Atmosphere™ Air Purifier

Transcript

ATMOSPHERE™ AIR PURIFIER Technical Information Packet (TIP) Rev 8 Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, USA 1 CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………..…3 II. POTENTIAL AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS REDUCED......6 III. CLAIMS PLATFORM …………………………………………..8 IV. CLAIMS ABSTRACTS ………………………………………...10 V. CERTIFICATIONS AND APPROVALS ………………..….…94 VI. PATENTS ……………….…………………………….………...105 VII. TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS AND PAPERS ....……..…119 NOTES: This document pertains to the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier that is produced in Malaysia and is sold in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the United States. This AtmosphereTM Air Purifier must be maintained according to manufacturer’s instructions to ensure proper product performance. The system’s particle and carbon filters must be replaced as recommended in the Owner’s Manual. The contaminants or other substances removed or reduced by this air treatment device are not necessarily in your air. Created October, 2005 Edited January, 2010 Edited January, 2015 2 I. INTRODUCTION This booklet describes the principles and performance claims of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier that is produced in Malaysia and is sold in Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and the USA. This booklet outlines the test methods, test results and subsequent data for the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier pollution reduction performance. The purpose of this manual is to deepen the reader’s understanding of how the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier works and what benefits are obtained from its use. Indoor Air pollution The air we breathe indoors may be two to five times more polluted (source: www.epa.gov 2014) than outdoor air. According to The World Health Organization (WHO), 4.3 million people a year die from the exposure to household air pollution (source: www.who.int, “The Global Household Air Pollution Database 2011(Version 3.0)”). Most people assume that the walls of their buildings keep out harmful pollutants. Unfortunately, these same walls can also trap pollutants inside. In recent years, the drive to conserve energy has fueled the potential for increased indoor air pollution. By sealing up homes to conserve energy, one reduces the exchange of outside air, thereby trapping and concentrating the air pollutants inside. Particles that become airborne are generated by various sources inside and outside of the home. As an example, many living organisms generate particles for reproduction such as pollens and mold spores. Also, human and animal skin generates particles through shedding (commonly known as “dander”). Additionally, small creatures such as dust mites generate waste particles. Many of these tiny particles can become suspended in our indoor air through normal activities that are common within our homes. Other sources of particles are man-made substances from sources such as automobile exhaust, smoking, clothing/fabric and cooking, etc. Many of these particles are allergens to sensitive individuals. Viruses and bacteria can become airborne particulates in a form known as bio-aerosols. These particles are typically generated by sneezing and coughing, but can also come from other sources. Radon is a naturally occurring gas that can generate particles through radioactive decay. These decay particles are called radon progeny or radon by-products. These particles are extremely small (0.01m – 1.0m) and are considered harmful, because the radioactive particles can become lodged in the lungs. Radon is considered the second leading cause of lung cancer (source: www.epa.gov/radon. 2015). 3 In addition to particles, odors are commonly found throughout the home. Typical odors that one might encounter include those produced from smoking, foods and cooking, or musty smells generated from molds, bacteria or pets. Many people perceive these types of odors as unpleasant. Formaldehyde is a contaminant that is frequently found in homes. It is emitted from adhesives used in construction materials, such as plywood. It is also emitted from combustion, such as gas stoves, and from permanent press coating on cloth. It can be an irritant to eyes, nose and lungs in some people at low levels. In addition is has been shown to cause asthma attacks. Formaldehyde has also been shown to be an animal carcinogen. Ozone is a gas that is a strong oxidizer and is considered harmful to human health even at relatively low concentrations. It is produced by electrical discharges, specific wavelength light and by photochemical reactions between sunlight and smog. The same chemical properties that allow high concentrations of ozone to react with organic material outside the body give it the ability to react with similar organic material that makes up the body, and potentially cause harmful health consequences. When inhaled, ozone can damage the lungs (see - "Ozone and Your Health" http://www.epa.gov/airnow/ozone-c.pdf ). Relatively low amounts of ozone can cause chest pain, coughing, shortness of breath, eye irritation, and throat irritation. Ozone may also worsen chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and compromise the ability of the body to fight respiratory infections. Dioxins and dibenzofurans are a group of compounds formed in some industrial processes, and combustion, particularly from refuse incinerators. They are toxic and are very stable in the environment. Dioxins and dibenzofurans also bioaccumulate, which means that they become stored in the body, which may result in increasing concentrations in the body with each exposure. Reference: Visit the EPA Web site at www.epa.gov/iaq/ to find more information and detailed answers to questions one may have on indoor air quality. How the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier works The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a system that filters the air in a room and effectively reduces potential indoor air pollution within that room. It works by cleaning the room air to a point where the contaminant level stabilizes to a new reduced level. For example, in a 3,104 cubic-foot (87.9 cubic meter) maximum room size, (390 square feet (36 square meters) with an 8 foot (2.4 meter) ceiling, with one air exchange per hour, an 80% reduction of particulates is reached in about 30 minutes using a clean air delivery rate of 250 cubic feet (7.1 cubic meters) per minute. For particulates, this equilibrium point is dependent on various factors. Mainly, the size of the room, the air exchange rate of the room, the generation rate of the particles in the 4 room (inside and outside sources), the rate of settling (natural decay rate) for the particles within that room and the Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) of the air cleaner. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier works by removing particles at a rate faster than they are generated. The size of the room and the unit’s clean air delivery rate (CADR) are linked in order to achieve an 80% or greater reduction of the particulate matter in that room. This concept of CADR and room size will be described in further detail in Section IV. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier’S airflow design works by taking low velocity air in at the front of the unit. The air is passed through three stages of filtration where the potential indoor air pollution is removed/reduced at the single-pass efficiency rate of the filters. The air is then driven out the back and up vertically at high velocity. This low velocity in front and high velocity out the back is an important design element that makes the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier quiet. The high velocity clean air is then returned to the room where it mixes with the potentially contaminated air and dilutes it to a new cleaner state. This process happens over and over again until the room is diluted to its cleanest state and reaches equilibrium. Real benefits can be realized by using the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier twenty-four (24) hours a day, seven (7) days a week. Used this way, AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a continuous source of cleaner air. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier functions using three stages: Stage one uses a pre-filter to remove large particles, which helps extend the life of the main particle filter. Stage two uses a better than HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) particle filter offering a very effective means of trapping sub-micron particles. The benefit of this filter technology is that it provides an extremely long life filter with high particulate removal, low maintenance and doesn’t produce any harmful byproducts. The filter technology also allows a high airflow, which reduces electrical consumption and noise. Stage three uses a carbon filter which will reduce gas-phase odor molecules without producing any harmful byproducts through the use of a special combination blend of chemically impregnated activated coconut shell carbons. This carbon both adsorbs and reacts with the molecules, trapping them as well as converting some of the molecules into harmless salts, gases and water vapor. The filter also contains two (2) catalysts that help destroy formaldehyde. 5 II. POTENTIAL AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS REDUCED By the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier Allergen (7) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cat allergens Cockroach allergens Dog allergens Dust Mite Antigen Der pl Dust Mite Antigen Der fl Latex Silkworm fragments Fungal Spore (15) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cladosporium sphaerospermum Absidia Acremonium Alternaria alternata Aspergillus Corn smut Exophiala Histoplasma capsulatum Mucor plumbeus Paecilomyces variotii Penicillium chrysogenum Pneumocystis carinii Rhodoturula Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stachybotrys chartarum Pollen (27) 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Arizona cedar Arizona cypress Bald cypress Birch Cedar Cypress Dandelion Desert ragweed Elm False ragweed Giant ragweed Goldenrod Grass Hazelnut Hickory Italian cypress 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Japanese cedar Liquidambar (gum tree) Mugwort Mulberry Nettles Orchard grass Paper mulberry Pollen fragments Ragweed Short ragweed Slender ragweed 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Bacillus subtilis spores Bordetella pertussis Chlamydia psittaci Corynebacterium diphtheriae Francisella tularensis Haemophilus influenzae Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteria (12) Virus (17) 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Adenovirus Coliphage MS2 Coronavirus (SARS) Coxsackievirus Hantaan virus Influenza A Influenza B Influenza C Measles virus Mumps virus Parvovirus B19 Reovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Rhinovirus Rubella virus Varicella-zoster virus Variola (Smallpox) 6 Irritants and carcinogens (19) 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Dust AC Fine Road Test Dust Asbestos Tobacco smoke Radon decay products (4) Formaldehyde Dioxins (75) Dibenzofurans (135) Ozone Ammonia Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Xylene Benzene Sulfur dioxide TVOC (Mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene, butyl acetate, styrene) Toluene Nitrogen dioxide Hydrogen sulfide While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. Note: Allergy UK recognizes 94 of the above listed contaminants, Toluene, Nitrogen dioxide and Hydrogen sulfide were added after the Allergy Certification was granted. 7 III. CLAIMS PLATFORM The following is a list of performance-related claims that have been substantiated for the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Section IV will provide claims abstracts. 1. Room Air Cleaning: AHAM Certified clean air delivery rate (CADR) of 250 to clean rooms up to 390 square feet (36.1 square meters) in size. 2. Particle Reduction 2.1. AtmosphereTM Air Purifier delivers single pass efficiency (SPE) performance greater than 99.99% against the most penetrating particle size. 2.2. Better than HEPA rated particulate filtration at maximum speed 3. Reduces air borne bacteria, mold, viruses, fungi, dust mite antigens, and asbestos. 4. Reduces air borne radon decay products. 5. Chemical and Odor Reduction 5.1. Odor reductions for smoke, pet odors, and cooking smells. 5.2. Formaldehyde room reduction up to 90% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.3. Ozone room reduction up to 100% in a 30m³ room within 20 minutes (with natural decay). 5.4. Benzene room reduction up to 98% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.5. Ammonia room reduction up to 90% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.6. Toluene room reduction up to 96% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.7. Acetic acid room reduction up to 95% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.8. Xylene room reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.9. Acetaldehyde reduction up to 55% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.10. Sulfur dioxide room reduction up to 98% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.11. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC – a mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene, butyl acetate, styrene, ethylbenzene, and undecane) room reduction greater than 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.12. Nitrogen dioxide room reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.13. Hydrogen sulfide room reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). 5.14. Dioxin reduction up to 80%. 5.15. Dibenzofurans reduction up to 75%. 8 6. Sound 6.1. Low speed dB(A) will be lower than 30dB(A) sound pressure with effective performance. 6.2. High speed dB(A) is an average of 55dB(A) sound pressure. 6.3. High speed noise lower than eight (8) sones with effective performance. 7. Odor filter life of up to one (1) year, depending on time of use and blower speed. 8. Particle filter life up to five (5) years, depending on time of use, blower speed, and dust concentration. 9. Low power consumption with ENERGY STAR® Rating. 10. Reduces exposure to over 90 allergens, pollen, bacteria, viruses, irritants, and carcinogens. 11. On average the carbon odor filter will have over 1.16 million square meters or 12.53 million square feet of surface area. 9 IV. CLAIMS ABSTRACTS The accompanying abstracts for most claims are organized as follows: 1. Claim 2. Introduction 3. Test method 4. Results 5. Conclusions and Discussion (Note: Some of the claims do not list a test method or discussion as it is self-explanatory.) DEFINITIONS > - Greater than < - Less than Activated carbon - Activated carbon is a material that has a very high surface area that has been created by treatment of charcoal in a furnace. The charcoal is typically made from coal, coconut or wood. Activation process - The activation process is a slow chemical reaction with carbon in a furnace that creates a large surface area on and within the carbon that is capable of adsorbing contaminants. This process increases the amount of surface area from just a few square meters of area per gram of carbon, to 500 to 1,500 square meters per gram. AHAM - The Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers or AHAM represents the manufacturers of household appliances and products/services associated with household appliances sold in the United States. AHAM also develops and maintains technical standards for various appliances to provide uniform, repeatable procedures for measuring specific product characteristics and performance features. AHAM is an ANSI accredited Standards Development Organization, and maintains several standards which are approved by ANSI through the consensus approval process. AHAM standards are also recognized by many regulatory agencies including the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy. In addition to publishing standards, AHAM also provides regular information and advocacy to members before other standards development organizations such as Underwriters Laboratories, the Canadian Standards Association, ASTM, IEC and ISO. AHAM administers voluntary certification programs to rate appliances developed by members and non10 members. Testing is conducted by third-party laboratories and, upon certification, appliances may carry the AHAM seal. Allergen Allergy UK – British Allergy Seal of Approval - Any of a growing list of contaminants that cause an allergic reaction. - Allergy UK is the operational name of The British Allergy Foundation. The Seal of Approval endorsement was created in order to provide people seeking advice, with the guidance that a product specifically restricts, reduces, removes allergens from the environment or has significantly reduced allergen content. BET - Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory aims to explain the physical adsorption of gas molecules on a solid surface and serves as the basis for an analysis technique for the measurement of the specific surface area of a material. CADR - Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR) indicates the volume of filtered air delivered by an air cleaner. CADR also determines how well an air cleaner reduces pollutants such as tobacco smoke, pollen and dust. The higher the tobacco smoke, pollen and dust numbers, the faster the unit filters the air. Contaminant - Is a pollutant in the environment which results in harmful effects of such a nature as to endanger human health, harm living resources and ecosystems. ENERGY STAR® - ENERGY STAR® is a register trademark owned by the United States government and is used in connection with the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy to promote energy efficient consumer products. HEPA Filter Standard - A HEPA filter is a type of air filter. "HEPA" is an acronym for "high efficiency particulate air filter" (as defined by the United States Department of Energy). This type of air filter can remove at least 99.97% of airborne particles 0.3 microns (µm) in diameter. OSHA - The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by issuing and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. Particulate - Also referred to as particulate matter (PM), aerosols or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas. They range in size from less than 10 nanometers to more than 100 micrometers in diameter. Single Pass Efficiency - Is an efficiency measurement related to the removal of particles that are drawn into a filter or an air treatment system. Typically expressed as a percentage, it is the ratio of the retained or 11 captured particles and the total number of particles drawn into the filtration. Sound Pressure - The difference between the actual pressure at any point in the field of a sound wave at any instant and the average pressure at that point. True HEPA - See “HEPA Filter Standard” above. Measurement term and Symbol or abbreviation of measurement Attenuation - A representation of a measured value that changes over time. Attenuation is the percent of the initial value at a given time duration from the initial measurement. Cubic Meter /minute - A volume of air measured per 1 minute of time (scmm, cmm, or m3/m). Cubic Feet /minute - A volume of air measured per 1 minute of time (scfm, cfm, or ft3/m). Decibel - The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit of measurement that expresses the magnitude of a physical quantity relative to a specified or implied reference level. Its logarithmic nature allows very large or very small ratios to be represented by a convenient number, in a similar manner to scientific notation. Being essentially a ratio, it is a dimensionless unit. Decibels are useful for a wide variety of measurements in acoustics, physics, electronics and other disciplines. Micron - A micrometer (µm) is a unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter, or equivalently, one thousandth of a millimeter. It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10-6 m, meaning 1/1,000,000 m. Micrograms - A microgram (µg) is a unit of mass equal to one millionth of a gram, or equivalently, one thousandth of a milligram. It can be written in scientific notation as 1×10-6 g, meaning 1/1,000,000 g. Sone - A unit of perceived loudness. It is the subjective perception of sound pressure. The sones scale was created to provide a linear scale of loudness. A doubling of the sones value is perceived as twice as loud. Square Meter - Square meter is a unit of area (m²). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one meter. Square Feet - Square feet is a unit of area (ft²). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one foot. Watt - The watt (W) is a unit of power, equal to one joule per second. 12 1. Room Air Cleaning: AHAM Certified clean air delivery rate (CADR) of 250 to clean rooms up to 390 square feet (36.1 square meters) in size. Introduction The most effective way of determining initial room cleaning performance of an air treatment system is to subject the device to the AHAM/ANSI AC-1 test protocol for determining CADR performance. CADR stands for Clean Air Delivery Rate and it relates to the amount of particle free air an air treatment system can deliver in a minute of time. AHAM’s Clean Air Delivery Rate is widely accepted as a valid measure for comparing the performance of portable air cleaners and has been reviewed and referenced by the US Federal Trade Commission and the US Environmental Protection Agency. AHAM’s AC-1 test protocol was designed to test initial room cleaner performance against three contaminants; tobacco smoke, Air Cleaner (AC) fine test dust and paper mulberry pollen, which span the distribution of airborne contaminants from 0.1 microns to 11 microns in size. These contaminants are used to challenge air cleaners in three discrete tests; one for each contaminant in a room size chamber of 1008 cubic feet, the size of a small bedroom. The value of this room test method is that it mimics real life taking into account every aspect of initial room cleaning performance such as airflow, filter fractional efficiency, filter seals, and air path. The method is known as the ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2006 entitled “American National Standard Method for Measuring Performance of Portable Household Electric Cord-Connected Room Air Cleaners”. The CADR test values for the Atmosphere Air Purifier are validated every two years to remain in the AHAM Air Cleaner Certification program. Test Method The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was placed in a specially designed, sealed and characterized 1008-cubic-foot room (Fig. 1). The room is equipped with measurement equipment that monitors total particle concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 microns in size for tobacco smoke, 0.5 to 3.0 microns for dust and 5.0 to 11 microns for pollen. The test is valid for CADR ranges of 10 to 400 for dust, 10 to 450 for smoke and 25 to 450 for pollen. A controlled release of the selected contaminant is injected into the room and monitored over time to determine the natural decay rate, which is then repeated with the air treatment system operating on maximum speed. The difference between these decay rates determines the air treatment system performance. Tests using smoke, dust, and pollen submitted samples determined the CADR rating of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. 13 Figure 1 A H A M A IR C L E A N E R C E R T IF IC A T IO N C H A M B E R S C H E M A T IC (O ) (N ) (Q ) (P ) (R ) (S ) (T ) (L) (M ) (K ) (J) (F ) (G ) (E ) (H ) (I) (D ) (C ) (B ) (A ) (A ) V O LT A G E R E G U LA T O R (B ) D A T A A C Q U IS IT IO N A N D C O N T R O L IN T E R F A C E (C ) A IR S U P P L Y (F ILTE R /D R IE R ) (D ) C O M P U T E R T E R M IN A L (E ) C IG A R E T T E S M O K E P O T (F ) P O LLE N G E N E R A T O R (G ) D U S T A N D P O LLE N M O N IT O R (H ) S M O K E M O N IT O R ( I ) C IG A R E T T E S M O K E D ILU TE R (J) (K ) (L) (M ) (N ) (O ) (P ) (Q ) (R ) (S ) (T ) DUST GENERATOR T E S T U N IT C E ILIN G M IXIN G F A N R E T U R N A IR D A M P E R (2) R E C IR C U LA TIO N F A N H U M ID IF IE R P R E F ILT E R B LO W E R S E C T IO N H E P A F ILT E R E LE C T R IC H E A T E R S U P P LY A IR D A M P E R Results In February 2005 the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was certified by AHAM for a CADR 250 for Smoke, Dust and Pollen and qualified for room sizes up to 390 square feet (reference Table 1). Table 1 Maximum Allowable Certified Rating Brand Atmosphere Model 101076 Dust 250 SMOKE POLLEN ROOM SIZE 250 250 390 Since then the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has been recertified or validated in 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. Table 2 contains the results from the 2013 testing at Intertek on the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier followed by their conclusions. 14 Table 2 Test Natural Decay CADR Particulate Rate Smoke 0.00251 239.4 101076 #1 Turbo Speed Dust 0.01115 249.2 Pollen 0.10113 282.0 Smoke 0.00225 234.0 101076 #2 Turbo Speed Dust 0.00837 248.8 Pollen 0.10335 277.6 Smoke 0.00241 228.7 101076 #3 Turbo Speed Dust 0.00825 245.5 Pollen 0.09708 292.8 Model/Configuration CADR STDEV. 0.9 2.5 17.2 1.0 1.8 20.1 0.8 3.4 15.8 Power (Watts) 41.6 41.3 41.9 40.8 40.7 41.1 41.2 41.4 4.0 Conclusions from Intertek The results reported above fall within the minimum and maximum limits of measurability of the ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2006 "Association of Home Appliance Manufacturers Method for Measuring Performance of Portable Household Electric Room Air Cleaners" Test Method.” Conclusions The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier continues to be AHAM certified with a 250 CADR and be effective in room sizes up to 390 square feet. Reference: Visit the Web site at www.cadr.org or www.aham.com to find information and answers to specific CADR-related questions. Discussion CADR translates into how well an air cleaner can reduce levels of contamination in a room. This section will provide the reader a clearer picture of how the CADR translates into room performance for a specific room size. In this section there are two graphs generated from a computer model showing the room performance curve of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier, based on its CADR value. The computer model has the ability to predict the performance of air treatment systems using various room conditions. The two primary conditions picked for this demonstration are a continuous source (Graph 1) and a single event source (Graph 2) of contamination. The continuous source of contamination is defined as a room balanced with as much contamination coming into the room as is falling out of the air due to the natural decay of the particles. The continuous source is determine by one air change per hour (infiltration rate of 52 CFM), a natural decay rate for smoke particles of 0.003, a mixing factor of 100%, a room size of 390 square feet and/or a room volume of 3120 cubic feet, and an outdoor concentration of 118% of the indoor or in room concentration. As can be seen in Graph 1, the concentration in the room remains at 100% if no air treatment system is present. With the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on speed 5, the room reaches equilibrium, having removed 80% of the contamination in about 50 minutes. 15 The single event is defined as a sealed room with no outside influence and has had a onetime particle causing event. The conditions include a natural decay rate for smoke of 0.003, mixing factor of 100%, room size of 390 square feet and/or a room volume of 3120 cubic feet, an outdoor concentration of 0, and 0 air changes per hour (infiltration rate of 0 CFM). As can be seen in Graph 2, the concentration in the room falls approximately 14% in 50 minutes without an air treatment system because there is no additional influence of contamination from outside the room. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier along with the natural decay virtually cleans the room in 50 minutes. Graph 1 16 Graph 2 While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 17 2. Particle Reduction 2.1: AtmosphereTM Air Purifier delivers single pass efficiency performance greater than 99.99% against the most penetrating particle size. 2.2: Better than HEPA (high efficiency particulate air) rated particulate filtration at maximum speed. Introduction Fractional or Single Pass efficiency (SPE) of an air treatment system is a primary component of air treatment system performance but only a component and is different than room cleaning performance. It is important to understand that the room cleaning performance of an air treatment system encompasses the entirety of the air treatment system and what it can deliver in a room and is made up of three basic components; the airflow, the SPE and the ability of the air treatment system to mix the air in the room. The combination of these components is referred to as room cleaning performance and can be determined by AHAM’s AC-1 test protocol for Clean Air Delivery Rate (CADR). SPE is defined as the ratio of influent and effluent particles or particles that are drawn into the air treatment system with those that by pass the filtration and are driven back into the room. SPE is an important component in air treatment system performance because not only does it reveal removal efficiency it can also indicate the most penetrating particle size, both important factors of air treatment performance. The SPE of the system is a result of several factors; the media selected, the modification of the media into a filter, the interaction of the filter and the air treatment system housing, the airflow, and the size of the contaminate. Any or all of these factors can significantly affect the SPE performance of an air treatment system and ultimately affect room cleaning performance. Advertised SPE ratings of air treatment systems can be very confusing and misleading. Some manufacturers will test at lower airflow rates or with particles that are large and easy to capture or will list only the media or filter efficiency and leave the consumer to assume that the media or the filter SPE is equal to the system SPE. The purpose of this document is to identify test parameters such as airflow rate, particle size and removal rate, and to demonstrate HEPA or better (99.97%) removal performance in the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Studies to evaluate the single pass efficiency of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier were done at an independent laboratory and were performed in triplicate to determine analytical reproducibility against a wide range of particle sizes and at airflow rates that the system can deliver. Test Method The test method employed by Interbasic Resources Inc. or IBR, an independent laboratory, is entitled Initial Fractional Retention Efficiency per EN1822-5 (2009) using latex microspheres as the contaminant. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was set up in the middle of a duct work system so that selected particles could be injected and monitored both upstream and 18 downstream of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was turned on and the airflow of the ductwork system is balanced to match the airflow of the system under test. The specific size particles are injected upstream of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier and stabilized at appropriate values, measured upstream in the duct work and then downstream of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. The upstream count minus the downstream particle count divided by upstream particle count then multiplied by 100 determines the system single-pass particle removal efficiency expressed as a percentage. Three filter samples were tested for SPE in a single AtmosphereTM Air Purifier 101076CH unit at both maximum (250 CFM) and low (50 CFM) speeds against latex microspheres with particle sizes ranging from 0.009 to 1.000 microns using the TSI CPC, model 37720 particle counter and TSI electrostatic classifier model 3080. Results The results of the three samples on both minimum and maximum speeds against the particle sizes of 0.009 to 1.0 micron can be seen graphically in Graph 1 or in the IBR test report at the end of this document. The data points in this graph were modified so that they could be visually represented. The particle sizes represented are the average values of the instrument particle bins. The reported efficiency ratings are truncated to the 3rd place. Several of the 99.999% values recorded between 0.150 and 1.0 are really greater than 99.999%. As can be seen below in Graph 1, the most penetrating particle size is between 0.047 and 0.097 microns and that the minimum efficiency for any of the three units tested was 99.995% at a maximum speed of 250 CFM. The minimum value for the three units at the most penetrating particle for low speed (speed 1 - 50 CFM) was 99.997%. As expected, the worst case condition is maximum speed. Because the removal rates of speeds 1 and 5 were so close in value, testing for speeds 2, 3 and 4 are unnecessary. The percent reduction (% Reduction) scale on the graph was intentionally chosen to represent between 99.950% and 100.000% and a data point added to visually demonstrate that as a system the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can deliver better than true HEPA performance. The hurdle for a HEPA claim is 99.97% single pass efficiency at 0.3 microns, at this particle size all three of the tested AtmosphereTM Air Purifier delivered greater than 99.999% removal efficiency. Conclusions The criteria for the claim was a greater than 99.99% removal of particles sized from 0.009 microns and larger and as can be seen in Graph 1. AtmosphereTM Air Purifier accomplishes this claim with a minimum single pass efficiency of greater than 99.995% at the most penetrating particle size. At the classic HEPA 0.3 microns particle size, AtmosphereTM Air Purifier delivered greater than 99.999% removal demonstrating that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can deliver better than true HEPA performance. 19 The minimum single pass removal efficiency for speed 5 (maximum speed 250 CFM, 7.08 CMM or 424.8 CMH) is 99.995% at the most penetrating particle size of 0.057 to 0.097 microns. The minimum single pass removal efficiency for speed 1 (maximum speed 50 CFM, 1.42 CMM or 85 CMH) is 99.997% at the most penetrating particle size of 0.047 to 0.057 microns. Graph 1 Atmosphere 101076 System Fractional Efficiency Results 100.000% 99.995% 99.990% % Reduction 99.985% 99.980% HEPA Standard,  99.970% 99.975% 99.970% 99.965% 99.960% 99.955% 99.950% 0.001 101076CH with Filter #4 Speed 5 101076CH with Filter #7 Speed 5 101076CH with Filter #10 Speed 5 101076CH with Filter #4 Speed 1 101076CH with Filter #7 Speed 1 101076CH with Filter #10 Speed 1 0.01 0.1 1 Particle Diameter in Microns While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 20 21 3. Reduces air borne allergens, bacteria, fungal spores, viruses, and asbestos. Introduction There are many particle contaminants that can be in the air we breathe. Viruses, bacteria, dust mite allergen, animal dander and fungi are found everywhere, but are most plentiful in poorly ventilated buildings, improperly maintained air ducts, air conditioners, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and contaminated water appliances. Fungi (mold) are universally present in homes but may grow significantly if there are sources of high humidity. Test Method The test method employed by Interbasic Resources Inc. or IBR, an independent laboratory, is entitled Initial Fractional Retention Efficiency per EN1822 using KCl (potassium chloride) and latex microspheres as the contaminants. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was set up in the middle of a duct work system so that selected particles could be injected and monitored both upstream and downstream of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was turned on and the airflow of the ductwork system was balanced to match the airflow of the system under test. The specific size particles were injected upstream of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier and stabilized at appropriate values then measured downstream of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. The upstream count minus the downstream total divided by upstream count then multiplied by 100 determines the system single-pass particle removal efficiency expressed as a percentage. Each of the three (3) units was subjected to two (2) single pass tests for high (250 CFM or 7.1 cubic meters/minute (CMM)) and low (50 CFM or 1.42 CMM) speeds for medium size particles (KCl 0.05 to > 1.0 microns using the PMS LPC 0710 particle counter. Once the worst case condition was found a third test was run at the worst case speed. In this case, the test parameters were high speed (250 CFM or 7.1 CMM) and 0.009 to 0.097 microns for small size particles (latex microspheres) using the GRIMM UPC 5.402 particle counter. The data from the particle reduction studies was used to predict the reduction rate for a number of other particles. This work was done by a professor at The Penn State University, located in Pennsylvania. He has become a recognized expert at reducing airborne microbes and particles by filtration. He has authored dozens of technical papers on the filtration of microbes and has worked in this field since 1995. The professor has also become a consultant to the US government on how to protect buildings from biological and chemical attack, using the proper filtration and building design. In addition, he has written a book on protecting buildings from biological and chemical attack. Results The following tables show the results of the Penn State computer models for the various particles. The tables show the log-normal diameter in microns and the single pass percent reduction. 22 Allergen Cat allergens Cockroach allergens Dog allergens Dust Mite Antigens Der pl & Der fl Latex Silkworm fragments Log-normal diameter (microns) 2.5 3 2.7 18.71 2.5 8.66 Predicted Percent Removal on Speed 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 Bacteria Bacillus subtilis spores Bordetella pertussis Chlamydophila psittaci Corynebacterium diphtheriae Francisella tularensis Haemophilus influenzae Klebsiella pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus pneumoniae Log-normal diameter (microns) 1.1 0.245 0.286 0.698 0.2 0.285 0.671 0.52 0.637 0.494 0.866 0.707 Predicted Percent Removal on Speed 5 100 99.999473 99.999883 100 99.997642 99.999894 100 100 100 100 100 100 Fungal Spores Cladosporium sphaerospermum Absidia Acremonium Alternaria alternata Aspergillus Corn smut Exophiala Histoplasma capsulatum Mucor plumbeus Paecilomyces variotii Penicillium chrysogenum Pneumocystis carinii Rhodoturula Saccharomyces cerevisiae Stachybotrys chartarum Log-normal diameter (microns) 3.46 3.536 2.449 11.225 3.354 17.32 1.41 2.236 7.071 2.828 3.46 2 13.856 8 5.623 Predicted Percent Removal on Speed 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 23 Pollen Arizona cedar Arizona cypress Bald cypress Birch Cedar Cypress Dandelion Desert ragweed Elm False ragweed Giant ragweed Goldenrod Grass Hazelnut Hickory Italian cypress Japanese cedar Liquidambar (gum tree) Mugwort Mulberry Nettles Orchard grass Paper mulberry Pollen fragments Ragweed Short ragweed Slender ragweed Mineral Asbestos – Chrysolite fibers Log-normal diameter (microns) 10 10 10 25 27 27 34 17.32 28 17.32 17.32 24 52 25 26 10 10 6 10 17 13 17.32 17.32 8.66 17.32 17.32 17.32 Predicted Percent Removal on Speed 5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Log-normal diameter (microns) 0.100 Predicted Percent Removal on Turbo Speed 99.999973 24 Virus Adenovirus Coliphage MS2 Coronavirus (SARS) Coxsackievirus Hantaan virus Influenza A, B and C virus Measles virus Mumps virus Parvovirus B19 Reovirus Respiratory Syncytial Virus Rhinovirus Rubella virus Varicella-zoster virus Variola (Smallpox) Log-normal diameter (microns) 0.079 0.024 0.11 0.027 0.096 0.098 0.058 0.164 0.022 0.075 0.19 0.023 0.061 0.173 0.224 Predicted Percent Removal on Speed 5 99.994657 99.999477 99.991533 99.999430 99.992593 99.992385 99.993772 99.994394 99.999512 99.995259 99.996872 99.999496 99.997066 99.995347 99.998890 While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 25 4. Reduces air borne radon decay products. Introduction Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is present in many homes. Radon is produced as a natural breakdown product from uranium and radium in the soil. As a gas, it is readily able to be pulled into the home through cracks or holes in the foundation and walls, or by escape from ground water where it readily dissolves from the soil. Outdoors the concentration of radon is heavily diluted but it can become concentrated in the home and potentially reach dangerous levels. Primary radon and radon decay product (RDP) testing was conducted at the Grand Junction Technical Measurements Center of the US Department of Energy in Colorado using both automated and manual scintillation analysis methods. It should be noted that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier does not change radon gas levels in a room but significantly reduces the resulting RDP concentrations. It is ideal to immediately reduce (mitigate) RDP exposure if a home radon test measures greater than 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/l) or 0.02 working level (WL), until you can put long-term remedies into effect. Radon gas is relatively harmless since it has a radioactive half-life of about four (4) days. Consequently, it is possible to breathe in radon gas and have very little decay while it is in the lungs. However, radon gas decays into solid particles and these particles may be inhaled and deposit in the lungs. These particles are the right size to be readily deposited into the lung during normal breathing. Deposition of the radioactive particles, called radon decay products, in the lungs permits radioactive decay near sensitive tissue that can be damaged. Radon decay products are generally attached to larger particles in the range of 0.01 um to 1.0 micron and are elementally known as 218Po, 214Pb, 214Bi, and 214Po. Even following primary mitigation procedures, it is very beneficial to even further reduce the exposure to radon decay particles. Test results for the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier show that it is effective in reducing the level of radon decay particles. Claims for the reduction of the concentration of radon decay products have been made for each of the air cleaner products produced by Amway – Access Business Group. Prior claims were the result of direct testing of products and filters within radon chambers at US Government testing facilities such as Mound Research Center (Dayton, OH); Grand Junction Technical Measurements Center (GJTMC) (Grand Junction, CO); and Environmental Monitoring Laboratory (New York, NY). Due to changes as a direct result from 9/11 access to governmental chambers for commercial purposes, particularly those requiring large outlays of personnel and equipment, is no longer permitted. The claims presented are a result of application of a documented room model for the determination of theoretical radon and radon decay product concentrations. Models have been and are used on a regular basis by the USEPA, USDOE, AHAM, ASTM and other recognized authorities and organizations to determine contaminant concentrations on a mass-balance basis. The modifications made to the model for these RDP claims results in reported reductions that are on the extremely conservative side. 26 If you are interested in more information on radon and radon decay products visit the EPA or WHO website at http://www.epa.gov/radon/ or www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/env/radon/en/. Test Method Tests were originally conducted at the Grand Junction Technical Measurements Center in Colorado operated by the US Department of Energy. Calibrations were conducted at the Environmental Monitoring Laboratory in New York. Testing was performed on the Advanced Air Treatment System with data obtained for initial (before operation) and final (during continuous operation) atmospheres. All tests were conducted utilizing steady-state environments in the chambers, that is, the environment was under continuous stable conditions. The chamber was operated in flow-through mode using 0.5 ACH (air changes per hour) with continuous influent particle generation, but recirculated radon with HEPA filtration in the recirculation loop to prevent re-entrainment of radon decay particles in the recirculation loop. Continuous radon and working level monitors were utilized in addition to side-by-side duplicates of five matching data sets for each monitoring point (five data sets were obtained from the initial condition and five data sets from the final condition). Averaged results from the five matching data sets were utilized for result data values. Three product sets and three filter sets were tested. Tests were conducted at moderate elevated radon concentration in order to provide statistically acceptable results for radon decay products for the “during continuous operation” monitoring points. Large well-regulated radon chambers are not available in the private sector due to calibration, grab sample and instrument reference commitments, and government chambers have either been taken off-line or converted for military and Department of Homeland Defense initiatives. Due to the removal characteristics of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier product exceeding those of the Advanced Air Treatment System and prior air treatment system products, it was deemed acceptable to model the expected results for AtmosphereTM Air Purifier from the data set obtained from testing of the Advanced Air Treatment System. Modeling was conducted through the use of differential equation regression mathematical models for the determination of the concentration of radon decay products (RDP) under various room conditions in indoor air. All modeled results were determined in 387 square foot rooms with eight (8) foot ceilings using the superior removal characteristics of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Room conditions, the particle concentrations and air exchange rates, were set to those utilized in the GJTMC chamber with the exception of room volume and back-ground deposition rate. Where any potential conflict in actual parameters was anticipated any estimates in room parameters were chosen to provide a deleterious effect on the product claims in order to be as conservative as possible. Consequently, the values reported are considered to be more conservative than those expected during actual product use. 27 Fig. 1. Radon and Radon Decay Particle Model System  Description of test method (room model): The model takes into account the room parameters including the continuous presence of radon, infiltration and exfiltration air exchange rates, natural (settling/attachment) decay of the particles, radioactive decay of each radioactive species in the radon decay chain, enhanced deposition of infiltrating particles at the boundary layer, and the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier particle removal rate (from AHAM AC-1 Test Method (smoke)). In order to be conservative, the particle deposition rate has been maintained the same throughout the model even though it is expected that the actual deposition rates will increase as the number of available condensation nuclei particle becomes exceedingly small following use of the air cleaner. 28 o Conservative design parameters:  Constant particle natural decay even in low particle count scenarios.  Decay particles are considered as airborne.  Low particle count state utilizes actual (measured) concentration value from measurements for final steady state.  The infiltration RDP concentration is maintained at the initial room value. The value is adjusted by a measured deposition factor due to increases in particle deposition rates with lower particle counts. The concentration deposition rate value is maintained even though significant Brownian motion deposition occurs while passing in close proximity to surfaces in cracks or crevices as the air infiltrates. Consequently, with the exception of the extremely low particle scenario, the air cleaner will actually perform better than is indicated. A very conservative modification was made to the model. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can be expected to reduce the concentration in the stated room by 80% on a steady-state basis when the room has an air exchange rate (ACH) of 1.0 ACH as is typically used for an AHAM room size claim. In the model case, the radiation chamber airflows were set to the standard chamber value of 0.5 ACH, employing this value, which is also closer to newer homes, an actual removal steady-state value of 87.3% is obtained. The modification made to the model does not use the full 87.3% steady-state removal but instead uses a conservative 85% steady-state removal value. Consequently, the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier will actually perform better than is indicated. The model combined decay re-entrainment, particle settling, and differential deposition of particle distribution into a single particle decay rate (natural decay). Standard radioactive decay rates for each species were utilized. Actual test data from the GJTMC chamber were utilized to check the model. Radioactive concentrations for all species were calculated based on atoms of each species present with conversions to picocurie per liter (pCi/l) concentration in the final step only. Infiltration concentrations were estimated as entering at the deposition factor of the steadystate condition. Actual concentrations would be severely limited due to the close surface boundary layer with cracks. Consequently, the concentrations are overestimated. Working level calculations employed standard equations. The radioactive species were considered to be airborne and not deposited on static surfaces throughout the room. The calculations were performed in the same units as prior claims in order to provide ease of comparison. Results The operation of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier product within a room containing radon and radon decay products has been modeled to indicate the expected removal characteristics that would be exhibited in actual rooms. The room model is an advanced model and has been used in prior development programs. The percentages of removal, while still conservative, are slightly greater than prior air treatment systems and indicate that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier product is excellent at the removal of radon decay products as indicated in the details. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier product does not remove radon gas. 29  AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has been shown to reduce airborne Radon Decay Products.  AtmosphereTM Air Purifier reduces airborne Radium A (218Po – Pollonium-218) by 25-26%. Radium A (218Po) is the first radioactive decay particle produced in the Radon decay chain.  AtmosphereTM Air Purifier reduces airborne Radium B (214Pb – Lead-214) by 74-79%. Radium B (214Pb) is the second radioactive decay particle produced in the Radon decay chain.  AtmosphereTM Air Purifier reduces airborne Radium C (214Bi – Bismuth-214) and C’(214Po – Polonium-214) by 86-93%. Radium C (214Bi) and C’(214Po) combine to form the third and fourth radioactive decay particles produced in the Radon decay chain.  AtmosphereTM Air Purifier reduces the radon decay byproduct “working level” (WL) by 7275%. (Working level (WL) is a measure of exposure to alpha-emitting radiation particles.) Additional information on radon reduction is available by consulting the references listed in the Appendix. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 30 5. Chemical and Odor Reduction 5.1: Odor reductions for smoke, pet odors, and cooking smells. Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter which contains a proprietary blend of three (3) different activated carbons which are the same ones that were used in the US-produced AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. One of the primary purposes of the filter is to adsorb and chemisorb household odors. Because the media remains essentially unchanged, the results from testing the US-produced AtmosphereTM Air Purifier apply directly to this claim for the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Panel testing was used to determine if the filter can reduce or eliminate some household odors. In order to make such a claim, large portions of the panelists needed to claim that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier reduces or eliminates a number of household odors. Test Method The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was panel tested in the United States (29 panelists), Japan, Korea and Malaysia (20 panelists each). The panelists were periodically queried regarding the appearance, functionality, and performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Among those queries was a question regarding the performance of the purifier in terms of the reduction of various household odors over a six (6) month usage period. Results Table 1 shows the percent of panelists who said that the system reduced or eliminated some specific odors. Table 1 Percent of Panelists Claiming Reduced or Eliminated Odors Initial 1 month Garlic 15% 43% Chili 13% 29% Curry 15% 44% Fish/fish Smoke 25% 56% Meat/Meat Smoke 32% 50% Oil (frying) Smoke 36% 58% Other Cooking Odors 40% 59% Stale/Musty Odors 37% 52% Cigarette Smoke (while 24% 46% smoking) Cigarette Smoke (after 23% 47% smoking) Pet Odors 25% 35% Household Cleaners 31% 43% 2 months 32% 40% 37% 57% 56% 66% 70% 52% 54% 6 months 35% 35% 52% 61% 61% 61% 68% 78% 68% 56% 85% 46% 58% 61% 90% 31 Conclusion A high percentage of the panelists reported that the USA-produced AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was effective in reducing a number of various odors. This conclusion is also appropriate for Malaysia-produced AtmosphereTM Air Purifier because it uses the same base technology and its chemical performance results are all the same or better than USA-produced AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 32 5.2: Formaldehyde room reduction up to 90% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing formaldehyde from the air. Formaldehyde is colorless and has a characteristic pungent odor that is irritating. It is a volatile compound that is emitted by construction materials, particularly particle board and plywood. It is also emitted by tobacco smoke, forest fires, automobile exhaust, gas stoves, and kerosene heaters. Most homes have low levels of formaldehyde but typically higher concentrations are found in new construction. There are a number of regulations and guidelines in place on the amount of formaldehyde that can be released by construction materials that have lowered the concentrations found in homes. Formaldehyde is an irritant to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs. Test Method The contaminant was generated by pumping a 10,000 ppm solution of formaldehyde through an HPLC pump and aerosolizing it into the test room. The contaminant was monitored by the Nicolet IGS 26 meter FTIR. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70°F prior to the start of the test. No extra heating or humidity was allowed during the test. The test consists of two basic parts, contaminant injection while monitoring the room without an air treatment system running and then follow with the air treatment system running on maximum speed. Target contaminant level was 5 ppm. Once reached the generator was turned off and the room allowed to stabilize for approximately 10 minutes. After this, the concentration was monitored for 60 minutes to determine a natural decay for formaldehyde. Following this natural decay portion the unit was activated on maximum speed (5) and the concentration monitored over time. The test was repeated for three separate filters. Results As can be seen in Graph 1 the average results of the three tests show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier does have significant impact on the contaminant formaldehyde in the 1100 cubic foot test room. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction, the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, the total decay (unit removal and natural decay) average is approximately 85% after one hour and 92% after two hours. The natural decay accounts for almost 7% of the reduction after one hour. The natural decay test was limited to one hour. 33 Graph 1 Graph 2 34 A fourth unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of formaldehyde. The method is very similar to that used in Amway’s laboratory but the room size, concentration, and monitoring equipment are different. The concentration of the room was approximately 1 mg/m3 at test start. As seen in Graph 3, the results showed an approximately 90% total room decay after one hour and 94% total decay after two hours. This is similar to the results from the Amway laboratory. The natural decay results was an approximate 2.7% value after one hour and 6.3% after two hours. Graph 3 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce formaldehyde in the air of a room. Using the Tsinghua results, the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier shows a 90% total (with natural decay) room reduction in one hour (approximately 87% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). The Amway laboratory results are slightly lower with an average 85% total (with natural decay) room reduction in one hour with approximately 78% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 35 5.3: Ozone room reduction up to 100% in a 30m³ room within 20 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of removing ozone from the air. Ozone is a strong oxidizing gas and can be both good and bad depending on its location. In the stratosphere ozone is good and protects life on Earth from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. In the troposphere, or at ground level, ozone is considered harmful not only to human health but pets and plants too, even at relatively low concentrations. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency “Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health issues including chest pain, coughing, throat irritation, and congestion. It can also worsen bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma. Ground level ozone also can reduce lung function and inflame the linings of the lungs. Repeated exposure may permanently scar lung tissue.” The World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline (AQG) for ozone is a daily maximum 8hour mean of 100 µg/m3 (50 ppb). According to the WHO this value provides adequate protection of public health though some health effects may occur below this level. Exposure to this level of ozone is associated with an estimated 1 to 2% increase in daily mortality. Time-series studies indicate an increase in daily mortality in the range of 0.3 to 0.5% for every 10 μg/m3 increment in 8-hour ozone concentrations above an estimated baseline level of 70 μg/m3. Ozone can be produced by electrical discharges as well as photochemical reactions between sunlight and smog. The odor threshold for ozone is approximately 10 to 30 ppb. It is a strong irritant to mucous membranes such as the eyes, nose, and lungs. Various agencies around the world have issued recommendations and regulations for exposure to ozone. Some of them are shown below: Concentration 50 ppb 75 ppb 100 ppb Agency World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline (AQG) US EPA National Ambient air Quality Standards (NAAQS) OSHA US Occupational Safety & Health Administration Test Method Two methods were employed to evaluate the ozone reducing performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in a room. The first was a continuous feed test and the second a single event test. The difference between the two tests relates to the presentation of the contaminant (ozone) to the air treatment system. The continuous feed follows the format devised by Product Development in the documentation of AtmosphereTM Air Purifier ozone reduction in January of 2006. In this method the contaminant generator was placed in a room with no air treatment and set to a specific feed rate and monitored over time. The test is repeated with an air treatment system in the room where both the generator and air treatment system are activated at the same time. The results of both tests are then compared and a total room reduction over time is calculated. The new method is a single event, much like an AHAM CADR test where a certain level of contaminant (ozone) is injected into a room. Once the desired level is obtained then the 36 contaminant generator is turned off and the air treatment system is turned on. The concentration is monitored over time to determine room total removal performance. Continuous Feed Test Method The ozone was generated by the Air-Zone, Ozone Air Purifier, Model XT 800, with a production range of 40-800 mg of ozone per hour, operating in the 50% duty cycle. The ozone was analyzed by the series C16 PortaSens II Gas Detector with the ozone sensor module 00-1008 with a measurement range of 0 to 5000 ppb and a resolution of 10 ppb. The instrument was scaled for a full scale reading of 2000 ppb to increase the display resolution. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The generator uses a corona discharge to generate the ozone which is impacted by humidity level so the room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70OF prior to the start of the test. No heating or humidity control was allowed during the test. The test has two sections; injection of contaminant into the room and monitored without the air treatment system running. The ozone feed rate was determined to be approximately 680 ppb/hour and the test was run for 180 minutes. Once the blank room was characterized then the room was brought back to clean or 0 ppm concentration. At this point, both the ozone generator and the air treatment system are activated (air treatment on maximum speed) at the test start and the concentration monitored over time. The test was repeated three times on three separate filters to determine analytical reproducibility. Results for Continuous Feed Testing Graph 1 shows the concentration of ozone in the room over a 180 minute time period with and without the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Over a series of three tests the concentration in the room without the air treatment system ranged from about 1500 ppb to 1600 ppb at the end of the time period which is 15 to 16 times the limits for a work place environment in the US. With the unit running, the total removal performance for ozone in the room was 97% to 98%. 37 Graph 1 Single Event Test Method The ozone was generated by the Air-Zone, Ozone Air Purifier, Model XT 800 with a production range of 40-800 mg of ozone per hour operating in the 50% duty cycle. The ozone was analyzed by the series C16 PortaSens II Gas Detector with the ozone sensor module 00-1008. The instrument has a measurement range of 0 to 5000 ppb and a resolution of 10 ppb. The instrument was scaled for a full scale reading of 2000 ppb to increase the display resolution. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The generator uses a corona discharge to generate the ozone which is impacted by humidity level so the room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70OF prior to the start of the test. No heating or humidity control was allowed during the test. In the first portion of the test, the concentration of the room was monitored without the air treatment system running. Ozone was generated until the concentration of the room was between 1000 and 2000 ppb. The generator was turned off and the room allowed to stabilize for approximately 10 minutes, after this the concentration was monitored for 60 minutes to 38 determine a natural decay for ozone. Following this natural decay portion, the unit was activated on maximum speed (5) and the concentration monitored over time. The test was repeated three times on three separate filters to determine analytical reproducibility. Results for Single Event Testing As can be seen in Graph 2 the results of the three tests show that the ozone is totally removed from the room between 16 and 18 minutes. Graph 2 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce ozone in the air of a room with 100% total (with natural decay) room reduction in less than 20 minutes (approximately 92% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 39 5.4: Benzene room reduction up to 98% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing benzene from the air. Benzene is colorless, sweet smelling and has many sources, including natural releases from volcanos and forest fires. The largest source of benzene in the environment comes from automotive exhaust and petroleum products. In home sources of benzene are tobacco smoke, building materials such as paints, cleaning products, adhesives, and petroleum products. No specific guideline values have been developed for air. Benzene is toxic and can cause drowsiness, confusion, dizziness, headache and loss of consciousness. Test Method A unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of benzene. The GB/T18801-2008 procedure is as follows: Air cleaner is placed in the middle of the test room and tested to ensure that it is operational then turned off, monitoring equipment intake is separated by significant space from the inlet and outlet of the air cleaner, temperature and humidity are controlled 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 50 +/- 10% relative humidity, contaminant is injected into the test room until concentration of the room reaches approximately 1 mg/m3, mixing fans are employed for 10 minutes to homogenously mix the room air with the injected contaminant, mixing fans are deactivated and the concentration is monitored over time to determine the natural decay. The above is repeated for the total decay test with the unit being activated on maximum speed after the room mixing has been accomplished. Results As seen in Graph 1 the Tsinghua University results show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) has excellent initial performance against benzene. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction, the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, with the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) the results showed a 98.9% total room decay after one hour (total length of test). The natural decay was also only tested for one hour and it represents an approximate 2.1% of the one hour total room reduction value. Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce benzene in the air of a room with 98.9% total (with natural decay) room reduction (96.8% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 40 Graph 1 Graph 2 41 5.5: Ammonia room reduction up to 90% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing ammonia from the air. Ammonia (NH3) is a colorless gas with a sharp smell that is both caustic and hazardous. It is widely used in foods, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, as a refrigerant, and in cleaning products. It is produced naturally as part of the decay process and secreted in the waste of mammals. In-home sources of ammonia include household cleaners, waxes, smelling salts, body odors and pet waste. Ammonia is a strong irritant to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs and can cause headaches, and nausea. Test Method Two methods were employed to evaluate the ammonia reducing performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in a room. The first was a continuous feed test and the second a single event test. The difference between the two tests relates to the presentation of the contaminant (ammonia) to the air treatment system. The continuous feed follows the format devised by Product Development in the documentation of ammonia reduction during the development of AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in 2005. In this method, the contaminant was fed at a specific rate into a test room with no air treatment and monitored for 60 minutes. The air treatment system is then activated on maximum speed with the generator continuing to inject the contaminant into the room at the same feed rate. The results of the tests with and without air treatment are then compared and a total room reduction over time is calculated. The new method is a single event much like an AHAM CADR test where a certain level of contaminant (ammonia) is injected into a room. Once the desired level is obtained then contaminant generator is turned off and the room air totally mixed. When the air is mixed it is monitored over time (60 minutes) for a natural decay value. Immediately after this the air treatment system is turn on. The concentration is again monitored over time to determine room total removal performance. Continuous Feed Test Method The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was calibrated with the test filter to produce approximately 250 CFM of airflow. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70°F prior to the start of the test. No extra heating or humidity was allowed during the test. 42 Ammonia gas was generated by pumping a liquid solution of ammonia through a heater. The concentration was analyzed by the ppbRAE 3000 serial number 594-903026 with the VOC(ppm) sensor calibrated for ammonia with a factor of 9.7 per ppbRAE instructions. In the first portion of the test, the concentration of the room was monitored without the air treatment system running. Ammonia was pumped through the heater at a 0.19783 ml/min rate with a solution of 35088.6 ppm equating to a feed rate of 6.94 mg/min of ammonia. The generator was turned on and the concentration monitored for 60 minutes to determine the concentration rate of rise so that the concentration at the 350 minute mark could be calculated. Immediately following this the air treatment system was activated on maximum speed 5, the ammonia injection and concentration monitoring continued over time for at least 350 minutes. The test was repeated on two separate filters. Results for Continuous Feed Testing Graph 1 shows the concentration of ammonia in the room over a 350 minute time period with and without the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Over a series of two tests the concentration in the room without the air treatment system is estimated to average 122.1 ppm at the 350 minute mark. With the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier running on speed 5 the average concentration after the 350 minutes was 40.4 ppm. The removal performance was consistent between the two filters and at the 350 minute mark the filters had removed 67% of the injected ammonia. Graph 1 43 Single Event Test Method The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was calibrated with the test filter to produce approximately 250 CFM of airflow. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70OF prior to the start of the test. No extra heating or humidity was allowed during the test. Ammonia gas was generated by pumping a liquid solution of ammonia through a heating element. The concentration was analyzed by the ppbRAE 3000 serial number 594-903026 with the VOC (ppm) sensor calibrated for ammonia with a factor of 9.7 per ppbRAE instructions. In the first portion of the test the concentration of the room was monitored without the air treatment system running. Ammonia was generated until the concentration of the room was approximately 3 ppm. The generator was turned off and the room allowed to stabilize for approximately 10 minutes, after this the concentration was monitored for 60 minutes to determine a natural decay. Immediately following this natural decay portion the air treatment system was activated on maximum speed 5 and the concentration (approximately 2 ppm) was monitored over time. The test was repeated on three separate filters to determine analytical reproducibility. Results for Single Event Testing As can be seen in Graph 2 the results of the 3 tests show that the ammonia is reduced from the air in the room but that the results varied from 90% to 100% total room reduction (includes natural decay) in an hour. In that hour 53% to 73% removal was attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone. A noted difficulty of this test is that ammonia has a very high natural decay due to it reactivity which greatly influences the reduced amount attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. 44 Graph 2 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can reduce ammonia in the air of a room with 90% to 100% total (with natural decay) room reductions in an hour (approximately 73% to 53% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone) in a single event test. In the continuous feed comparison at 350 minutes the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier had lowered the concentration of the room by 67%. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 45 5.6: Toluene room reduction up to 96% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing toluene from the air. Toluene is aromatic hydrocarbon with a sweet odor. It is a derivative of benzene. It is widely used in industry as a solvent and as an octane booster in fuels. Toluene usually occurs in indoor air from the use of common household products such as paints, paint thinners, adhesives, synthetic fragrances and nail polish, as well as cigarette smoke. A principal source of toluene in the outdoor air is automotive emissions. Toluene is not known to be a human carcinogen but exposure can cause irritation of the eyes and nose, weakness, exhaustion, confusion, euphoria, dizziness, headache, anxiety, muscle fatigue, numbness or tingling of the skin, and it may cause liver and kidney damage. Test Method The contaminant was generated by boiling off liquid toluene from a hot plate within the test room. The contaminant was monitored by the MiniRAE 2000 (PGM7600) analyzer. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70OF prior to the start of the test. No heating or humidity control was allowed during the test. The test consists of two basic parts, contaminant injection while monitoring the room without an air treatment system running and then repeating with the air treatment system running on maximum speed. Three milliliters (3ml) of liquid toluene were boiled off resulting in a room concentration of approximately 15 ppm. The generator was turned off and the room allowed to stabilize for approximately 10 minutes. After this the concentration was monitored for 120 minutes to determine a natural decay for toluene. Following this natural decay portion the room was cleansed and the above was repeated with an AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in the room. The unit was activated on maximum speed (5) and the concentration monitored over time. The test was repeated on two separate filters. Results for Single Event Testing As can be seen in Graph 1 the results of the two tests show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier does have significant impact on the contaminant toluene in the 1100 cubic foot test room. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction, the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As can be seen in Graph 2, the results of the two tests show that the total toluene decay is consistent between the two tests. The total decay (unit removal and natural decay) average is approximately 91% after one hour and 96% after two hours. The natural decay accounts for almost 3% of the reduction after one hour and an estimated 7% after two hours. 46 Graph 1 Graph 2 47 A third unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of toluene. The method is very similar to that used in Amway’s laboratory but the room size, concentration and monitoring equipment are different. The concentration of the room was approximately 2 mg/m3 at test start. As seen in Graph 3, the results showed 96.2% total room decay after two hour and 98.8% total decay after two hours. The natural decay results was similar as well with an approximate 4% value after two hour. Note that the natural decay was stopped after one hour. The overall results were very consistent with those obtained in Amway’s laboratory in Ada. Graph 3 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce toluene in the air of a room with 96.2% total (with natural decay) room reduction (92.2% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 48 5.7: Acetic acid room reduction up to 95% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing acetic acid from the air. Acetic acid (C2H4O2) is a colorless gas with a pungent vinegar-like odor. It is widely used in the manufacture of paper and paper products, meat and meat products, textile products, plastics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, insecticides, vitamins, cosmetics, and as an antimicrobial agent. It is produced naturally as part of fermentation of some foods. In home sources of acetic acid include solvents or aerosols, food products, solid fuel burning for heating homes and cooking. Acetic acid is an irritant to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs and can cause coughing and breathing difficulties. Test Method A continuous feed method was employed to evaluate the acetic acid reducing performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in a room. The continuous feed follows the format devised by Product Development in the documentation of AtmosphereTM Air Purifier acetic acid reduction during the development of AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in 2005. In this method the contaminant was fed at a specific rate into a test room with no air treatment and monitored over a 60 minute time. Then the air treatment system is activated on maximum speed with the generator continuing to inject the contaminant into the room at the same feed rate. The results of the tests with and without air treatment are then compared and a total room reduction over time is calculated. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was calibrated with the test filter to produce approximately 250 CFM of airflow. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% relative humidity for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70°F prior to the start of the test. No extra heating or humidity was allowed during the test. The acetic acid gas was generated by pumping a liquid solution of acetic acid through a heater. The concentration was analyzed by the ppbRAE 3000 serial number 594-903026 with the VOC (ppm) sensor calibrated for acetic acid with a factor of 22 per ppbRAE instructions. In the first portion of the test the concentration of the room was monitored without the air treatment system running. Acetic acid was pumped through the heater at a 0.19783 ml/min rate with a solution of 499.5 ppm equating to a feed rate of 98.8 mg/min of acetic acid. The generator was turned on and the concentration monitored for 60 minutes to determine the concentration rate of rise so that the concentration at the 350 minute mark could be 49 calculated. Immediately following this the air treatment system was activated on maximum speed 5, the acetic acid injection and concentration monitoring continued over time for at least 350 minutes. The test was repeated on three separate filters. Results for Continuous Feed Testing Graph 1 shows the concentration of acetic acid in the room over a 350 minute time period with and without the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Over a series of three tests the concentration in the room without the air treatment system is estimated to average 334.2 ppm at the 350 minute mark. With the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier running on speed 5 the average concentration after the 350 minutes was 14.6 ppm. The removal performance was consistent between the three filters and at the 350 minute mark the unit had removed 95% of the injected acetic acid. Graph 1 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can reduce acetic acid in the air of a room demonstrating a 95% reduction against a continuous source after 350 minutes. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 50 5.8: Xylene room reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing xylene from the air. Xylene is a sweet smelling gas that occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar and is formed during forest fires. The largest source of xylene in the environment comes from emissions from petroleum refineries and chemical plants, automotive exhaust and petroleum products. In-home sources of xylene are tobacco smoke, building materials such as paints, solvents, fragrances, cleaning products, adhesives, and petroleum products. Xylene is associated with breathing difficulties and irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. It can also cause nausea, vomiting, gastric discomfort, headaches, dizziness as well as confusion. Test Method A unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of xylene. The GB/T18801-2008 is as follows: Air cleaner is placed in the middle of the test room and tested to ensure that it is operational then turned off, monitoring equipment intake is separated by significant space from the inlet and outlet of the air cleaner, temperature and humidity are controlled 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 50 +/- 10% relative humidity, contaminant is injected into the test room until concentration of the room reaches approximately 2 mg/m3, mixing fans are employed for 10 minutes to homogenously mix the room air with the injected contaminant, mixing fans are deactivated and the concentration is monitored over time to determine the natural decay. The above is repeated for the total decay test with the unit being activated on maximum speed after the room mixing has been accomplished. Results As seen in Graph 1, the Tsinghua University results show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) has excellent initial performance against xylene. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, with the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) the results showed a 99.7% total room decay after one hour (total length of test). The natural decay was also only tested for one hour and it represents an approximate 3.4% of the one hour total room reduction value. Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce xylene in the air of a room with 99.7% total (with natural decay) room reduction (96.2% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 51 Graph 1 Graph 2 52 5.9: Acetaldehyde room reduction up to 55% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing acetaldehyde from the air. Acetaldehyde is used in the production of perfumes, resins, preservative in fruit and fish, as a flavoring agent, as solvent in rubber, and in tanning and paper processing plants. Acetaldehyde is formed naturally in the body from the breakdown of ethanol a source for those who drink alcohol. Sources in outdoor air include automotive emissions, coal and waste processing, and incomplete wood combustion are sources. Sources for Acetaldehyde indoors are from tobacco smoke, wood stoves, and it is found in bread, ripe fruit and coffee. It is also found in building materials like wood, paints, laminate, linoleum, and flooring. Short term exposure can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system. Test Method The contaminant was generated by boiling off liquid acetaldehyde from a hot plate within the test room. The contaminant was monitored by the ppbRAE 3000 analyzer. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% RH for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% relative humidity air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70°F prior to the start of the test. No heating or humidity control was allowed during the test. The test consists of two basic parts; contaminant injection while monitoring the room without an air treatment system running and then activation of the air treatment system running on maximum speed. Approximately 300 mg of liquid acetaldehyde was boiled off resulting in a room concentration of approximately 7 ppm. The heater was turned off and the room allowed to stabilize for approximately 10 minutes, after this the concentration was monitored for 60 minutes to determine a natural decay for acetaldehyde. Following this natural decay portion the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier in the room was activated on speed 5 and the concentration monitored over time. Two filters were tested for repeatability Results As can be seen in Graph 1 the results of the two tests show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier does have an impact on the contaminant Acetaldehyde in the 1100 cubic foot test room. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, the results of the two tests show that the total acetaldehyde decay is consistent. The total decay (unit removal and natural decay) average is approximately 55% after one hour and 69% after two hours. The natural decay accounts for approximately 7% of the reduction after one hour (total length of natural decay test). 53 Graph 1 Graph 2 54 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can reduce acetaldehyde in the air of a room with 55% total (includes natural decay) room reduction in an hour (approximately 48% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone) in a single event test. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 55 5.10: Sulfur dioxide reduction up to 98% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from the air. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless highly reactive toxic gas that has a pungent irritating odor. It is associated with the smell of rot or decay. Sulfur dioxide has many sources including natural releases from volcanos. Most of the sulfur dioxide released into the environment comes from the burning of fossil fuels to produce electricity, petroleum refineries, metal smelting, cement manufacturing, processing facilities, paper pulp manufacturing, and automotive exhaust. In-home sources of sulfur dioxide are tobacco smoke, improperly vented gas appliances, furnaces and kerosene heaters, and wood and coal stoves. Test Method A unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of sulfur dioxide. The GB/T18801-2008 is as follows: Air cleaner is placed in the middle of the test room and tested to ensure that it is operational then turned off, monitoring equipment intake is separated by significant space from the inlet and outlet of the air cleaner, temperature and humidity are controlled 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 50 +/- 10% relative humidity, contaminant is injected into the test room until concentration of the room reaches approximately 5 mg/m3, mixing fans are employed for 10 minutes to homogenously mix the room air with the injected contaminant, mixing fans are deactivated and the concentration is monitored over time to determine the natural decay. The above is repeated for the total decay test with the unit being activated on maximum speed after the room mixing has been accomplished. Results As seen in Graph 1, the Tsinghua University results show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) has excellent initial performance against sulfur dioxide. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction, the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, with the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) the results showed 98% total room decay after one hour and 99.5% total room decay after two hours. The natural decay was only tested for one hour and it represents an approximate 5% of the one hour total room reduction value. Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce sulfur dioxide in the air of a room with 98% total (with natural decay) room reduction in one hour (approximately 93% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 56 Graph 1 Graph 2 57 5.11: Total volatile organic compound (TVOC – a mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene, butyl acetate, styrene, ethyl benzene, and undecane) room reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing TVOC’s from the air. TVOC is an acronym for Total Volatile Organic Compounds and is a term representing a class of chemical gases called Volatile Organic Compounds or VOC’s. Volatile organic compounds are organic chemicals that have high vapor pressure at room temperature, meaning that they easily evaporate as gases from certain solids and liquids. The term VOC covers a vast array of chemical compounds that are both man-made and naturally occurring. These compounds are used as ingredients in many products such as fuels, cleaning and disinfecting, cosmetic, degreasing, paints, thinners, pesticides, building materials, and adhesives. Some VOC’s are associated with breathing difficulties, irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. They have been linked to headaches, dizziness, coughing, and nausea/vomiting. As stated earlier TVOC is an acronym for Total Volatile Organic Compounds and is a mixture of benzene, toluene, xylene, butyl acetate, styrene, ethylbenzene, and undecane. This mixture represents the general VOC category and is combined for testing such as this. Test Method A unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of TVOC’s. The GB/T18801-2008 is as follows: Air cleaner is placed in the middle of the test room and tested to ensure that it is operational then turned off, monitoring equipment intake is separated by significant space from the inlet and outlet of the air cleaner, temperature and humidity are controlled 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 50 +/- 10% relative humidity, contaminant is injected into the test room until concentration of the room reaches approximately 2 mg/m3, mixing fans are employed for 10 minutes to homogenously mix the room air with the injected contaminant, mixing fans are deactivated and the concentration is monitored over time to determine the natural decay. The above is repeated for the total decay test with the unit being activated on maximum speed after the room mixing has been accomplished. Results As seen in Graph 1 the Tsinghua University results show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) has excellent initial performance against TVOC’s. 58 Graph 1 Graph 2 59 Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction, the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, with the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) the results showed a 99.7% total room decay after one hour (total test time). The natural decay was also only tested for one hour and it represents an approximate 3.4% of the one hour total room reduction value. Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce TVOC’s in the air of a room with 99.7% total (with natural decay) room reduction after an hour (96.2% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 60 5.12: Nitrogen room dioxide reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing nitrogen dioxide from the air. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a “heavier than air” toxic gas that is reddish-brown in color and has a sharp biting odor. It is formed during combustion of coal, oil, gas or diesel fuel, and wood. The largest source of nitrogen dioxide in the environment comes from emissions of automotive exhaust as well as from power plants and even natural sources such as wild fires. In-home sources of nitrogen dioxide are tobacco smoke, candle and incense burning and fossil fuel burning appliances, especially those that aren’t vented outdoors or are poorly maintained. Nitrogen dioxide is associated breathing difficulties by inflaming the airways as well as irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. Test Method A unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of nitrogen dioxide. The GB/T18801-2008 is as follows: Air cleaner is placed in the middle of the test room and tested to ensure that it is operational then turned off, monitoring equipment intake is separated by significant space from the inlet and outlet of the air cleaner, temperature and humidity are controlled 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 50 +/- 10% relative humidity, contaminant is injected into the test room until concentration of the room reaches approximately 2.4 mg/m3, mixing fans are employed for 10 minutes to homogenously mix the room air with the injected contaminant, mixing fans are deactivated and the concentration is monitored over time to determine the natural decay. The above is repeated for the total decay test with the unit being activated on maximum speed after the room mixing has been accomplished. Results As seen in Graph 1 the Tsinghua University results show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) has excellent initial performance against nitrogen dioxide. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, with the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) the results showed a 99.5% total room decay after one hour and 99.7% after two hours. The natural decay was also only tested for two hours and it represents an approximate 5.3% of the one hour total room reduction value and 10.6% of the two hour total. Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce nitrogen dioxide in the air of a room with 99.5% total (with natural decay) room reduction after one hour (94.4% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 61 Graph 1 Graph 2 62 5.13: Hydrogen sulfide room reduction up to 99% in a 30m³ room within 60 minutes (with natural decay). Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a carbon filter that is capable of reducing hydrogen sulfide from the air. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a “heavier then air” highly toxic gas that is colorless, extremely flammable, and has a characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. It results from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen and can be found naturally in sewers, swamps, manure pits, well water, oil and gas wells and volcanos. Hydrogen sulfide is used or produced in industries as well, oil and gas refining, electricity produced from coal and or oil, mining, tanning, pulp and paper processing, farms, waste water treatment plants and landfills. In-home sources of hydrogen sulfide include well water, hot water tanks and dry sewer traps. Hydrogen sulfide is not known to cause cancer in humans but is associated breathing difficulties as well as irritation of the eyes, nose and throat. It is linked to asthma attacks, headache, dizziness, coughing, and nausea/vomiting. Test Method A unit was sent to Tsinghua University for testing in their 30m3 chamber against the China National Standard GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner for the room removal of hydrogen sulfide. The GB/T18801-2008 is as follows: Air cleaner is placed in the middle of the test room and tested to ensure that it is operational then turned off, monitoring equipment intake is separated by significant space from the inlet and outlet of the air cleaner, temperature and humidity are controlled 25 +/- 2 degrees C and 50 +/- 10% relative humidity, contaminant is injected into the test room until concentration of the room reaches approximately 1 mg/m3, mixing fans are employed for 10 minutes to homogenously mix the room air with the injected contaminant, mixing fans are deactivated and the concentration is monitored over time to determine the natural decay. The above is repeated for the total decay test with the unit being activated on maximum speed after the room mixing has been accomplished. Results As seen in Graph 1, the Tsinghua University results show that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) has excellent initial performance against hydrogen sulfide. Another way of depicting the data is as attenuation or percent room reduction. In this depiction, the initial contaminant concentration represents 100% of the contamination value. As seen in Graph 2, with the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier operating on maximum speed (5) the results showed a 99.1% total room decay after one hour (total test time). The natural decay was also only tested for one hour and it represents an approximate 7% of the one hour total room reduction value. 63 Graph 1 Graph 2 64 Conclusions Testing shows that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can significantly reduce hydrogen sulfide in the air of a room with 99.1% total (with natural decay) room reduction after an hour (92.1% attributed to AtmosphereTM Air Purifier alone). While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 65 5.14: Dioxin room reduction up to 80%. 5.15: Dibenzofurans room reduction up to 75%. Introduction Dioxin is the generic name for a group of 210 chlorinated aromatic compounds having two linked benzene rings. The benzene rings are linked with either two oxygen atoms (dibenzodioxins), or one oxygen atom (dibenzofurans). Among the 210 individual chlorinated dioxin and furan molecules, 17 compounds in this class—7 dioxins and 10 furans—are considered toxic. The most toxic individual compounds are 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin and 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzodioxin. Dioxin and dioxin-like compounds including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and some coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are identified as endocrine disruptors. Dioxins and dibenzofurans are a group of compounds formed during combustion and industrial processes, and are found in the environment at low concentrations. These compounds are a health concern because they can accumulate in the body, and are extremely toxic causing a number of different health effects. These compounds have extremely low volatility and when they are airborne they tend to attach to dust particles. In addition, they strongly adsorb on activated carbon which has a very high capacity for them. Test Method The performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was modeled for a room. Dioxins and dibenzofurans are extremely toxic and a laboratory test of an air treatment system is not possible. The performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was computer modeled by a respected university, using methods that have been accepted by scientists. Most of the dioxins and dibenzofurans in the air are attached to particles in the air, which can be removed from the air by a HEPA filter. However, these compounds on the trapped particles will slowly bleed off as air passes by them. Dioxins and dibenzofurans are very strongly adsorbed on activated carbon. Therefore, a good particle filter followed by a good activated carbon filter may be capable of removing them from the air. Michigan Technological University (MTU) has developed a number of mathematical models for activated carbon adsorption. They have been publishing their work on these models for over 20 years, and they are highly regarded in the field. The models have been validated many times and proven to be accurate predictors of actual performance. Research and Development contracted with MTU to model the performance of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier for the reduction of dioxins and dibenzofurans. The model required information from odor filter, particulate filter and system performance in a room in order to run the model accurately. Following contains the input we provided: Odor filter inputs were as follows: 66 Carbon = 4x8 GAC @ 2% < 4, 95% = 4x8 and 3%>8 Fill weight = 2.9 lbs or 1315 grams Airflow area of filter = approximately 224.36 square inches Carbon filter bed depth of 0.688 inches Face velocity of 160.46 feet per minute at 250 CFM of total airflow Room inputs were as follows: Volume of room in cubic feet = 1100 ft3 Flow rate of air through the room = 22 CFM Air exchange rate = 1.2 hr-1 Toluene reduction: The unit was also tested in Amway’s AHAM1 test room for Toluene reduction to show the adsorption characteristics of the filter. Toluene is a volatile solvent that has fairly low toxicity. MTU used the data from the toluene reduction to predict the reduction of dioxin compounds. Graph 1 Toluene Adsorption for Atmosphere on Speed 5 18 17 16 15 Toluene (ppm) 14 13 Atmosphere 1.5 with WSA3002 Odor Filter 36 of 100 12 Atmosphere 1.5 with WSA3002 Odor Filter 75 of 100 11 natural decay of Toluene in AHAM1 on 8-31-2012 10 9 8 7 6 Notes: ‐ Speed 5 was calibrated to claimed airflow of 250 CFM ‐ WSA3002 is 2.9 lb GAC carbon with SDD treatment ‐ Room Condition 70 F 50 RH +/‐5 5 4 3 2 1 0 220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Time (min) The toluene room reduction test is a single event test using an initial concentration of approximately 15 ppm in the 1100 cubic foot AHAM1 test room located on the 3rd floor of building 31 here at Amway. The room conditions for the test are 70 degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidity of 50% both +/- 5. The room is clean of both particulate and gas contaminant. At least two tests are required, a natural decay followed by a unit test to determine the reduction. The room is cleaned and then a specific amount of toluene is 67 aerosolized, concentration is mixed with fan and allowed to stabilize. Concentration is monitored and recorded without the air treatment device. This is the natural decay for toluene. After cleaning the room, the test is repeated with an air treatment system. When the room is stabilized at the appropriate concentration level the unit under test is turned on to maximum speed and the concentration is recorded over time. Particulate reduction: In October 2011 a new particulate filter media (HES998C) was built into the WSA2097 particulate filter frame. Three of these filters were tested in a 101076CH AtmosphereTM Air Purifier against the EN1822-5 (2009) Initial Fractional Efficiency test at Interbasic Resources Inc. or IBR. IBR is an independent certified laboratory and reported the following test results in Table 1. This media is now the chosen media for the WSA2097 particle filter and is used across the entire AtmosphereTM product line, covering all 101076 suffixes’ and is the appropriate particulate filter test data for the dioxin modeling of AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. Table 1 MTU put these parameters and the chemical characteristics of dioxins and dibenzofurans in their model. They also put in concentrations of dioxins and dibenzofurans into the model that were much higher than typically found in air. The model also required information such as room size and rate of outside air infiltration, since most of the dioxins and dibenzofurans in the air of a home come from the outside air. The computer model predicted the adsorption of these compounds. Results The report from MTU is entitled “October 4, 2012 Modeling of the Indoor Treatment of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs)”. The MTU model predicts that the odor filter will be effective against dioxins for thousands of years, which is a time period that’s much longer than the rated life (4 to 12 months) of the new thinner odor filter (WSA3002 or WSA3193A). 68 The model also shows that both dioxin and dibenzofurans removal performance is slightly improved over the original AtmosphereTM Air Purifier odor filter at both 1.2 and 2.0 hr-1 AER’s (air exchange rate). However, this table wasn’t used in the 2005 Technical Information Packet (TIP). The table for overall removal efficiency in the TIP came from a technical paper published in the Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association by Hebi Li of CH2M Hill in Tempe Arizona, Yongsheng Chen and John Crittenden of Arizona State University, David Hand of Michigan Technological University and Roy Taylor of Access Business group in Ada Michigan. This model used more conventional AER’s of 1.0, 0.5 and 0.333 hr-1. The table for the original AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is found on page 1164, volume 56, August 2006 of the Journal. David Hand of MTU was asked to repopulate the overall removal efficiency table with results for the new odor filter in AtmosphereTM Air Purifier using the air exchange rates from the table of the Journal and the TIP. Following are the results. Table 9.0 A&WM Paper with new filter design Compound  Overall Removal Efficiency (%)     Qf/Q = 4.99   Qf/Q = 10        Qf/Q = 15          ‐1 ‐1 (AER = 1 hr )  (AER = 0.5 hr ) (AER = 0.333 hr‐1) 2,3,7,8‐TCDD  OCDD  2,3,7,8‐TCDF  OCDF  81.5  99.7  79.3  99.8  87.4  99.8  88.1  99.9  92.7  99.8  91.7  99.9  TCDD – Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin OCDD - Octachlorodibenzodioxin TCDF – Tetrachlorodibenzofuran OCDF – Octachlorodibenzofuran Conclusions By virtue of the performance against the weakest adsorbed dioxin and dibenzofurans, it can be predicted that AtmosphereTM Air Purifier reduces the group of 75 dioxins by 81.5% or better and 135 dibenzofurans by 79.3% or greater and would be effective for the life of the odor filter. AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is predicted to reduce the group of 75 dioxins by 81.5% or better and 135 dibenzofurans by 79.3% or greater and is effective for the life of the odor filter. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 69 6. Sound 6.1: Low speed dB(A) will be lower than 30dB(A) sound pressure with effective performance 6.2: High speed dB(A) is an average of 55dB(A) sound pressure. 6.3: High speed noise lower than eight (8) sones with effective performance. Introduction Sound is defined as any pressure variation that can be heard by a human ear. This encompasses a range of frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 kHz for a young, healthy human ear. In terms of sound pressure level, audible sound ranges from the threshold of hearing at 0 dB to the threshold of pain, which can be over 130 dB. The weakest sound a healthy human ear can detect has an amplitude of 20 millionths of a Pascal (20 µPA) – some 5,000,000,000 times less than normal atmospheric pressure. A pressure change of 20 µPa is so small that it causes the eardrum to deflect a distance less than the diameter of a single hydrogen molecule. Amazingly, the ear can tolerate sound pressures more than a million times higher. Thus, if we measured sound in Pa, we would end up with some very large and unmanageable numbers. To avoid this, another scale is used – the decibel or dB scale. The decibel is not an absolute unit of measurement. It is a ratio between a measured quantity and an agreed reference level. The dB scale is logarithmic and uses the hearing threshold of 20 µPa as the reference level. This is defined as 0 dB. When we multiply the sound pressure in Pa by 10, we add 20 dB to the dB level. So 200 µPa corresponds to 20 dB (re 20 µPa), 2000 µPa to 40 dB and so on. Thus, the dB scale compresses a range of a million µPa into a range of only 120 dB. This measurement is referred to as the Sound Pressure Level (SPL) Although an increase of 6 dB represents a doubling of the sound pressure, an increase of about 10 dB is required before the sound subjectively appears to be twice as loud to the human ear. The smallest change we can hear is about 3 dB. The subjective or perceived loudness of a sound is determined by several complex factors. One such factor is that the human ear is not equally sensitive at all frequencies. It is most sensitive to sounds between 2 kHz and 5 kHz, and less sensitive at higher and lower frequencies. Sound pressure level alone is not an accurate measure of how loud a sound is perceived by the human ear. Loudness or noise is affected by the level of the sound, the frequency and time. Frequency is a factor since the human ear hears different frequencies at different levels. Time also effects how the ear hears a sound because there is a delay in how quickly the ear hears a sound at full level. Sound Quality is measured in sones and takes all these factors into account. Sones is a linear measurement, a sound that is twice as many sones is perceived to be twice as loud. Thus, an increase in the number of sones is a decrease in the quality of the sound. 70 Test Method Sound measurements were taken from two plant trials, a low voltage and a high voltage from the Malaysian manufacturing plant trial on a total of 26 units in a sound chamber to eliminate background noise using the equipment listed below:          Equipment B&K signal analyzer unit type 2827-002. B&K type 4165 Free-Field ½” Microphone. Semi Anechoic Sound chamber. Tripod Procedure The unit under test is to be placed in the middle of the sound chamber. The microphone is mounted at one corner, on the tripod about 1m to 1.25meter high to the floor, and aimed about 45-degree down. The distance between the microphone tip and DUT top housing must be always kept at 1 meter apart. Turn off the sound chamber exhaust fan, lab hood fan and any noise generating equipment in the lab outside the sound room. Select desired voltage and frequency outlet, set speed of DUT and allow 30 minute warm up and 5 minute between speed selections. Results Tables 2 and 3 show the summary of measurements from the individual manufacturing plant trials (low and high voltage) for both noise in sones and sound pressure in dB(A) relative to the average airflow delivered for the 26 units. Table 1 summarizes the weighted average of the data from both the Low and High Voltage Plant Trials. Table 1 Unit High and Low Voltage Unit Claims Testing 26 Unit Weighted Average Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Loudness Sound Pressure CFM M3/M (Sones) (dB(A)) M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 257.5 205.9 154.0 104.4 51.9 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 3.54 2.83 2.66 1.97 1.61 7.29 5.83 4.36 2.96 1.47 437.5 349.8 261.6 177.4 88.1 7.74 5.49 3.30 1.64 0.50 0.32 54.7 49.9 44.5 36.9 25.2 22.5 0.31 0.24 0.13 0.08 0.04 0.00 0.75 0.58 0.53 0.60 0.61 0.00 71 Table 2 Unit Table 3 115 VAC 60Hz Claims Testing 10 Unit Average - WR01451 Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Loudness Sound Pressure CFM M3/M (Sones) (dB(A)) M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 250.5 199.8 149.7 100.4 49.6 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 3.14 3.09 2.24 1.44 1.06 7.09 5.66 4.24 2.84 1.41 425.6 339.4 254.3 170.6 84.3 7.58 5.45 3.28 1.59 0.50 54.67 50.23 44.57 36.51 25.42 0.25 0.22 0.08 0.05 0.04 0.76 0.56 0.33 0.35 0.65 Unit 230 VAC 50Hz Claims Testing 16 Unit Average WR01458 Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Loudness Sound Pressure (Sones) (dB(A)) CFM M3/M M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 261.9 209.7 156.6 106.9 53.3 0.0 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 3.79 2.66 2.92 2.29 1.95 7.41 5.94 4.43 3.03 1.51 444.9 356.3 266.1 181.7 90.5 7.84 5.52 3.31 1.67 0.50 0.32 54.7 49.7 44.5 37.1 25.1 22.5 0.35 0.25 0.17 0.10 0.04 0.75 0.59 0.65 0.76 0.59 The background sound pressure level in the room with the units turned off was 22.5 dB and the loudness was 0.32 sones. Graph 1 Graph 2 Graphs 1 and 2 above depict graphically the relationship between sound and airflow for both low and high voltage units. Conclusions  The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier delivers on the sound design goals while delivering effective room cleaning performance. o The high speed sound pressure average of the 26 units measured is 54.7 dB(A) at an average airflow of 257.5 CFM (7.29 M3/M or 437.5 M3/H) and is under the goal of 60 dB(A). o The low speed sound pressure average of the 26 units measured is 25.2 dB(A) at an average airflow of 51.9 CFM (1.47 M3/M or 88.1 M3/H) and is under the goal of 30 dB(A). o The high speed loudness average of the 26 units measured is 7.74 sones at an average airflow of 257.5 CFM (7.29 M3/M or 437.5 M3/H) and is under the goal of 9 sones. 72 7. Odor filter life of up to one (1) year. Introduction The activated carbon filter has a limited capacity to remove airborne contaminants such as household odors and formaldehyde. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier also has 5 speeds of operation that can be used. The speeds are selected by the user in Manual mode and determined by the sensor level in Auto mode. The life of the odor filter is dependent on the volume of air passing through the odor filter which is a result of on how much time the unit is on and at what speed it is operating. The worst case for odor filters life is running 24 hrs/day at speed 5. This combination results in the maximum amount of air passing through the filter. The life of the carbon filter is four months based on these conditions. Table 1 shows the life of the filter when the unit is run 24 hour per day, at the various speeds. Table 1: 24 Hrs/day Speed 1 2 Life 12.00 10.00 (months) 3 6.67 4 5.00 5 4.00 The filter life is proportional to speed and to run time such that the life is extended when the unit is run less often or at a lower speed. If the unit is run for 12 hrs/day at speed 5, the life is extended to 8 months. There is however, a 12 month limit to the life of the odor filter. This limit is imposed because, even when the system is not running, the carbon filter can adsorb odor contaminants out the air and become depleted. A microprocessor in the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier keeps track of the amount of time the system is used, and the blower speed settings to calculate the life of the filter. The filter replacement indicators inform the customer of when to change the filters. To prove the odor filter in the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can last four months, Product Development developed a peer reviewed and accepted method for testing carbon filter life. Much of the method developed by Product Development is used today with a few exceptions. Those exceptions include an increase in the loading rate so that the time could be decreased from 13 days to approximately 6 days, the initial and post loading room tests have changed from the continuous feed to single event dose studies like those used in the China Nation Standard 18801 and AHAM’s CADR for particulate. Formaldehyde was chosen as the contaminant to validate the odor filter life because of its prevalence in the home, its impact on health, and the amount of published data available on newly constructed homes. The Japanese government has tested large number of newly constructed homes and has had the largest amount of information available on concentrations formaldehyde in the home. In a survey conducted in 2002 of 2,209 homes, the average concentration of formaldehyde was determined to be 0.043 ppm. This average was then used to build a simulated life test of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier’s odor filter. Testing at average concentrations can take from months to years to prove that the filters have capacity for their chosen life cycles. Because of the time and expense, test durations were shortened by accelerating the feed of contamination. Care must be taken to ensure that the acceleration mimics real life performance. 73 TEST METHOD The testing was done in three stages: 1. Initial Room Cleaning Performance - The initial performance was measured in a room with a with a single event dose of formaldehyde. 2. Filter Loading – Estimated 4 months of formaldehyde fed into test room over a 6 day period for a “blank room” study (without air treatment system), followed by a repeat with an air treatment system operating on maximum speed in the room. 3. Final Performance - The final performance was measured in the same manner as the initial performance for comparison. Initial and Final Performance The contaminant was generated by pumping a 10,000 ppm solution of formaldehyde through an HPLC pump and aerosolizing it into the test room. The contaminant was monitored by the Nicolet IGS 26 meter FTIR. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% RH for all tests. Since carbon has great capacity for adsorbing water, the filter was also conditioned with 50% RH air moving through it for at approximately 16 hours. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70OF prior to the start of the test. No extra heating or humidity was allowed during the test. The test consists of two basic parts; contaminant injection while monitoring the room without an air treatment system running for 60 minutes then follow with the air treatment system running on maximum speed. Target contaminant level was approximately 5 ppm. Once reached, the generator was turned off and the room allowed to stabilize for approximately 10 minutes. After this, the concentration was monitored for 60 minutes to determine a natural decay for formaldehyde. Following this natural decay portion the unit was activated on maximum speed (5) and the concentration monitored over time to determine total decay. Filter Loading The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can treat rooms up to 390 square feet. If a 390 square foot room had an air exchange rate of 50% per hour, it would require 2.26 milligrams per hour of formaldehyde emitted to match the average concentration of 0.043 ppm found in the Japanese study. The four month life test of the filters was accelerated by loading the filters with the amount of formaldehyde that the filter would be exposed to over a four month period (121.75 days). The loading was done by metering a minimum of 1,100.6 milligrams per day for six days into the test room. If a system were operated in a room with a 2.26 milligram per hour emission rate, the filter would be exposed to 6,604 milligrams over a four month period 74 The following spreadsheet shows the calculated loading of formaldehyde into the room. Formaldehyde Loading Calculations CADR Cubic feet/min 250 Cubic meters/min 7.08 Treatable Room Square feet w/ 8 foot ceiling Cubic feet Square meters w/ 2.438 meter ceiling Cubic meters 390 3120 36 87.8 Fresh Air Infiltration Fresh Air Exchanges/hour Cubic meters/hour Cubic feet/hour 0.5 43.884 1560 Formaldehyde Concentration in Room ppm milligrams/cubic meter 0.043 0.0528 Formaldehyde Emission Rate milligrams/hour mg/day mg/4 months 2.26 54.24 6604 The contaminant was generated by pumping a 10,000 ppm solution of formaldehyde through an HPLC pump at a feed rate averaging 4.631 milligrams per hour and aerosolizing it into the test room at 46.31 milligrams per hour of formaldehyde gas. The contaminant was monitored by the Nicolet IGS 26 meter FTIR. The test room used was Amway’s “AHAM #1 Test Room” located in Research and Development. The room has a volume of 31.168 cubic meters or 1100 cubic feet and is designed so that it is very similar to a standard AHAM test room. The room is sealed and has an extremely low exchange rate. The test room was conditioned to 50% RH. The temperature of the room was also conditioned at 70OF prior to the start of the test. No extra heating or humidity was allowed during the test. Room was cleansed and repeated with the air treatment in the room. Results for Single Event Testing As can be seen in Graph 1, the total decay (unit removal and natural decay) is approximately 85% for both one and two hours. The natural decay accounts for almost 3% of the reduction after one hour. The natural decay test was limited to one hour. The results are consistent with other WSA3002 odor filter tests. 75 Results of Formaldehyde Loading The results of the formaldehyde loading can be seen in Graph 2. A total of 6596.7 milligrams were injected into the test room before the test was stopped. This represents 121.6 days of operation in a 36 square meter room with a continuous concentration 0.043 ppm. Comparing the data of the empty room study with the unit running study shows that the filter is removing 86% of the estimated contaminant from the air. Results for Post Loading Single Event Testing After the loading study the filter had a strong odor from the captured but not yet reacted with formaldehyde. This is an expected outcome of the accelerated loading which used a feed rate that was approximately 20 times higher than “normal”. The filter was bagged and set aside to allow the treatment to react with the formaldehyde. As can be seen in Graph 3, the post loaded filter total decay (unit removal and natural decay) is approximately 70% at one hour and 79% after two hours. The natural decay portion of the test was flawed because it showed a growing concentration instead of a decay. The reason is most likely due to a small amount of liquid formaldehyde leaking from the generator into the room. Regardless, the filter showed that it is still has room cleaning performance. Graph 1 76 Graph 2 Graph 3 77 Conclusions The results indicate that after exposure to 6600 milligrams of formaldehyde (estimated four months of a 0.043ppm concentration), the odor filter still had room cleaning performance but it had diminished from original. At one hour, the loss was about 15% from the original 85% of total room performance (including natural decay). If the values from the test were applied to a clean air delivery rate, then the unit demonstrated a loss of 35% of the original room cleaning performance at the one hour mark. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 78 8. Particle filter life up to five (5) years. Introduction Particle filter life is affected by several factors of an air treatment system. Among the more prominent factors are the filtration technologies employed, system airflow rate, system single pass efficiency, and motor performance. The most accurate method for testing long filter life is actual system use in a multitude of homes but this would require months and/or years to obtain the results. An acceptable solution to the time issue is to accelerate the loading of the filter where air treatment systems can be challenged with large amounts of particulate contaminant in a very short period of time to characterize their loading versus performance. Once this rate is determined, then computer modeling can be used to predict the performance in rooms of homes under different operating conditions such as room size, airflow speed, operating time and contaminate levels. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier uses a particulate sensor and can monitor the air quality, we can more accurately predict the life of the particle filter based on room air contamination. Test Method The test method employed required a two prong approach of testing and modeling. The testing portion was performed at Amway’s Ada Research and Development facility. The results were then incorporated into a model to determine the filter life based on time, speed and particle levels in an AHAM recommended room size of 388 square foot (8 foot ceiling). Initial performance characteristics of airflow, CADR and filter pressure drop and weight were obtained before the start of the test. AC1 test dust along with 1R4F laboratory test cigarettes were used as the as the contaminant. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier particle filter was set up in the middle of a duct work system so that the contaminant could be injected upstream of the filter under test. The duct work system was set to match the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier’s speed 5 airflow output with the filter under test. The cigarettes were ignited ten at a time and injected upstream of the filter with 10 grams of dust at a feed rate to match the burn of the cigarettes. The airflow rate monitored as the contaminant is feed into the plenum. When the airflow of the system drops by approximately 60 to 30 CFM the test was paused and the airflow was recorded along with the amount of dust and cigarettes fed into the filter. The filter was then removed from the duct work. The weight, pressure drop, airflow (in system) and CADR for smoke was measured. The filter was then reinstalled into the plenum and the process of loading and recording was repeated until the unit airflow dropped below 50% of its initial CADR performance value. The results of the testing defined the loading versus performance rate and the total amount of dust that can be collected. These factors were used as input and limit into a mathematical model. The loading model is used to predict the time it will take to accumulate a specified amount of particulate on the filter. The loading model is based on the AHAM room concentration reduction model with variables for infiltration rate (air changes per hour), outdoor concentration, natural decay rate for the contaminant, room size with an eight foot ceiling, and time. Modifications to the model were added to account for additional inputs for loading versus performance rate, performance loss cutoff, micrograms of contaminant per cubic meter of room air, and mixing factor loss. 79 Results Two AtmosphereTM Air Purifier filters were tested with the results in Graph 1. The initial CADR performance of both filters were 252 (filter 41) and 251 (filter 79) creating an average of 251.5 resulting in a cutoff CADR of 150.9. Filter 41 collected 160 grams before the CADR performance cutoff was reached and filter 79 collected 174 grams. The average of the two filters, also seen in Graph 1, was 167 grams. A third order polynomial trend line was developed based on the average values to determine the loading rate slope. This slope was then imported into the mathematical model to calculate the filter life based on the speed and contamination factors. Graph 1 The mathematical model predicts that if an AtmosphereTM Air Purifier were inserted to the 388 square foot room that had a sustainable 100 µgrams of contaminant in the air and turned on and set to speed 5 and left to run indefinitely, the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier would reduce the room concentration down to 19.5 µgrams in about one hour. As seen in Table 1, the particle filter life would be 872.8 days or 2.3912 years and over that time AtmosphereTM Air Purifier would have collected 167 grams of contaminant and delivered 188.98 million cubic feet of purified air. Table 1 Time Year 2.3912 Day 872.8 Estimated CADR Rate 150.4 Filter End of Life Results Concentration U Grams Particulate Collected in Grams % Remaining Remaining Average/Period Total 28.6 28.6 2.985 167 Purified Air Cubic Feet 188,989,230 80 Table 2 is a summary of inputs and outputs used in the model that allow the estimation of performance over time using the “normal” particle contamination of 100 µgrams. Differing contamination levels create a wide span on the life of the particle filter. For instance, if the contamination level was 50 µgrams per cubic meter (Table 3) then the life for the particle filter would be 4.78 years. Increasing the contaminant level to a ridiculous 1024 µgrams per cubic meter (Table 4) would reduce the life of the particle filter down to just 85 days. (NOTE: For Tables 2, 3, and 4 – see following pages the conclusions section below). Conclusions The mathematical model suggests that the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier’s particle filter can indeed last longer than one year even when used continuously 24 hour a day on its highest speed (5) in an environment with a sustainable 100 µgrams of particulate contaminant. Due to the potential for contamination on the filter, there is a five year limit on the life of the filter. There are four factors that determine the life of the particle filter: 1. Five year time limit 2. Operating time 3. Speed selection during operation 4. Contamination level 81 Table 2 Atmosphere 1.5 (Max Speed) particulate filter loading for Dust and smoke particulate in a 388 SF (3104 CF (20' x 19.4' x 8')) room with 1 air Particulate Loading Model change per hour, an equilibrium continuous source of 19.5 μ grams of particulate per cubic meter (equating to 100 μ grams per cubic meter without an ATS), a unit CADR rate of 251.499999999989 with a performance cutoff of 60% and using continuous 24 hour/day. Performance Loss Cutoff 60.0% Loading Rate y = 0.00000658003308267631x 3 - 0.00323880501356433x 2 - 0.246690547521325x + 251.499999999989 19.5 100.0 μ Grams Per Cubic Meter Grams/CF 0.00000283168 Air Changes Per Hour 1 Natural Decay Rate 0.003 Outdoor Concentration 1.18 Clean Air Delivery Rate 251.5 Mixing Factor 1 # of Rows for Calculation 76 Days Time Inc. (Min) 22442.77 15.6 15.585255 Days Room Length 20 Feet Room Width Filter End of Life Results 19.4 Feet Concentration U Grams Particulate Collected in Grams Room Height Time Estimated 8 Feet CADR Rate % Remaining Remaining Average/Period Square Foot (SF) = 388 Year Day Total Room volume (CF) = 3104 2.3912 872.8 150.4 28.6 28.6 2.985 167 Infiltration Rates (CFM) 51.73333 Time Estimated Estimated Mixing Factor Concentration U Grams Particulate Collected in Grams CADR CADR % % Remaining Remaining Years Days Hours Minutes Per Speed Per Period Total 0.0000 0.0 0.0 0 251.5 100% 100.00% 100 100.0 0 0.000000 0.0427 15.6 374.0 22443 250.7 99.68% 100.00% 19.5 19.5 3.121749 3.121749 0.0854 31.2 748.1 44886 249.8 99.34% 100.00% 19.6 19.6 3.119801 6.241550 0.1281 46.8 1122.1 67328 248.9 98.97% 100.00% 19.6 19.6 3.117693 9.359243 0.1708 62.3 1496.2 89771 247.9 98.58% 100.00% 19.7 19.7 3.115425 12.474668 0.2135 77.9 1870.2 112214 246.9 98.17% 100.00% 19.8 19.8 3.112998 15.587666 0.2562 93.5 2244.3 134657 245.8 97.73% 100.00% 19.8 19.8 3.110412 18.698078 0.2989 109.1 2618.3 157099 244.6 97.28% 100.00% 19.9 19.9 3.107669 21.805746 0.3416 124.7 2992.4 179542 243.4 96.80% 100.00% 20.0 20.0 3.104767 24.910514 0.3843 140.3 3366.4 201985 242.2 96.30% 100.00% 20.0 20.0 3.101709 28.012223 0.4270 155.9 3740.5 224428 240.9 95.78% 100.00% 20.1 20.1 3.098493 31.110715 0.4697 171.4 4114.5 246870 239.5 95.24% 100.00% 20.2 20.2 3.095119 34.205835 0.5124 187.0 4488.6 269313 238.1 94.69% 100.00% 20.3 20.3 3.091588 37.297423 0.5551 202.6 4862.6 291756 236.7 94.11% 100.00% 20.4 20.4 3.087900 40.385323 0.5978 218.2 5236.6 314199 235.2 93.52% 100.00% 20.5 20.5 3.084054 43.469377 0.6405 233.8 5610.7 336642 233.7 92.91% 100.00% 20.6 20.6 3.080050 46.549426 0.6832 249.4 5984.7 359084 232.1 92.28% 100.00% 20.7 20.7 3.075887 49.625313 0.7259 264.9 6358.8 381527 230.5 91.64% 100.00% 20.8 20.8 3.071565 52.696878 0.7686 280.5 6732.8 403970 228.8 90.98% 100.00% 20.9 20.9 3.067084 55.763962 0.8113 296.1 7106.9 426413 227.1 90.31% 100.00% 21.1 21.1 3.062443 58.826405 0.8540 311.7 7480.9 448855 225.4 89.62% 100.00% 21.2 21.2 3.057641 61.884046 0.8967 327.3 7855.0 471298 223.6 88.92% 100.00% 21.3 21.3 3.052678 64.936724 0.9394 342.9 8229.0 493741 221.8 88.20% 100.00% 21.4 21.4 3.047553 67.984277 0.9821 358.5 8603.1 516184 220.0 87.47% 100.00% 21.6 21.6 3.042265 71.026542 1.0248 374.0 8977.1 538626 218.1 86.73% 100.00% 21.7 21.7 3.036813 74.063356 1.0675 389.6 9351.2 561069 216.2 85.98% 100.00% 21.9 21.9 3.031197 77.094553 1.1102 405.2 9725.2 583512 214.3 85.22% 100.00% 22.0 22.0 3.025416 80.119969 1.1529 420.8 10099.2 605955 212.4 84.45% 100.00% 22.2 22.2 3.019468 83.139437 1.1956 436.4 10473.3 628397 210.4 83.66% 100.00% 22.3 22.3 3.013353 86.152789 1.2383 452.0 10847.3 650840 208.4 82.87% 100.00% 22.5 22.5 3.007069 89.159858 1.2810 467.6 11221.4 673283 206.4 82.07% 100.00% 22.7 22.7 3.000617 92.160475 1.3237 483.1 11595.4 695726 204.4 81.26% 100.00% 22.8 22.8 2.993994 95.154469 1.3664 498.7 11969.5 718169 202.3 80.44% 100.00% 23.0 23.0 2.987199 98.141668 1.4091 514.3 12343.5 740611 200.2 79.62% 100.00% 23.2 23.2 2.980233 101.121901 1.4518 529.9 12717.6 763054 198.1 78.79% 100.00% 23.4 23.4 2.973093 104.094994 1.4945 545.5 13091.6 785497 196.0 77.95% 100.00% 23.6 23.6 2.965779 107.060773 1.5372 561.1 13465.7 807940 193.9 77.10% 100.00% 23.7 23.7 2.958290 110.019063 1.5799 576.7 13839.7 830382 191.8 76.26% 100.00% 23.9 23.9 2.950624 112.969687 1.6226 592.2 14213.8 852825 189.6 75.40% 100.00% 24.1 24.1 2.942781 115.912468 1.6653 607.8 14587.8 875268 187.5 74.54% 100.00% 24.4 24.4 2.934760 118.847228 1.7080 623.4 14961.8 897711 185.3 73.68% 100.00% 24.6 24.6 2.926560 121.773788 1.7507 639.0 15335.9 920153 183.1 72.82% 100.00% 24.8 24.8 2.918180 124.691968 1.7934 654.6 15709.9 942596 181.0 71.95% 99.90% 25.0 25.0 2.909507 127.601475 1.8361 670.2 16084.0 965039 178.8 71.08% 99.78% 25.2 25.2 2.900633 130.502108 1.8788 685.8 16458.0 987482 176.6 70.21% 99.66% 25.5 25.5 2.891575 133.393683 1.9215 701.3 16832.1 1009925 174.4 69.34% 99.54% 25.7 25.7 2.882333 136.276015 1.9642 716.9 17206.1 1032367 172.2 68.47% 99.43% 25.9 25.9 2.872906 139.148921 2.0069 732.5 17580.2 1054810 170.0 67.59% 99.31% 26.2 26.2 2.863294 142.012215 2.0496 748.1 17954.2 1077253 167.8 66.72% 99.19% 26.4 26.4 2.853496 144.865711 2.0923 763.7 18328.3 1099696 165.6 65.85% 99.07% 26.7 26.7 2.843513 147.709225 2.1350 779.3 18702.3 1122138 163.4 64.97% 98.95% 26.9 26.9 2.833345 150.542570 2.1777 794.8 19076.4 1144581 161.2 64.10% 98.83% 27.2 27.2 2.822991 153.365561 2.2204 810.4 19450.4 1167024 159.0 63.24% 98.71% 27.4 27.4 2.812452 156.178013 2.2631 826.0 19824.4 1189467 156.9 62.37% 98.60% 27.7 27.7 2.801728 158.979741 2.3058 841.6 20198.5 1211909 154.7 61.51% 98.48% 28.0 28.0 2.790820 161.770561 2.3485 857.2 20572.5 1234352 152.5 60.65% 98.36% 28.3 28.3 2.779728 164.550289 2.3912 872.8 20946.6 1256795 150.4 59.79% 98.24% 28.6 28.6 2.768454 167.318743 Purified Air Cubic Feet 188,989,230 Purified Air Cubic Feet 5626368.747 11214008.62 16758879.59 22257064.6 27704770.33 33098327.8 38434193.02 43708947.38 48919298.18 54062078.86 59134249.31 64132896.06 69055232.33 73898598.16 78660460.29 83338412.09 87930173.39 92433590.23 96846634.53 101167403.7 105394120.4 109525131.5 113558908 117494044.3 121329257.3 125063385.6 128695388.8 132224346.6 135649457.6 138970038.3 142185522 145295457.8 148299508.9 151197451.6 153989173.8 156674673.2 159254056.4 161727536.6 164095432.3 166358165.3 168516259.1 170570417 172521380.5 174369975.4 176117120.6 177763826.3 179311191.6 180760401.7 182112725.8 183369514.8 184532197.9 185602280.8 186581342.3 187471032 188273067.2 188989229.8 82 Table 3 Atmosphere 1.5 (Max Speed) particulate filter loading for Dust and smoke particulate in a 388 SF (3104 CF (20' x 19.4' x 8')) room with 1 air Particulate Loading Model change per hour, an equilibrium continuous source of 9.8 μ grams of particulate per cubic meter (equating to 50 μ grams per cubic meter without an ATS), a unit CADR rate of 251.499999999989 with a performance cutoff of 60% and using continuous 24 hour/day. 60.0% Performance Loss Cutoff y = 0.00000658003308267631x 3 - 0.00323880501356433x 2 - 0.246690547521325x + 251.499999999989 Loading Rate 9.8 50.0 μ Grams Per Cubic Meter Grams/CF 0.00000141584 Air Changes Per Hour 1 Natural Decay Rate 0.003 Outdoor Concentration 1.18 Clean Air Delivery Rate 251.5 1 Mixing Factor 76 Days # of Rows for Calculation Time Inc. (Min) 44885.53 31.2 31.17051 Days Room Length 20 Feet Room Width Filter End of Life Results 19.4 Feet Room Height Time Estimated Concentration µ Grams Particulate Collected in Grams 8 Feet Square Foot (SF) = CADR Rate % Remaining Remaining Average/Period 388 Year Day Total Room volume (CF) = 3104 4.7823 1745.5 150.4 28.6 14.3 2.985 167 Infiltration Rates (CFM) 51.73333 Time Estimated Estimated Mixing Factor Concentration U Grams Particulate Collected in Grams CADR CADR % % Remaining Remaining Years Days Hours Minutes Per Speed Per Period Total 0.0000 0.0 0.0 0 251.5 100% 100.00% 100 50.0 0 0.000000 0.0854 31.2 748.1 44886 250.7 99.68% 100.00% 19.5 9.8 3.121749 3.121749 0.1708 62.3 1496.2 89771 249.8 99.34% 100.00% 19.6 9.8 3.119801 6.241550 0.2562 93.5 2244.3 134657 248.9 98.97% 100.00% 19.6 9.8 3.117693 9.359243 0.3416 124.7 2992.4 179542 247.9 98.58% 100.00% 19.7 9.8 3.115425 12.474668 0.4270 155.9 3740.5 224428 246.9 98.17% 100.00% 19.8 9.9 3.112998 15.587666 0.5124 187.0 4488.6 269313 245.8 97.73% 100.00% 19.8 9.9 3.110412 18.698078 0.5978 218.2 5236.6 314199 244.6 97.28% 100.00% 19.9 9.9 3.107669 21.805746 0.6832 249.4 5984.7 359084 243.4 96.80% 100.00% 20.0 10.0 3.104767 24.910514 0.7686 280.5 6732.8 403970 242.2 96.30% 100.00% 20.0 10.0 3.101709 28.012223 0.8540 311.7 7480.9 448855 240.9 95.78% 100.00% 20.1 10.1 3.098493 31.110715 0.9394 342.9 8229.0 493741 239.5 95.24% 100.00% 20.2 10.1 3.095119 34.205835 1.0248 374.0 8977.1 538626 238.1 94.69% 100.00% 20.3 10.2 3.091588 37.297423 1.1102 405.2 9725.2 583512 236.7 94.11% 100.00% 20.4 10.2 3.087900 40.385323 1.1956 436.4 10473.3 628397 235.2 93.52% 100.00% 20.5 10.3 3.084054 43.469377 1.2810 467.6 11221.4 673283 233.7 92.91% 100.00% 20.6 10.3 3.080050 46.549426 1.3664 498.7 11969.5 718169 232.1 92.28% 100.00% 20.7 10.4 3.075887 49.625313 1.4518 529.9 12717.6 763054 230.5 91.64% 100.00% 20.8 10.4 3.071565 52.696878 1.5372 561.1 13465.7 807940 228.8 90.98% 100.00% 20.9 10.5 3.067084 55.763962 1.6226 592.2 14213.8 852825 227.1 90.31% 100.00% 21.1 10.5 3.062443 58.826405 1.7080 623.4 14961.8 897711 225.4 89.62% 100.00% 21.2 10.6 3.057641 61.884046 1.7934 654.6 15709.9 942596 223.6 88.92% 100.00% 21.3 10.7 3.052678 64.936724 1.8788 685.8 16458.0 987482 221.8 88.20% 100.00% 21.4 10.7 3.047553 67.984277 1.9642 716.9 17206.1 1032367 220.0 87.47% 100.00% 21.6 10.8 3.042265 71.026542 2.0496 748.1 17954.2 1077253 218.1 86.73% 100.00% 21.7 10.9 3.036813 74.063356 2.1350 779.3 18702.3 1122138 216.2 85.98% 100.00% 21.9 10.9 3.031197 77.094553 2.2204 810.4 19450.4 1167024 214.3 85.22% 100.00% 22.0 11.0 3.025416 80.119969 2.3058 841.6 20198.5 1211909 212.4 84.45% 100.00% 22.2 11.1 3.019468 83.139437 2.3912 872.8 20946.6 1256795 210.4 83.66% 100.00% 22.3 11.2 3.013353 86.152789 2.4766 903.9 21694.7 1301680 208.4 82.87% 100.00% 22.5 11.2 3.007069 89.159858 2.5620 935.1 22442.8 1346566 206.4 82.07% 100.00% 22.7 11.3 3.000617 92.160475 2.6474 966.3 23190.9 1391452 204.4 81.26% 100.00% 22.8 11.4 2.993994 95.154469 2.7328 997.5 23939.0 1436337 202.3 80.44% 100.00% 23.0 11.5 2.987199 98.141668 2.8182 1028.6 24687.0 1481223 200.2 79.62% 100.00% 23.2 11.6 2.980233 101.121901 2.9036 1059.8 25435.1 1526108 198.1 78.79% 100.00% 23.4 11.7 2.973093 104.094994 2.9890 1091.0 26183.2 1570994 196.0 77.95% 100.00% 23.6 11.8 2.965779 107.060773 3.0744 1122.1 26931.3 1615879 193.9 77.10% 100.00% 23.7 11.9 2.958290 110.019063 3.1598 1153.3 27679.4 1660765 191.8 76.26% 100.00% 23.9 12.0 2.950624 112.969687 3.2451 1184.5 28427.5 1705650 189.6 75.40% 100.00% 24.1 12.1 2.942781 115.912468 3.3305 1215.6 29175.6 1750536 187.5 74.54% 100.00% 24.4 12.2 2.934760 118.847228 3.4159 1246.8 29923.7 1795421 185.3 73.68% 100.00% 24.6 12.3 2.926560 121.773788 3.5013 1278.0 30671.8 1840307 183.1 72.82% 100.00% 24.8 12.4 2.918180 124.691968 3.5867 1309.2 31419.9 1885192 181.0 71.95% 99.90% 25.0 12.5 2.909507 127.601475 3.6721 1340.3 32168.0 1930078 178.8 71.08% 99.78% 25.2 12.6 2.900633 130.502108 3.7575 1371.5 32916.1 1974964 176.6 70.21% 99.66% 25.5 12.7 2.891575 133.393683 3.8429 1402.7 33664.2 2019849 174.4 69.34% 99.54% 25.7 12.8 2.882333 136.276015 3.9283 1433.8 34412.2 2064735 172.2 68.47% 99.43% 25.9 13.0 2.872906 139.148921 4.0137 1465.0 35160.3 2109620 170.0 67.59% 99.31% 26.2 13.1 2.863294 142.012215 4.0991 1496.2 35908.4 2154506 167.8 66.72% 99.19% 26.4 13.2 2.853496 144.865711 4.1845 1527.4 36656.5 2199391 165.6 65.85% 99.07% 26.7 13.3 2.843513 147.709225 4.2699 1558.5 37404.6 2244277 163.4 64.97% 98.95% 26.9 13.5 2.833345 150.542570 4.3553 1589.7 38152.7 2289162 161.2 64.10% 98.83% 27.2 13.6 2.822991 153.365561 4.4407 1620.9 38900.8 2334048 159.0 63.24% 98.71% 27.4 13.7 2.812452 156.178013 4.5261 1652.0 39648.9 2378933 156.9 62.37% 98.60% 27.7 13.9 2.801728 158.979741 4.6115 1683.2 40397.0 2423819 154.7 61.51% 98.48% 28.0 14.0 2.790820 161.770561 4.6969 1714.4 41145.1 2468704 152.5 60.65% 98.36% 28.3 14.1 2.779728 164.550289 4.7823 1745.5 41893.2 2513590 150.4 59.79% 98.24% 28.6 14.3 2.768454 167.318743 Purified Air Cubic Feet 377,978,460 Purified Air Cubic Feet 11252737.49 22428017.24 33517759.17 44514129.2 55409540.65 66196655.61 76868386.03 87417894.77 97838596.36 108124157.7 118268498.6 128265792.1 138110464.7 147797196.3 157320920.6 166676824.2 175860346.8 184867180.5 193693269.1 202334807.5 210788240.7 219050262.9 227117816 234988088.6 242658514.6 250126771.2 257390777.7 264448693.3 271298915.2 277940076.5 284371044 290590915.6 296599017.8 302394903.3 307978347.5 313349346.4 318508112.8 323455073.2 328190864.5 332716330.6 337032518.2 341140834 345042761 348739950.7 352234241.2 355527652.7 358622383.2 361520803.3 364225451.7 366739029.6 369064395.8 371204561.6 373162684.6 374942064.1 376546134.4 377978459.6 83 Table 4 Atmosphere 1.5 (Max Speed) particulate filter loading for Dust and smoke particulate in a 388 SF (3104 CF (20' x 19.4' x 8')) room with 1 air Particulate Loading Model change per hour, an equilibrium continuous source of 200 μ grams of particulate per cubic meter (equating to 1024 μ grams per cubic meter without an ATS), a unit CADR rate of 251.499999999989 with a performance cutoff of 60% and using continuous 24 hour/day. 60.0% Performance Loss Cutoff y = 0.00000658003308267631x 3 - 0.00323880501356433x 2 - 0.246690547521325x + 251.499999999989 Loading Rate 200.0 1024.0 μ Grams Per Cubic Meter Grams/CF 0.00002899640 1 Air Changes Per Hour 0.003 Natural Decay Rate 1.18 Outdoor Concentration 251.5 Clean Air Delivery Rate 1 Mixing Factor 76 Days # of Rows for Calculation 2189.887 1.5 1.5207551 Days Time Inc. (Min) 20 Feet Room Length 19.4 Feet Room Width Filter End of Life Results 8 Feet Room Height Time Estimated Concentration µ Grams Particulate Collected in Grams 388 Year Day Total Square Foot (SF) = CADR Rate % Remaining Remaining Average/Period 3104 0.2333 85.2 150.5 28.5 292.3 2.983 167 Room volume (CF) = 51.73333 Infiltration Rates (CFM) Time Estimated Estimated Mixing Factor Concentration U Grams Particulate Collected in Grams Years Days Hours Minutes Per Speed Per Period Total CADR CADR % % Remaining Remaining 0.0000 0.0 0.0 0 251.5 100% 100.00% 100 1024.0 0 0.000000 0.0042 1.5 36.5 2190 250.7 99.68% 100.00% 19.5 200.0 3.119201 3.119201 0.0083 3.0 73.0 4380 249.8 99.34% 100.00% 19.6 200.5 3.117256 6.236457 0.0125 4.6 109.5 6570 248.9 98.97% 100.00% 19.6 201.1 3.115151 9.351608 0.0167 6.1 146.0 8760 247.9 98.58% 100.00% 19.7 201.7 3.112887 12.464495 0.0208 7.6 182.5 10949 246.9 98.17% 100.00% 19.8 202.3 3.110465 15.574960 0.0250 9.1 219.0 13139 245.8 97.74% 100.00% 19.8 203.0 3.107884 18.682844 0.0292 10.6 255.5 15329 244.7 97.28% 100.00% 19.9 203.7 3.105146 21.787990 0.0333 12.2 292.0 17519 243.5 96.80% 100.00% 20.0 204.5 3.102250 24.890240 0.0375 13.7 328.5 19709 242.2 96.30% 100.00% 20.0 205.3 3.099197 27.989437 0.0417 15.2 365.0 21899 240.9 95.79% 100.00% 20.1 206.1 3.095987 31.085424 0.0458 16.7 401.5 24089 239.5 95.25% 100.00% 20.2 207.0 3.092621 34.178045 0.0500 18.2 438.0 26279 238.1 94.69% 100.00% 20.3 208.0 3.089097 37.267142 0.0542 19.8 474.5 28469 236.7 94.12% 100.00% 20.4 208.9 3.085416 40.352558 0.0583 21.3 511.0 30658 235.2 93.52% 100.00% 20.5 209.9 3.081578 43.434136 0.0625 22.8 547.5 32848 233.7 92.92% 100.00% 20.6 211.0 3.077582 46.511718 0.0667 24.3 584.0 35038 232.1 92.29% 100.00% 20.7 212.1 3.073428 49.585146 0.0708 25.9 620.5 37228 230.5 91.65% 100.00% 20.8 213.2 3.069115 52.654261 0.0750 27.4 657.0 39418 228.8 90.99% 100.00% 20.9 214.4 3.064644 55.718904 0.0792 28.9 693.5 41608 227.1 90.32% 100.00% 21.1 215.6 3.060012 58.778917 0.0833 30.4 730.0 43798 225.4 89.63% 100.00% 21.2 216.9 3.055221 61.834137 0.0875 31.9 766.5 45988 223.7 88.93% 100.00% 21.3 218.2 3.050268 64.884406 0.0917 33.5 803.0 48178 221.9 88.21% 100.00% 21.4 219.6 3.045154 67.929560 0.0958 35.0 839.5 50367 220.0 87.49% 100.00% 21.6 221.0 3.039878 70.969438 0.1000 36.5 876.0 52557 218.2 86.75% 100.00% 21.7 222.4 3.034438 74.003876 0.1042 38.0 912.5 54747 216.3 86.00% 100.00% 21.9 223.9 3.028834 77.032711 0.1083 39.5 949.0 56937 214.4 85.24% 100.00% 22.0 225.4 3.023066 80.055776 0.1125 41.1 985.4 59127 212.4 84.46% 100.00% 22.2 227.0 3.017131 83.072907 0.1167 42.6 1021.9 61317 210.5 83.68% 100.00% 22.3 228.6 3.011029 86.083937 0.1208 44.1 1058.4 63507 208.5 82.89% 100.00% 22.5 230.2 3.004760 89.088697 0.1250 45.6 1094.9 65697 206.5 82.09% 100.00% 22.7 231.9 2.998322 92.087019 0.1292 47.1 1131.4 67887 204.4 81.28% 100.00% 22.8 233.7 2.991714 95.078732 0.1333 48.7 1167.9 70076 202.4 80.46% 100.00% 23.0 235.5 2.984935 98.063667 0.1375 50.2 1204.4 72266 200.3 79.64% 100.00% 23.2 237.3 2.977984 101.041651 0.1417 51.7 1240.9 74456 198.2 78.81% 100.00% 23.4 239.2 2.970861 104.012512 0.1458 53.2 1277.4 76646 196.1 77.97% 100.00% 23.5 241.1 2.963563 106.976075 0.1500 54.7 1313.9 78836 194.0 77.13% 100.00% 23.7 243.1 2.956091 109.932166 0.1542 56.3 1350.4 81026 191.8 76.28% 100.00% 23.9 245.1 2.948443 112.880610 0.1583 57.8 1386.9 83216 189.7 75.43% 100.00% 24.1 247.2 2.940618 115.821228 0.1625 59.3 1423.4 85406 187.5 74.57% 100.00% 24.3 249.3 2.932616 118.753844 0.1667 60.8 1459.9 87595 185.4 73.71% 100.00% 24.6 251.5 2.924435 121.678279 0.1708 62.4 1496.4 89785 183.2 72.85% 100.00% 24.8 253.7 2.916075 124.594353 0.1750 63.9 1532.9 91975 181.0 71.98% 99.90% 25.0 255.9 2.907425 127.501779 0.1792 65.4 1569.4 94165 178.8 71.11% 99.78% 25.2 258.2 2.898572 130.400351 0.1833 66.9 1605.9 96355 176.7 70.24% 99.67% 25.4 260.5 2.889535 133.289886 0.1875 68.4 1642.4 98545 174.5 69.37% 99.55% 25.7 262.9 2.880315 136.170201 0.1917 70.0 1678.9 100735 172.3 68.50% 99.43% 25.9 265.4 2.870910 139.041111 0.1958 71.5 1715.4 102925 170.1 67.63% 99.31% 26.2 267.8 2.861321 141.902432 0.2000 73.0 1751.9 105115 167.9 66.75% 99.19% 26.4 270.4 2.851546 144.753979 0.2042 74.5 1788.4 107304 165.7 65.88% 99.07% 26.7 273.0 2.841587 147.595565 0.2083 76.0 1824.9 109494 163.5 65.01% 98.96% 26.9 275.6 2.831442 150.427008 0.2125 77.6 1861.4 111684 161.3 64.14% 98.84% 27.2 278.3 2.821113 153.248121 0.2167 79.1 1897.9 113874 159.1 63.27% 98.72% 27.4 281.0 2.810599 156.058720 0.2208 80.6 1934.4 116064 157.0 62.41% 98.60% 27.7 283.7 2.799900 158.858620 0.2250 82.1 1970.9 118254 154.8 61.55% 98.48% 28.0 286.6 2.789018 161.647637 0.2292 83.6 2007.4 120444 152.6 60.69% 98.37% 28.3 289.4 2.777952 164.425589 0.2333 85.2 2043.9 122634 150.5 59.83% 98.25% 28.5 292.3 2.766704 167.192293 Purified Air Cubic Feet 18,452,976 Purified Air Cubic Feet 549003.0307 1094230.443 1635288.654 2171796.051 2703383.063 3229692.227 3750378.239 4265108.006 4773560.685 5275427.715 5770412.841 6258232.134 6738614 7211299.187 7676040.775 8132604.173 8580767.096 9020319.547 9451063.782 9872814.276 10285397.68 10688652.75 11082430.35 11466593.3 11841016.38 12205586.23 12560201.25 12904771.52 13239218.71 13563475.99 13877487.88 14181210.15 14474609.74 14757664.54 15030363.34 15292705.63 15544701.48 15786371.35 16017745.96 16238866.09 16449782.42 16650562.85 16841279.56 17022012.68 17192851.42 17353893.88 17505246.78 17647025.28 17779352.73 17902360.39 18016187.2 18120979.54 18216890.92 18304081.74 18382719.02 18452976.06 84 9. Low power consumption with ENERGY STAR® Rating Introduction Air treatment systems are appliances that consume electricity in the process of moving air and removing contaminants. The need for more energy efficient appliances is becoming more evident with rising energy costs, recognition of limited resources, and the effects of greenhouse gas emissions from our electrical power plants. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) recognized this need and have combined efforts to work with more than one thousand manufactures to determine the energy performance levels that must be met for a product to earn the ENERGY STAR®. The EPA and the DOE only permit use of the label in product categories where the efficient products offer the features and performance consumers want and provide a reasonable payback if the initial purchase price is higher. Currently, the ENERGY STAR® label can be found on products in more than 35 categories for the home and workplace. The EPA, in July of 2004, released a product specification that allows room air treatment systems to earn the ENERGY STAR® mark. Room air treatment systems that earn the ENERGY STAR® mark will be approximately 35% more energy efficient than standard models. The US EPA developed the product specification as a result of increased consumer interest in these products, significant energy savings potential, and interest from manufacturers in producing more energy efficient products. Qualifying models must produce a minimum 50 CADR for Dust and produce no more than 50 ppb of ozone as a byproduct of air cleaning (UL Standard 867) to be considered. Qualifying units must consume less than or equal to 2 Watts of power while in standby mode and deliver greater than or equal to 2.0 CADR/Watt (Dust) per the ANSI/AHAM AC-1 test protocol. Low power consumption coupled with ENERGY STAR® Rating  High speed power consumption with be lower than 50 watts with effective room cleaning performance.  Low speed power consumption will be lower than 5 watts.  Off Mode power consumption will be lower than 2 watts. The following table (Table 1) represents the design goals for airflow and power consumption for the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier. To satisfy regulations the power consumption of the unit must be within 20% of the maximum claimed value Table 1 Unit Atmosphere Air Purifier Claims Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow CFM M3/H M3/M 5 4 3 2 1 Off 250 200 150 100 50 0 7.08 5.66 4.25 2.83 1.42 424.8 339.8 254.9 169.9 85.0 Power Watts 40 22 13 7.3 4.5 <2 85 Test Method The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier power consumption was measured in the Airflow/Gas lab, of Access Business Group, during airflow measurements using the Torrington FM950 Wind Tunnel built and calibrated to the ANSI/ASHRAE 51-1985, ANSI/AMCA 210-85 standards. The power was measured with the Yokagawa 2534 true RMS power meter. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was mounted so that the outlet of the unit pushes air into the wind tunnel and sealed so that there are no air leaks. The wind tunnel is turned on and set to Automatic mode to follow the airflow of the device under test. The unit is then turned on at the desired speed and allowed to warm up for 30 minutes before airflow and power measurements are taken. Subsequent speed changes are given a five minute equilibrating time before measurements are taken. Results The averaged results of the laboratory testing have been compiled from three different builds including low voltage plant trial, high voltage plant trial, and samples from the Amway Manufacturing plant in China. These results can be seen in Tables 3, 4 and 5, respectively, with the total weighted averages summarized in Table 2. Note that the airflow measurements were taken in CFM and converted to cubic meters per minute (M3/M) and cubic meters per hour (M3/H). Table 2 Table 3 Total Claims Testing 46 Unit Weighted Average Unit Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Power CFM M3/M Watts M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 254.4 203.5 152.3 103.5 51.2 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 2.76 2.31 2.34 1.66 1.69 7.20 5.76 4.31 2.93 1.45 432.2 345.7 258.8 175.8 87.0 42.9 25.6 14.2 7.9 4.3 1.08 1.07 0.69 0.50 0.33 0.17 0.10 Table 4 115 VAC 60Hz Claims Testing 10 Unit Average - WR01451 Unit Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Power Watts CFM M3/M M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 250.5 199.8 149.7 100.4 49.6 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 3.14 3.09 2.24 1.44 1.06 7.09 5.66 4.24 2.84 1.41 425.6 339.4 254.3 170.6 84.3 43.1 25.4 13.9 7.3 3.6 0.87 0.60 0.64 0.43 0.37 0.07 0.12 Table 5 230VAC 50 Hz Claims Testing 16 Unit Average WR01458 Unit Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Power Watts CFM M3/M M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 261.9 209.7 156.6 106.9 53.3 0.0 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 3.79 2.66 2.92 2.29 1.95 7.41 5.94 4.43 3.03 1.51 444.9 356.3 266.1 181.7 90.5 43.4 26.1 14.7 8.3 4.6 1.11 0.96 0.48 0.38 0.23 0.20 0.08 China Claims Testing 20 Unit Average - WR01485 Unit Speed Airflow Airflow Airflow Power Watts CFM M3/M M3/H Average 5 4 3 2 1 Off 250.4 200.4 150.1 102.2 50.4 Std Dev 5 4 3 2 1 Off 1.73 1.65 1.93 1.25 1.79 7.09 5.67 4.25 2.90 1.43 425.4 340.4 255.1 173.7 85.6 42.3 25.2 14.1 7.8 4.3 1.17 1.39 0.89 0.63 0.39 0.20 0.11 86 Using the average values for all 46 units we can compare the amount of air cleaned with the amount of power consumed over time. Table 6 compares the air moved or cleaned over time in US terms of CFM. Table 7 compares the air moved or cleaned over time in metric terms. The tables contain per speed selection the estimated airflow cleaned and kilowatts of electrical power consumed per day, year and over the 10 year design life of the product. The energy costs then can be estimated based on the average cost of energy per kilowatt in any region of the world. Table 6 Speed 5 4 3 Airflow CFM CMM 254.4 7.20 203.5 5.76 152.3 4.31 Power Watts 42.9 25.6 14.2 2 103.5 2.93 7.9 1 51.2 1.45 4.3 Stand By 0 Atmosphere Air Purifier 1.5 Performance CADR/ Watt/ Cubic Feet of Air Per Year Watt CADR Per Day 5.94 0.17 366,320 133,798,507 7.96 0.13 293,015 107,023,713 10.69 0.09 219,312 80,103,708 13.15 0.08 149,015 54,427,713 12.05 0.08 73,753 26,938,299 Energy Cleaned KWatt Consumed 10 Years Per Day Per Year 10 Years 1,337,985,070 1.03 376 3,756 1,070,237,129 0.61 224 2,241 801,037,080 0.34 125 1,249 544,277,129 0.19 69 690 269,382,991 0.10 37 373 0.03 10 95 1.08 Table 7 Speed Airflow CFM CMM Power Watts Atmosphere Air Purifier 1.5 Performance Cubic Meters of Air Cleaned CADR/ Watt/ per day per year 10 years Watt CADR 5.94 0.17 10,373 3,788,752 37,887,523 7.96 0.13 8,297 3,030,574 30,305,744 5 254.4 7.20 42.9 4 203.5 5.76 25.6 3 152.3 4.31 14.2 10.69 0.09 6,210 2,268,285 2 103.5 2.93 7.9 13.15 0.08 4,220 1 Stand By 51.2 0 1.45 4.3 1.08 12.05 0.08 2,088 Energy KWatt Consumed Per Day Per Year 10 Years 1.03 376 3,756 0.61 224 2,241 22,682,847 0.34 125 1,249 1,541,221 15,412,214 0.19 69 690 762,808 7,628,078 0.10 0.03 37 10 373 95 To offer some independent laboratory corroboration, an AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was sent to Tsinghua University’s Center for Building Environment Testing for testing of hydrogen sulfur removal in January 14th of 2014. Using the China National Standard test method GB/T18801-2008 Air Cleaner the power consumption was documented at 41.2 watts in report I14-009J. Additionally in an AHAM validation test report (G101295288CRT-001) referencing room cleaning performance by Intertek on August 22, 2013, three AtmosphereTM Air Purifiers were tested for removal of smoke, dust and pollen in the ANSI/AHAM AC-1-2006 along with power consumption. In the six tests the power consumption values ranged from 40.7 to 43.3 watts of electrical power consumption. Tables 8 and 9 show the results for six AtmosphereTM Air Purifiers at Intertek (reports G101295288CRT-001 and -001A). The conclusion from Intertek was, “Qualifying air cleaners must have a minimum 50 CADR (Dust) and CADR/watts must be ≥ 2 (Dust). These results illustrate that this sample meets the ENERGY STAR® Program performance requirements.” 87 Table 8 Test Sample Test Voltage Test Frequency Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 100.1 100.1 100.0 50 50 50 Test Sample Test Voltage Test Frequency Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 120.1 120.1 120.1 60 60 60 Ambient Test Temperature °F 71 73 70 Ambient Humidity %RH Dust CADR Watts Dust CADR/Watt 40 44 41 249.2 248.8 245.5 41.3 40.7 41.4 6.03 6.11 5.93 Ambient Test Temperature °F 70 72 70 Ambient Humidity %RH Dust CADR Watts Dust CADR/Watt 41 39 45 246.1 238.3 248.6 42.1 43.1 43.3 5.8 5.5 5.7 Table 9 Conclusions The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier delivers on the design goals and is very power efficient. Out of the three plant trials, a total of 46 units were tested on all 5 speeds. All maximum speed values were under the 50 watt target and within the required +20% allowable variation. Low speed power consumption average under the targeted 5 watts and off mode was under the required 2 watts. Based on the airflow rate it will deliver excellent room cleaning performance as well. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier meets the ENERGY STAR® criteria. The CADR Dust value is greater than 50, with a rated CADR Dust of 250. The CADR Dust / Watts ratio is greater than 2, with the results averaging 5.8. Standby power is lower than 2, with results averaging 0.9 watts. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is qualified to carry the ENERGY STAR® label. The results from the independent laboratories corroborate and demonstrate the accuracy of the Access Business Group laboratory power measurements. The ENERGY STAR® label is used as part of a government-backed program helping businesses and individuals protect the environment through superior energy efficiency, for more information visit the web site at http://www.energystar.gov 88 10. Reduces exposure to over 90 allergens, pollen, bacteria, viruses, irritants, and carcinogens. Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is designed to reduce a wide range of potential airborne contamination including allergens. Partnering with an internationally recognized allergy organization allows for both AtmosphereTM Air Purifier and the allergy organization more exposure to help raise awareness. Allergy UK is the operational name of The British Allergy Foundation. Their main endorsement is the 'Seal of Approval'. The Seal of Approval endorsement was created in order to provide people seeking advice, with the guidance that a product specifically restricts, reduces, and removes allergens from the environment or has significantly reduced allergen content. Allergy UK’s Seal of Approval provides members of the public with guidance when purchasing products. The Seal of Approval is an internationally recognized endorsement, with extremely high standards. Testing is completely independent and carried out by scientific experts, and carries with it a responsibility to ensure that the products that are endorsed with the Seal of Approval are worthy recipients. When you see a product with the Allergy UK logo on it, you have the reassurance the product has been tested to prove it is efficient at reducing/removing allergens from the environment. There are two ways to obtain the British Allergy Seal of Approval the product must be able to be tested, with a proven, measurable result of restricting or removing allergens. The first is testing that is carried out by an independent laboratory to protocols which have been created for the Seal of Approval by leading allergy specialists. The second way is a review of test results by Allergy Research Limited of testing that has already been completed. Results The complete claims package of AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was submitted to Allergy UK for review by Allergy Research Limited and based on the documented evidence the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was awarded the British Allergy Foundation Seal of Approval for particle sizes 0.009 microns and larger and specifically for the list of 94 contaminants found in Appendix F of the Seal of Approval. Conclusions The following two statements are examples that would be approved by Allergy UK:  Suitable for allergy sufferers as AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has been scientifically proven to reduce exposure to allergens.  Suitable for allergy sufferers as part of a management plan. 89 Endorsement by Allergy UK indicates that an individual’s exposure can be reduced but this does not mean that an individual’s allergic symptoms will necessarily diminish. Allergy UK’s opinion applies only to the products and allergens stated. Products should be used only for their intended purpose and strictly in accordance with the manufactures instructions at all times. Allergy UK has guidelines that describe the basic rules of reproducing the Seal of Approval brand identity. When using this Seal of Approval contact Amway Global Marketing for approval and or direction in its use. Additional information on the British Allergy Foundation can be found at http://www.allergyuk.org/ . It should be noted that The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier should be used in an appropriate room size and at an appropriate fan setting. While the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier can effectively reduce the potential airborne contaminants listed above, the ability of any air cleaner to reduce airborne contaminants is limited to those airborne contaminants that are drawn into the system. Since the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a room air cleaner, your exposure to these and other potential airborne contaminants, and their associated health risks, will not be completely eliminated by the use of this product. 90 11. On average, the carbon odor filter will have over 1.16 million square meters or 12.53 million square feet of surface area. Introduction The carbon used in the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is a highly activated granular coconut carbon that has a patented blend of treatments applied (US. Coconut carbon is chosen because it offers a wide range of pore sizes allowing it to be effective against a wide variety of odors and chemicals. The carbon is activated which is a process of applying high heat and steam to burn off the pore blocking structures. This creates a porous three dimensional structure that is beneficial in attracting odors and chemicals. One of the mechanisms for the reduction of odors or chemicals is attraction and adhesion to the surface of the carbon, called adsorption. These contaminants aren’t absorbed inside but adsorbed on the surface making surface area a very important component in carbon performance. Test Method A BET isotherm test was performed at an independent lab on the surface area of the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier carbon after it is treated with the patented blend of catalysts and chemisorbants. A specified batch size of carbon is used for the test. The results are calculated based on equivalent to that used for the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier carbon filter. An extrapolation from testing on a sample of the same highly activated granular coconut carbon as used in the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier provides the estimated surface area. Results The BET estimated surface area of the treated carbon used in AtmosphereTM Air Purifier is 884.7417 square meters per gram. Discussion The specified weight of the odor filter is targeted at 1315 grams (2.90 +/-0.06 lbs) of the treated granular activated carbon. Multiplying the treated carbon surface area (884.7417 square meters per gram) by weight (1315 grams) of carbon per filter equals 1,163,805 square meters or 12,527,093 square feet of surface area per filter. In terms of US football fields the surface area would equate to 261 fields factoring a 100 by 53.3 yard football field. For soccer fields this surface area would equate to 161 fields based on a 115 yard (105.156 meter) by 75 yard (68.58 meter) soccer field. Another way of expressing this would be to equate the surface area to that of a road. If a two lane road were 26 feet wide, then the surface area of the carbon filter would be 91 miles long. If meters were used and the road was 8 meters wide, then the resulting surface area equivalent would be 145 kilometers long. The following are the 3rd party test results for the carbon used in the AtmosphereTM Air Purifier odor filter. 91 92 93 V. CERTIFICATIONS AND APPROVALS Agency and government approvals per requirements of each market: Various agencies and governments have mandatory and voluntary approvals for product safety and performance. The following listings were last updated in March 2014. 1. IEC60335-1/IEC 60335-2-65 2. S-mark/PSE 3. BSMI 4. KTC/MEPS 5. RCM 6. UL 7. AHAM 8. ENERGY STAR® 9. British Allergy UK Certification/Approval Abstracts and Reports Certification/Approval 1: IEC60335-1/IEC 60335-2-65 Complies with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) safety standard 603351/60335-2-65: Safety of Household and Similar Electrical Appliances/ Particular Requirements for Air-Cleaning Appliances. The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier was submitted to UL International Italia for testing for compliance to IEC 60335-1/60335-2-65, “Safety of household and similar electrical appliances. Part 2: Particular requirements for air-cleaning appliances.” The testing was performed according to the CB scheme to allow the use of the test report as a basis for approval by various agencies in our desired Markets in Asia and Australia/New Zealand. As a result of the successful testing, CB reports 13NK03956-1 and 13NK03956-2 were issued indicating the product meets the requirements of the standard. The CB Test Certificates are attached. Certification/Approval 2: S-mark/PSE The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier for Japan (model 101076J) has received certification for the Smark. The S-Mark is a Voluntary Safety certification scheme administered for electrical products. AtmosphereTM Air Purifier also meets the standard for the PSE mark. PSE is a mandatory mark according to the Electrical Appliance and material safety Law (DENAN). It is administered by Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) PSE stands for Product Safety Electrical Appliance & Material. Certification / Approval 3: BSMI The Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) under the Ministry of Economic Affairs is the authority responsible for standardization, metrology and product inspection in 94 Taiwan. The activities of the BSMI encompass the development of national standards, the verification of weights and measuring instruments, the inspection of commodities and the provision of other certification or testing services. In an effort to enhance industrial competitiveness, maintain fair trade, and protect consumers as well as ensuring sustainable economic development, the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection under the Ministry of Economic Affairs has been dedicated to promoting standardization, metrology and inspection systems in line with international practices. These efforts provide a sound foundation for local industries and government agencies to better tackle the impact and challenges brought on by the process of globalization. Certification / Approval 4: KTC/MEPS Korea Testing Certification (KTC) has been dedicated to enhancing safety and quality of electric and electronic products, having up-to-date technology accumulated so far along with the cutting-edge facilities equipped with high capability and properties, ever since its inception in 1970 as a National Official Professional Testing Research Institute. The Electric Appliance Safety Control Act was amended (Act 6019, proclaimed on September 7, 1999) to enhance safety control regarding the manufacture and use of electrical appliances and to harmonize safety requirements with international standards which will, in turn, facilitate the implementation of mutual recognition agreements on conformity assessment. The new law entered into effect as of July 1st in the year 2000. The electrical appliances safety certification system is in force based on "Electrical Appliances Safety Control law" and electrical products can be manufactured and placed on market acquisition of safety certification. Certification/Approval 5: RCM RCM - The RCM Mark is a graphic symbol indicating that a product meets applicable regulatory requirements (electrical safety under State Electricity Acts, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) and radio communications requirements under the Australian Radio communications Act and New Zealand Radio communications Regulations). Certification/Approval 6: UL UL mark - Underwriters Laboratory, AtmosphereTM Air Purifier for the US market meets the safety standards for UL 507, Electric Fans. UL is a global independent safety science company with more than a century of expertise innovating safety solutions from the public adoption of electricity to new breakthroughs in sustainability, renewable energy and nanotechnology. Dedicated to promoting safe living and working environments, UL helps safeguard people, products and places in important ways, facilitating trade and providing peace of mind. Certification/Approval 7: AHAM See Claim Abstract #1 95 Certification/Approval 8: ENERGY STAR® See Claim Abstract #9 Certification/Approval 9: British Allergy UK See Claim Abstract #10 96 CB Test Certificates 97 98 99 100 S-Mark Certificate 101 BSMI Certifcate 102 KTC Certificate 103 UL Certificate 104 VI. PATENTS Introduction The AtmosphereTM Air Purifier has a number of unique features. Applications for patents were filed on several of the features. Following is a list of the US granted or pending patents. The first page of each granted patent is included for reference. 7,316,732: AIR TREATMENT FILTER AND RELATED METHOD – Granted – This application is directed towards an activated carbon filter. Also provided is a method to treat a gas stream with the filter. 7,537,649,B2: AIR TREATMENT SYSTEM – Granted – This application relates a sensor air passage utilizing a low pressure region created by the blower to draw air through the passage. 7,629,548,B2: CONTROL PANEL ASSEMBLY – Granted – This application is directed towards a control panel assembly, and more particularly, towards a control panel assembly for an air treatment system. 7,828,868: BLOWER GASKET – Granted – This application is directed towards a gasket positioned between the blower and the housing, forming a seal between the blower and the housing. 7,833,309: FILTER FRAME ENGAGEMENT – Granted – This application is directed towards a filter frame including a plurality of connectors formed integrally with the filter frame. 7,837,773: REMOTE CONTROL HOLDER – Granted – This application is directed towards a remote control holder formed integrally with the housing. 7,888,614: CONTROL PANEL ASSEMBLY – Granted – This application is directed towards a control panel assembly with an integrated sphere, and more particularly, towards a control panel assembly for an air treatment system. 8,021,469: CONTROL METHODS FOR CALIBRATING MOTOR SPEED – Granted – This application relates to control systems and methods using feedback to more precisely control blower output. 105 8,092,575: CONTROL METHODS FOR TRACKING FILTER LIFE – Granted – This application relates to control systems and methods used to track multiple parameters for multiple filters to determine end of life. 8,689,603: CONTROL METHODS FOR SETTING A REFERENCE VOLTAGE – Granted – This application relates to control systems and methods using a reference voltage to control variations in senor output. D503972S: AIR TREATMENT SYSTEM – Granted – This design patent application is directed towards the ornamental appearance of an air treatment system. D538418S: FILTER – Granted – This design application is directed towards the ornamental appearance of a filter for an air treatment system. CONTROL METHODS FOR SETTING A REFERENCE VOLTAGE IN AN AIR TREATMENT SYSTEM – Pending – This application is directed towards a control system and method for controlling blower speed for an air treatment system. 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 VII. TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS AND PAPERS TECHNICAL PRESENTATIONS AND PAPERS COMMISSIONED OR CONDUCTED BY ACCESS BUSINESS GROUP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENTISTS ON AIR TREATMENT Taylor, R., Evans, G., Hand, D., “Test Method for Reduction of Formaldehyde by a Portable Air Treatment System”, ASHRAE IAQ 2007: Healthy and Sustainable Buildings Conference, Baltimore, MD, October, 2007 Taylor, R., Evans, G., Hand, D., “Test Method for Reduction of Formaldehyde by a Portable Air Treatment System”, Air & Waste Management Association/US EPA, Indoor Environmental Quality, Problems, Research and Solutions Conference, Durham, NC., July 2006. Hebi Li, John Crittenden, David Hand, Roy Taylor, “Modeling of Indoor Air Treatment of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) Using HEPA-Carbon Filtration.” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, Vol. 57, No. 9, Sept 2007 D. Drake, & R. Roth, G.K. Evans, “The Determination of Formaldehyde Reduction from an Indoor Air Environment Utilizing a Room Air Filtration System”, paper presented at The Second NSF International Conference on Indoor Air Health in Miami Florida, January 2001 Karin K. Foarde, Eric A. Myers, James T. Hanley, Davis S. Ensor, and Peter F. Roessler, “Methodology to Perform Clean Air Delivery Rate Type Determinations with Microbiological Aerosols” Aerosol Science and Technology 30:235-245 (1999) Karin K. Foarde, James T. Hanley, David S. Ensor, and Peter Roessler, “Development of a Method for Measuring Single-Pass Bioaerosol Removal Efficiencies of a Room Air Cleaner” ” Aerosol Science and Technology, February 1999 Karin K. Foarde, Eric A. Myers, James T. Hanley, Davis S. Ensor, and Peter F. Roessler, “Clean Air Delivery Rate Determinations of an Air Cleaner Using Microbiological Aerosols” American Association for Aerosol Research, October 1998 Karin K. Foarde, Eric A. Myers, James T. Hanley, Davis S. Ensor, and Peter F. Roessler, “Single Pass Filtration Efficiency Determinations of a Room Air Cleaner Using Microbiological Aerosols” American Association for Aerosol Research, October 1998 Yung Seng Cheng: Efficiency of a portable indoor air cleaner in removing pollens and fungal spores. Aerosol Science and Technology 29:92 - 101 (1998) Volume 29; Number 2, August 1998 ISSN 0278-6826 ASTYDQ 29(2)73-162 (1998). Published by Elsevier Science Inc. D. Drake, & R. Roth, J. Johns, and G. Casuccio, Evaluation of the particulate matter removal efficiency of an indoor room filtration system designed for the Japanese marketplace, paper presented at the Healthy buildings IAQ: Global Issues and Regional Solutions in Washington D.C., September 1997. Hamilton, R., and Rudnick S., “Comparison of the AHAM and FTC Protocols for Testing the Performance of Room – and Work-Area-Sized Particulate Removal Devices that Exhaust into the Area Being Cleaned.” Paper presented to American Industrial Hygiene Conference, San Francisco, CA, May 1988. James, A.C., Cross, F.T., Roth, R.C., and Kuennen, R.W., “The Efficacy of a High Efficiency Room Air Treatment System in Mitigating Dose from Radon Decay Products.” This was presented to the 1989 American Association for Aerosol Research Annual Meeting, October 1989. Roth, R.C., “Factors and Models for Lung Dose from Radon Decay Products: A Review.” Presented to the Department of Energy Specialty Health Effects Information Exchange, September 1989 Roth, R.C., “Comparison of Condensation Nuclei Reductions by a Room Air Cleaner Utilizing Mass Balance Analysis.” Presented to the American Industrial Hygiene Association Conference, May 1989. 119 Roth, R.C., “Importance of Measurement in Assessing the Effects of Air Cleaning.” Presented to a specialty workshop on Unattached Fraction and Radon Decay Product Activity Size Measurements, April 1989. Roth, R.C., Brambley, M.R., and Brennan, T., “ASTM Standards Development Activities for Radon and Radon Decay Products,” Proceedings of the 1989 Annual Meeting of the Mid-Atlantic Section of the American Association of Radon Scientists and Technologies, October 1989. Roth, R.C., and Kuennen, R.W., “Reduction of Condensation Nuclei by a Room Air Cleaner in a SteadyState Environment.” Presented to the American Association for Aerosol Research Annual Meeting, Chapel Hill, NC, October 1988. Kuennen, R.W., and Roth R.C., “Reduction of Radon Working Level by a Room Air Cleaner.” Published by the Air and Waste Management Association for presentation at the 82nd Annual Meeting & Exhibition in Anaheim, CA, June 1989. “Reduction of Radon Working Level by a Room Air Cleaner.” Presented to an Environmental Protection Agency Symposium on Radon and Radon Reduction Technology, Denver, CO, October 1988. Kuennen, R.W., Roth, R.C., Lucas, J., and Casuccio, G., “Determination of the Particulate Removal Efficiency of a Room Air Cleaner,” APCA Conference Proceedings. Paper presented to the Association Dedicated to Air Pollution Control and Hazardous Waste Management Annual Meeting, New York, NY, June 1987. Roth, R.C., Kuennen, R.W., Casuccio, G. and Lucas, J., “Development of a Testing Protocol for Measuring the Single Pass Removal Efficiency of Asbestos by a Room Air Cleaner.” Published in the NAC Annual Conference Proceedings and presented to the National Asbestos Council Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA, February 1988 and presented to the American Industrial Hygiene Association Convention, Montreal, Canada, June 1987. 120