Transcript
Batteries Courtney, Jeff, & John
Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) ● ● ● ●
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positive electrode made from lithium cobalt oxide negative electrode made from graphite carbon electrolyte changes from time to time charging: ions move from positive electrode to negative electrode through electrolyte, and energy is stored in layers of graphene discharging: ions move from the negative to positive electrode through the electrolyte, releasing the stored energy the electrons move in the opposite direction from the ions around an outer circuit; electrons do not move through the electrolyte (difference between battery and capacitor)
Advantages ●
More reliable than nickel-cadmium (nicad) batteries ○
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Better for the environment than older nicad batteries. Do not contain cadmium, which is toxic ○
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do not suffer from “memory effect - where nicad batteries are harder to charge unless they have been fully discharged first
however, disposal is nonetheless difficult
Typically have electronic controllers in them to prevent overcharging and unwanted explosions Weigh much less than lead-acid car batteries ○
Used by Tesla
Past, Present, and Future ● ● ● ●
The lithium-ion battery was invented in the 1970s at Oxford by chemist John Goodenough It was not until the early 1990s that li-ion batteries were employed by Sony now commonplace: 5 billion manufactured every year The li-ion concept is still being refined and improved ○ ○
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Tesla is building a “Gigafactory” mass-production facility that will cut costs by 30% Apple is considering making a separate li-ion battery research division
The lithium-ion battery is here to stay for years to come
Solid-State -
Solid electrolyte -
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Prevents electrolyte leakage that arises with liquid Improve battery safety (liquids are flammable)
High energy density -
Expected Growth: “Dyson acquires Sakti3 for $90M to help commercialize ‘breakthrough’ solid-state battery technology”
“More power in less space”
Easy to miniaturize Longer shelf life Low conductivity Biggest obstacle: cost
Lithium-Sulfur ● ● ●
Type of rechargeable battery High energy density High specific energy ○
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Lighter and cheaper ○
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Sulfur is common, Lithium is rare
Safer ○
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Lithium-sulfur (500 Wh/kg) > Lithium-ion (150~200 Wh/kg)
Non-flammable electrolyte
Not available commercially Two leading companies ○ ○
Sion Power - Tuscon, Arizona Oxis Energy - UK
Challenges ● ●
Creating higher energy densities is easy Difficult to mass produce batteries that: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
won’t explode won’t suffer thermal runaway are durable don’t produce toxic byproducts during the charge/discharge cycle are inexpensive
Other Future Technology
Works Cited ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93sulfur_battery http://www.oxisenergy.com/technology/ http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-lithium-ion-batteries-work.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11475219/What-is-the-futureof-battery-technology.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_battery http://www.technologyreview.com/news/530001/longer-lasting-battery-isbeing-tested-for-wearable-devices/ http://venturebeat.com/2015/10/19/dyson-acquires-sakti3-for-90m-to-helpcommercialize-breakthrough-solid-state-battery-tech/ http://www.extremetech.com/mobile/217191-new-lithium-air-battery-coulddrive-huge-performance-gains
