP licence from DoT. 2.3.1 - Terrestrial Wireless: Recognizing that terrestrial wireless is another upcoming technology platform for Broadband, it has been decided in principle to de-licence 2.40-2.48 GHz band for low-power outdoor use on nonprotection, non-interference and non-exclusive basis. Necessary notification shall be issued. Further, notification regarding use of all technologies, which inter-alias include those based on IEEE 802.11 b and 802.11 g standards, has been issued. To accelerate penetration of Broadband and Internet, the 5.15-5.35 GHz band shall be de-licensed for the indoor use of low power Wi-Fi systems. For outdoor use, the band 5.25-5.35 GHz shall be delicensed in consultation with DoS and de-licensing in the band 5.15-5.25 GHz would be considered after the process of vacation. Alternative spectrum bands, which are not in high usage and could be deployed for Broadband services, shall also be explored and identified. 2.3.2 - Future Technologies: In the changing technology scenario, there is a possibility of new option being used for provisioning of Broadband services. These technologies can also be utilized for provisioning of such services within the licensing framework of the service provider and the spectrum management policy of DoT. CHAPTER 3 INETRNET 3.1 - Definition of Internet on the Web :- A network of computer networks which operates worldwide using a common set of communication protocols. - The Internet, or simply the Net, is the worldwide, publicly accessible system of interconnected computer network that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It consists of millions of smaller business, academic, domestic, and government networks, which together carry various information and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, and the interlinked Web pages and other documents of the World Wide Web. 3.2 - Types of Internet connection :There are many ways to connect to the Internet. The four most practical for small businesses are analogue, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and cable. 3.2.1 - Dial-up: - Analog connectivity, such as 56K modems, and ISDN connectivity both require dial-up access. This means that every time you need to access the Internet, analogue or ISDN modems must dial a number to secure a connection. DSL and cable modem solution, on the other hand, are permanent connections that are always reliable; cheaper and they provide immediate access to the Internet without having to dial any numbers. 3.2.2 - Broadband: - DSL and cable are known as broadband connections and are much faster than analog or ISDN links. They also tend to be more costly than analog and ISDN connections. All have their strengths, however, need to evaluate your needs to determine is best for your organization. 3.3 - Analog Connectivity:Analog connections are the most basic and common from of Internet connectivity. The highest speed that you can reach using analogue is 56 Kbps, which is fine for text and e- mail files, but slow for accessing graphic-intensive Web sites or downloading large files. Analog connectivity offers several key advantages. It is most inexpensive solution and it is available anywhere there is a phone line. On the other hand, it is the a slowest connection available, particularly when there are many users on the network needing remote access, and it requires waiting while a dial-up link is being made. Consider 56 Kbps performances for a small office with basic business needs, or where higher speed access is unavailable. 3.4 - ISDN Connectivity:ISDN delivers up to 128 Kbps performances for faster Internet access and greater productivity. Even if you do not need all of ISDN’s performance today, additional employees and next-generation applications will tax the capacity of slower connections. ISDN offers a true digital connection, which means that connectivity is virtually error free. It also is available in 90% of the country, making it a good option if faster DSL or cable services are unavailable in your area. You will require an ISDN capable access router and an ISDN line at your facility, which can be installed by your local phone company. Before you purchase your router, make sure your phone company offers ISDN service in your area. 3.4 - Broadband Connectivity:Cable: Cable connections also are always on, high-speed Internet connections. Cable modems achieve their speed (up to 42 Mbps downstream, 10 Mbps upstream) by leveraging the high-bandwidth capabilities of cable TV lines. Cable services are far more available in residential communities than in business districts or office parks. Also, it is a shared media, which means that as more people in your area use the cable line at any one time, speed for each user will decrease. Therefore, the speed you get will depend on local traffic on the system. Cable service is a good strategy for small businesses because of its price, speeds and always on Internet connection. However, like DSL, the always-on connection poses security risks, necessitating the need for a firewall (see DSL above). To determine, if cable service is available in your area, call your local cable company. 3.5 - DSL: DSL provides very high-sped Internet access over ordinary copper telephone lines. There are different kinds of DSL available, such as ADSL and SDSL, which provide different speeds. At it fastest, DSL can be up to 143 times faster than 56 Kbps modems, 62 times faster than ISDN and up to 4 times faster than T1 lines, which are deployed by many large companies. DSL user phone line wiring and the connection is always on. This means the link is instantly available, eliminating the wait as a modem dials up the connection. High access speed doesn’t mean high cost. DSL is surprisingly inexpensive. DSL is priced on a flat monthly rate; there are no per-minute charges. Presently, DSL is available in most metropolitan areas from a variety of service providers, not just local phone companies. The most significant factor in determining the availability of DSL is the distance of your premises to the phone company’s Central Office (CO). In most cases this would have to be within 18,000 feet (approximately 3.5 miles). DSL is a great option for small businesses wanting extremely fast access and it is more available than cable modems. First, contact your local broadband service provider or telephone company to find out if DSL is available in your area. For international customers, contact your local telephone companies. The two most common of DSL, ADSL, offer differing benefits. The speed of ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) varies. With it, you can download up to 8 Mbps (megabytes per second) and upload from your computer up to 1 Mbps. ADSL is ideal for Web access because you are more likely to download large files. SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) delivers the same speed, up to 1.54 Mbps, upstream and downstream. It can be costlier than ADSL and it doesn’t support conventional telephone services. Due to its symmetric bi-directional speed, SDSL is a strong option for supporting sophisticated applications as well as e-mail and Web servers. This is also a great solution for office-to-office communications. A critical consideration for broadband access, like any form of DSL or cable is the always open connection means your network is open to the Internet 24 hours a day. Your connection can serve as a gateway for hackers and other who may want to disrupt your business or tamper with proprietary information or resources. For this reason, we strongly recommend that you deploy a device known as a firewall. Firewalls connect between your access router and your network. They protect your network from unauthorized entry, allowing only the users you designate to access the network via the Internet. The firewall will deny access to all others. See “How Do I Protect My Network From Unauthorized Users?” CHAPTER 4 ADSL ADSL NETWORK STRUCTURE: For conventional ADSL, downstream rates start at 128 K bit/s (though a minimum offering of 512 K bit/s is more common) and typically reach 8 M bit/s within 1.5 Km (5000ft) of the DSLAM equipped central office or remote terminal. Upstream rates start at 64 K bit/s and typically reach 128 K bit/s or 256 K bit/s but can go as high as 1024 K bit/s. The name ADSL Line is sometimes used for the slower versions. Note that distances are only approximations aimed at consumers of ADSL services. Signals attenuation and Signal to Noise Ratio are defining characteristics, and can very completely of distance (e.g., noncopper cabling, cable diameter). Real World performance is also dependent on weather conditions (very common for old overhead lines) or on the number and quality of joints or junctions in a particular cable length. A newer variant called ADSL2 provides higher downstream rates of up to 12 Mbit/s for spans of than 2.5 km (8000ft). More flexible flexible framing and error correction configurations are responsible for these increased speeds. ADSL2+, also referred to as ITU G.992.5, boosts these rates to up to 24 Mbits/s for spans of less than 1.5 km (5000 ft) by doubling the downstream spectrum upper limit to 2.2 MHz. ADSL2/2+ also offer seamless bonding options, allowing lines with higher attenuation or lower signal to noise to noise (SNR) ratios to be bonded together to achieve theoretically the sum total of the number of lines (i.e., up to 50 Mbit/s for two lines, etc.), as well as options in power management and seamless rate adaptation – changing the data rate used without requiring to resynchronize. Because of the relatively low data-rate (compared to optical backbone networks), ATM is an appropriate technology for multiplexing time-critical data such as digital voice with less time critical data such as web traffic; ADSL is commonly deployed with ATM to ensure that this remains a possibility. In a triple play scenario, different ATM virtual circuits (VCs) may be allocated for different services. More recently, network operators are increasingly moving away from ATM, and towards Ethernet-based solution, where 802.1Q and/or VPLS offer multiplexing solutions. The main reason for this switch is cost saving and the possibility of removing the older and more expensive ATM network. ADSL service providers may offer either public or static IP addressing. Public addressing is preferable for people who may wish to connect to their office via a virtual private network, for some Internet gaming, and for those wishing to use ADSL to host a Web server. 4.2 - What is a Splitter? Everybody uses splitter on their telephone lines If you Want to connect up more than one telephone into the same socket, the chances are you’re using a splitter. When you’re connected via ADSL, you need a special type of splitter, which contains a MICRO-FILTER. 4.3 - Why do we need a MICRO-FILTER? There are two reasons why they’re required. The first is to stop the ADSL signal interfering with the voice part of your phone line – this sound a bit like ‘fast click’ when it happens. The second reason is to ensure that the ADSL line is termination can cause reflections back down the line. This is a bad thing and can cause errors on your ADSL Connection. The above graph shows the frequency range that your phone (POTS) and ADSL occupy. Don’t understand because it’s not all that important to the end user. There are many splitters on the market and they come in different shapes and sizes. In most, if not all cases, the letters “ADSL” are printed somewhere on the device. 4.4 - ADSL Line Filters:Micro Filters and Central Filters are necessary to block the high frequency signals that originate from a DSL service from interfering with PSTN devices such as telephone handsets, fax machine, answering machines and analog modems. With these you are then able to make phone calls while using the Internet on the same phone line. ADSL uses frequencies very much higher than this speech band so you now finish up with two different systems on the one line. In order to keep these systems apart and stop them interfering with each other it is necessary to separate the two components from the telephone line in your home. This is where the filter / splitter come in. It is normally a small plastic box with a short lead that plugs into your phone socket and two outputs, one for your ADSL modem and another for a telephone (or multiple telephones on this output, but more of that later). Inside this box are the filters that select the band of frequencies for each of outputs, phone or ADSL, and send just the correct band to the appropriate socket. CHAPTER 5 ADSL Modem 5.1 - TYPES OF ADSL MODEMS:Four types of ADSL Modems are used for BSNL broadband connection. Type-I, Types-II, Type-III Type-I: Type-I ADSL modem has Ethernet port and ADSL port and an USB port. Type-II: This ADSL modem is Wi-Fi modem. It has an USB port, Ethernet port and ADSL port. Type-III It has an USB port, 4 Ethernet port and an ADSL port and a slot for Wi-Fi card for wireless network. 5.1.1 - Type-I:The figure below is the front panel of the type-I smart AX MT882 ADSL modem that is used by BSNL for Broadband connection. FRONT PANEL The status the description of LED indicator is as shown below: Power: Steady green light status. The unit is powered on. 5.1.2 - ADSL LINK: Steady green light status. A valid ADSL connection. 5.1.3 - ADSL ACT: Blinking green light status. There is traffic over ADSL line. 5.1.4 - LAN: (1) Steady green light status. A valid LAN connection. (2) Blinking green or orange light status. There is traffic over Ethernet. (3) Steady or blinking green light status. The speed of data transfer is 10Mbit/s. (4)Steady or blinking orange light status. The speed of data transfer is 100Mbit/s. 5.1.5 - USB: (1) Steady green light status. A valid USB connection. (2) Blinking green light status. There is traffic over USB. FIGURE REAR PANEL The meaning of port and switch are listed as follow: 5.1.6 - ADSL: ADSL port, connecting to the splitter. 5.2 - USB: USB port, connecting to PC or Hub. Ethernet: Ethernet port, connecting to PC or Hub. 5.2.1 - Reset: Press this button for 3 seconds to restore the default setting. This operation will let we lose over Customized setting. Please be careful when using Reset Button. 5.2.3 - Power: Power Switch 5.2.4 - 9v AC 1A: Power input plug 5.3 - EXTERNAL SPLITER: Using the Splitter we can reduce disturbance signals in the Telephone line. The MT882 has to use an external splitter, Which has three ports: LINE, PHONE and MODEM. 5.3.1 -LINE: Connect to the telephone jack 5.3.2 - PHONE: Connect to the telephone 5.3.3 - MODEM: Connect to the ADSL modem with RJ-11 telephone line. 5.4 - Connecting ADSL Line:Simple plug one end the telephone line into the Modem port of the splitter and insert the other end into the ADSL port on the rear panel of the MT882. Use another telephone line to connect the splitter and the phone jack on the wall. The system view read–only table on home Page displays a summary of various system setting and functions as described below: ADSL Line Stats: Displays the ADSL state, Data path, DSP version, operation Mode, and the status of Upstream and Downstream of the ADSL line. WAN Channel: Displays the names and setting for the device wan interfaces. Multiple software-defined interfaces may be configured to use he DSL connection. The PVC number, gateway, IP address, mask, VIP/VCI, encapsulation and status will be displayed in the WAN interface. LAN Channe: Display the names and various setting of LAN interface, which include Mac address, IP address, Mask, Speed, duplex and status. Presently we are studying and conferring the ADSL modems on PPPOE configuration. So, the configuration of the modem is done for PPP (Point to Point Protocol). Chapter 6 DSLAM 6.5 - Note: On the panel of the MA5105, there are two LEDs: 6.5.1 - PWR: A green indicator that lights up when the power is on, and turns off when the power is off. 6.5.2 - FAN: A red indicator that lights up when the fails, and extinguishes when the runs normally. 6.7 - Working:DSLAM is the equipment located at a phone company’s central office (CO) that links many customer DSL connections over existing copper telephone lines to a single high-speed ATM line. When the phone company receives a DSL signal, an ADSL modem with a pots splitter detects voice calls and data. The DSLAM inter mixes voice-frequency signals and high-speed DSL data traffic onto a customer’s DSL line. It also separates incoming phone and data signals and directs them onto the appropriate carrier’s network. Voice calls are sent to the PSTN, and data are sent to the DSLAM, where it passes through the ATM to the Internet, and then back through the DSLAM and ADSL modem before returning to the customer’s PC. More DSLAM channels a phone company has, the more customers it can support. The DSLAM is the cornerstone of the DSL system and routes traffic to and from the customer via a business or home telephone line to provide highspeed DSL access to multimedia services such as Internet, fast data transfer, video conferencing, pay-per-view TV or video-on-demand, and broadcast video. When your telephone line arrives at local exchange, the ADSL and voice components of the signal are split apart in the same way as your splitter works at home or in the office. The voice wiring is connected to BT’s PSTN network and the ADSL wiring is connected to a device known as a DSLAM. In the picture panels used to split wiring pairs into their respective POTS and ADSL components. All telephone lines are connected to panels on the right side and ADSL lines are fed into patch panels on the left side ready to connect to the DSLAM. The picture shows ADSL copper pairs running down the left side into a patch panel used by engineers to easily connect or disconnect customer. Depending upon the size of the local exchange, batches of 192,256 or more copper pairs are connected to patch panels at the same time. An exchange serving a large or broadband hungry population may connect dozens of new customers per week so it’s imperative that spare capacity is readily available. Each white wire running up the right side is connected to a line card in the DSLAM serving multiple customers. DSLAM is usually found in a Central Office. The MA5105 terminates the ATM (PVC) and converts the ATM cells into Ethernet frames. 6.18.1 - Connecting ADSL Subscriber Cable: The cables between the MDF and the MA5105 are delivered together with the MA5105, the length of which range from 30 to 100 meters. Two horizontal MDFs are needed for cabling of the MA5105. One MDF is connected with the ADSL external cable through the jumper on the vertical MDF, and is defined as W (indicating broadband services). Another horizontal MDF is connected with POTS subscriber cable, and is defined as N (indicating narrow-band services). The N and W numbers correspond to the port numbers of the MA5105. The cabling of the ADSL horizontal MDF must be in proper position, so are the jumpers between the horizontal MDF and the vertical MDF. Otherwise, ADSL services may be unstable although the POTS services are available. Troubleshooting records show that 20% of the system faults are caused by poor contact of the jumper. Chapter 7 TIER-II 7.1 - ARP 7.2 - Necessity of ARP An IP address cannot be directly used for communication between network device because network devices can only identify MAC addresses. An IP address is only an address of a host in the network layer. To send the data packets transmitted through the network layer to the destination host, Physical address of the host is required. So the IP address must be resolved into a physical address. 7.3 - ARP implementation procedure When two hosts on the Ethernet communicate, they must know the MAC addresses of each other. Every host will maintain the IP-MAC address translation table, which is known as ARP mapping table. A series of maps between IP address and MAC addresses of other hosts, which were recently used to communicate with the local host, are stored in the ARP mapping table. When a dynamic ARP mapping entry is not in use for a specified period of time, the host will remove it from the ARP mapping table so as to save the memory space and shorten the interval for switch to search ARP mapping table. Suppose there are two hosts on the same network segment: Host A and Host B. The IP address of host A is IP_A and the IP address of Host B is IP_B. Host A will transmit messages to Host A checks its own ARP mapping table first to make sure whether there are corresponding ARP entries of IP_B in the table .If the corresponding MAC address is detected, Host A will use the MAC address in the ARP mapping table to encapsulate the IP packet in frame and send it to Host B. If the corresponding MAC address is not detected, Host A will store the IP packet in the queue waiting for transmission, and broadcast it throughout the Ethernet. The ARP request packet contains the IP address of Host B and IP address and MAC address of Host A. Since the ARP request packet is broadcast, all hosts on the network segment can receive the request. However, only the requested host (i.e., Host B) needs to process the request. Host B will first store the IP address and the MAC address of the request sender (Host A) in the ARP request packet in its own ARP mapping table. Then Host B will generate2-2 MAC address of Host B and add them to its own ARP mapping table. Then Host A will send Host B all the packets standing in the queue. Normally, dynamic ARP executes and automatically searches for the resolution from the IP address to the Ethernet MAC address without the administrator. 7.4.2 - Create the VLAN as per the network design for your T-2 switch Chapter 8 TIMER-I AND NIB 8.2 - PEERING: Peering is the practice of voluntarily interconnecting distinctly separates data networks on the Internet, for the purposes of exchanging traffic between the customers of the peered networks. The term peering is typically intended as a short-hand reference to the more exacting term Settlement-Free Interconnection, which means that neither party pays the other for the traffic being exchanged. The term can also be used to describe portions other variations, such as Paid Peering. The act of Peering typically involves the following elements: - The physical interconnection of the networks involved. - The exchange of routing information, through the BGP routing protocol. - Commercial and contractual peering contracts or agreements. The Internet is a collection of separate and distinct networks, each one operating under a common framework of globally unique IP Addressing and global Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routing. The relationships between these networks are generally described by one of the following three categories: - Transit (or pay) – You pay money (or Settlement) to another network for Internet access (or Transit). Peer (or swap) – Two networks exchange traffic between each other’s customers freely, and for mutual benefit. Customer (or sell) – Another network pays you money to provide them with Internet access. Furthermore, in order for a network to reach any specific network on the Internet, it must either: - Sell Transit (or Internet Access) service to that network (making them a ‘Customer’), Peer directly with that network, or with a network who sells Transit service to that network, or Pay another network for Transit service, where that other network must in turn also sell, peer, or pay for access. Often, a network can be very grossly classified based on how it connects to other networks, roughly defined by Internet Tiers: - Tier 1 – A network who only sells to, or peers with, every other network on the Internet. Tier 2 – A network who peers with other networks, but still pays for transit to reach some portion of the Internet. Tier 3 – A network who solely purchases transit from other networks to reach the Internet. The Internet is based on the principle of global reachability (sometimes called end-to-end reachability), which means that any Internet user can reach any other Internet user as through they were on the same network. Therefore, any Internet connected network must by definition either pay another network for transit, or peer with every other network who also does not purchase transit. 8.3 - PEERING AND BGP: A great deal of the complexity in the BGP routing protocol exists to aid the enforcement and fine-tuning of peering and transit agreements. BGP allows operators to define a policy that determines where traffic is routed. Three things commonly used to determine routing are local-preference, MEDs (multi exit discriminator) and AS-path. Local-preference is used internally within a network to differentiate classes of networks. For example, a particular network will have a higher preference set on internal and customer advertisements. Settlement free peering is then configured to be preferred over paid IP transit. Networks that speak BGP to each other can (although most do not) engage in MED exchange with each other. When networks interconnect in server locations, MEDs can be used to reference that networks IGP cost. This results in both networks sharing the burden of transporting each other’s traffic on their own network (or cold-potato). Hot potato or nearest-exit routing, which is typically the normal behavior on the Internet, is where traffic destined to another network is delivered to the closest Interconnection point. BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multigigabit, multiprotocol, convergent infrastructure through NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB). The second phase of NIB will provide convergent services through the same backbone and broadband access network. 8.4 - TECHNICAL CAPABILITY OF BACKBONE: This is the state of the art MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) based IP infrastructure, which is designed reliable routes to cover whole country. Layer 1 of the network consist of a high speed Backbone comprising of 24 powerful core routers connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are located on the national DWDM network interfacing at stm-16 optical level to provide for high transmission speed. The services that would supported by NIB-II includes always –on broadband access to the internet for residential and business customers, content based services, video multicasting, video-on-demand and interactive gaming and audio and video conferencing, IP telephony, distant learning, messaging: plain and future rich, multi-site MPLS VPN’s with QoS (Quality of Service). Chapter 9 CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT 9.2 - Installation Procedure:- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Computer Phone RJ- 45 Ethernet Cable RJ- 11 Tel Cable RJ- 11 Tel Cable Splitter WA1003A RJ-11 Tel Cable Phone Jack 9.2.1 - Connect the CPE to telephone line as well as to your PC (Refer the documentation given on CD accompanied CPE). After you power-on the CPE, the ADSL modem takes around one minute to synchronize. Verify that the power LED is on and ADSL link LED is glowing & in stable condition. The Alarm LED should be off. 9.2.2 - Configure IP address on your PC: Go to the TCP/IP properties of ‘Local Are Connection’ in your PC and configure the IP address as 192.168.1.1 (Primary DNS). Refer detailed procedure given on TCP/IP configuration. If you wish to use USB port please refer the procedure given for installing USB driver. 9.2.3 - Configure CPE: BSNL broadband is based on ADSL technology and uses PPPoE for authentication and accounting the user access. The CPE (ADSL modem) is multi featured powerful router. It can be configured in two modes. 9.2.4 - Bridge Mode (factor default): in this mode CPE work as Ethernet bridge and user has to run the PPPoE client software in PC. WinXP has PPPoE client inbuilt but other operating systems need third party software. 9.2.5- PPPoE mode: In this mode PE works as router and PPPoE session is terminated on CPE. The PPPoE client is inbuilt and the user name & password can be configured through webbased access to CPE configuration. The minimum configuration required is given in this document. For details on various advanced features refer the document CD of CPE. BSNL prefers to configure the CPE in PPPoE mode however if subscriber wishes to use in bridge mode, he can reconfigure the CPE on his own. CONCLUTION The broadband refers to the high speed access of Internet. Life of every one has been changed after introduction of Internet. Broadband is wonder resources of getting the flow of Internet. The Internet access has been became so much easy, speedy and cheap after the introduction of Broadband technology, because of simple arrangement and no need of extra transmission media other then our two chopper wire of telephone line. Broadband allows us to take advantage of new services not available with a dial-up Internet connection. The conclusion of my study project comprises the need and the availability of the broadband services as a best data communication medium. Broadband technology has introduced a new era of Internet access. It’s the technology that is really advanced and not so simple as it seems to be and it needs real attention for its development so that common people can get the easy and cheap access. Final conclusion of my project comprises that broadband technology has brought up the advancement in the life of common people by introducing them to the new information super highway medium. Bibliograghy Used following website to prepare this project 1. www.bsnl.in 2. www.google.com