Transcript
Department of Computer Science Institute for System Architecture, Chair for Computer Networks
Application Development for Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing 9. Platforms Android, iOS and WP7 Dr. Ing. Thomas Springer Technische Universität Dresden Chair of Computer Networks
Lecture Structure Application Development Mobile Business Apps Cross-Platform Development
Adaptation and Contextawareness
Mobile Web Apps
Android
iOS
.Net Compact Framework/ Windows Phone 7
Java ME
Mobile Middleware
Disconnected Operations
Mobile Databases
Locationbased Services
Communication Mechanisms
Mobile Internet
Enabling Technologies and Challenges Dr. Thomas Springer
Application Development -7. Communication Mechanisms
Slide 2
Reviewing Java ME
Mobile Device
Midlet Suite
Midlet Suite
...
Optional Packets MIDP Profile CLDC Configuration, KVM
Operating System
Hardware
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Created by: Sun Microsystems, acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010 Target devices: cellular phones, PDAs, embedded devices Operating System: any system Approach: open source, no hardware restrictions Programming: Java Development: any hardware Development tools: various IDEs and development kits App Provisioning: Over the air provisioning by vendor Developer Program: free
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ANDROID
Android Overview Created by: Open Handset Alliance, driven by Google First Release: Android 1.0 beta in November 2007 Current version: 4.2 (Jelly Bean) Target devices: smartphones and tablets from different vendors Operating System: Linux Kernel Approach: open source (Apache 2.0 license, some libs excluded (e.g. Google Maps), heterogeneous hardware Programming: Java Development: any hardware Development tools: Eclipse Plugin + Android SDK Dr. Thomas Springer
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Android Architecture
Application Framework allows reuse and exchange of components Libraries •
•
• • •
Media Libraries supporting many popular formats, (MPEG4, H.264, MP3, AAC, AMR, JPG, and PNG) SQLite - lightweight relational database engine Google Maps support Integrated Browser based on WebKit Optimized graphics libraries (2D library, 3D library based on OpenGL
Mobile Device
App .apk
App .apk Application Framework
Libraries
Special VM (Dalvik VM) Linux Kernel (based on version 2.6) • • • •
threading low-level memory management hardware drivers power management
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Dalvik VM + Core libraries
Linux Kernel
Hardware
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Dalvik Virtual Machine
Alternative Java runtime implementation • no Sun/Oracle certification • basically just the syntax of the programming language is the same • Dalvik byte code o must be compiled for Dalvik VM • no full Java ME, no full Java SE o four major libraries 'lang', 'util', 'io', 'net' fully available • Cross-compiler for Java standard bytecode
Optimized for mobile computers • memory management • every application runs in its own process • optimized for many parallel VMs Dr. Thomas Springer
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Anatomy of an Android application
Four building blocks • Activities, Services, Content Providers, BroadcastReceiver
Android Apps run in separate processes Inter-process communication based on AIDL interfaces Used components have to be declared in the Android Manifest file
Activity A
intent
Activity B
service Binder broadcast intent
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Local Service
Inter-process communication AIDL
Remote Service
Dalvik VM
Dalvik VM
Process
Process Application Development - 9. Platforms
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Building Blocks - Activities Activity:
• a single screen of the application • extends the Activity class • consists of user interface elements (views) that respond to events • may return a value to another activity • When a new screen opens, the previous is put onto a history stack. • Methods of activity reflect lifecycle
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Building Blocks - Services Service: • Means for • Performing tasks in background (startService) • Expose functionality to other apps (bindService)
• Creation of new Thread in onCreate() method • Local and Remote Services • When connected, communication is done by an interface exposed by the service; the interface is either based on Java (local) or based on AIDL (Android Interface Definition Language) for access from other processes (remote).
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Building Blocks - Intents
Intent:
• passive data structure holding an abstract description of an operation to be performed • Used to o start Activity or Service o broadcast to any interested BroadcastReceiver
• consists of an action and data (+further data) o ACTION_VIEW content://contacts/people/1 -- Display information about the person whose identifier is "1". o ACTION_DIAL tel:123 -- Display the phone dialer with the given number filled in.
• Intent Filter express ability of component to handle particular intent types
BroadcastReceiver: • Broadcast intents represent events propagated by the system (e.g. battery low, screen off, boot completed) • BroadcastReceiver is special intent filter for system messages
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Android Manifest
AndroidManifest.xml necessary for every application Describes the application‘s elements and when they should be initialized or activated Includes a list of permissions the application is offering or needing (e.g. for access to network or contacts data); so on installation, the user can grant or deny these.
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Android UI Creation
UI is based on Screens Activities create and control screens (one activity per screen) • contain application logic, layout and views
Views as visible elements of UI • Base class android.view.View
Layouts arrange views on screen • Base class android.view.ViewGroup, (i.e. layout is group of views)
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Android UI Creation
XML-based description of UIs Alternatively UI creation in code Support of touch-based interactions Event-mechanism to handle interactions •
E.g. view.setOnClickListener(callback)
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Android Network Communication
Java.net.* APIs can be used • Provided as part of Android platform • Base for HTTP conections is HTTPClient
Alternative libraries can be used • e.g. Apache HttpComponents project
Android.net.ConnectivityManager • Monitors connectivity state • Sends broadcast intent if connection state changes • Provides methods for accessing network state o getActiveNetworkInfo() o getAllNetworkInfo() o getNetworkInfo(int networkType)
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Android Persistent Storage SQLite • • • •
Local data base with SQL and transaction support Data base maintained in single file Base class android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase execute SQLite queries using the SQLiteDatabase query() methods
Shared Preferences • Base class android.content.SharedPreferences • Store private primitive data in key-value pairs
Internal Storage • Store private data on the device memory as files.
External Storage • Store public data on the shared external storage as files.
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Android Persistent Storage
ContentProvider: • Sharing of data between applications o Abstraction layer on top of DB or files (interface android.content.ContentProvider) o Content organized like on web server – content URIs for access -
e.g. content://de.tudrn.exampleprovider/images/content_id
o Implement a standard set of methods for allowing other applications to store and retrieve data. o ContentProvider implementation for common data types o Access via ContentResolvers Content Consumer
Content Resolver
getContentResolver()
query() insert() update() delete()
ContentProvider query() insert() update() delete()
openFile() ...
openInputStream(Uri, ...) openOutputStream(Uri,…)
data source (DB)
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data source (files)
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Android Development Tools
Eclipse plugin + Android SDK • Project management • Device emulator • Debugger
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Android App Provisioning
Google Play Store for app provisioning Development is free Transaction fee for selling applications in the android market • 30% of the application price. For example, if you sell your application at a price of $10.00, the fee will be $3.00, and you will receive $7.00 in payment.
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IOS
iOS Overview
iOS (formerly iPhone OS) Created by: Apple Inc. First Release: June 2007 Current Version: iOS 6.0.1 Target devices: iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Apple TV Operating System: based on Mach/BSD Kernel Approach: closed source, restricted hardware Programming: Objective-C, C, (C++) Development: Apple Hardware: “Develop for Mac on a Mac” Development tools: Xcode + iOS SDK
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Apple Hardware Apple iPad UMTS, LTE, GSM, Wi-Fi, BT
A-GPS, Accelerometer, light sensor, Camera Display 1024 x 768 px / 2048 x 1536 px
Apple iPhone 5 UMTS, LTE, GSM, Wi-Fi, BT A-GPS, Compass Accelerometer, Gyro, Light Sensor Display 1136 x 640 px 1st Camera @ 8 MP [Apple Inc.] Dr. Thomas Springer
2nd Front Camera Application Development - 9. Platforms
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Objective-C
Created in the early 80s by Stepstone Extends C with object-oriented constructs • Extensions based on Smalltalk • Objective-C code can be mixed with C-code
Objective-C vs. Java • Separate files for interface (header - .h) and implementation (.m) of classes • No namespaces/packages • Messages to invoke methods • Pointer syntax for explicit handling of pointers • No method overloading (same method name/different parameter type) • No garbage collection (iOS), explicit memory management required (supported by compiler)
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iOS Architecture Mobile Device
App .ipa
App .ipa
...
Cocoa Touch: Objective-C APIs for lower layers, e.g., multi touch, camera, web view, accelerometer,... That’s what you use mostly!
Custom Frameworks Cocoa Touch
UIKit
For performance optimisation
Media
Core Services
Foundation
Mach/BSD Kernel
Hardware
Media: OpenGL ES, Core Audio, OpenAL, PDF, PNG, JPG, TIFF, Quartz 2D
Core Services: Address book, SQL lite, network, location services, threading, NS Object Core OS: OS X Kernel, BSD, Mach 3.0, file system, power management, security Limited access for developers
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iOS Application Anatomy Cocoa Touch Frameworks in iOS: • Foundation (NS… prefix) o Data types and structures (Strings, Array, Maps,...) o Services & functionality (Date, Calendar, Timer,...)
• UIKit o UI related objects (“views”)
Based on design patterns: • Model-View-Controller – defines the overall app structure • Delegation - facilitates the transfer of information and data from one object to another • Target-action - translates user interactions with buttons and controls into code that your app can execute.
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Model View Controller Controller
user action
View
update
update
notify
Model
no direct interaction between View and Model
Model • Encapsulate data and basic behaviour • Stores application data (persistently)
View • Present information to user • Allow users to edit model data
Controller • Mediates access of views to models • Contains busines logic for processing user input • Set-up and coordination tasks
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Delegate Design Pattern
Protocols • Similar to interfaces in Java • Define methods that are to be implemented by other class
Delegation = mechanism for customization and notification • delegation over subclassing • Advantages o easier switch at runtime (exchange delegate object vs. instantiation of a different view class) o Views are completely reusable
• View holds reference to controller (defined as Outlet) • Controller implements methods of delegate-protocol • View invokes methods on its delegate object (controller)
Controller should... will...
View dele
should... will...
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did...
gate
did...
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Target-Action Design Pattern
Target-Action – mechanism for notification • Actions represent events created by users interacting with the UI (e.g. button pressed) • Controller implements action handling o Defined by (IBAction)actionName
• View dynamically invokes methods when actions happen • No return values (IBAction compiles to void)
Controller target
View action
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iOS Application Anatomy UIApplication
ApplicationDelegate
(Singleton)
didFinishedLaunching {
holds reference to delegate 1
init ViewController
id .delegate
}
2
UIViewController
UIViewController 3
UIView defined in .xib or directly created in code
.view
One Screen per ViewController Similar to Android Activities
UIView
ContainerViewController can control several ViewController (e.g. NavigationViewController)
defined in .xib or directly created in code
.view
set to UIWindow
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iOS UI Creation
Based on Interface Builder • • • •
.xib files for describing view hierarchies (.nib is binary form) One .xib describes typically one screen Created/Edited with Interface Builder No direct manipulation of .xib/xml
UIKit class library provides set of predefined Views, ViewControllers and Controls
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Tools for iOS Development: Interface Builder Visual editor • Assembling UI • Nib-file generation
Inspectors for • Identity • Size, position and layout • Attributes • Connections
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iOS Libraries
Root Class: NSObject (defined in foundation lib)
UIApplication
NSObject NSNumber
UIViewController
NSArray
UIView NSString UIControl UIButton
NSDate NSSet
NSURL
NSDictonary foundation library
UIKit library
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iOS Network Communication Part of foundation library • NSURLConnection, NSURLRequest, NSURLMutableRequest
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iOS Persistent Storage
Key-Value Storage • • • •
NSUserDefaults (simple Hash synchronized with file) Singleton Automatically synchronized by system stored in App sandbox
Framework Core Data • Runtime Objects synchronized with SQLite • Abstraction layer for objects • Core data objects are mapped to relational DB
SQLite Files in Sandbox iCloud • Key-Value Storage (Hash) with automatic synchronization to iCloud • Data objects derived from UIDocument, can easily be synchronized with iCloud
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iOS Development Tools: XCode
IDE for Mac and iOS development
Manage projects Code editing Building (on device & simulator) Debugging (on device & simulator) Repository management Performance tuning
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Tools for iOS Development Instruments • Performance analysis tool (incl. graphical display) o o o o
Memory usage Disk activity Network activity Graphics performance
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Tools for iOS Development iOS Simulator • Simulator for iPhone / Retina & iPad o Choice of iOS versions
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iOS Developer Program o Company ($299/year) o Individual ($99/year) o Limited to 100 devices
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WINDOWS PHONE
Windows Phone Overview
Windows Phone 7/8 Created by: Microsoft First Release: September 2010 Target devices: Smartphones Operating System: • based on Win CE 7 (WP7) • Windows NT (WP8)
Approach: closed source, restricted hardware Programming: C# Development: any hardware, Windows Development tools: Microsoft Visual Studio 2012
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Windows Phone Supported Hardware
Hardware from multiple vendors supported But strict resource specifications • Resolution o 1280x720, 800x480, 480x320
• Touch screen • Sensors & Services o GPS, Compass, Acceleration Sensor, Light Sensor, WLAN, FM Radio, Camera
• Memory o At least 256 MB RAM, 8GB Flash
• CPU (ARMv7) o At least 1 GHz
• Set of Keys o Power, volume, camera, back, start, search Dr. Thomas Springer
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Windows Phone Architecture
Mobile Device
App .xap
App .xap
XNA
• Several frameworks for UI • All based on CLR
...
HTML/JavaScript
UI Model
Cloud Integration
Cloud Integration • Bing, Location, Push notifications, …
Kernel Hardware Foundation
UI Model • Shell frame, session manager, Direct3D, compositor
Common Language Runtime App Model
App Model • App management, licensing, updates
Frameworks Silverlight
Applications
Kernel • Security, Networking, Storage, Sensor integration
Hardware
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Hardware foundation
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Windows Phone App Model
App provided as bundle – XAP file (ZIP archive) • • • • •
DDL with code Resources (images, app icon, etc.) Manifest for App description No exe, App is executed by host process Host process provides sandbox o o o o
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Separates Apps Restricts access to device resources Manages own files Manages system resources for App
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Windows Phone App Anatomy
Apps are based on the .Net Compact framework
Mobile version of .Net Framework
Specific runtime environment
Based on Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
Particular layer for device platform and operating system independence
• Adapted compared to Windows Mobile • UI Model changed completely for Windows Phone
• tailored to resource limitations of mobile devices • same programming model
• adapted to limited memory, processing power and portability
• standard for programming language and platform-independent applications • binary compatible with standard .Net framework code • supported languages: C# and Visual Basic .Net • open to further languages which can be compiled to CLI-code
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.Net Compact Framework Building Blocks
2 major building blocks • Compact Framework Class Libraries (Common Language Intermediary) o object-oriented libraries organized in hierarchical name space o provides basic functionality and interfaces for XML processing, Web services, and for developing web-based applications o language independent, factored into a series of DLL files o only used libraries are integrated
• Common Language Runtime (CLR) o comparable with Java VM – runtime executes intermediary byte code o memory management, thread management, security model, exception handling o Common Type System -
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language-independent type system enables interoperability of different programming languages and platforms
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Network, Web Services and XML
Multiple Protocol support
Web Services well supported
• • • •
System.Net.Sockets class abstracts from transport protocols TCP, UDP and HTTP supported Standard mechanisms for encryption and authentication Handling of IP-Addresses
• based on Visual Studio .Net features
o parses WSDL documents o generates easy-to-use client proxy classes o System.Net.*
XML processing
• simple XML processing – XmlReader, XmlWriter • maximum performance, noncached, forward only XML reading and writing • XML DOM – XmlDocument class • in-memory tree for more complex operations on document • System.Xml.*
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Persistent Memory
File Access using System.IO.* classes and operations Active Data Objects (ADO.Net) • classes for management of relational data sets • DataSets in memory can be manipulated • DataAdapters allow access two different types of data sources
Microsoft SQL Server CE • • • • •
lightweight version of SQL Server for mobile devices uses 1MB up to 3MB memory SQL Server in backend as master DB Data replicated on lightweigth DB ActiveSync component coordinates synchronization
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Windows Phone UI Creation
Completely changed in WP • Silverlight • XNA Framework • HTML/JavaScript
Metro design • Originated in Windows Media Center and Zune • Inspired by public transport signs • Objectives o o o o
Clean, Light, Open, Fast Content, not Crome Integrated hardware and software (integration of phone keys) Soulful and Alive (personalized, continuously updated)
• Style guides for UI design
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Windows Phone UI Creation
UI Model • Based on Silverlight 3 • Subset of „Classical Silverlight“
Frame contains several pages for App
Frame 1-n Page(s)
• Web-like navigation • All viewed pages on stack (from multiple apps) • User can navigate back and forth Content Area
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Development Environment
Visual Studio 2012/Visual Studio Express 2012 for Windows Phone Dr. Thomas Springer
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Platform Comparision Vendor Current Version
Android Google Inc. 4.2 (Jelly Bean)
iOS Apple Inc. 6.0.1
Windows Phone Microsoft 8.0
Device hardware
not restricted, various Restricted to Apple vendors (smartphones, devices (iPod, iPhone, tablets) iPad, Apple TV)
Various vendors, strictly defined hardware requirements
OS
Linux Kernel
Mach/BSD Kernel
App runtime
Dalvik VM
Native code on Mach/BSD Kernel
WP7 - Win CE, WP8 – Windows NT Common Language Runtime
Programming Java Language
Objective-C, C (C++)
C#
Open source
YES (Apache 2.0 license, some libs excluded, e.g. Google Maps)
NO
NO
Development restrictions
Any hardware and OS
Apple Hardware and OS required
Any hardware, Windows
Company $299/year, Individual $99/year
99$ per year, free for students
Developer program Dr. Thomas Springer
development free
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References
Android • Arno Becker, Markus Pant: Android 2 – Grundlagen und Programmierung. Dpunkt Verlag, 2. aktualisierte Auflage, 2010 • http://developer.android.com • http://code.google.com/android
iOS • Cocoa fundamentals: http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/ #documentation/cocoa/conceptual/CocoaFundamentals/CocoaD esignPatterns/CocoaDesignPatterns.html • Bill Dudney, Chris Adamson: Entwickeln mit dem iPhone SDK. Oreilly, 2010
Windows Phone 7/8 • msdn.microsoft.com/de-de/library/cc656764.aspx • Ivo Salmre: Writing Mobile Code-Essential Software Engineering for Building Mobile Applications, Addison-Wesley, 2005 • Patrick Getzmann, Simon Hackfort, Peter Nowak: Entwickeln für Windows Phone 7 – Architektur, Frameworks, APIs, Microsoft Press, 2011
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