Transcript
APPENDIX C
Answers to Memory Tables Chapter 2 Table 2-1
Major CMOS/BIOS/UEFI Settings Memory Table
Option
Settings
Notes
Boot Sequence
Hard drive, optical (CD/ To boot from bootable OS or diagnostic CDs DVD, Blu-ray), USB, network or DVDs, place the CD or DVD (optical) drive ROM; order as wanted before the hard drive in the boot sequence. To boot from a bootable USB device, place the USB device before the hard drive in the boot sequence. You can enable or disable additional boot devices on some systems.
Memory Configuration
By SPD or Auto (default); manual settings (Frequency, CAS Latency [CL], Fast R-2-R turnaround, and so on) also available
Provides stable operation using the settings stored in memory by the vendor.
CPU Clock and Frequency
Automatically detected on most recent systems
Faster or higher settings overclock the system but could cause instability (see Chapter 8, “Ports and Interfaces,” for details). Some systems default to low values when the system doesn’t start properly.
Hardware Monitor
Enable display for all fans Also known as PC Health on some systems; plugged in to the motherboard can be monitored from within the OS with vendor-supplied or third-party utilities.
Use manual settings (frequency, CAS latency, so son on) for overclocking (running memory at faster than normal speeds) or to enable memory of different speeds to be used safely by selecting slower settings.
Onboard Enable or disable Audio, Modem, or Network
Enable when you don’t use add-on cards for any of these functions; disable each setting before installing a replacement card. Some systems include two network adapters.
USB Legacy
Enables USB keyboard to work outside the OS.
Enable when USB keyboard is used
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Option
Settings
Notes
Serial Ports
Disable unused ports; use Also known as COM ports. Most systems no default settings for port you use longer have serial ports.
Parallel Port
Disable unused port; use EPP/ Compatible with almost any parallel printer ECP mode with default IRQ/ or device; be sure to use an IEEE-1284compatible printer cable. DMA when parallel port or device is connected
USB Function
Enable
When motherboard supports USB 2.0 (Hi-Speed USB) ports, be sure to enable USB 2.0 function and load USB 2.0 drivers in the OS.
USB 3.0 Function
Enable
USB 3.0 ports also support USB 3.1, 2.0, and USB 1.1 devices. Disable when USB 3.0 drivers are not available for operating system.
Keyboard
NumLock, auto-repeat rate/ delay
Leave at defaults (NumLock On) unless keyboard has problems.
Plug-and-Play OS
Enable for all except some Linux distributions, Windows NT, MS-DOS
When enabled, Windows configures devices.
Primary VGA BIOS
Varies
Select the primary graphics card type (PCIe or onboard).
Shadowing
Varies
Enable shadowing for video BIOS; leave other shadowing disabled.
Quiet Boot
Varies
Disable to display system configuration information at startup.
Boot-Time Diagnostic Screen
Varies
Enable to display system configuration information at startup.
Virtualization
Varies
Enable to run hardware-based virtualization programs such as Hyper-V or Parallels so that you can run multiple operating systems, each in its own window.
Power Management (Menu)
Enable unless you have problems with devices
Enable CPU fan settings to receive warnings of CPU fan failure.
S1 or S3 standby
Enable S3
Use S1 (which saves minimal power) only when you use devices that do not properly wake up from S3 standby.
AC Pwr Loss Restart
Enable restart or Full on
Prevents the system from staying down when a power failure takes place.
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 5
Option
Settings
Notes
Wake on LAN (WOL)
Enable when you use WOLcompatible network card or modem
WOL-compatible cards use a small cable between the card and the motherboard. Some integrated network ports also support WOL.
User/PowerOn Password
Blocks system from starting when password is not known
Enable when physical security settings are needed, but be sure to record the password in a secure place.
Setup Password Blocks access to setup when password is not known
Both passwords can be cleared on both systems when CMOS RAM is cleared.
Write-Protect Boot Sector
Enable for normal use, but disable when installing drives or using a multiboot system. Helps prevent accidental formatting but might not stop third-party disk prep software from working.
Varies
Enable Boot Virus Detection (Antivirus Boot Sector)
Stops true infections but allows multiboot configuration.
SATA Drives
Varies
Auto-detects drive type and settings at startup time. Select CD/DVD for CD/DVD/Blu-ray drive; select None when drive is not present or to disable an installed drive.
SATA Drive configuration
IDE, AHCI, RAID
IDE setting emulates now-obsolete PATA drives. To take advantage of hot-swapping and Native Command Queuing (NCQ) to improve performance, select AHCI. Use RAID when the drive will be used as part of a RAID array.
Chapter 3 Table 3-1
ATX Motherboard Family Comparison
Motherboard Type
Maximum Width
Maximum Depth
Maximum Number of Expansion Slots
Typical Uses
ATX
12 in.
9.6 in.
Seven
Full tower
Mini-ATX
11.2 in.
8.2 in.
Seven
Full tower
microATX
9.6 in.
9.6 in.
Four
Mini tower
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Table 3-2
Technical Information About Expansion Slot Types
Slot Type
Performance
Suggested Uses
PCI 32-bit, 33MHz
133MBps
Video, network, mass storage (SATA/RAID), sound card
PCI 32-bit, 66MHz
266MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCI 64-bit, 33MHz
266MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCI 64-bit, 66MHz
533MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCI-X 66MHz
533MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCI-X 133MHz
1,066MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCI-X 2.0 266MHz
2,133MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCI-X 2.0 533MHz
4,266MBps
Network, mass storage (workstation and server)
PCIe x1 v1
500MBps*
Network, I/O
PCIe x4 v1
2,000MBps*
Network
PCIe x8 v1
4,000MBps*
Multi-GPU video secondary card
PCIe x16 v1
8,000MBps*
Video primary and secondary cards
PCIe x1 v2
1,000MBps*
Network, I/O
PCIe x4 v2
4,000MBps*
Network
PCIe x8 v2
8,000MBps*
Video secondary card
PCIe x16 v2
16,000MBps*
Video primary and secondary cards
PCIe x1 v3
2,000MBps*
Network, I/O
PCIe x4 v3
8,000MBps*
Network
PCIe x8 v3
16,000MBps*
Video secondary card
PCIe x16 v3
32,000MBps*
Video primary and secondary cards
*Bidirectional data rates (full duplex simultaneous send/receive); unidirectional data rates are one-half of values listed. All versions of PCIe use the same connectors. GPU = graphics processing unit
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 7
Chapter 4 Table 4-1
RAM Comparisons
RAM Type Pins Pins Common Type and Speed (DIMM) (SODIMM)
Defining Characteristic
DDR SDRAM
184
2001
PC3200 = 400MHz/3200Mbps Double the transfers per clock cycle compared to regular SDRAM.
DDR2 SDRAM
2402
2001
DDR2-800 (PC2-6400) = 800MHz/6400Mbps
External data bus speed (I/O bus clock) is 2x faster than DDR SDRAM.
DDR3 SDRAM
2402
204
DDR3-1333 (PC3-10600) = 1333MHz/10,600Mbps
External data bus speed (I/O bus clock) is 2x faster than DDR2 SDRAM (4x faster than DDR SDRAM).
DDR4 SDRAM*
288
260
DDR4-2400 (PC4-19200) = 2400MHz/19200Mbps
External data bus speed (I/O bus clock) is 2x faster than DDR3 SDRAM (8x faster than DDR SDRAM).
260
DDR3 or DDR4
Designed for use with Intel Skylake (6th generation Core i-series CPU); memory controller on motherboard/processor must support both DDR3 and DDR4 memory
UniDIMM3 —
1
DDR SODIMM keying is closer to the middle of the motherboard than with SDRAM SODIMM
2
The keying on DDR3 is offset to one side compared to DDR2
3
The keying on UniDIMM is different than DDR4 SODIMM
*
Not an objective on the CompTIA A+ Certification 900-series exams; included for information purposes only
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Chapter 6 Table 6-3
Comparisons of Common RAID Levels
RAID Minimum Data Protection Total Capacity of Array Level Number Features of Drives Required
Major Benefit over Single Drive
Notes
0
2
None.
Improved read/ Also called 2 × capacity of write performance striping either drive (if same size) OR 2 × capacity of smaller drive.
1
2
Changes to contents of one drive immediately performed on other drive.
Capacity of one drive (if same size); OR capacity of smaller drive.
Automatic backup; Also called faster read mirroring performance
5
3
Parity information is saved across all drives.
(x-1) Capacity of smallest drive (x equals the number of drives in the array).
Full data redundancy in all drives; hot swap of damaged drive supported in most implementations
10
4
Changes on one two-drive array are immediately performed on other two-drive array.
Capacity of smallest drive × number of drives / 2.
Also called Improved read/ write performance striped and mirrored and automatic backup
Chapter 7 Table 7-1
CPU Manufacturers, Sockets, and Code Names Quick Reference
CPU Socket Manufacturer
Compatible Processor Code Name(s)
Intel
LGA 775
Prescott, Presler, Conroe, Wolfdale, Kentsfield, Yorkfield
Intel
LGA 1366
Bloomfield, Gulftown
Intel
LGA 1156
Clarkdale, Lynnfield
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 9
CPU Socket Manufacturer
Compatible Processor Code Name(s)
Intel
LGA 1155
Sandy Bridge, Ivy Bridge
Intel
LGA 1150
Haswell, Broadwell
Intel
LGA 2011
Sandy Bridge E, Ivy Bridge E
Intel
LGA 2011-v3 Haswell E
AMD
Socket AM3
AMD
Socket AM3+ Vishera, Zembezi
AMD
Socket FM1
Llano
AMD
Socket FM2
Trinity, Richland
AMD
Socket FM2+ Kaveri
Thuban, Zosma, Deneb, Propus, Heka, Rana, Callisto, Regor, Sargas
Chapter 8 Table 8-1
USB Standards Overview
Version
Marketing Name Speeds Maximum Notes Supported Cable Length**
1.1
USB
12Mbps
3 meters
1.5Mbps 2.0
HighSpeed USB
SuperSpeed USB 3.1 Gen 1 (also known as USB 3.0) 3.1 Gen 2
480Mbps
5 meters
Also supports USB 1.1 devices and speeds
5Gbps
*
Also supports USB 1.1 and 2.0 devices and speeds
*
Also supports USB 1.1, 2.0, 3.0/3.1 Gen 1 devices and speeds
SuperSpeed+ USB 10Gbps
* 3 meters is the recommended length, but no maximum cable length has been established for these versions of USB ** To exceed recommended or maximum cable lengths, connect the cable to a USB hub or use an Active USB extension cable
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Table 8-3
SATA and eSATA Drive Interface Overview
Interface Location Interface Also Known As Speeds
Drive Types Supported
eSATA
Hard disk drives, SSD
External
1.5Gbps 3Gbps 6Gbps
SATA1
Internal
1.5Gbps
SATA 1.5Gbps SATA Revision 1.0
SATA2
Internal
3.0Gbps
SATA 3Gbps SATA Revision 2.0
SATA3
Internal
6.0Gbps
SATA 6Gbps Revision 3.0
Hard disk drives, optical (DVD, BD media) drives, RAID arrays, SSD Can be converted to eSATA via header cable Hard disk drives, optical (DVD, BD media) drives, RAID arrays, SSD Can be converted to eSATA via header cable Hard disk drives, RAID arrays, SSD Backward compatible with SATA1, SATA2 Can be converted to eSATA via header cable
Chapter 9 Table 9-1
Graphic/CAD/CAM Design Workstation Features
Features Benefits
Recommendations and Example Products
Multicore Fast rendering of 4.0GHz or faster, six cores or more, processor 3D or 2D graphics large cache (8MB or more total cache), 64-bit support Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition, Core i7 “Haswell-E” or “Skylake” AMD FX-9000 series
Notes Fastest multicore CPUs available from Intel or AMD.
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 11
Features Benefits
Recommendations and Example Products
Notes
High-end Faster rendering of video 3D or 2D graphics on applications that support GPU acceleration (AutoCAD, Photoshop CC, and others)
PCIe CAD/CAM or 3D cards with 2GB or more RAM optimized for OpenGL 4.x, DirectX 11 or 12, support for two or more displays
Fastest GPUs available from AMD or NVIDIA.
More GPU RAM AMD FirePro W-series (CAD, CAM, provides faster performance when CGI, Photoshop) rendering large 3D AMD Radeon R9 (Photoshop) objects. NVIDIA Quadro M series (CAD, FirePro and Quadro CAM, CGI) cards use drivers optimized for CAD/ NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Ti, CAM/CGI. TITAN Z, TITAN X (Photoshop) NVIDIA Tegra (CAD, CAM, CGI, Photoshop)
Maximum Reduces swapping RAM to disk during editing or rendering
Table 9-2
16GB or more DDR3 or DDR4 Use matched memory modules running in multi-channel configurations
System should be running 64-bit version of the operating system
Audio/Video Editing Workstation Features
Features
Benefits
Recommendations
Multicore processor
Fast rendering of 3D 4.0GHz or faster, six cores or Fastest multicore or 2D graphics more, large cache (8MB or more CPUs available from total cache), 64-bit support Intel or AMD. Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition, Core i7 “Haswell-E” AMD FX-9000 series
Maximum RAM
Reduces swapping to 16GB or more DDR3 or DDR4 disk during editing or Use matched memory modules rendering running in multi-channel configurations
Notes
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Features
Benefits
Recommendations
Notes
Specialized audio card
Higher sampling rates and higher signal-to-noise ratios for better audio quality
24-bit, 192kHz or better audio performance; upgradable Op-amp sockets; PCIe interface
PCIe interface is preferred because it is faster than PCI.
Sound Blaster ZxR
Upgradable op-amp sockets allow customization of audio characteristics.
ASUS Essence STX II, Xonar H6, Essence ST, Essence STX Specialized video card
Faster performance AMD FirePro W-series, AMD when rendering video Radeon R9
Fastest GPUs on market.
HDMI, DisplayPort, NVIDIA Quadro M series, NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Ti, or DVI interfaces. TITAN Z, TITAN X, NVIDIA Tegra Large, fast hard drive
Faster writes during saves, faster retrieval of source material during media editing and creation
Maximum performance: SATA Express or M.2 SSD drive (see Figure 9-1) Good performance: SSD SATA 6Gbps large enough for Windows and applications (128-512GB) and separate SATA 6Gbps or USB 3.0 data drive or SATA hybrid drive 4TB or larger SATA 6Gbps or USB 3.0 drives from Seagate, WD, Toshiba, HGTS
Dual displays Editing software menus and playback can be on separate screens Can render and edit while using secondary display for other applications
27-inch or larger from many vendors
HDMI or DisplayPort interfaces recommended; DVI acceptable; avoid VGA-only displays.
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 13
Table 9-4
Gaming PC Features
Features
Benefits
Recommendations
Powerful processor
High performance for maximum frame rates, 3D rendering, and audio performance on games where CPU performance is most significant factor
4.0GHz or faster, six cores or more, large cache (8MB or more total cache), 64-bit support
High-end video/ High performance Specialized GPU for maximum frame rates in 3D rendering where GPU performance is most significant factor
Notes
Although multicore CPUs are also the fastest CPUs available from Intel and AMD, many Intel Core i7 Extreme Edition, games are not Core i7 “Haswell-E” yet optimized for multicore processors. AMD FX-9000 series Fastest available PCIe 3D cards with 2GB GPUs available from or more RAM optimized AMD and NVIDIA. for OpenGL 4.x, DirectX 11, support for two or more displays with SLI (NVIDIA) or CrossFire (AMD) multi-GPU support AMD Radeon R9 NVIDIA GeForce GTX 980 Ti, TITAN Z, TITAN X
Better sound card
5.1 or 7.1 surround audio for realistic, high-performance 3D audio rendering.
24-bit, 96kHz or better audio performance; PCIe interface; hardware acceleration Sound Blaster X-Fi Extreme Gamer Sound Blaster Recon3D series Sound Blaster Fatal1ty series ASUS Xonar DG Azuntech X-Fi Forte
PCIe sound cards provide faster performance than PCI sound cards. Connect to 5.1 or 7.1 surround audio speakers or headsets for 3D audio effects.
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Features
Benefits
Recommendations
Notes
High-end cooling
Overclocking is common to reach highest system speeds; overclocked systems can overheat if OEM cooling is not supplemented or replaced by more powerful cooling solutions.
Heat-pipe-based CPU cooler for fan or liquid cooling; heat sinks on RAM; dual-slot video card with high-performance cooler; all optional fan bays on chassis equipped with fans.
Be sure to verify compatibility with CPU, clearance around CPU socket, and power requirements for a particular system.
See www.FrostyTech.com for reviews of numerous heat-pipe CPU cooling products. See www.frozencpu.com for numerous cooling products for CPUs (liquid and heat-pipe), GPUs, and RAM modules.
Table 9-8
Home Server PC Features
Features
Benefits
Implementation
Media streaming
Enables media playback Windows: Configured through Network and Sharing Center on connected systems even if normal file Use third-party apps on MacOS sharing is not enabled X or Linux
File sharing
Enables file read or read/write access across the network
Windows: Configured through Share with or Sharing tab on folders; must enable File and Printer sharing through Network and Sharing Center Mac OS X: Configured through Sharing pane in System Preferences using SMB Linux: Install Samba and enable local network sharing with your distribution’s file manager
Notes
With Windows 7/8/8.1, use HomeGroup for easiest configuration if all computers or network have Windows 7 or newer. HomeGroup can coexist with normal file sharing.
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 15
Features
Benefits
Implementation
Notes
Print sharing
Enables printing from any computer on the network
Windows: Configured through Sharing tab on printer properties sheet; must enable File and Printer sharing through Network and Sharing Center; install Samba for sharing with Mac OS X and Linux
With Windows 7/8/8.1, use HomeGroup for easiest configuration when all computers or network have Windows 7 or newer.
Mac OS X and Linux: Use Bonjour protocol; use Samba to access Windows printers Linux: Make sure shared printers are published to the system Integrated into many recent systems or available as low-cost add-on card for PCIe x1 or ExpressCard slots; systems with USB 3.0 and USB 3.1 ports can use adapters to connect to Gigabit Ethernet
Router or switch in network must support Gigabit Ethernet.
Gigabit NIC
Data transfer between computers or computer and router up to 10x faster than with Fast Ethernet NIC
RAID Array
Use two or four drives with same Install latest Faster boot times capacity and configure using storage drivers for (RAID 0), protection BIOS RAID Manager motherboard chipset. against failure of one drive (RAID 1), or both (RAID 10)
Table 9-10
Power Levels by Connector Type
Connector
+5V +12V +3.3V Notes
Molex
Y
Y
N
Used today primarily for case fans that do not connect to the motherboard or can be adapted to SATA drives
Berg
Y
Y
N
Used for floppy drives; some add-on cards use this connector for power
SATA
Y
Y
Opt
Use Molex to SATA power connector if power supply lacks adequate SATA connectors
PCIe six-pin N
Y
N
Mid-range PCIe video cards
PCIe eightpin
N
Y
N
High-performance PCIe video cards
ATX12V
N
Y
N
Most recent and current motherboards except those using EPS12V
EPS12V
N
Y
N
Split into two ATX12V-compatible sections
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Chapter 10 The major components of a laser printer include: ■
Imaging drum—Applies the page image to the transfer belt or roller; frequently combined with the toner supply in a toner cartridge
■
Fuser assembly—Fuses the page image to the paper
■
Transfer belt or transfer roller—Transfers the page image from the drum to the page
■
Pickup rollers—Picks up paper
■
Paper separation pad (separate pad)—Enables pickup rollers to pick up only one sheet of paper at a time
■
Duplexing assembly (optional)—An assembly that switches paper from the front to the back side so that the printer can print on both sides of the paper
Chapter 11 Table 11-6
Common Protocols and Their Ports
Port Number(s)
Protocol
Port Type
21
FTP
TCP, UDP
22
SSH
TCP, UDP
23
Telnet
TCP, UDP
25
SMTP
TCP, UDP
53
DNS
TCP, UDP
80
HTTP
TCP, UDP
110
POP3
TCP, UDP
143
IMAP
TCP
443
HTTPS
TCP, UDP
3389
RDP
TCP, UDP
137–139
NetBIOS/NetBT
TCP, UDP
445
SMB/CIFS
TCP
427
SLP
TCP, UDP
548
AFP
TCP
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 17
Table 11-7
Wireless Ethernet Standards
Interoperable With Wireless Frequency Maximum MIMO Estimated Channel Width/ Speed Support Range Ethernet Number of Indoors/ Type Outdoors Channels 802.11a
802.11b
802.11g
802.11n
5GHz
2.4GHz
2.4GHz
2.4GHz
802.11n 5GHz (optional)
802.11ac
5GHz
54Mbps
35m
20MHz
120m
12*
32m
20MHz
140m
3**
32m
20MHz
140m
3**
Yes^ 72Mbps per stream (20MHz channel)
70m
20MHz
802.11b, 802.11g
250m
3**
(802.11a on networks also supporting 5GHz frequency)
150Mbps Yes^ per stream (40MHz channel)
70m
20MHz
250m
40MHz
802.11a (20MHz wide channels only)
433Mbps Yes^ per stream (80MHz channel)
70m
20MHz
250m
40MHz
11Mbps
54Mbps
No
No
No
Requires dual-mode (802.11a/b or 802.11a/g) hardware; 802.11n networks supporting 5GHz frequency 802.11g
802.11b, 802.11n
12*
80MHz
802.11a, 802.11n (5GHz). 802.11ac routers also support previous standards.
^ Up to four streams supported. Most devices have up to three antennas but can receive/transmit only two streams at a time. * Non-overlapping channels; exact number varies by country ** Non-overlapping channels
Chapter 12 Table 12-1
SODIMM Features
Memory Type Number of Pins Notch Location Notes DDR
200
After pin 20
67.6mm long – 30mm high Notch closer to short end than with DDR2
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Memory Type Number of Pins Notch Location Notes DDR2
200
After pin 20
Notch closer to long end than with DDR
DDR3
204
After pin 36
Same dimensions as DDR, DDR2
DDR4
260
After pin 72
69.7mm long 30mm high
Chapter 13 Table 13-1
Common System Errors and Their Beep Codes
Problem
Phoenix BIOS
Award BIOS
Memory
Beep sequences: Beeping (other than 2 long, 1 short) 1-3-4-1
AMI BIOS
IBM BIOS
1 or 3 or 11 beeps
(None)
1 long, 3 short beeps
1-3-4-3 1-4-1-1 Video
(None)
2 long, 1 short beep
8 beeps 1 long, 8 short beeps
Processor or Beep sequence: motherboard 1-2-2-3
High-frequency beeps
5 beeps or 9 beeps
1 long, 3 short beeps, or 1 beep 1 long, 1 short beep
Repeating high-low beeps
Table 13-2
Using a Multimeter
Test to Perform
Multimeter Probe Positions Setting
Procedure
AC voltage (wall outlet)
AC
Red to hot, black to ground.
Read voltage from meter; should be near 115V in North America.
DC voltage (power DC supply outputs to motherboard, drives, batteries)
Red to hot, black to ground.
Read voltage from meter; compare to default values.
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 19
Test to Perform
Multimeter Probe Positions Setting
Continuity (cables, fuses)
CONT
Resistance (Ohms)
Ohms
Procedure
Red to lead at one end of cable; No CONT signal black to corresponding lead at indicates bad cable or bad other end. fuse. For a straight-through cable, check the same pin at each end. For other types of cables, consult a cable pinout to select the correct leads.
Double-check leads and retest to be sure.
Connect one lead to each end of resistor.
Check reading; compare to rating for resistor. A fuse should have no resistance.
Amperage (Ammeter)
Ammeter
Check reading; compare Red probe to positive lead of to rating for component circuit (power disconnected!); tested. black lead to negative lead running through component to be tested.
Chapter 14 Table 14-2
Feature Comparisons for Windows Vista, 7, 8, and 8.1 Windows Version
Feature Category/Feature
8.1
8
7
Vista
Windows Aero
No
No
Yes
Yes
Sidebar
No
No
No
Yes
Gadgets
No
No
Yes
No
Start Menu
No
No
Yes
Yes
Start Screen
Yes
Yes
No
No
Pinning Apps and files
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Charms
Yes
Yes
No
No
Multi-monitor task bars
Yes
Yes
No
No
Modern UI (Windows Store) apps
Yes
Yes
No
No
Desktop
Security
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Windows Version Feature Category/Feature
8.1
8
7
Vista
Live sign-in (Microsoft account)
Yes
Yes
No
No
Local account
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
User Account Control
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Defender antivirus
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
BitLocker full disk encryption
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Windows Firewall
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Action Center
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Security Center
No
No
No
Yes
Control Panel
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Administrative Tools
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Settings
Yes
Yes
No
No
PowerShell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Optional download
Event Viewer
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Image Backup
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
File Backup
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Shadow Copy
No
No
Yes
Yes
System Restore
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Refresh and Reset
Yes
Yes
No
No
OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive)
Integrated
Optional download
Optional download
Optional download
ReadyBoost flash memory disk caching
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Compatibility Mode
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Virtual XP Mode
No
No
Optional download
No
Side-by-Side Apps
Yes
Yes
No
No
Easy Transfer
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Windows (App) Store
Yes
Yes
No
No
Management
System Recovery
Software and App Support
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 21
Chapter 15 Table 15-1
Microsoft Windows Command-Line Tools
Command
Use
TASKKILL
Stops specified task(s) on a local or remote computer
BOOTREC
Repairs boot configuration (must be run from command line in repair mode)
SHUTDOWN Shuts down or restarts a computer TASKLIST
Lists current running tasks on a local or remote computer
MD (MKDIR)
Makes a new folder (subdirectory)
CD (CHDIR)
Changes your current location to the specified folder (subdirectory)
RD (RMDIR)
Removes an empty folder
DEL*
Deletes one or more files on current or specified folder or drive
FORMAT
Creates or recreates the specified file system on recordable or rewriteable storage (magnetic, flash, or optical). In the process, the contents of the drive are overwritten.
COPY
Copies one or more files to another folder or drive
XCOPY
Copies one or more files and folders to another folder or drive
ROBOCOPY
Highly configurable file/folder copy and move app. Can be configured via various optional GUIs
DISKPART**
Creates, removes, and manages disk partition
SFC**
Scans system files and replaces damaged or missing files
CHKDSK**
Scans specified drive for errors and repairs them
GPUPDATE
Refreshes group policy on local or Active Directory managed systems
GPRESULT
Displays the Resultant Set of Policy for the specified computer and user
DIR
Lists files on current or specified folder or drive
EXIT
Closes command prompt window
HELP
Displays help for command line utilities
EXPAND
Expands a specified file in a specified archive to full size or displays contents of archive
Command/?
Displays help for the specified command
* ERASE works in the same way and with the same syntax as DEL ** This command must be run in elevated mode (administrative mode or run as administrator).
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Microsoft offers the following utilities to help with these upgrade challenges: ■
Windows Upgrade Advisor—Determines whether a computer can run Windows 7. The Windows 8/8.1 versions are known as Windows 8 Upgrade Assistant and Windows 8.1 Upgrade Assistant. To learn more, see the “Windows Upgrade Paths.”
■
Windows Easy Transfer—Copies files, photos, music, e-mail, and settings (collectively known as the user state) to a Windows 8.1, 8, 7 or Windows Vista computer from a Windows Vista, Windows 7, or Windows 8 computer.
■
User State Migration Tool (USMT)—A command-line tool used to migrate user files and settings for one or more computers. The program can be downloaded from www.microsoft.com/downloads.
Table 15-7
Internet Options
Tab
Function
General
Set home page; tabs settings; delete browsing history, cookies, temporary files, and saved passwords; change appearance, and configure accessibility settings
Security
Configure security zones
Privacy
Select privacy settings for the current zone; location settings; pop-up blocker; InPrivate browsing settings
Content
Family Safety; SSL certificate management; AutoComplete; feeds
Connections VPN, dial-up, LAN connections, and proxy server settings Programs
Select default web browser, manage add-ons, select default HTML editor and default apps for email and other Internet services
Advanced
Enable/disable accelerated graphics; configure Accessibility settings, Browsing settings, HTTP settings, International settings, Multimedia settings, Security settings; reset Internet Explorer to default settings
Chapter 17 Table 17-2
Electrical Conditions and Protective Measures
Type of Electrical Condition
Description
Protective Measure
Power surge
Overvoltage event lasting less than 50ms. Up to 6000V and 3000A.
Surge suppressor
Sag
Momentary voltage drop from 10–90 percent of normal voltage for a few seconds to one minute.
UPS
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 23
Type of Electrical Condition
Description
Protective Measure
Brownout
Sustained voltage drop of up to half normal voltage. Can last for minutes to hours.
UPS
Blackout
Total loss of power for an extended period of time
UPS or generator
Chapter 21 Table 21-2
Memory Table Chapter 21
Term
Definition
Spyware
Software that spies on system activities and transmits details of web searches or other activities to remote computers.
Trojan horse
Malware programs disguised as popular videos or website links that trap keystrokes or transmit sensitive information.
Phishing
Bogus websites or sending fraudulent e-mails that trick users into providing personal, bank, or credit card information.
Firewall (software firewall) A program that examines data packets on a network to determine whether to forward them to their destination or block them. Administrator
A user who can perform any and all tasks.
Modify
To change file or folder contents.
Login time restrictions
Restrictions that determine when an account can be used.
Screen lock
A pattern that is drawn on the display, a PIN (passcode), or a password.
Chapter 22 Table 22-1
Using the Windows Advanced Boot Options and Startup Settings Menus
Problem
Startup Option to Select
Notes
Windows Vista/7 won’t start after you install new hardware or software.
Last Known Good Configuration
Resets Windows to its last-known working configuration; you need to reinstall hardware or software installed after that time.
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Problem
Startup Option to Select
Notes
Windows won’t start after you upgrade a device driver.
Safe Mode
After starting the computer in this mode, open the Device Manager, select the device, and use the Rollback feature to restore the previously used device driver. Restart your system.
Windows won’t start after Enable lowyou install a different video resolution video card or monitor.
Most video cards should be supported when your system is running in VGA Mode. If a video error occurs, use this option, and then the Display Properties window to select a working video mode before you restart.
Windows can’t start normally, but you need access to the Internet to research the problem or download updates.
Safe Mode with Networking
You can use Windows Update and the Internet, but some devices won’t work in this mode. This mode also uses low resolution but retains the color settings normally used.
Windows doesn’t finish starting normally, and you want to know what device driver or process is preventing it from working.
Enable Boot Logging
This option starts the computer with all its normal drivers and settings and also creates a file called ntbtlog.txt in the default Windows folder (usually C:\ Windows). Restart the computer in Safe Mode, and open this file with Notepad or WordPad to determine the last driver file that loaded. You can update the driver or remove the hardware device using that driver to restore your system to working condition.
Windows is loading programs you don’t need during its startup process.
Boot computer in Normal Mode (or Safe Mode if the computer won’t start in Normal Mode); click Start, Run or Start Search; and then type msconfig
Use this program to disable one or more startup programs, and then restart your computer. You can also use it to restore damaged files or to start System Restore to reset your computer to an earlier condition.
Windows prevents you from running an unsigned device driver, so a device doesn’t work
Disable driver signature enforcement
Obtain signed device driver from vendor as soon as possible.
Windows reboots as soon as a STOP (BSOD) error occurs
Disable automatic If the STOP (BSOD) error recurs, the system restart after will not restart automatically, enabling you to failure see the error message and start the diagnostic process.
Appendix C: Answers to Memory Tables 25
Problem
Startup Option to Select
Notes
Windows prevents a driver or program from running because it has incorrectly identified it as malware
Disable early launch antimalware protection
As soon as you restart the computer, be sure to update anti-malware apps and scan the computer for threats.
Table 22-4
Common Symptoms of Malware Infection
Symptom
Possible Causes
Pop-ups
If your browser is configured to block these, but they are showing up anyway, your system might be infected with malware. If many of these are displayed on-screen rapidly and they keep showing up as you close them, your system is almost certainly infected and needs to be scanned immediately.
Browser redirection
This is the term for when the home page for your browser is changed without your permission. Some “free” apps offer to change your browser home page during installation, but you can opt-in or opt-out of the change. If an app changes your browser home page without notifying you, it could be malware. Scan the system.
Security alerts
Windows Action Center or your OS could display these. Alleged alerts that pop up without any notification in Action Center are attempts to infect your system by tricking you into clicking a phishing link in the pop-up. Scan the system.
Slow performance
If you’re not running a lot of apps or resource-intensive processes, this issue could be caused by a malware infection. Use Task Manager or the equivalent to see which programs are running. Unfamiliar programs could be malware. Scan the system.
Internet connectivity This problem that does not affect all computers and devices on the issues network could be caused by malware. Run troubleshooters to repair the problem. If it continues to occur, scan the system. PC/OS Lockups
This can be caused by many problems. If you have already checked hardware and OS issues without finding a cause, scan the system.
Application crashes
This problem could be caused by malware, but first repair the app or reinstall it. If it continues to crash, update it. If it continues to crash, scan the system.
OS updates failures
If you can’t get this task to finish, make sure the computer has enough free disk space and that the antivirus or anti-malware app is not blocking updates. If the problem continues, scan the system.
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CompTIA A+ 220-901 and 220-902 Cert Guide
Symptom
Possible Causes
Rogue antivirus
These programs look like legitimate antivirus programs, but actually are designed to infect your system or phish users for personal information. Follow the links at http://support.kaspersky.com/us/viruses/rogue for more information.
Spam
Unsolicited e-mail can carry malware through attachments or could contain purported links to e-commerce or e-banking websites that are actually phishing sites.
Renamed system files
Malware infections might make a change to certain files that can help block it, such as msconfig, regedit, and taskmgr.
Files disappearing
Some malware infections change file attributes to hidden and might also create file shortcuts that are visible.
File permission changes
Some malware infections change this file setting to make the malware harder to remove or to prevent users from running anti-malware apps.
Hijacked e-mail and This problem is almost certainly caused by a malware infection. Receivers responses from users of this type of message might reply to complain about inappropriate regarding e-mail content, links, or messages that seem out of character. Automated replies from unknown sent e-mail
This problem can also trigger automated replies indicating that messages were being rejected. If a user who has previously been able to send messages to a recipient notices that the messages are being rejected (“bouncing”), there could be a malware infection at either end of the connection.
Access denied
If a user sees this message when trying to start anti-malware tools, it indicates that file permissions changes are blocking access to the tools. See https://tinyapps.org/blog/windows/200908160730_access_is_denied_ malware.html for a way to fix the problem.
Invalid certificate (trusted root CA)
Digital certificates are used by operating systems and browsers to determine the source of apps and drivers. Certificates that have been obtained fraudulently from a certification authority can be used to launch malware attacks. For an example that also discusses how PDF files can be used to launch malware attacks, see https://blog.malwarebytes.org/threatanalysis/2013/02/digital-certificates-and-malware-a-dangerous-mix/.
