Transcript
Becker smartcom® 150 Leaky Feeder Training Manual V5.15
0.1 150 MHz or 450 MHz?
§ smartcom® 150 is well suited for hard-rock mines where lateral coverage from the LF cable is not critical. § smartcom® 450 is better suited to room and pillar or longwall mines as the signal propagates up to 4x better. § UHF cable costs approximately 300% more than VHF, however the increased coverage may result in a more attractive solution.
Table of Contents
1.0 Two-Way Radio Basics 2.0 Leaky Feeder Concept 3.0 RF Power Measurement 4.0 System Layout 5.0 Splitter Installation 6.0 Amplifier Spacing 7.0 Base Station Installation 8.0 LF Cable Installation 9.0 Passive Component Installation 10.0 Amplifier Installation 11.0 DC Supply Installation 12.0 Troubleshooting 13.0 Maintenance Contact Information
1.0 Two-Way Radio Basics
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Two-Way Radio Simplex Radio System Half-Duplex Radio Leaky Feeder is….? Real Time Communications
1.1 Two-Way Radio
§ VHF/UHF Radios are available as stationary (base), hand-held (portable), vehicle-mounted (mobile), integrated with cap lamp batteries or radio-modem (data applications). § Radios support multiple channels and can be configured to interface with telephone systems. § Trunked voice radio is cost-competitive when 200 or more radios are used on-site. Trunked systems also provide “private” voice conversations.
1.2 Simplex Radio System
VHF 150 MHz Tx 150 MHz Rx UHF 455 MHz TX 455 MHz RX
VHF 150 MHz Tx 150 MHz Rx UHF 455 MHz TX 455 MHz RX
• Transmit (TX) and Receive (RX) frequencies are the same. • UHF is a good choice for room & pillar type mines. • Line of sight communication (LOS)
1.3 Half-Duplex Radio
Obstructions or extreme distances between the radios will prevent simplex radio from working. To remedy this a Repeater is added to create a half duplex communication network. Repeater 170 MHz RX 150 MHz TX
Radio #1
Radio #2
150 MHz RX
150 MHz RX
170 MHz TX
170 MHz TX
PTT
Mountain
1.4 Leaky Feeder is…?
Leaky Feeder cable runs along tunnels and emits and receives radio signals. The cable is leaky since it has gaps or slots in its outer shielding to allow signal to leak into or out of the cable along it's entire length.
Leaky Feeder Cable
Radio Receive 150 MHz VHF 475 MHz UHF
Radio Transmit 170 MHz VHF 455 MHz UHF
Leaky Feeder Cable
1.5 Real Time Communications
Leaky Feeder acts like a long antenna, connecting Radios to Repeaters.
2.0 Leaky Feeder Concept
2.1 Leaky Feeder Highway 2.2 Leaky Feeder RF Spectrum 2.2.1 smartcom® 150 Band pass 2.2.2 Becker smartcom® 150 Band pass 2.2.3 smartcom® 450 Band pass 2.3 Data - smartcom® + Ethernet 2.4 Data - Low Speed, Mine-Wide Data
2.1 Leaky Feeder Highway
Leaky Feeder is analogous to a divided, multi-lane highway. A single highway (cable) carries several lanes of traffic (channels) in opposite directions (band-pass) with a median (guard band) between them to prevent collisions.
2.2 Leaky Feeder RF Spectrum
• Downstream channels are connected directly to Repeater transmitter, thus all channels are at same strong RF power. • Downstream channels drive Local Diagnostic LED’s.
Guard Band
Downstream
Upstream • Upstream signals are at different RF power depending (mainly) on distance between U/G radio and LF cable
Upstream (to Base Station)
Downstream (from Base Station)
Base Station & Repeaters
2.2.1 smartcom® 150 Band pass RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP Band pass :
Base Station & Repeaters Ethernet Downstream (optional)
150-156
16 Channels Voice/Data Radio Upstream signals are at different RF power depending (mainly) on distance from cable.
Guard Band
RF Power
16 Channels Voice Radio. All Downstream radio signals are at same RF power.
172-174
Downstream
Upstream
(145-160 MHz)
(170-185 MHz)
Frequency
Ethernet Upstream or CCTV NTSC 7/8 PAL 6/7 (optional)
smartcom® 150 Band pass RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP Band pass :
Downstream Signals 145-160 MHz
Upstream Signals 170-185 MHz
2.2.2 Becker smartcom® 150 Band pass BSC-AMP Band pass:
Base Station & Repeaters
Guard Band
16 Channels Voice/Data
RF Power
All Downstream radio signals are at the same RF power
Upstream CMTS 25-42 MHz
Downstream Voice 145-160 MHz
Downstream CMTS 80-110 MHz
Frequency
16 Channels Voice/Data Radio Upstream signals are at different RF power depending (mainly) on distance from cable.
Upstream Voice 170-185 MHz
Becker smartcom® 150 Band pass
BSC-AMP Band pass:
Downstream Signals 145-160 MHz
Upstream Signals 170-185 MHz
2.3 Data – smartcom® + Ethernet
§ Connect industry standard cable modems to smartcom® systems to provide Ethernet hotspots. § Connect standard Ethernet equipment including wireless networking equipment. Non-Intrinsically Safe equipment
SP2
CMI
Cable Modem
VOIP Handset WLAN IP Camera PC
2.4 Data – Low Speed, Mine-Wide Data
1.
Low-speed (9600 bps) wireless networks can run over Leaky Feeder.
2.
“Master” Radio Modem in Base Station is connected to main PC/PLC.
3.
“Slave” units are connected to PLCs or RTUs.
3.0 RF Power Measurement
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
“Relative” Measurements Decibels: dB and dBm Gain and Loss using dB’s dB’s and Power
3.1 “Relative” Measurements
+20°C 0°C -20°C
• Temperature units are °C. • Reference level is 0 °C. • All temperatures are relative, the numbers just indicate higher/lower than reference level of 0 °C.
3.2 Decibels: dB and dBm
§ dB’s are ratios of RF power levels that simplify calculations of RF loss and gain. § Calculating power level differences in dB works just like calculating temperature differences in °C. § dBm is a measurement of the absolute power, not a power ratio. Power can be expressed as Watts, dBm and volts, but dBm and dB’s work together to make things easy. No kidding.
3.3 Gain and Loss using dB’s Gain or loss is the difference between output and input in dBm and the result is expressed in decibels (dB). What is RF loss through 100 m LF cable?
-4 dBm -0 dBm = -4 dB 100 meters of smartcom 150/150IS Leaky Feeder cable has 4 dB loss.
Output RF power -4 dBm
Input RF power 0 dBm
What is the gain of the LF amplifier? +4 dBm – (-20 dBm) = +24 dB Input RF power -20 dBm Output RF power +4 dBm
Leaky Feeder amplifier provides 24 dB gain.
3.4 dB’s and Power
Gain/ Loss
+3 dB
+ 6 dB
+ 9 dB
- 9 dBm -6 dBm -3 dBm 0 dBm
3 dBm
6 dBm
9 dBm
2x
4x
8x
- 9 dB
1/8
§
-6 dB
-3 dB
1/4
1/2
Power
Decibels are logarithmic. Increasing a signal by 3 dB doubles the power, decreasing a signal by 3 dB cuts the power in half. An increase of 10 dB is 10x the power.
8x 4x
2x 1/8
-9 dB
1/4
-6 dB
1/2 -3 dB
1x 0 dBm
+3 dB
+6 dB
+9 dB
4.0 System Layout
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8
Base Station Location LF Cable Layout System Layout Example smartcom® 150 Gains/Losses smartcom® 150IS Gains/Losses smartcom® 450 Gains/Losses smartcom® 150IS System Layout smartcom® 150IS System Notes
4.1 Base Station Location
IS Systems: Must be installed on surface (Safe Area). Non-IS Systems: Non-IS Systems can benefit from the Base Station installed underground as all four Head End branches may be used. This reduces the requirement for U/G DC supplies and also provides a form of redundancy. Another benefit of U/G Base Stations is that it reduces the number of amplifiers in cascade and thus the noise floor.
4.2 LF Cable Layout
§ LF cable must be installed wherever communications is required. § Allow for 10% extra cable when laying system out to accommodate for drip loops and cable slack. § Each cable run must be terminated by either a Termination Unit or Stope Antenna. § Stope Antennas increase coverage by up to 200-300% to provide coverage into stopes and other areas where cable damage is likely.
4.3 System Layout Example
4.4 smartcom® 150 Gains/Losses
5.0 Splitter Installation
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
smartcom® 150/150IS SP2 Splitters smartcom® 150/150IS SP3 Splitters smartcom® 450 SP2 Splitters smartcom® 450 SP3 Splitters
5.1 smartcom® 150/150IS SP2 Splitters
§ smartcom® 150 and smartcom® 150IS SP2 splitters split the incoming power into two equal branches. smartcom 150 IN> IN: 100%>
>OUT: 50%
SP2 >OUT: 50%
>OUT: -4 dB -100m/-325ft >OUT: -4 dB -100m/-325ft
smartcom 150IS IN>
>OUT: -4 dB -100m/-325ft >OUT: -4 dB -100m/-325ft
smartcom® 150/150IS SP2 Splitters
Equivalent to 100m of LF
3m
-100m
400m
-100m +500m -100m
300m
-100m
300m
5.2 smartcom® 150/150IS SP3 Splitters
§ smartcom® 150/150IS SP3 splitters have a low-loss main branch and two higher loss branches. § Branch 1 has the same loss as a SP2. § Branches 2 and 3 have the same loss as two SP2’s. IN: 100%>
>OUT: 50%
smartcom 150 IN>
SP3 25% :OUT<
>OUT: 25%
-8 dB :OUT< -200m/-650ft
>OUT: -4 dB -100m/-325ft >OUT: -8 dB -200m/-650ft
smartcom 150IS IN> -8 dB :OUT< -200m/-650ft
>OUT: -4 dB -100m/-325ft >OUT: -8 dB -200m/-650ft
smartcom® 150/150IS SP3 Splitters
Equivalent to 100m of LF 200m
3m -200m +500m
-100m
400m
-200m 300m
300m
6.0 Amplifier Spacing
6.1 Amplifier Spacing 6.2 500m vs 350m Spacing 6.3 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 1 6.4 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 2 6.5 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 3 6.6 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 4 6.7 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 5 6.8 450 Amplifier Spacing, Example 1 6.9 450 Amplifier Spacing, Example 2 6.10 450 Amplifier Spacing, Example 3 6.11 450 Amplifier Spacing, Example 4 6.12 450 Amplifier Spacing, Example 5 6.13 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing Quiz
6.1 Amplifier Spacing
Line Amplifiers are installed to compensate for cable and splitting losses. Maximum Amplifier Gain (dB)
Amplifier Spacing
Cable Loss at highest frequency
Reserve Gain (dB)
smartcom® 150/150IS (RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP, BSCAMP)
28
500 m (1650 ft)
23 dB/500 m
5
smartcom® 450 (450-AMP)
25
350 m (1150 ft)
21 dB/350 m
4
RNG-AMP and RIS-AMP line amplifiers require first amplifier on each Head End branch be spaced 350 m from Head End! BSCAMP amplifiers can be spaced 500m from head end.
6.2 500m vs 350m Spacing
500 meter spacing Smart Com 150/150IS.
All other LF systems have 350 meter
350 meter spacing Smart Com 450. amplifier spacing. All other LF competitors.
6.3 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 1 400 meters
3m
+500 Meters
3m
300 meters
RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP
300 meters +500 Meters 3m
BSC-AMP
400 meters 300 meters 300 meters
6.4 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 2
+500 Meters
400 meters
3m
RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP
3m
300 meters 200 meters
200 meters RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP/ BSC-AMP
6.5 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 3
+500 Meters
300 meters
100m
BSC-AMP
3m
200 meters 100 meters
100 meters RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP/ BSC-AMP
6.6 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 4
+500 Meters
400 meters
3m
RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP
100m
200 meters 100 meters
100 meters RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP/ BSC-AMP
6.7 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing, Example 5
+500 Meters
300 meters
100m
BSC-AMP
100m
100 meters 3 meters
3 meters RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP/ BSC-AMP
6.13 Smart Com 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing Quiz
200m
1000m
100m
600m 1
500m
200m
100m
___m
___m
(2)
200m
300m
Add amplifiers as necessary. Indicate spacing where required. (1)
200m
Smart Com 150/150IS Amplifier Spacing Quiz Answers
(2)
400m 100m
400 ___m
400m
500m
100m
100m
1000m 100m
200m
100m
100 ___m
200m
200m
300m
(1)
1
500m 600m
100m 100m
7.0 Base Station Installation 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6
What is a Base Station? Typical smartcom 150 Base Station Schematic Base Station Location smartcom 150 Base Station RF Flow Leaky Feeder Head End smartcom 150 Head Ends 7.6.1 RNG-Hxx Head End 7.6.2 BSC-Hxx Head End 7.6.3 RNG-Hxx Head End Indications and Controls 7.6.4 BSC-Hxx Head End Indications and Controls 7.6.5 RNG-Hxx RF Distribution 7.6.6 BSC-Hxx RF Distribution 7.6.7 RNG-Hxx Remote Diagnostic Connections 7.6.8 BSC-Hxx Remote Diagnostic Connections 7.6.9 smartcom 150 Downstream – RNG-Hxx 7.6.10 smartcom 150 Downstream – BSC-Hxx 7.6.11 smartcom 150 Channel Plan 7.7 smartcom 450 Head End 7.7.1 smartcom 450 Head End Indications 7.7.2 smartcom 450 RF Distribution 7.7.3 smartcom 450 Remote Diagnostics 7.7.4 smartcom 450 Channel Plan 7.8 Base Station Power Supplies 7.9 Voice Repeaters 7.10 Telephone Interconnects
7.1 What is a Base Station?
§ It’s the “brains” of the Leaky Feeder network, housed in a 19” rack-mount cabinet. § Inside the Base Station are the interfaces to the Leaky Feeder network: § § § § § § § § §
Leaky Feeder Head End RF Distribution Power Supplies Radio Repeaters, surface coverage antennas CMTS CMTSI Server PC Mine Pager Phone Interconnect Telephone Interconnect
7.2 Typical smartcom® 150 Base Station Schematic
Tx1
Rx1
RNG-RPT1, Repeater, Channel 1
Tx2
Rx2
RNG-RPT1, Repeater, Channel 2
Tx3
Rx3
RNG-RPT1, Repeater, Channel 3
Tx4
Rx4
RNG-RPT1, Repeater, Channel 4
Tx0-1
Rx1 Tx1
HPF S 1
S 2
1
Rx0 -1
3 2
LPF
S 75
1
2
75
RNG-RF16, RF Distribution
50
50
CO M
CO M
Tx0
Rx0
1 2
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
1 2
High P ass F ilter
Anten na
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
11 12
13 14
15 16
Low Pass Filter
RNG-SAN, Surface Coverage Kit H/ E IN
10B ase-T Tx 0- 16
Tx0-16
1
Rx0 -1 6
Le aky Fe ede r Conn ectio ns 2 3 4
RNG-H36, Leaky Feeder Head End
Rx0 -16
CAT5 Ethernet Cabling, RJ45 DC 1 2V
L2
L1
B2
B1
AC 120V
PS-110, 12V Power Supply
15A
Chassis Gr oun d
Cable Pa ss-Th roug h
_
Back View
RNG-BAT, Battery Backup
+
12 Vo lt, 90 Ah, Deep Cycle, Mai ntena nce-Free Gel-Cell b atte ry
Notes: 1. Cabinets are typically supplied and configured by Varis Distributors. 2. Run RF coaxial cables and DC power cables on opposite sides of the cabinet. 3. Label all cables at both ends. Use naming convention shown here. 4. Surface Antenna package RNG-SAN does not include antenna mounting hardware.
7.3 Base Station Location
§ Base Stations for Intrinsically Safe systems need to be on surface (Safe Area). § Dry, heated area with reliable, clean AC power. § If located outdoors a climate controlled NEMA 4/4X enclosure is required. § Base Station should be placed so that access to both front and rear doors is possible. § LF cables can enter Base Station cabinet through top of cabinet or through access panel on bottom of cabinet. Cable glands required to maintain NEMA rating of cabinet.
7.4 smartcom® 150 Base Station RF Flow RNG-Hxx Head End:
7.5 Leaky Feeder Head End
§ The Head End is the interface between Base Station equipment such as Repeaters and the Leaky Feeder cables. § The Head End unit also injects DC power onto the Leaky Feeder cable to power the LF Line Amplifiers.
7.6 smartcom® 150 Head Ends
Existing smartcom® 150 systems are available in three types: RNG-H12, RNG-H16, RNG-H36. •
RNG-H12, 12 VDC output
•
RNG-H16, 16 VDC output
•
RNG-H36, 30-36 VDC output
A new version of VHF head end is now available that is backwards compatible with existing systems while supporting the more advanced features now available on the new generation of smartcom® 150 line amplifiers (BSC-AMP). •
BSC-H12, 12 VDC output
•
BSC-H16, 16 VDC output
•
BSC-H36, 36 VDC output
7.6.1 RNG-Hxx Head End
RNG-H12, RNG-H16 and RNG-H36 Head Ends have a preamplifier which compensates for the splitting losses in the Head End and performs system Automatic Gain Control (AGC). Typical Insertion Loss 10 dB, AGC range 16 dB.
Front View, 3U high
Rear View
Spacing between the head end and first line amplifier is 350m.
7.6.2 BSC-Hxx Head End
These Head Ends do no perform Automatic Gain Control (AGC). Instead the insertion losses for the Voice Upstream/Downstream and CMTS Upstream/Downstream band passes are fixed. These head ends are backwards compatible with older systems and components.
Front View, 3U high
Rear View
BSC-Hxx head ends can support amplifier spacing of 500m between the head end and first line amplifier, unlike older systems which were limited to 350m between the head end and first line amplifier.
7.6.3 RNG-Hxx Head End Indications and Controls
The “RF Only” jumper setting can be used to connect passive surface antennas. This setting may offer increased lightning protection in addition to the standard lightning protection found on RNG-SAN Surface Coverage Kits.
LED’s for each Branch indicate that DC voltage is OK (Green) or Branch is shorted (Red).
Output 16/36 VDC @ 2.5A, 0 dBm
Jumpers are used to enable/disable each Branch.
7.6.4 BSC-Hxx Head End Indications and Controls LED’s for each Branch indicate that DC voltage is OK (Green) or Branch is shorted (Red).
LED’s are provided to show PWR, downstream pilot/diagnostics and upstream diagnostics state.
BSC-H12, BSC-H16, BSC-H36
Three settings are available for each branch, RF+DC, Terminate (no RF or DC) and RF Only.
Switches are used to enable/disable each Branch.
7.6.5 RNG-Hxx RF Distribution
TX
RX
§ Included with all RNG-Hxx Head Ends. § 16 channels for voice, data and video. § Connect all Repeater transmitters to Tx ports and all Repeater receiver radios to the Rx ports. § Transmit power into each port limited to +0 dBm.
7.6.6 BSC-Hxx RF Distribution
§ RF distribution is now integrated into the head end enclosure § 16 channels for voice, data and video. § Connect all Repeater transmitters to TX ports and all Repeater receiver radios to the RX ports. § Transmit power into each port is limited to +30 dBm. § RF connections are also provided for CMTS Downstream/Upstream channels.
7.6.7 RNG-Hxx Remote Diagnostic Connections
• Connect Tx to RNG-RF16 TX16 port, Rx to RNG-RF16 RX16 port using supplied 50 ohm coaxial cables.
Input Power
• Connect Input Power to +12 VDC supply. Green “Power” LED and Red “Pilot” LED should illuminate. • Configure DRX IP and connect to the mine’s network. • Refer to Remote Diagnostics Installation Manual for complete installation/calibration procedure.
Tx Tx Port
Rx Port
7.6.8 BSC-Hxx Remote Diagnostic Connections RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP Diagnostics: • Connect Tx to DRX Tx port on the BSCHxx board using a 1’ 50 ohm coaxial cable. • Connect Rx to DRX Rx port on the BSCHxx board using a 1’ 50 ohm coaxial cable. • Connect Power Leads to +12 VDC supply. “Power” LED and “Pilot” LED should light. • If installing the DRX in a system that has 350m spacing between the head end and first amplifier, adjust the pilot to 0 dBm at the output of the head end. • If there is 500m spacing between the head end and first amplifier, adjust the pilot to +4 dBm at the output of the head end.
RNG-DRX
Pilot Level Adjust
Input Power
Rx Port
Tx Port
BSC-Hxx Inside BSC-Hxx Enclosure
BSC-Hxx Remote Diagnostic Connections RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP Diagnostics:
RNG-DRX
• Configure the DRX IP and connect to the inside Ethernet port on the BSC-Hxx board as shown. • Next, connect the BSC-Hxx to the mine’s network using the Ethernet port on the outside of the enclosure. • Refer to Remote Diagnostics Installation Manual for complete installation/calibration procedure.
BSC-Hxx Inside BSC-Hxx Enclosure
Mines Network
BSC-Hxx Remote Diagnostic Connections
BSC-AMP Diagnostics: •Connect the Base-station server to the BSC-Hxx using a nullmodem cable as shown.
Connect to Server
7.6.9 smartcom® 150 Downstream – RNG-Hxx Voice Repeater Transmitter
DRX Downstream Pilot Voice 0 dBm
Pilot +10 dBm
RNG-RF16 Insertion Loss 22 dB
Voice -22 dBm Pilot -12 dBm
As the number of active repeaters changes, the AGC works to keep the total Downstream RF power at +9 dBm. The Upstream gain is controlled using the manual attenuation switch (IC14) – leave gain control jumper at “AUTO”. The upstream gain can be varied between 10 and 19 dB.
Head End Amplifier Gain: Downstream 10-25 dB Upstream 10-19 dB Voice -1 dBm AGC: AUTO
Pilot +9 dBm
Head End Insertion Loss: 9 dB
There is a 1.5 dB variation in RF levels at the four terminals on the Head End circuit board. With the Downstream pilot active a Downstream signal in the range of -1 dBm to +1 dBm indicates the system is operating normally.
Voice -10 dBm, Pilot 0 dBm
7.6.10 smartcom® 150 Downstream – BSC-Hxx
Voice Repeater Transmitter Voice +30 dBm Insertion Loss 36 dB
DRX Pilot +10 dBm
Insertion Loss 6 dB
Insertion Loss 15 dB BSC-Hxx
CMTS Downstream +60 dBmV
Voice: -6 dBm DRX Pilot: 4 dBm BSC-HE Pilot: -20 dBm CMTS Down:+45 dBmV
The new BSC-Hxx head ends have an integrated pilot that can run along side the old DRX pilot. This means that the BSC-Hxx can provide remote diagnostics for RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP and BSC-AMP line amplifiers simultaneously.
7.6.11 smartcom® 150 Channel Plan
Compatible with BSC-AMP, RNG-AMP and RIS-AMP line amplifiers
smartcom® Channel Plan smartcom® 150 Channel List Version 4.0
BSC-AMP, RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP
RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP BSC-AMP BSC-AMP, RNG-AMP, RIS-AMP
7.8 Base Station Power Supplies
PS-110, PS-220
•
• • •
13.8 VDC, 40 Amp redundant system (2 x 20A supplies). Battery terminals to create UPS. In-line fuse required between battery and P/S (supplied with RNG-BAT). Voltage & Current Meter. CSA certified. Not CE certified.
• • •
CSA Certified. CE certified. Requires UPS.
•
PS-UNIV-CE
7.9 Voice Repeaters • One voice repeater is required for each voice channel. • Typically supplied by Varis Distributor.
RNG-RPT1 (one channel)
RNG-RPT5 (one channel)
RNG-RPT3 (one channel)
7.10 Telephone Interconnects
INT-TEL
§ Telephone Interconnects connect a PABX telephone line to a LF radio channel. § Enables one non-private telephone connection per connected channel. § Radios must be equipped with DTMF keypads to access the Telephone Interconnect. • Typically supplied by Varis Distributor
INT-TEL-CE
8.0 LF Cable Installation
8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9
LF Cable Installation – Drift LF Cable Installation – Shaft IS Leaky Feeder Installation VHF LF Cable & Tools UHF LF Cable & Tools RNG-500 LF Cable Preparation RCF12-50 LF Cable Preparation smartcom® 150 Component Connection smartcom® 450 Component Connection
8.1 LF Cable Installation - Drift
Best for Performance (coverage range) Best for Cable Protection (recommended)
Tunnel/Drift
X Avoid parallel branches as they “talk into” each other and cause system problems! üWhen installing LF cable horizontally secure every 2.5m/8ft to screening, rock bolts or other support in tunnel. üAllow the LF cable to sag away from supporting structure. X Avoid tying cable tightly to metal beams or piping or inside cable tray.
LF Cable Installation - Drift
3m
Leaky feeder components must be located a minimum of 3 m (10 ft) from each other.
Some slack leaky feeder is recommended use a figure S pattern, do not pinch or kink the cable
LF Cable Installation - Drift
2.5 m/8 ft max between attachments. Any Parallel runs, must be separated as much as possible
Let the cable droop at least 15 cm /6 inches from the roof.
8.2 LF Cable Installation - Shaft
Secure with Ty-Raps every 3 m (10 ft) to brattice or 1/8” SS messenger cable.
Loop cable 20 m (66 ft) onto every level. Install all components on level, not in shaft.
8.3 IS Leaky Feeder Installation
IS Leaky Feeder Installation - Redundancy
BS #1
Channel 1 Channel 2 Install Channel 3
BS #2
Channel 11 Radio Channel Link connects Channel 1 to Channel 11, Channel 12 to Channelwith 12 and Channel 3 voice to Channel 13. twoChannel Base 2Stations identical channels, Channel 13 Radios scan automatically for active channels.
linked to each other by fiber, Internet or surface radio.
-Miners can move through stoppings from one coverage area to the other while maintaining communication. -In the event of a branch failure, miner moves to unaffected area to communicate.
8.4 VHF LF Cable & Tools
smartcom®150 uses RNG-500 LF cable. § 75 ohm impedance. § Solid copper center conductor, 16 solid copper shield wires. § 500 m (1640’) reels, 120 kg (265 lbs), 0.8 m (32”) diameter x 0.5 m (20”) height. § RNG-500 installation requires: § Knife § Side/Cable cutters § ¼” Flat Head screwdriver.
8.6 RNG-500 LF Cable Preparation
Care must be taken not to nick or cut any of the conductors. • Remove 6 cm (2.5 in) of the outer yellow & black sheaths. • Form two stranded wires with 8 of the outer strands in each. • Remove white foam dielectric & trim the center conductor to 2 cm (0.75 in).
8.8 smartcom® 150 Component Connection
• Amplifier and Splitter connectors marked “HEADEND” must be connected to LF cable coming from Head End.
• Loosen cable grip nut. • Loosen terminal screws (not captive). • Insert prepared cable end and slide center conductor under center terminal.
• Wrap outer stranded conductors CW under the outer terminals. • Tighten outer terminals. • Re-tighten center terminal. • Hand-tighten the cable grip nut.
9.0 Passive Component Installation
9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9
System Impedance Two-way Splitter Installation Three-way Splitter Installation Termination Unit Installation Stope Antenna Installation Splice Unit Installation smartcom® 150IS Barrier Unit Installation smartcom® 150IS Power Coupler Installation smartcom® 150IS PS Diagnostic Amp Installation
9.1 System Impedance
§ smartcom® 150/150IS system’s characteristic impedance is 75 ohms. § smartcom® 450 system’s characteristic impedance is 50 ohms. § This impedance difference means you cannot mix smartcom® 150/150IS and smartcom® 450 components or cable in a single network!
9.2 Two-Way Splitter Installation RNG-SP2 H/E
RIS-SP2 1
H/E
1
2
2
UHF-SP2 H/E
1
Equivalent LF cable lengths (loss) of splitter branches
Smart- Smartcom com 150/ 450 150IS
Branch 1, 2
100 m (325ft)
70 m (230ft)
2
smartcom® 150/150IS Splitters have jumpers that can: § Terminate an unused/damaged branch. § Inject “RF Only” for runs of LF with no amplifiers so that short circuits in the LF cable will not bring down the system.
9.3 Three Way Splitter Installation
RIS-SP3
RNG-SP3 H/E 3
1 2
UHF-SP3 3
H/E
1
3
2
Equivalent LF cable lengths (loss) of splitter branches
H/E
2
1
smartcom 150/150IS
smartcom 450
Branch 1
100m (325ft)
120m (395ft)
Branches 2 & 3
200m (650ft)
120m (395ft)
9.4 Termination Unit Installation
RNG-TER
RIS-TER
Termination Units are required at the end of each LF cable to absorb RF signals, preventing reflections and “dead zones”. UHF-TER
9.5 Stope Antenna Installation
RIS-AN1
• Stope Antennas can be used in place of Termination Units to increase off-cable coverage up to 2-3 times. • Install an amplifier and a length of LF cable 3 m (10 ft) before the antenna for best results (ensure previous amplifier is at least 250 m (820 ft) away). • Hang Stope Antenna on back with clear view down drift. RNG-AN1
9.6 Splice Unit Installation
RNG-SPL
RIS-SPL
UHF-SPL
Splice Unit is used for cable repairs.
smartcom® 150/ 150IS RNG-SPL RIS-SPL smartcom® 450 UHF-SPL
RF Loss 0.1 dB, 0 m
0.1 dB, 0 m
10.0 Amplifier Installation 10.1 smartcom® 150 Amplifier Installation 10.2 smartcom® 150IS Amplifier Installation 10.3 smartcom® 450 Amplifier Installation 10.4 The 3 Meter Rule 10.5 Amplifier Gain Control 10.6 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier Local Diagnostics 10.7 smartcom® 450 Amplifier Local Diagnostics 10.8 smartcom® 150 /150IS Amplifier AGC 10.9 smartcom® 450 Amplifier AGC 10.10 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier MGC 10.11 smartcom® 450 Amplifier MGC 10.12 smartcom® 150 Amplifier Remote Diagnostics 10.13 smartcom® 150IS Amplifier Remote Diagnostics 10.14 smartcom® 450 Amplifier Remote Diagnostics
10.1 smartcom® 150 Amplifier Installation RNG-AMP
BSC-AMP
“HEADEND” terminals connect to the LF cable coming from the Base Station.
smartcom® 150 Amplifier Installation
RNG-AMP
BSC-AMP
smartcom® 150 amplifiers have jumpers which isolate DC voltage to help locate short circuits.
smartcom® 150 Amplifier Installation Jumper is used to select the amplifiers mode, Automatic or Manual Automatic is recommended
BSC-AMP
Rotary switch adjusts Gain if in manual mode
RF Level
Used to calibrate in Manual gain mode.
SMA ports can be used for sampling or testing the amplifier. A jumper must be installed to activate the port. The jumper options are ‘RF only’ or ‘DC and RF’
Unique ID used for Remote Diagnostics
smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier Installation RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP Rotary switch adjusts Gain if in manual mode RF Level
Jumper is to select the amplifiers mode, Automatic or Manual Automatic is recommended
TOO HIGH OKAY TOO LOW Button sends diagnostic information to the head end
BNC ports can be used for sampling or testing the amplifier. A jumper must be installed to activate the port. The jumper options are ‘RF only’ or ‘DC and RF’. NO CONNECTION TO THESE PORTS IN HAZARDOUS AREAS.
Unique ID Used for Remote Diagnostics
10.4 The 3 Meter Rule
• Install amplifier before the splitter (closer to Base Station). • There must be a minimum 3 m (10 ft) of LF cable between the amplifier and splitter. • Do not overlap cables or store Stope Antennas bundled with amplifier.
10.5 Amplifier Gain Control Amplifiers compensate for the RF (Radio Frequency) cable and splitting losses in the cable run preceding it in the Downstream direction. RF High
RF Low
Amplifier Gain
RF OK
10.6 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier Local Diagnostics
If there is no Downstream radio channel active then the Red (Low) LED will be on. To prevent this potentially confusing behaviour, enable the Downstream Pilot signal on the RNGDRX.
• Any LED lit means DC voltage OK. • Amber LED indicates radio signal is too high. • Green LED indicates radio signal is OK. Green “OK” LED thresholds are AGC or MGC-Calibrated: +3 to +5 dBm (-19 to -21 dBm for BSC-AMP), MGC with Calibrate PB not pressed: +2 to +6 dBm (-18 to -22 dBm for BSC-AMP). • Red LED indicates radio signal is too low.
10.8 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier AGC
Automatic gain control (AGC) is the recommended setting. Set jumper to “AUTO”. • Key up radio to activate repeater. • Depress CALIBRATE PB for 2 seconds. • Verify green LED is on. • Amplifier continues to monitor Downstream signals and adjust gain as required to maintain “OK”.
10.10 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier MGC
Need to install another splitter in an existing cable run? How do you know if you will have enough gain? You could take an expensive and delicate spectrum analyzer underground, or let smartcom’s MGC system tell you. • Key up radio to activate Head End repeater. • Depress CALIBRATE PB. • Turn rotary attenuation switch until green OK LED is on. • The dial indicator on the rotary switch shows the dB’s of extra gain available.
10.12 smartcom® 150 Amplifier Remote Diagnostics RNG-AMP
The Remote Diagnostics Transmit LED (D7) illuminates when a Remote Diagnostics packet is sent
• Every 4-9 minutes • When Calibrate PB is released • Amplifier data can be viewed from the Remote Diagnostics web server.
smartcom® 150 Amplifier Remote Diagnostics BSC-AMP
All three LEDs (D2, D3, D4) light when a Remote Diagnostics packet is sent
• Amplifiers are polled by the RD web server at intervals dependent on the # of amps in the system. • Amplifier data can be viewed from the Remote Diagnostics web server.
11.0 DC Supply Installation
11.1 smartcom® 150 DC Supply 11.1.1 smartcom® 150 DC Supply Installation 11.1.2 smartcom® 150 DC Supply Upgrade 11.1.3 smartcom® 150 DC Supply Spacing 11.2 smartcom® 150IS DC Supply 11.2.1 150IS DC Supply Installation 11.2.2 150IS DC Supply Spacing 11.2.3 150IS DC Supply Layout 11.2.4 150IS DC Voltage Calculation 11.3 smartcom® 450 DC Supply 11.3.1 450 DC Supply Spacing
11.1 smartcom® 150 DC Supply
RNG-DC36, RNG-DC16
RNG-SC2
§ § § Local Diagnostic LED’s
Two DC output voltages are available: RNGDC16 provides 16 VDC and RNG-DC36 provides 36 VDC. A Power Coupler RNG-SC2 is supplied with each DC Power Supply to tie it into the LF network. Use LF cable between coupler and DC Supply. The RF loss for the coupler is < 1 dB and therefore does not affect amplifier spacing.
11.1.1 smartcom® 150 DC Supply Installation
11.1.2 smartcom® 150 DC Supply Upgrade
11.1.3 smartcom® 150 DC Supply Spacing
12.0 Troubleshooting
12.1 Troubleshooting Strategy 12.2 smartcom® 150 Quick Reference Guide 12.3 Becker smartcom® 150 Quick Reference Guide 12.4 smartcom® 150/150IS Remote Diagnostics 12.5 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier Local Diagnostics 12.6 smartcom® 450 Remote Diagnostics 12.7 smartcom® 450 Amplifier Local Diagnostics 12.8 Mine-Wide Failure 12.9 Area Failure 12.10 Short Circuit Repair 12.11 Base Station Testing 12.12 Upstream Band 12.13 Noisy Upstream Band 12.14 Downstream Band 12.15 Noisy Downstream Band
12.1 Troubleshooting Strategy
§ Remote Diagnostics is key in detecting faults and seeing what is going on in the system. § Comments from users are very useful in determining what type of problem is occurring. § 70% of all failures are due to cable and water damage. § Upstream noise and failed DC power supplies account for the remaining 30% of problems. § Always start troubleshooting at the Head End. Start on the branch with the reported fault, and work your way towards the end of that branch.
12.2 smartcom® 150 Quick Reference Guide
smartcom® 150 Quick Reference Guide
12.3 Becker smartcom® 150 Quick Reference Guide
12.4 smartcom® 150/150IS Remote Diagnostics Verify BSC-HE serial communications +1 to +5 OK Reserve Gain Verify DRX-web server communication Every 12 hrs
IS Power Supply Battery Status Should be less than 15 minutes.
RD Webserver compatible with RNG-Hxx and BSC-HE head ends
12.5 smartcom® 150/150IS Amplifier Local Diagnostics RF LED Indication
DC Status/LED
RF Status
Action
No LED’s
Failed, below minimum voltage
Unknown
Determine why DC voltage is low: • Power Jumper setting (JU24, JU25 on RNG-AMP/RIS-AMP, JU1/JU2 on BSC-AMP) • Fuse blown. • No incoming voltage – check for cable short/open or DC Power Supply failure.
Red LED
Too Low
(Previous Amplifier OK)
OK (any LED lit indicated DC voltage OK)
Increased cable loss (addition of splitter, cable damage) requires more gain from amplifier. Manual Gain Control (MGC) • Decrease Attenuation Setting switch until Green OK LED On. For more accuracy, press and hold Calibrate button while adjusting the rotary attenuation switch. Automatic Gain Control (AGC) • Key up your radio and press and hold Calibrate button for 2 seconds. Verify OK LED On. If adjusting gain does not achieve Green LED, then cable damage or new splitter prevents Green LED On even with 0 (zero) attenuation. • Find and repair cable damage. • If new splitter installed, amplifier will show Red LED, but otherwise system performance will be unchanged.
Green LED
OK
OK
None
Amber LED
OK (any LED lit indicated DC voltage OK)
Too High
Manual Gain Control (MGC) • Increase manual attenuation switch until Green OK LED on. For more accuracy, press and hold Calibrate button while adjusting attenuation switch. Automatic Gain Control (AGC) • Key up your radio and press and hold Calibrate button for 2 seconds. Verify OK LED On. If problem persists: • Ensure that amplifiers are not spaced too closely • Ensure that an amplifier is not oscillating due to cable and stope antenna being bundled too closely.
(Previous Amplifier OK)
12.8 Mine-Wide Failure
Possible Cause
Remedy
Base Station un-powered.
Verify Base Station power.
Failure of main LF cable feed.
Verify using Remote or Local Diagnostics. If amplifiers cannot call in within 15 minutes it would indicate a problem.
Upstream noise floor too high.
Verify using Remote Diagnostics. If amplifiers cannot call in within 15 minutes it would indicate a problem. Measure Upstream Noise Floor.
Failure of DC Power Supply. Verify using Remote or Local Diagnostics. If amplifiers cannot call in within 15 minutes it would indicate a problem. Failure of Voice Repeater.
Confirm operation of other voice channels.
12.9 Area Failure
Possible Cause
Remedy
Failure of LF cable feed.
Verify using Remote or Local Diagnostics. If amplifiers cannot call in within 15 minutes it would indicate a problem.
Failure of DC Power Supply.
Verify using Remote or Local Diagnostics. If amplifiers cannot call in within 15 minutes it would indicate a problem.
Amplifier or cable fault.
If amplifier cannot achieve Green LED then either the amplifier is faulty or cable between it and previous amplifier has too high a loss. Verify amplifier spacing and replace amplifier.
12.10 Short Circuit Repair
Short Circuits cause the DC voltage to drop while the DC current increases. How to detect Short Circuits § Low voltage alarms on Remote Diagnostics. § Fault LED’s on DC Supplies. § Higher than normal current draw from DC Supplies. DC Supply output current “hiccupping”. § No LED’s on amplifiers (DC voltage below minimum voltage). § “Too Low” Red LED’s on amplifiers (RF level too low due to cable damage, cable open but not shorted). How to locate Short Circuits § Use information from Remote Diagnostics. Which sections of amplifiers are not calling in? § Start from DC Supply, and temporarily isolate cable sections using jumpers on splitters and amplifiers. Using a voltmeter, watch for increase in voltage (to normal) when branch isolated. § Once the faulty cable section has been identified, perform a visual check of the cable looking for obvious physical damage. If possible feel cable for damage. How to repair Short Circuits § Repair broken cable with splice units. § Replace damaged cable sections with new cable.
12.11 Base Station Testing
smartcom® 150/150IS Connect a Spectrum Analyzer to a spare Rx port on RNGRF16 or the BSC-Hxx. Monitor the Upstream band (170-185 MHz).
Spectrum Analyzer
smartcom® 450 Connect a Spectrum Analyzer to a spare Rx port on UHFH00. Monitor the Upstream band (450-455 MHz).
12.12 Upstream Band
The Upstream band should look as shown below.
Upstream Band
It’s possible that you can hear someone talking but not be able to talk back. This indicates a problem with the upstream communications.
12.13 Noisy Upstream Band
If noise is coming back to the Base Station from any or all of the LF branches it might look similar to below.
12.14 Downstream Band
It’s possible that someone can hear you but you cannot talk back. This indicates a problem with the Downstream communications.
12.15 Noisy Downstream Band
Connect spectrum analyzer to the LF terminals at the Head End.
13.0 Maintenance
13.1 Daily Maintenance 13.2 Monthly Maintenance 13.3 Annual Maintenance
13.1 Daily Maintenance
§ Use Remote Diagnostics (RD) each day. § Check for warnings and alarms. § The RD web server can be configured to send e-mail when alarms are detected. § RD gives confidence in the system. § RD is easy to use, does not require a dedicated computer and can support up to 50 simultaneous users.
13.2 Monthly Maintenance
1. Confirm Base Station operation: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Repeater transmitter levels Clarity of voice communications Noise in Upstream direction below -90 dBm Head End circuit board Local Diagnostic LED’s OK Verify backup batteries in place and on float charge
2. Test line components: 1. Amplifier and DC Supply Local Diagnostics LED’s OK 2. Verify backup batteries in place and on float charge
3. Verify minimum 30 meters communication range from cable throughout mine.
13.3 Annual Maintenance
It is advised to perform a system audit on an annual basis. The audit verifies: 1. Remote Diagnostics configuration up to date with installed system. 2. Repeater sensitivity. 3. Repeater transmit power and stability. 4. Head End splitter/combiner operation. 5. Downstream and Upstream noise floor. 6. Amplifier DC voltage and output levels. 7. Communication coverage and clarity, including surface.
Contact Information
Varis Mine Technology Ltd. 22 Brady Street, Unit 4 Sudbury, Canada P3E 6E1 www.varismine.com
[email protected]
Toll Free USA/Canada: Phone: Fax:
877-658-2747 705-674-8111 705-674-7834
