Bridging Communication Gaps

Transcript

1 Unit 1 LEAD-IN o How do you understand the implication of the title? o What qualities would you attribute to a good conversationalist? 1. This self-assessment COMMUNICATION SKILLS QUESTIONNAIRE will help you to evaluate critically how proficient you are at getting your message across. For each question, make a tick (√) in the column that most applies. COMMUNICATION SKILLS QUESTIONNAIRE Statement 1. I try to anticipate and predict possible causes of confusion, and I deal with them up front. 2. When I write a memo, email, or any other document, I give all of the background information and detail I can to make sure that my message is understood. 3. If I don't understand something, I tend to keep this to myself and figure it out later. 4. I'm sometimes surprised to find that people haven't understood what I've said. 5. I can tend to say what I think, without worrying about how the other person perceives it. I assume that we'll be able to work it out later. 6. When people talk to me, I try to see their perspectives. 7. I use email to communicate complex issues with people. It's quick and efficient. 8. When I finish writing a report, memo, or email, I scan it quickly for typos and so forth, and then send it off right away. 9. When talking to people, I pay attention to their body language. 10. I use diagrams and charts to help express my ideas. 11. Before I communicate, I think about what the person needs to know, and how best to convey it. 12. When someone's talking to me, I think about what I'm going to say next to make sure I get my point across correctly. 13. Before I send a message, I think about the best way to communicate it (in person, over the phone, in a newsletter, via memo, and so on). 14. I try to help people understand the underlying concepts behind the point I am discussing. This reduces misconceptions and increases understanding. 15. I consider cultural barriers when planning my communications. Total To calculate your total, add up your score Not at all Rarely Some times Often Very often 2 (Not at all=1, Rarely=2, Sometimes=3, Often=4, Very Often=5). 2. Study COMMUNICATIONS MAP. Complete the sentences with one or more suitable words from the diagram. COMMUNICATIONS MAP COMMUNICATE smth to sb, with sb; verbally, effectively, easily, electronically facilitate, establish, improve, prevent, disrupt, break down COMMUNICANT COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION nonverbal; means of; channels, methods of; skills, cord breakdown in COMMUNICATION mass; global; rail COMMUNICATIONS centre, links, network, satellite, system, technology COMMUNICABLE COMMUNICATING COMMUNICATIVE disease, information door person 1. Paris has good rail … with other major cities. 2. We need to … communication with clients. 3. By the age of two most children have begun to communicate … . 4. We must keep open all the … … communication with the kidnappers. 5. Letters are their only … … communication. 6. It is not easy to know what she is thinking, she is not very … . 7. He learned sign language to communicate … deaf customers. 8. He saw the handle of the … door start to turn. 9. Susan has an amazing ability to … enthusiasm. 10. The flu (influenza) is a very common … disease that lasts a short time and makes you feel hot or cold, weak and tired. 3 3. Read the following text and complete it with the sentences from the box. Justify your choice. There is one extra sentence. EVOLUTION OF COMMUNICATION a. Information has the ability to span borders, allowing us to be interconnected in our global world. b. Thus the expectations we place on those we communicate with vary from medium to medium: a letter through the postal mail sets up an expectation of a response that will come in days; email, in hours; instant messaging, in minutes. c. One of the most famous examples is that of Phidippides, the runner who, according to the legend, in 490 BC ran 42.5 km from Marathon to Athens to enlist help from the Spartans against the Persians. d. But to enhance an understanding of communication we must first look at the means which have been used to communicate through centuries. e. Communications are shorter and more frequent than when letters were the norm; response time has greatly diminished; we are even surprised if someone we wish to contact does not have an email address. f. It assists in the transmission of information because it has the ability to surpass many boundaries. g. Ideas could now be stored for future centuries. he ability to communicate can be deemed the most powerful attribute a human being possesses. It may also be regarded as a strict disciple, serving to educate, and inform society. Today, a higher level of learning and knowledge are maintained due to the volume of communication we are exposed to. Thus, communication may be regarded as a specialized function, as it encompasses our everyday lives, and helps us function more efficiently and productively. Communication insures understanding and provides knowledge of information. …1… In the distant past verbal mediation served as a single way of informing and expressing information. The ingenuity of civilisations throughout the ages dealing with the problems of communication is fascinating, taking into consideration the means they had at their disposal. …2… For all significance of written speech, cultures depended on spoken words, opposed to written, ensuring a direct understanding between source and receivers. Oral communication left little room for ambiguity, and discrimination of the illiterate. It is present in our everyday lives, from the car radio providing the latest traffic reports, to a professor educating students in a lecture hall, all oral mediations serve to provide the same service: to inform and provide new information. With the evolution of the print press came the evolution of preservation. …3… Print mediation provided a society a way of preserving history and tradition, and also served as an independent learning tool. It was limited in quantity and was only available to a select few audiences. However it was a way of keeping the society connected with the past but also knowledgeable of the future. Today, communication and the way we communicate have radically changed and the change is not over. Although, traditional mediations will never be eradicated, it is important to understand that technology has aided in the way we interact. …4… Mobile phones spread quickly from a small elite to people from all kinds of backgrounds and age groups and became a great ‘equaliser’ in terms of access to immediate communication. Email has had a profound effect on the way people keep in touch. …5… The internet may be regarded as an open communication field which links people all around the world. People do not need to be in the same vicinity to share information or interact. Technology functions to improve our lives, and the way that we communicate. …6… We have grown accustomed to taking ease of communication for granted, and can’t even begin to imagine a world where someone in America or Australia is farther than a phonecall away. 4 SPEECH PATTERNS 4. Study the patterns and various ways of the translation of the phrases in bold type. 1. For all significance of written speech, cultures depended on spoken words. For all his faults he is a nice fellow. — Он славный парень, несмотря на все его слабости. For all you say he will stick to his opinion. — Что бы вы ни говорили, он останется при своем мнении. 2. When it comes to bridging the gap between seasons, warm salads are a good option. When it comes to child discipline, I take Mary Poppins as my inspiration. – Когда дело касается воспитания детей, я беру пример с Мэри Поппинс. When it comes to bias in broadcasting, lack of objectivity is a common thing. – Если говорить об объективности в радио и телевещании, то зачастую ее просто нет. 3. She bought the whole lot – house, farm, horses and all. The whole family came, children and all. — Они приехали всей семьей, включая детей. I wash and scrub and dust and all. — И чего я только не делаю: и стираю, и мою, и пыль вытираю. Why don’t you join us? - I won't and all. — Не хочу, и все тут. 4. It’s not so much that the vocabulary and grammar men and women use are different. He responds with a look that is not so much scared as appalled. – Его ответный взгляд был скорее полон ужаса, чем испуга. It does not so much rain as it pours in that resort place. – В этом курортном местечке не просто выпадают осадки в виде дождя. Там льет, как из ведра. It is not so much the individual claims that will aggravate voters but the policy of the party. – Избирателям не столько надоели призывы и обещания отдельных кандидатов, сколько политика этой партии в целом. 5. Complete the following sentences using Pattern 1 and 2. Model: For all his silence nothing escapes his attention. Your hands may be tied when it comes to renovation of a historic building. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. For all his inexperience/cleverness/absent-mindedness … When it comes to summer holidays … For all the progress that has been made ... When it comes to presenting information … For all the euphoria created by the victory ... 5 6. When it comes to selecting a university … 7. For all the fascination of the islands... 8. When it comes to dealing with badly behaved kids… 9. For all the attractions of the park … 10. When it comes to fashion/ eating habits … 11. For all injuries he has suffered … 12. For all its clarity and style, the book … 6. Translate into English using Pattern 3 and 4. Из-за снега и всего прочего мы добрались до города только поздно ночью. Он прыгнул в реку в одежде, обуви, в общем, в чем был. Знаете ли, он все-таки мой брат. Она, конечно, очень милая особа, но мне она не нравится. Я, как-никак, вырос в этой стране. Вообще-то, он парень сообразительный. По мнению экспертов, проблемой для нас является не столько сама бессонница, сколько связанные с ней неправильные представления. 8. Ее обидели скорее не сами слова, а то, как он их произнес. 9. Я считаю, что это не просто возможность, а последний шанс проявить себя. 10. Раздражает не само существование премиальных выплат высшему руководству компаний, а их размер. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. WORD BUILDING 7. Recast the following, using NOUNS instead of ADJECTIVES in bold . Change the structure of the sentence, if required. Make use of the words in brackets, if given. Model: In southern Sudan decades of war and lack of development have left 85 per cent of the population illiterate. (is to blame). Decades of war and lack of development … - Decades of war and lack of development are to blame for high levels of illiteracy. 1. The more I study the report, the more anxious I become. (to grow). – The more … 2. His writing is far from being original. (to lack) – His writing … 3. I noticed a certain peculiar feature about his appearance. – I noticed … 4. This diet promotes health and long life. (to promote) – This diet … 5. It takes roughly forty years for the trees to become mature. (to reach) – It takes … 6. We aim at making ethnic minorities more visible in our organization. (to raise) – We aim at … 7. It is difficult to even convey how complex the situation is. – It is … 8. Ingenious tricks of this socially adept teenager are beyond belief. – The … 9. Her remark that it was not a social call was a bit ambiguous. – There was some … 10. Socially mobile person can easily move from a lower social class to a higher one. (to enable to) – Social … 11. To make her report clearer she went over the key points again. – For the sake of … 12. Is it possible for this child to learn at least a few social graces? – Is there any … 6 GRAMMAR CLINIC 8. Complete the article using the words in brackets in the correct form. Report: Media use by teens The amount of time young people spend consuming media … (balloon) with around-the-clock access and mobile devices that function practically as appendages. A few years ago, the researchers … (think) that teens and tweens … (consume) about as much media as humanly possible in the hours available. But somehow, young people …. (find) a way to pack in even more. In the last five years, the time that America's 8- to 18year-olds spend watching TV, playing video games and using a computer for entertainment … (rise) to an average of 7 hours, 38 minutes daily or about 53 hours a week — more than a full-time job. The numbers … (zoom) even higher if you consider kids' multitasking — such as listening to music while on the computer. Those data … (show) young people … (marinate) in media for what amounts to 10 hours, 45 minutes a day — an increase of almost 2.25 hours since 2004. The huge increase since 2004 can be attributed to the transformation of the cell phone into a content delivery device. Kids … (spend) more time using their phone to play video games, watch TV and listen to music than to actually talk on them. And, of course, the last time the research… (hold), social networking sites barely … (exist). Parents aren't helpless to limit the intake. When parents … (impose) limits, they … (work), with their offspring tallying nearly three hours less exposure a day. But only 30 percent impose some kind of parameters. When it … (come) to report cards, a difference … (find) between heavy and light media users, though researchers note that they … (not determine) cause and effect. Nearly half of all heavy media users, those who consume more than 16 hours a day (including time spent multitasking), say they usually get "fair or poor" grades compared with about a quarter of light users (less than 3 hours). Unfortunately, the problem can’t be solved just by more government regulations and stronger locks. Adults also need to look at their own behavior. They … (put) a computer in every bedroom? The TV … (be) on during dinner? Mom and Dad … (tether) to their own BlackBerrys? By Bonnie Miller Rubin, Tribune reporter January 20, 2010 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 9. How do you understand the following proverbs? Give reasons to prove your stance. Speech is silver, silence is golden. All truths are not to be told. Appearances are deceitful. 7 READING 1 BERNICE BOBS HER HAIR AFTER F. SCOTT FITZGERALD arjorie Harvey, an eighteen-year girl who had a fairylike face and a dazzling, bewildering tongue, was already justly celebrated for having turned five cart-wheels in succession during the dance party at New Haven. Notwithstanding her extreme popularity she never hesitated to reciprocate her admirers’ feelings though with just a faint gratitude to stimulate their interest rather than give a promise. All during the month of August Marjorie had been visited by her cousin Bernice from Eau Claire. Cousin Bernice was pretty, with dark hair and high colour, but she was no fun on dance parties, and it was always necessary to hunt round and find someone to take care of her. Every Saturday night some unfortunate boy endured a long arduous duty dance with Bernice to please Marjorie, but they had never been anything but bored in her company, wondering whether she was a poor conversationalist because she got no attention or got no attention because she was a poor conversationalist. Either way, a young man, once relieved, would never tread on her wayward toes again. Marjorie and Bernice, though cousins, were not intimates. As a matter of fact Marjorie had no female intimates - she regarded girls stupid. Bernice on the contrary all through this visit had rather longed to exchange those confidences flavored with giggles and tears that she considered to be an indispensable factor in all feminine intercourse. But in this respect she found Marjorie rather cold and felt somehow the same difficulty in talking to her that she had in talking to men. Marjorie never giggled, was never frightened, seldom embarrassed, and in fact had very few of the qualities which Bernice assumed to be appropriately and blessedly feminine. Bernice wondered for the hundredth time why she never had any attention when she was away from home. She had started life without any handicap. Her family were the wealthiest in Eau Claire; her mother entertained tremendously, gave little dinners for her daughter before all dances and bought her a car of her own to drive round in. All that contributed to her home-town social success. Bernice felt a vague pain that she was not at present engaged in being popular. Other girls with less position and less pulchritude were given a much bigger rush. She attributed this to something subtly unscrupulous in those girls. After another tiresome and disheartening party Bernice decided to have a chat with her aunt Josephine, Marjorie’s mother. She heard voices down in the hall, caught her own name, and without any definite intention of eavesdropping lingered near the partly opened door. Then the thread of the conversation going on inside pierced her consciousness sharply as if it had been drawn through with a needle. “She's absolutely hopeless!" It was Marjorie's voice. "Men don't like her." "What's a little cheap popularity?" Aunt Josephine sounded annoyed. "It's everything when you're eighteen," said Marjorie emphatically. "I've done my best. I've made men dance with her, but they just won't stand being bored. " "There's no courtesy these days." Aunt Josephine's voice implied that modern situations were too much for her. When she was a girl all young ladies who belonged to nice families had glorious times. "Well," said Marjorie, " these days it's every girl for herself. I've even tried to drop her hints about clothes and things, and she's been furious. She's sensitive enough to know she's not getting M 8 away with much, but I'll bet she consoles herself by thinking that she's very virtuous and that I'm too cheerful and fickle and will come to a bad end. All unpopular girls think that way. Sour grapes! I'll bet she'd give ten years of her life to have three or four men in love with her and be cut in on every few feet at dances. I've never heard her say anything to a boy except that it's hot or the floor's crowded or that she's going to school in New York next year. She asks them what kind of car they have and tells them the kind she has. Thrilling!" Mrs. Harvey took up her refrain: "All I know is that other girls not half so sweet and attractive get partners. Martha Carey, for instance, is stout and distinctly common, Roberta Dillon is so thin, she's dancing herself to death." "But, mother," objected Marjorie impatiently, "Martha is cheerful and awfully witty. Roberta's a marvellous dancer. She's been popular for ages!" Aunt Josephine yawned, “I think most of your ideas are perfectly idiotic." Marjorie considered convincing her mother was not worth the trouble. People over forty can seldom be permanently convinced of anything. At eighteen our convictions are hills from which we look; at forty-five they are caves in which we hide. Marjorie said good night and came out into the empty hall. While Marjorie was breakfasting late next day Bernice came into the room and threw her hand-grenade. "I heard what you said about me last night." After an involuntary look of contempt Marjorie dropped her eyes. "I've tried to be nice, and -" Bernice's lower lip was trembling violently and she continued on a wavering note: " - and I've been first neglected and then insulted." Bernice remembered one of her grievances. "I was indignant last week, when you concocted that that dress was unbecoming. Don't you think I know how to dress myself?" "I said, as I remember, “murmured Marjorie, "that it was better to wear a becoming dress three times straight than to alternate it with two frights." Marjorie’s eyes showed boredom, “You're rather hard material to work with.” The lids of Bernice's eyes reddened. "I think you're hard and selfish, and you haven't a feminine quality in you." "Oh, my Lord!" cried Marjorie in desperation. "You little nut! Your whole early life is occupied in whining criticisms of girls like me who really do have a good time. Girls like you are responsible for all the colourless marriages; all those ghastly inefficiencies that pass as feminine qualities. What a blow it must be when a man with imagination marries the beautiful bundle of clothes that he's been building ideals round, and finds that she's just a weak, whining, cowardly mass of affectations!" Having slipped half open Bernice's mouth then secured determination. "If you'll tell me why your friends aren't interested in me I'll do what you want me to." Marjorie’ look was not distrustful. "Without reservations? Will you do exactly what I say?" "If they're sensible things." "They're not! You're no case for sensible things. I'll just give you a few examples now. First, you have no ease of manner. Why? Because you're never sure about your personal appearance. When a girl feels that she's perfectly groomed and dressed she can forget that part of her. That's charm. The more parts of yourself you can afford to forget the more charm you have. If she looks like a million dollars she can talk about Russia, ping-pong, or the League of Nations and get away with it." "Go on." Bernice's brain was reeling. "Well, you've got to learn to be nice to men who are sad birds. You look as if you'd been insulted whenever you're thrown with any except the most popular boys. Why, Bernice, I'm cut in on every few feet - and who does most of it? Why, those very sad birds. No girl can afford to neglect them. They're the big part of any crowd. Young boys too shy to talk are the very best conversational practice. Clumsy boys are the best dancing practice." Bernice sighed profoundly, but Marjorie was not through. "If you go to a dance and really amuse, say, three sad birds that dance with you; if you talk so well to them that they forget they're stuck with you, you've done something. They'll come back next 9 time, and gradually so many sad birds will dance with you that the attractive boys will see there's no danger of being stuck - then they'll dance with you. And finally," concluded Marjorie, "poise and charm will just come. You'll wake up some morning knowing you've attained it, and men will know it too. Don’t feel sort of startled?" On the following Wednesday evening there was a dinner-dance at the country club. Her allimportant left was held by Charley Paulson, a most desirable and distinguished young bachelor, lacking height, beauty, and social shrewdness, and in her new enlightenment Bernice decided that his only qualification to be her partner was that he had never been stuck with her. Swallowing her pride she turned to Charley Paulson and plunged. "Do you think I ought to bob my hair, Mr. Charley Paulson?" Charley looked up in surprise. "Why?" "Because it’s such a sure and easy way of attracting attention." Charley smiled pleasantly. He could not know this had been rehearsed. "I want to be a society vampire, you see," Bernice announced coolly, “Bobbed hair is the necessary prelude. I am seeking your advice, because I have heard you are so critical about girls.” Charley, who knew as much about the psychology of women as he did of the mental states of Buddhist contemplatives, felt vaguely flattered. "So I've decided," she continued, her voice rising slightly, "that early next week I'm going down to the barber-shop and get my hair bobbed." She faltered, noticing that the people near her had paused in their conversation and were listening; but after a confused second Marjorie's coaching told, and she finished her paragraph to the vicinity at large. "Of course I'm charging admission, but if you'll all come down and encourage me I'll issue passes for the inside seats." There was a ripple of appreciative laughter, and a young man’s intimate whisper close to her ear: "I'll take a box right now." She met his eyes and smiled as if he had said something surpassingly brilliant. "Do you believe in bobbed hair?" the awkward question all but dared her. "I think it's immoral," affirmed Bernice gravely. "But, of course, you've either got to amuse people or feed 'em or shock 'em." Marjorie had culled this from Oscar Wilde. Again it was greeted with a ripple of laughter from the men and a series of quick, intent looks from the girls. And then as though she had said nothing of wit or moment Bernice turned again to Charley and spoke confidentially in his ear. "I want to ask you your opinion of several people. I imagine you're a wonderful judge of character." Charley thrilled faintly and paid her a subtle compliment by overturning her water. Two hours later a growing perception began to creep slowly upon Marjorie - a perception that Bernice had been cut in on several times in the past five minutes. She regarded her intently. Yes, she was pretty, distinctly pretty; and tonight her face seemed really vivacious. She had that look that no woman, however histrionically proficient, can successfully counterfeit - she looked as if she were having a good time. "I see you are having a cheerful time. So it works?" asked Marjorie looking at Bernice's sparkling eyes full of agitated gratefulness. "I am and it does! The only trouble is that I am running short of talk. I have to repeat myself - with different men of course. I hope they won't compare notes." "Men don't," said Marjorie, "and it wouldn't matter if they did - they'd think you are even trickier." Later in her bedroom Bernice passed the evening in review. She had followed Marjorie’s instructions exactly. Even when Charley Paulson cut in for the eighth time she had simulated delight and had apparently been both interested and flattered. She had not talked about the weather or Eau Claire or automobiles or her school, but had confined her conversation to me, you, and us. She was really grateful to Marjorie. But a few minutes before she fell asleep a rebellious thought was churning drowsily in her brain - after all, it was she who had done it, not Marjorie. To Bernice the next week was a revelation. With the feeling that people really enjoyed looking at her and listening to her came the foundation of self-confidence. Of course there were numerous mistakes at first. But Bernice had several signal successes to her credit. 10 COMPREHENSION CHECK 10. Answer the following questions. (Consult the text if necessary.) What is Marjorie’s background? What position does she occupy in society of New Haven? What is Bernice’s background? What is her social status at home and at her cousin’s place? What views do the girls have on the way to establish themselves in society? What opinion does Marjorie have of Bernice? What flaws, in her opinion, make Bernice unpopular with men? 5. What advice does Marjorie give Bernice? How does Bernice take it? 6. What is the outcome? Who takes credit for Bernice’s success? 1. 2. 3. 4. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 11. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations in the text. 1. дерзкое, блестящее остроумие; 2. подряд; 3. отвечать воздыхателям чем-то вроде благодарности; 4. отличающие и украшающие истинную женщину; 5. без каких-либо недостатков; 6. вовсе не думая подслушивать; 7. давать советы по поводу одежды; 8. снова приняться за свое; 9. бесполезно; 10. срывающимся голосом; 11. чередовать его с двумя страшилищами; 12.чудовищная бестолковость; 13. держаться слишком скованно; 14. ему недоставало бойкости; 15. самый простой и верный способ обратить на себя внимание; 16. уроки Марджори давали о себе знать; 17. для сведения всех окружающих; 18. на счету был ряд многообещающих побед. 12.Find the words and word combinations which mean the same in the text. 1. they were never amused in her company; 2. after they got rid of her; 3. they were not close friends; 4. wanted desperately; 5. a necessary part; 6. communication between women; 7. find comfort in the idea; 8. good and moral; 9. filled with anger after unjust accusations; 10. a diner on your left who is expected to be your main partner in the conversation during the meal; 11. thanks to newly-acquired knowledge; 12. understand people's motives well; 13. spent the evening recollecting the previous events; 14. pretended to be happy; 15. spoke only about. TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 13.What do the following phrases from the text imply? Paraphrase and explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. All that contributed to her home-town social success. Aunt Josephine s voice implied that modern situations were too much for her. At eighteen our convictions are hills from which we look; at forty-five they are caves in which we hide. I'm cut in on every few feet… Young boys too shy to talk are the very best conversational practice. Charley, who knew as much about the psychology of women as he did of the mental states of Buddhist contemplatives, felt vaguely flattered. But, of course, you've either got to amuse people or feed 'em or shock 'em." Marjorie had culled this from Oscar Wilde. 11 14.To what extent do your agree with the following statements? Give support from the text (avoiding lifting). Make use of the following phrases: (+) I couldn’t agree more (+/-) That’s right to a point (-) I’m afraid that is wrong Example: Marjorie and Bernice, pretty and witty cousins, were incredibly popular among young people. As far as Marjorie is concerned I couldn’t agree more whereas it would be not a bit of exaggeration to attribute the same claims to Bernice. Notwithstanding the latter’s attractive appearance she was far from being popular among young people through lack of social shrewdness and inadequate conversational skills. 1. The cousins were so close because they were on the same wavelength. 2. Bernice who enjoyed genuine popularity in Eau Claire couldn’t understand the reasons for the lack of interest in a new place. 3. One afternoon right before a dinner dance Bernice eavesdropped on a conversation which enlightened her on the issue of her social success. 4. Bernice was full of righteous indignation at Marjorie’s unfavourable comment about her clothes and manners. 5. Bernice was ready to follow her cousin’s advice provided it was reasonable. And it lived up to her expectations. 6. During the dinner Bernice was happy to have Charley Paulson, a most desirable and distinguished young bachelor, as her all-important left. 7. Much to everybody’s surprise Marjorie announced her decision to have her hair bobbed as she wanted to abandon all social life and live in total seclusion. 8. Bernice’s words, though rehearsed in advance, stayed unnoticed by the guests. 9. Marjorie didn’t have a shadow of doubt that her cousin was enjoying the party. 10. Bernice was profoundly grateful to Marjorie giving her full credit for stirring up interest in her persona. 15. Complete the summary of the story using the words from the box. • acceptance • competition • conforming • converse • newly obtained • reluctance • revealing • secured • • ladder teasing INTRODUCTION “Bernice Bobs Her Hair” by Fitzgerald illustrates young women’s …1… for social success. CHARACTERS, BACKGROUND AND SETTING Bernice, an offspring of a wealthy family in Eau Claire, where her family fortune has always …2… her from any social disappointments, comes to visit her cousin Marjorie. The protagonist, completely lacking in social graces that the youth are supposed to exuberate, is unaware of the problems of …3… with the expectations of the society. PLOT Bernice overhears a conversation between Marjorie and her mother, …4… her cousin’s discontent with her social hopelessness and …5… to listen to advice. Bernice’s desperation causes her to yield to the passionate aspiration for social …6… and let Marjorie turn her into a society girl. Marjorie, a distinguished social adept, teaches Bernice to …7…, dance and flirt with boys, even the least attractive and interesting. …8… boys with the idea that she will bob her hair and they will get to watch it becomes Bernice’s best line. The new Bernice is a big hit with the boys and within a week she makes it to the top of the social …9…. CONCLUSION The story of Bernice’s …10… communication skills demonstrates the importance of adaptability to and conformity for social popularity. 12 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 16. Answer the following questions developing the issue. What does the phrase SOUR GRAPES! imply? What is its origin? To what situations is it applicable? Anthony Robbins believes that the way we communicate with others and with ourselves ultimately determines the quality of our lives. How can communication skills influence family life, friendship, social life, career prospects? LANGUAGE FOCUS 17. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.Caroline Reeds is the manager … succession … Lisa Morton. 2. The marriage was a disaster … every respect. 3. He made a major contribution … peace … the region. 4. I am reluctant to attribute too much worldly importance … what they do. 5. All … my childhood we were inseparable. 6. There is strong business support for the idea of a new hub airport, but the Government declared that there was no case … public subsidy for the scheme. 7. Ease … access … the provider is a key success factor in the internet service. 8. Prosecutors pleaded with an Italian court yesterday not to let the accused get … … murder. 9. A marriage breakdown has a tendency to tell on children and society … large. 10. There is a subdued but focused silence as the reality of war creeps … the soldiers. 11. Their basketball team was still agonisingly short … the Olympic qualifying standard. 12. He was urged to participate in some dishonest scheme, but … his credit, he refused to be involved. 18. Core vocabulary. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. TO ATTRIBUTE, AN ATTRIBUTE 1. Management attributed the success of the company to the new Marketing Director. 2. Social psychologists pinpoint the tendency for people to attribute positive qualities to someone who is attractive and good-looking. 3. He possesses the essential attributes and qualities of a journalist. 4. Fires are usually attributable to carelessness. NEGLECT, NEGLECTFUL, NEGLIGENT, 19. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. 1. Автор приписывает это высказывание Шекспиру. 2. Он объясняет свой успех тяжелым и упорным трудом. 3. Доброта –его отличительная черта. 4. Умение слушать клиента – неотъемлемая черта хорошего менеджера. 5. Покупатели не могут найти товар, который им нужен, этим и объясняются плохие продажи. 13 NEGLIGENCE, NEGLIGIBLE 1. It would be a mistake for the next energy minister to neglect promising wave power. 2. He had been married five times, though neglected to divorce any of his wives. 3. The reputation of Barbara Dome famously swings from neglect to popularity. 4. The city government has been neglectful in how it has dealt with snow blocks (of snow blocks). 5. Some dog owners are considered to be negligent about (in) controlling their dogs. 6. Negligence of the doctor can result in a fatality. 7. The government scheme to prohibit cars from the city centre is having negligible effects. IMPLY, IMPLICIT, IMPLICATION 1. Their failure to reply to our letter seems to imply a lack of interest. 2. Are you implying that we are not telling the truth? 3. Rights imply duties. 4. The chief executive of the cricket tournament voiced his concern about the financial implications of the prolonged bad weather for the county game. 5. She said very little directly, but a great deal by implication. 6. In the article there was an implicit irony about the estate owner’s taste in furniture. Words frequently used with implication: considerable, far-reaching, important, profound, serious DISTINGUISH, DISTINGUISHED 1. Don’t try to distinguish between civil liberties and human rights as if they exist in isolation from one another. They do not. 2. Are they able to distinguish right from wrong? 3. The room was too dimly lit for me to distinguish anything clearly. 4. She joined the President’s team, and quickly distinguished herself with writing political speeches. 5. “Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President, Members of Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow Americans…” (from American President’s speech) 1. Последнее время он совсем не выполняет свою работу. 2. Обязательно закрой дверь на замок. 3. Он практически не уделяет внимания своей внешности. 4. У машины почти нет повреждений. 5. Халатное отношение к своим обязанностям – граничит c преступлением. 6. Главный инженер не проверил должным образом работу всех приборов, что и привело к аварии. 7. После двадцатилетнего забвения эта опера снова на сцене Национального театра. 1. Наличие лестницы в разрушенном доме говорит о том, что здесь был второй этаж. 2. Кажется, ты намекаешь, что мои картины плохие? 3. Это решение будет иметь серьезные политические последствия. 4. Тот факт, что он написал тебе, свидетельствует о его расположении к тебе. 5. Она почти ничего не сказала прямо, а все больше намеками. 6. В его словах чувствовалась скрытая угроза. 1. Было так темно, что разглядеть что-либо было сложно. 2. Как же отличить подлинник от копии? 3. Он показал блестящие результаты в беге на сто метров. 4. Каких выдающихся людей современности вы можете назвать? 20. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of the sentence. MODEL: My poor knowledge in mathematics can be explained by the fact that I missed several years of school. - I am rather bad at … – I am rather bad at mathematics, which I attribute to missing several years of school. 1. There have been 1,150 accidents with fatal consequences on our roads this year, drunk driving is considered to be a contributory cause of these deaths. - 1,150 deaths … 14 2. Charisma, energy and discipline were among the qualities that made him a great leader. – He had all … 3. Cigarette smoking can cause different illnesses. – Different illnesses … (use an adjective) 4. Churches of Turin are a must for those who happened to be in this city. - When you are in Turin, …. 5. The lack of due attention and care of the poor on the part of the government is the subject of the trilogy of documentaries. – A trilogy of documentaries … 6. It was obvious she hadn’t taken enough care to check the essay before giving it to the teacher. – She was … (use an adjective) 7. He greeted the boys as his acquaintances, and we understood he knew them quite well. The way he greeted … 8. He criticised my work, which suggested that he might not have confidence in it. – His criticisms … 9. He never called me a fool, but the way he treated me was a direct indication to it. - He never called me a fool, but that was … 10. Children can be disastrously affected by the breakup of a marriage. The breakup of a marriage … (use a noun) 11. The research concludes that the difference between causes and effects can be easily seen by even three-year-olds. - According to the research, even the three-year-olds are … 12. This film is definitely the best Kevin Costner’s performance. – Kevin Costner … WORD BUILDING 21. Recast the following, using NOUNS instead of VERBS in bold . Change the structure of the sentence, if required. Make use of the words in brackets, if given. 1. The government is being widely criticized in the press for failing to limit air pollution. (to be under/for) – The government is … 2. Although we lost the game we consoled ourselves with the fact that we played well. (to find/in) – We … 3. A Walkman can relieve the situation if running bores you. (of) – A Walkman can relieve … 4. I think we can safely assume that this situation will continue. (to make/correct) – I think we can … 5. The new district compares favourably with the older part of the town. (to be/with) – The new district … 6. We will seriously consider all your proposals. (to give) – We will… 7. She shouldn’t repeat words in her essay. (to avoid) – She should … 8. His speech failed to convince the audience. (to carry) – His speech … 9. Rose confided her marital problems in her aunt. (to take … into/ about) – Rose … 10. The reduction in government spending will necessitate further cuts in public services. (to arise from) – The … 11. The company denied their responsibility for the mistake. (to issue/strong) 12. In two years that succeeded there was a rise in the crime rate. (in) – There was a rise in the crime rate... 15 IDIOMS 22. Translate B’s replies, paying special attention to idioms. by word of mouth •the bottom line take the words out of sb's mouth •beat about the bush •stew in your own juice George’s presentation about crisis management was absolutely fabulous! Nobody supported John’s passionate pleas for peace. I think we should discuss the question of cooperation with this company again. There are some new details to consider. In all broadcasting you have to be interesting, and keep the listener listening. Los Angeles Times ran the story about the details of the water law reform including some unsavory ones. In the days before social media, the brand's reputation depended totally on the opinion of the users passed to other people. You’d better think twice before saying something. 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A 7 A 8 A The principal continued to read while I watched him from across the desk. 9 A She said very little at the meeting. 10 A I can't seem to get on with him. on everybody's lips a voice in the wilderness •speak volumes not on the same wavelength •on the tip of one's tongue B Я это и хотел сказать. B К сожалению, это был глас вопиющего в пустыне. B Не ходи вокруг да около! Говори по существу. B Конечно, это и определяет успех любой передачи. B Неудивительно, что теперь это у всех на устах. B Вы хотите сказать, что информация передавалась из уст в уста? B Всем известно, что когда слова уже вертятся у тебя на языке, желательно сказать лишь половину. B Наверно он хотел на какое-то время предоставить тебя самому себе. B Говорить было и не надо. Все можно было прочитать по ее лицу. B Вы просто совсем разные. 16 GRAMMAR CLINIC 23. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct past form. The employees in the store … (buy) bought a silver inkstand for the senior partner on his fiftieth birthday. I … (select) for spokesman, and I … (make) a little speech that I … (prepare) for a week. It made a hit. It was full of puns and epigrams and funny twists that … (bring) down the house. So on that very morning I … (give) momentum to my reputation as a humorist. My fame … (spread) very quickly and soon I … (become) a local “character”. The daily newspaper … (quote) me. I … (become) indispensible at social gatherings. Soon I … (receive) a letter from the editor of a famous weekly publication, who … (offer) to make a contract with me for a year at a figure that was considerably higher than the amount paid me by the hardware firm. My column in the weekly … (make) some stir, and my townspeople … (begin) to look upon me as a citizen of some consequence instead of the merry trifler I … (be) when I … (clerk) in the hardware store. The success, however, … (come) at a high price. After five or six months the spontaneity … (seem) to depart from my humor. In no time I … (listen) to catch available ideas from the conversation of my friends – I was after every bright saying, a witty comparison, a piquant phrase like a hound springing upon a bone. Where once I … (furnish) them with entertainment and jollity, I now … (prey) upon them. My friends … (regard) me in sorrow and wonder. I was not the same man they … (use) to know but the one who … (forget) how to smile. Nearly everyone began to avoid me. I had no friends, no amusements, no enjoyment of life. Shortly after I … (receive) a letter from the editor of the weekly saying they … (not renew) my contract. Strange as it may seem I was far from displeased as I finally … (get) free from the slavery of obligatory humor. I soon … (regain) my natural aptitude for humor and my jokes were again noised about and quoted. After “Confessions of a Humorist” by O’Henry JOINT RESEARCH 24. Research one of the following aspects of HUMOUR. CIRCUS ORIGIN OF HUMOUR ROLE OF LAUGHTER HUMOUR IN OFFICIAL COMMUNICATION PUPPET SHOW BLACK HUMOUR DISTINGUISHED COMEDIANS HUMOUR TYPES OF COMEDY CARTOON CARICATURE ANECDOTE Share the results with your fellow-students in a 2-min statement. 17 READING 2 P aradoxically enough notwithstanding the world-wide system of linkages, we are losing natural aptitude to communicate on an unparalleled scale. “He is a horrible sexist, he calls me a pathetic girl, an airhead or words to that effect. Sometimes I end up screaming that he is a barbarian. He winds me up. I shout back. It really gets me down,” voicing her anxieties about her boss attitude, the young woman fails to defuse unwarranted criticism. You are just not on the same wavelength,” the group is in sympathy towards her. The volunteers at an assertiveness training course close on two hundred people in business, government, and the professions, are involved in learning how to project themselves. By the end of the course, they will have crystallised their self-knowledge, dramatised their commitment goals, and eliminated the credibility robbers in their speech patterns. Their body language will speak volumes. The term 'assertiveness' often misunderstood is not about trying to dominate others: it is more a matter of resisting those who seek to dominate and manipulate you. Being assertive doesn’t mean being aggressive, hostile or bullying, although it may well help them to stand up to those who are. “When I would confront with the bullying, I used to give in, but inside I was always seething with anger.” Mary Foxes, a trained counselor, is expensively but discreetly dressed: the right suit with the right hemline, low-heeled shoes, high-necked blouse, the minimum of good jewelry. Her experience is not insufficient to sound confident. “No one can escape experiencing fear whenever they are on unfamiliar territory. It therefore follows that personal growth cannot be accomplished without overcoming fear, since the exploration of 'unfamiliar territory' is an essential component of personal development.” Anger and fear induce automatic physiological responses that inhibit articulate verbal ones. Fury or fright causes the blood supply to automatically reroute away from the brain and gut to the skeletal muscles to prepare them for physical action. Enough to eradicate clear and efficient thinking. Fear is an essential warning mechanism. It is neither practicable nor desirable to eliminate all anxiety and apprehension from life, but the challenge for the assertive person is to prevent fear overwhelming us and avoid breakdown in communication, thus enhancing its effectiveness. 'Excuse me, Joe,' Mary Foxes is role-playing the interruption by a male colleague. Men interrupt women 76 per cent more often than they interrupt men. It is just another symptom of their sublime arrogance. 'Excuse me, Joe,' - clear and direct, not submissive, her hand up, but close to the body without aggression, the gesture that says subliminally: “Stop. I would like to finish making this point.” Note that she did not say, tentatively, 'Er, Joe, I'm sorry, but would you, - er - kind of mind if I - er added something? I mean, you probably won't think this is at all important, and of course, do feel free to sort of, well, criticise it if you like, but I'd just like to say ...' And when Joe congratulates her on her profundity, she will swallow the good British instinct that might lead her to say, self-effacingly, 'Gosh. It was nothing!' and say, as a man would, 'Thank you. When so you are as talented as I am, it comes naturally.' Acknowledging compliments and accepting them if you believe them to be sincere (rather than manipulative buttering-up) is really important. In the end it is you who are the ultimate judge of your own behaviour. “Can’t you listen to me”, pleads Anna, the university student. Participants are purposefully engaged in shuffling their papers, sending and receiving mobile messages, being idle and inconsiderate during Anna’s project presentation. She knows she has lost. Now she is to face the music. The rest of the group are rearing to criticize her performance. Her body language was wrong, she should have put her shoulders back instead of hunching them forwards, her voice whined, she needn’t have defended herself, she should have maintained eye-contact, stuck to the point and repeated her message, a trick known as “the broken record tactic.” 18 “Broken record” derives its name from the days before CDs, when vinyl was the dominant medium for audio reproduction. A faulty or dirty vinyl disc might 'stick' and repeat the same short snatch of music over and over again until the stylus was lifted from it. In “the broken record” technique, a request is repeated over and over again until the desired response is obtained or a workable compromise is reached whereas attempts at distraction or changing the subject are resisted. Another important skill necessary for effective communication and acquired during assessment training is dealing with criticism which wrongly interpreted tends to verbal abuse. The behavioral choice in case of being criticized is limited. Either you stew in your own juice or challenge the objectionable criticism. How? Imagine that one day, when you were out walking, a thick fog descended, only to leave you unsure of which way to turn. You might get frustrated with your feelings running high, but there'd be nothing you could do to the fog to relieve the frustration. Punching the fog, throwing missiles at it or cursing it would leave it unaffected. The situation requires some self-control, which props you against your reasons and senses quite effectively. “Fogging” is successfully practiced by many people who work in jobs that involve a lot of contact with the general public. It involves training yourself to stay calm in the face of criticism, and agreeing with whatever may be fair and useful in it. While superficially it may seem like a submissive strategy, it is in fact assertive because of what it implies. By refusing to become upset or angry while being attacked verbally and psychologically, you're denying your critic the satisfaction of seeing you being intimidated and disempowered. “So, for instance, if someone calls me stupid,” Maria’s body language is both relaxed and under control, “I can admit that sometimes I am. After all, everyone does foolish things occasionally.” The group’s eyes are peeping around in search for acknowledgment. “Stupid” is a relative term, and you probably are unintelligent if compared to, say, Professor Albert Einstein. If someone criticises your work, it might be only wise to concede that it is to be knocked into shape. Even if it's already pretty good, there's likely to be room for improvement. Phrases typically used when “fogging” include: 'That could be true', 'You're probably right'. 'Sometimes I think so myself', and 'You have a point there.' A phrase that is never used when fogging, but is constantly implied, is: 'So what?' However, “fogging” is not an ideal solution to every confrontation with a bully. You might not be able to change their behaviour. Sometimes it is assertive not to rise to the bait but to walk away instead. Though not a panacea, assertiveness training adds value to communication helping to establish relations in which a person is well-aware where he stands and doesn’t feel ill-used. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 25. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations in the text. 1.природная склонность; 2. невиданными темпами; 3. и тому подобное; 4. почти двести человек; 5. (страх) охватывающий; 6. отвечать, расплачиваться за; 7. сильно расстроиться; 8. несмотря на критику; 9. она контролирует свои жесты и движения; 10. было бы разумно согласиться, что …; 11. заглатывать наживку 26. Find the words and word combinations which mean the same in the text. 1. to show other people that you have good qualities; 2. not to allow yourself to be treated badly; 3. to succeed in doing; achieve a positive result; 4. to get rid of smth completely; 5. a feeling of worry or fear; 6. to improve smth or to make it more valuable; 7. willing to do what you are told without arguing; 8. to get frightened; scared by threats, criticism; 9. being deprived of power or authority; 10. a remedy for all diseases or problems. 19 TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 27. What do the following phrases from the text imply? Paraphrase and explain. 1. Mary Foxes is expensively but discreetly dressed: the right suit with the right hemline, low-heeled shoes, high-necked blouse, the minimum of good jewelry. 2. Mary Foxes is role-playing the interruption by a male colleague. 3. You might get frustrated with your feelings running high. 4. The situation requires some self-control, which props you against your reasons and senses quite effectively. 5. The group’s eyes are peeping around in search for acknowledgment. 6. Her experience is not insufficient to sound confident. 7. And when Joe congratulates her on her profundity, she will swallow the good British instinct that might lead her to say, self-effacingly … 8. Acknowledging compliments and accepting them if you believe them to be sincere (rather than manipulative buttering-up) is really important. 9. The rest of the group are rearing to criticize her performance. 10. If someone criticises your work, it might be only wise to concede that it is to be knocked into shape. 28. Answer the following questions supporting your choice with the information from the text. 1.What is the article about? a. dealing with criticism b. eliminating anxiety c. assertiveness training 1. What is the main idea of the article? a. Assertiveness training involves learning how to project yourself. b. Assertiveness training is an effective way to enhance self-confidence and facilitate communication. c. Assertiveness training is an optimum tool to confront bullies. 2. By the end of the course participants will have done all of the following EXCEPT a. get rid of the credibility-robbers in speech b. raise awareness of their goals c. speak eloquently 3. Which statement is supported in the article? a. Assertiveness training teaches to resist manipulative attempts. b. Assertiveness training crystallizes your ability to speak aggressively. c. Assertiveness training is insufficient to sound confident and overcome fear. 4. An assertive person must be able to a. eliminate fear and anxiety. b. reroute blood supply from the brain. c. prevent the disruption of effective communication. 5. All compliments a. must be rejected. b. must be taken critically and treated accordingly. c. must be accepted with gratitude. 6. Making a presentation the speaker should a. defend himself. b. engage in eye-contact. c. never repeat the message. 7. Criticism a. might seem similar to personal insult. b. will relieve frustration. c. must be always defused. 20 8. a. b. c. 9. a. b. c. According to the article agreeing with fair criticism infuriates your critic. disempowers your critic. deprives your critic of the chance to intimidate and control you. Assertiveness training is a one-cure-all treatment. stimulates effective communication. inhibits self-awareness. 29. Translate the summary of the text. Pay attention to organization patterns. Topic (What is the text about?) Main Idea (What is the writer’s stance on the issue?) Major Details (How does the writer prove his stance?) Conclusion (Paraphrased main idea) Статья рассказывает о курсе, направленном на развитие уверенности в себе. По мнению автора, данный курс существенно повышает не только личную самооценку, но и эффективность речевого взаимодействия. Автор отмечает, что курс, направленный на развитие уверенности в себе, учит слушателей противостоять манипулированию, помогает участникам лучше понять самих себя, четче осознать свои цели, освоить язык жестов и исключить из своей речи слова и фразы, «подрывающие доверие» ко всему высказыванию и самому говорящему. По окончании курса слушатели лучше справляются со страхом и гневом, которые препятствуют эффективному речевому взаимодействию. Кроме того, курс способствует формированию правильного отношения к критике. В завершении автор подчеркивает, что хотя курс, направленный на развитие уверенности в себе, и не может считаться панацеей, он положительно влияет на самооценку слушателей и их речевые компетенции. SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 30. Answer the following questions developing the issue. People often get manipulated because they can't reject a request. Why is it so difficult to refuse to do something? What are the first steps on the way to " THE ART OF SAYING 'NO'''? Draft a 10-item 'BILL OF ASSERTIVE RIGHTS'. 21 LANGUAGE FOCUS 31. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.File-sharing websites are sure to enhance internet piracy … a massive scale. 2. My elder sister is so lonely that I shall probably end … bringing her to live with us. 3. Personalised learning has put the teachers and pupils … the same wavelength. 4. He struggled to stand … …the challenge in the way great champions should. 5. In the pre-industrial society most people were engaged … agriculture. 6. Stop beating … the bush. Get straight … the point. 7. Although tough in business matters, she has always been surprisingly fragile … the face … family uncertainty. 8. It is a politically sensitive matter, there can be no room … error. 9. If you’re serious about knocking your midriff … shape, there’s only one solution … it: diet and exercise. 10. She held the hand over her forehead to imply a headache, or something … that effect. 11. Can an exhausted team rise … the challenge of a newly arrived one on Friday? 32. Core vocabulary. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. 33. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. INVOLVE, INVOLVEMENT 1. Jane was on a diet which involves eating nothing but fruit. 2. A lot of politicians were involved in this scandal. 3. He is not the sort of guy to get involved with. 4. Our offer is one week, seven islands, up to 50 yachts and 500 people on a tour involving sailing by day and parties by night. 5. During questioning by the police, Rogers denied any involvement in the robbery. 1. Украденные машина зачастую становятся участниками аварий. 2. Не втягивай других в свои безумные планы. 3. На новой должности мне придется иногда ездить в командировки. 4. Реализация плана повлечет за собой большие расходы. 5. Эта проблема требует активного участия местных властей. Words frequently used with involved: Adverbs: actively, closely, directly, heavily TO CAUSE, CAUSE . Her irresponsible behaviour has caused a great deal of anxiety to/for her family. 2. He apologizes for causing you any embarrassment. 3. Suddenly there was a power cut, which caused the whole computer system to shut down. 4. Long transport delays at the airports were caused by strikes and staff shortages. 5. Ice on the road was the cause of the accident. 6. Harry has good cause to be pleased with himself, as he’s just passed his exams. 7. The patient’s condition is giving cause for concern. Words frequently used with cause: alarm, concern, confusion, damage, distress, embarrassment, harm, problem, trouble 1. Если это дело не дойдет до суда, это вызовет общественный протест. 2. Причиной заторов является большое количество транспорта на дорогах. 3. Собака, выбежавшая на дорогу, заставила велосипедиста резко вывернуть руль (to swerve). 4. Отец Питера имеет все основания гордиться сыном. 5. Дети иногда доставляют родителям неприятности. 22 TO FACE, A FACE 1. She faced the host and introduced herself. 2. He faced the biggest challenge in his career. 3. Although he didn’t feel very confident, he put on a brave face and accepted the challenge. 4. You should face up to things, not just pretending that nothing has happened. 5. I’d better get home and face the music – I should have never taken Dad’s car in the first place. 6. On the face of it, it seems a perfect idea, but we must wait and see it turns out well. 7. In the face of a serious danger, she managed to keep her presence of mind. 1. Нужно признать тот, факт, что мы не можем позволить себе эту поездку. 2. Я повернул лицо к солнцу. 3. Сотрудники сохранили спокойствие, несмотря на печальные новости. 4. Он избегал встречи с начальником, после того, как выставил себя таким дураком. 5. На первый взгляд он кажется идеальной кандидатурой для этой должности. TEND, TENDENCY 1. We Brits tend to think of the United States as a low-tax country. 2. Women don’t tend to be as aggressive as men at self-promotion. 3. I think the management will tend towards stricter control. 4. Many studies show that hiring managers have a tendency to hire in their own likeness. 5. Recently there has been a tendency for couples to stay at home in the evening. 1. Весной здесь часто идут дожди. 2. Она обычно раздражается, когда не соглашаются с ее предложениями. 3. Я стараюсь покупать обувь и сумки, выдержанные в классическом строгом стиле. 4. Я весьма неуравновешенный человек, могу прийти в ярость от пустяка. 34. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of a sentence. MODEL: There is no evidence that he took part in the bombing. - He can’t have been … . / His … – He can’t have been involved in the bombing. / His involvement in the bombing is doubtful. 1. Men are now more active in looking after children. – Men’s … 2. When we have class debates we get all the students to contribute. – All the students … 3. This job has some unpleasant aspect. You’ll have to work in shifts, occasionally at night. Overtime is also common. - An unpleasant aspect of the job … 4. A bus and a truck were damaged in the accident which took place two days ago. – The accident … 5. Things turned out to be more difficult for us because of bad weather. – Bad weather … 6. The Director of the company has resigned. The news made us uncertain about the future of the company. – The Director’s resignation … 7. After a rise in a number of skiing accidents it has been found out that a lack of adequate equipment is responsible. – A lack of adequate equipment … 8. When she lost her job she pretended not to be upset and said it didn’t matter. – She put … 9. The challenge I met on my first day at work was to chair the meeting. - I was to … 10. There is no avoidance of that unpleasant situation. Our involvement in it is a sure fact. – We have to …. – 11. She was running a deadly risk, but she was extraordinarily courageous and brave. - She showed an extraordinary courage... 12. The jewellers usually involve valuable and traditional materials and methods . – The material and methods of jewellers … 23 WORD BUILDING 35. Recast the following, using ADJECTIVES instead of VERBS in bold. Make use of the words in brackets, if given. Joanne’s remark infuriated Michael. - Joanne’s remark made… Does this explanation suffice? – Is this … She was powerless to resist the attraction that she felt to him. – His attraction was … Although I risk repeating, I must remind you again to be careful. – At the risk of… To apprehend an unfavourable report from their child’s school is a basic instinct of parents. (to feel/ about) – Parents usually … 6. To assert yourself in public speaking takes much training. – One needs training … 7. The charge included food. (of) – The charge is … 8. Some available money would ease the situation. – The situation would become … 9. Every student should easily attain this standard of English. – This standard should be … 10. My computer continues making a low buzzing noise. – My computer makes … 11. This corridor connects two buildings. – There is a … 12. No one has defined the scope of the project. – The scope of the project … 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. COLLOCATIONS Collocation is the way words combine in a language to produce natural-sounding speech, eg. DEEP LAKE but IN-DEPTH/THOROUGH ANALYSIS. 36. What words collocate? Choose the correct variant. 1. The girl had a marked regional/national/district accent which was a serious detriment for getting a job in the head office. 2. You could easily understand from his movement/gesture/body language that he was embarrassed. 3. They walked in completed/absolute/thick silence. 4. His internal/home/inner voice told him that what he had done was all wrong. 5. Candidates have to make/do/read a slide presentation on a subject of their choice. 6. This idea deserves more than a passing commentary/notice/comment. 7. We want to reach a target/aim/object audience that’s younger in age. 8. A leading advertisement/article/caricature in “The Times” accused the minister of lying. 9. The children provided a blind/deaf/lame excuse for missing the party. 10. She read me a stern lecture on/in/from ingratitude. 11. The resort offers/suggests/treats endless possibilities for entertainment. 12. Any candidate with more than half the votes should be announced/reported/declared elected. 24 GRAMMAR CLINIC 37. Revise Future Forms. For each of the sentences write a new one as similar as possible to the original sentence, using the words given. These words must not be altered. 1. I won’t neglect your advice, and I’ll follow it, but it should be sensible. as long as ………………………………………………………………………………………... 2. She looks vivacious and pretty – she may be having a good time. as if ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. He often gets involved in furious arguments with his girlfriend, and every time I have to engage myself in sorting out their problems. whenever ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. After using this strategy you’ll immediately realize its effectiveness with men. once ………………………………………………………………………………………………... 5. Her message is so involved, it’ll take me ages to guess what she means, and no one will wait for me. by the time …………………………………………………………………………………………............... 6. As you become more assured of your appearance, you will ooze more charm. the more………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7. John will speak in authoritative voice and because of that all other participants will obey his instructions. providing……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. You can certainly choose to proceed with your derogatory remarks. In this case, however, I will prefer to leave straight away. if you will choose …………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. You are calm now. We will be able to start a civilized conversation. now that……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10. Select the arguments for your speech carefully. In this case your target audience will be more appreciative. the more ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. The President has plans about visiting China next week. is to………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12.This music is too loud. Turn the volume down or else we will all have a headache. don’t ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25 SIMULATION TASK 38. Analyze the following situations and work out your reactions and responses. ? ? ? ? ? •During the interview HR specialist challenges you with the question: “What makes you think that you are fit for the job?” What is your answer? •Your boss in the course of conversation mentions that your fellow-worker has been promoted instead of you. How will you respond to this news? •Your business colleague interrupts your statement trying to advance his own solution to the problem. How will you regain initiative? •Your boss interrupts your presentation with a far from brief comment which seriously interferes with its normal course. How will you assert yourself? •You are queuing up for a check-out, you are nervous as you’re pressed for time. An old lady is trying to jump the queue. What is your reaction? •You want to return a faulty item to a shop. How are you going to deal with this situation? •Your senior: “Your work is far below the required level. You are quite often behind the schedule. Your last project lacks creative insight.” What is your answer? •Your superior wants you to work overtime. How will you refuse to do it? •You are reluctant to go out with a persistent admirer. How will you refuse a date? •Your friends (relatives) want you to come to the party. How will you refuse the invitation? 26 READING 3 DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS P eople are emotionally involved with each other and conversation is the major way to establish, maintain, monitor and adjust our relationships. Men and women are on different wavelengths when it comes to communicating. The differences between the communication styles of men and women go far beyond mere socialization, and appear to be inherent in the basic make up of each sex. Each sex will be bristling at the other's peculiar ways, until we wake up to the simple truth - men and women don't speak the same language. It's not so much that the vocabulary and grammar we use are different. The differences lie in the way men and women talk. That’s why in order to avoid breakages in such a vulnerable matter as communication it is advisable that men and women should be aware of gender differences. TEXT A Men seek to establish status and dominance, to preserve their independence. For males, conversation is the way they negotiate their status in a hierarchical order in which they are either one-up or one-down, a question of gaining and keeping the upper hand. They apply speaking skills to prevent other people from pushing them around. Men even boast as a matter of course, battling to gain or maintain that all-important status. For men, activities, doing things together, are central to creating friendly bonds. Just sitting and talking is not an essential part of friendship. Men don't talk to each other about their troubles unless they really do want a solution; talking about their problems means wallowing in them. Not only men hear a complaint as a request for advice, not intimacy, but regard it as a challenge, and come up with a solution or dismiss the issue. Men talk of their own problems whereas dismiss others’ as insignificant. Their provision of help or information is testimony to their power, reinforcement of their status. Men are more comfortable with public speaking or report talk. Consequently, they approach conversation as a contest and are likely to expend effort not to get engaged in the other’s talk but to lead the conversation in another direction, perhaps one in which they can take centre stage by telling a story or joke or by displaying knowledge. Men cringe at the prospect of discussing anything personal. Fact-oriented men tend to listen to the message - bare facts, straightforward ideas, distinct information, they are concerned principally with the fact-exchanging aspect of conversation. Men prefer discussion of facts to dissection of feelings. Since feelings suggest vulnerability and thus inferiority, men see conversation as another way of scoring points. Men seem to have the resistance when asked for assistance. For men, doing what they're asked to do means they have lost status in that relationship. Men have a gut-level resistance to doing what someone expects them to do. Men grumble they're being nagged when asked to take out the rubbish. 27 Men are comfortable with giving help and information, but not with receiving it. Men consider it subservient. If they lose their way while driving, they rage at the suggestion they ask for directions. In men's hierarchical world, driving round until he finds the way himself is a reasonable thing to do. So asking for directions would make the men feel he was dropping in status by revealing his lack of knowledge. Men favour a direct approach when it comes to requests or suggestions. If they perceive someone is trying to get them to do something indirectly, they feel manipulated and respond more resentfully than they would to a straightforward request. Frequently the question “Would you like to have our holidays in the Himalayas” will be met by a blunt answer like “No, I’m tired” as the man assumes that it is only his straightforward opinion that is required, with no discussion to be held. Men find it humiliating to reveal their mistakes, fears and weaknesses which railroad men into acting like the strong, silent type. Many hold the truth about themselves like a guilty secret, scared that if ever the truth slipped out they would be despised as much as if they suddenly started wearing high heels and dresses. Strength and silence travel together because silence is needed to maintain the illusion of strength. TEXT B For most women, the conversation is a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships, to enhance intimacy and process things. Emphasis is placed on displaying similarities and matching experiences. Therefore, they aim at seeking and giving confirmation and support, and reaching consensus. Women, concerned primarily with making connections with people, regard conversation as a way to share feelings, create bonds and explore possible solutions to common problems. Women read things into the most innocuous comment, get upset when their man says “I” rather than 'we' and demand impossibly detailed reports of every conversation they miss — who said what and how they looked when they said it. Feelingoriented women tend to listen for the subtler metamessage - the unspoken attitudes, thoughts and intentions behind what is actually said. Woman, craving closeness and intimacy, pools her problems with friends. “We’re in each other’s pockets almost twenty-four hours a day. She is the one who always has an ear for my innermost secrets. We share absolutely everything.” The same pattern is applied to a man, especially to a man, when the woman invites him to reciprocate and share himself with her. You relieve the burden of your troubles, I confide mine to you, and, bingo, we're close. She seeks to have her man respond as her girlfriends have always done, and talk with her about her concerns. Women's complaining has nothing but ritual nature. At the same time the man’s speedy and ready-made solution to her tortuous and tailor-made problem without long and elaborate talking about it plunges the woman into unshakable belief that her problem is purposefully diminished or what makes things worse she is cut off. Woman is used to asking for help, to her, asking for and receiving directions reinforces the bond between people. Typically women use a high frequency of softening devices – such as “I would think…”, “sort of” or “a bit/rather”. This gives the impression of being unassertive, but is in fact intended as a politeness strategy. They also tend to frame requests and suggestions, which on the face of it may lack an efficiently direct approach. Thus, when a woman suggests “Would you like to go out to eat tonight?” she is attempting to open up a discussion of the pros and cons of the idea rather than receive either an immediate consent or an explicit refusal. Women's communicating is more egalitarian, consensus-building. With women, consensus means thinking alike, being in agreement, being the same. When women get together they seek the input of the other women present and make decisions based on the wishes of all. Women, who tend to gain acceptance with each other by appearing the same as, not better than, everyone else, take care never to boast as they consider it sensitive. When one woman in a group decides to go her own way in some matter, she'll be criticized, or even ostracized for standing out. The female mode doesn’t prevent excellence, it prevents displaying it. 28 VOCABULARY PRACTICE 39. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations in the text. 1.являться неотъемлемой частью чего-либо; 2. начинать осознавать; 3. одержать победу, взять вверх; 4. не позволить командовать собой; 5. как само собой разумеющееся; 6. создавать дружественные связи; 7. (быть) настроенным на получение конкретной информации; 8. ставить чувства превыше всего; 9. выслушивать самые сокровенные тайны; 10. особая, конкретная проблема; 11. долгое и всестороннее обсуждение; 40. Find the words and word combinations which mean the same in the text. 1. the fact of being either male or female; 2. someone’s position in a profession, society, the level of importance; 3. the situation in which a person has more influence or power; 4. a state when someone is weak or easy to be hurt physically or mentally; 5. too willing to obey other people, subordinate; 6. general or widespread agreement; 7. having little or no adverse or harmful effect, harmless; 8. to have the same feelings towards somebody that they have for you; 9. supporting a social system in which everyone has equal status and the same opportunities; 10. to exclude or banish (a person) from a particular group or society TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 41. What do the following phrases from the text imply? Paraphrase and explain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Men seek to establish status and dominance, to preserve their independence. Men cringe at the prospect of discussing anything personal. Men prefer discussion of facts to dissection of feelings. Men have a gut-level resistance to doing what someone expects them to do. In men's hierarchical world, driving round until he finds the way himself is a reasonable thing to do. 6. Women read things into the most innocuous comment. 7. Women, craving closeness and intimacy, pool their problems with friends. 8. They also tend to frame requests and suggestions, which on the face of it may lack an efficiently direct approach. 9. Women's communicating is more egalitarian, consensus-building. 10. The female mode doesn’t prevent excellence, it prevents displaying it. 42. Answer the questions to the text. Para 1 Para 2 Para 3 Para 4 Para 5 Para 6 Para 7 Para 8 Para 9 Para 10 What is the optimum way to bridge gender communication gaps? How do men apply their communication skills? How is men’s friendship cemented? What is a man’s typical reaction to others’ problems? Why are men more proficient in public speaking and less efficient in conversation? Why are men predominantly concerned with the exchange of facts rather than emotional context of the conversation? Why are men reluctant to render assistance when asked? Do men ask for directions if they lose way while driving? Why? How do men treat indirect requests? Why are men reticent about their weaknesses? 29 Para 11 Para 12 Para 13 Para 14 Para 15 Para 16 What is the role of consensus in women’s communicating strategies? Do women put facts at the head of their priority list? What is the nature of women’s complaining? How do women respond to men’s quick solutions to their ‘unique’ problems? What are the origins of women’s indirect approach to requests and suggestions? Why do women avoid boasting? 43. Complete the synthetic précis of the two texts, making use of the hints. Topic The texts focus on 1… in 2… . (What are the articles about?) Main Idea Comparative analysis of 1. 2. гендерные различия коммуникативное поведение the 3. то, в чем мужчины и женщины (What can we articles reveals that the most видят цель коммуникации с точки infer on the striking contrast is 3…, all other зрения статуса basis of factors being subordinate. 4. мужчины жаждут статуса и comparative Whereas 4…, women 5… are независимости analysis?) targeted at 6… . 5. обычно использующие эгалитарный подход 6. достижение консенсуса на получение Major Details As far as emotional aspect is 7. ориентированные (What facts concerned, unlike women 7… tend фактов мужчины support the to believe that demonstration of 8. подразумевает уязвимость и более inference?) feelings 8… . Thus they 9… низкий статус concentrating on the essence of the 9. игнорировать эмоциональный message. контекст Furthermore, in contrast to men, 10. смущаться при перспективе who 10…, women 11… to their обсуждения личных вопросов problems get involved in 12…, 11. которые ищут решение 13… with their friends and 12. долгое сложное обсуждение seeking 14… solutions. 13. делясь чувствами и переживаниями Another aspect closely linked 14. особый with status is asking for help. 15. придавать равное значение While women 15… to both giving 16. отдавать предпочтение только and asking for help, men 16…, as первому the latter 17… and a 18… . 17. обнаруживает отсутствие знаний 18. утрата статуса On balance all facts considered 19 19. свидетельствуют о том, что Conclusion … that gender differences in 20. в основном вызваны (объясняются) communication behavior are 20…. разным отношение к статусу SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 44. Answer the following questions developing the issue. To what extent do your own experiences mirror the view of the writers? Is it easier for a man to communicate with a man or a woman with a woman? Why? Give your reasons. 30 LANGUAGE FOCUS 45. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.What do you do if someone starts to push you … at work? 2. Agitating against nuclear energy has always been central … Greenpeace’s activity. 3. When it comes … writing letters she is absolutely helpless. 4. To dramatically change your life to pursue a dream is a testimony … hope and dedication. 5. I’m very comfortable … being self-employed, because I have the illusion of freedom … my own time. 6. Mathematics is concerned essentially … understanding abstract concepts. 7. When rescuers arrived, they could only listen … screams and moans to locate victims. 8. We were sharing rooms and … each other’s pockets 30 weeks of the year. 9. He usually has an especially good ear … a topical joke. 10. The biting comments threatened to plunge him … a fresh row with spirited sports fans. 11. … the face … it, the decision seems absurd, but give it a thought, and you’ll see it is not. 12. I like to stand … from the crowd in what I wear, but I don’t want to be … the opposite side of the crowd. 46. Core vocabulary. Look up synonyms and 47. Translate into English. Make use of synonymous expressions to the underlined words different grammar and vocabulary in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the structures while translating. Pay attention words and word combinations. Translate the to a variety of Russian equivalents used to sentences into Russian. render the idea of the sentence. SEEK 1. Employees seek higher wage rises in the face of sharply increased costs of energy. 2. A joint congressional committee will seek further answers from Ms Schapiro. 3. The former Foreign Secretary sought to end speculation that he would seek a big diplomatic job in Europe or the US. 4. Tabloid journalists and royal biographers jetted out to the Middle East to seek out a new princess’ old classmates. 5. Denis Wirth-Miller was a prolific and much sought-after painter of landscapes. APPLY, APPLICATION, APPLICABLE 1. Had you applied for other jobs before you were offered this one? 2. Tickets can be applied for at the theatre. 3. This rule cannot be applied in your case. 4. Some local newspapers tend to apply rigorous self-censorship. 5. It’s advisable that we apply our mind to this problem. 6. He has a lot of talent, but he won’t apply himself. 7. The new law becomes applicable to these cases from Monday. ENGAGE, ENGAGEMENT 1. The new toy didn’t engage the child/ the child’s attention for long. 2. They have engaged a clown to provide entertainment. 3. Politicians should not engage in business affairs that might affect their political judgment. 4. She is accused of failing to engage with the problems of the staff. 5. I can’t see you on Monday because I have 1. По этому вопросу вам следует обратиться за советом к вашему адвокату. 2. Необходимо получить разрешение, прежде чем мы сможем опубликовать эти данные. 3. Он не будет вновь выставлять свою кандидатуру на следующих выборах. 4. Мы не всегда находим то, что ищем. 5. Он был полон решимости добиться правды. 6. Его картины были очень популярны. 1. Мы объявили, что у нас есть три вакансии, и к нам обратились 50 человек. 2. Эта скидка на него больше не распространяется, ему уже 18 лет. 3. Приложи усилия, и у тебя все получится. 4. Эти правила распространяются на все виды соревнований. 5. Как и где я могу купить билеты на Олимпийские Игры? 1. Книга захватывает наше внимание своей сложной и драматической интригой. 2. Новый директор по продажам был нанят на работу в нашу компанию. 3. Тебе нужно заняться политикой – у тебя блестящие ораторские способности. 4. Соседи 31 a previous/prior engagement. 6. During dinner I слышали крики, но подумали, что это found myself engaged in a long conversation была семейная ссора и не захотели with the doctor’s life. вмешиваться. 5. Он уговорил ее подать заявление на эту должность. 6. К сожалению, не могу встретиться с тобой сегодня, у меня уйма дел. AN APPROACH, TO APPROACH 1. He said one of the employees had approached him about a confidential matter. 2. England never approached the state of political collapse which France then faced. 3. The board had received an initial approach about the sale of a part of the company. 4. They have a strong intellectual approach about what’s happening in painting today. 5. The company management want to take a flexible approach to returning cash to shareholders. 1. Ты будешь обращаться в банк за кредитом? 2. К известному футболисту поступило предложение от другого клуба. 3. Ему нет равных в решении таких проблем. 4. Как он относится к работе? Да, больше отдыхает, чем работает. 48. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of a sentence. MODEL: Our company want to improve our products, so our customers are welcomed with their idea contributions. We are … - We are seeking ideas from our customers. 1. Applications for this position are invited from individuals with relevant experience. – Only individuals with … 2. Take these tablets, but if symptoms persist, a visit to the doctor is advisable. – In case symptoms persist, you should... 3. Our hostel aims at providing shelter for the night for those who need it. – The aim of our hostel is … 4. It is not easy to get on friendly terms with him. - He is not … 5. We are not involved with wholesalers, we write and make offers to the manufacturers. Our strategy is … 6. We are going to celebrate his 80th anniversary in three months. – He … 7. He’s a good player, but his qualifications do not meet the requirements of the international standard. - He’s good player, but he does not … 8. An account at the bank can be opened by anyone aged 16 or over. – Anyone aged 16 or over … 9. Carelessness about the methods chosen is the striking feature of some politicians’ activities. – The politicians are … 10. According to the report we have missed the opportunity to get teenagers involved in social work. - The report highlights … 11. During the discussion he had nothing to contribute. He just sat lazily and listened. – He wasn’t … 12. I won’t be able to attend the meeting. I’m supposed to be involved in some other activities. – I have a … 32 WORD BUILDING 49. Recast the following, using VERBS instead of NOUNS in bold. Make all necessary changes. This subject often crops up in the course of their casual conversation. – When they … This report led to the establishment of a special committee to investigate the matter. – A special committee … 3. One of our priorities is maintenance of close links with the police. – To … 4. They were seeking ultimate solution to the city’s traffic problem. – They were trying … 5. I can’t voice any complaints, as it was entirely my idea. – I can’t … 6. She is now faced with dismissal on the grounds of misconduct. – She may be … 7. Adequate provisions for your retirement should be made. – It is important … 8. Your proposals will be given our most serious consideration. – We shall .. 9. These images evoked a strong response in the viewer. – The viewer positively … 10. His work has gained complete dominance in his life. – His life … 11. Both the depth and the range of her knowledge made a profound impression on us. – We … 12. The Internet era has shifted our perceptions of when the real adulthood began. – The way we … 1. 2. PHRASAL VERBS 50. Explain the meaning of the phrasal verbs with particles AWAY and TO. get keep take put 1. Martha gave up dancing and took to tennis. 2. He got to thinking that Susan wouldn’t come after all. 3. I hope we’re not putting you to too much trouble. 4. Will you please keep to the subject under discussion? 5. She is putting money away for college. 6. These tablets should help take away the pain. 7. I can’t believe you cheated in the exam and got away with it! 8. A healthy diet can help to keep colds and flu away. 33 GRAMMAR CLINIC 51. Revise Present Forms. Translate into English. РАЗМАЗНЯ Я всегда испытывал какое-то смешанное чувство в отношении людей, которые не в состоянии защитить свои интересы. Я их и презираю, и в то же самое время мне хочется им помочь, так как они нередко становятся легкой добычей для самых разных мошенников. Думаю, именно этим и объясняется мое желание преподать урок новой гувернантке моих детей. Я вызываю ее в свой кабинет, чтобы рассчитаться за работу. - Садитесь, Юлия Васильевна, - приглашаю я ее. Она покорно садится на самый краешек стула, даже не пытаясь взглянуть мне в глаза. Всем своим видом она говорит, что уже готова к тому, что сейчас ее будут ругать, оскорблять и просто обманывать. - Ну-с, мы договорились по 30 рублей в месяц … - По 40 …, - робко бормочет она. - Нет, по 30, - отрезаю я жестко. – Вот уже два месяца, как вы у нас работаете … - Два месяца с половиной … - Два, у меня все записано, - мой тон не терпит возражений. Да, она уже и не пытается возражать. Весь дальнейший разговор сводится к моему монологу. Я вычитаю с нее и за 9 воскресений, и за 3 праздника, и да 4 дня болезни моего сына, когда занятий не было. Юлия Васильевна молчит, глаза ее наполняются слезами, но она не плачет, только теребит оборку своего аккуратного платья. Далее я упоминаю разбитую фамильную чашку, порванный по ее недосмотру костюм сына, его пропавшие ботинки и даже 10 рублей, якобы взятые у меня в долг. После всех моих вычетов ей полагается 11 рублей! - Merci, - шепчет она. - Да, за что же merci? – взрываюсь я. – Я же вас обобрал, ограбил! - В других местах мне и вовсе денег не давали. - Не давали? И немудрено! Я-то пошутил над вами, жестокий урок дал вам … Я отдам все ваши деньги! Вон они в конверте для вас приготовлены! Но разве можно быть такой кислятиной? Отчего вы не протестуете? Почему молчите, не пытаетесь постоять за себя? Разве можно не быть зубастой и не противостоять натиску враждебного мира? Как можно быть такой размазней? Она кисло улыбается, а на лице ее, к своему удивлению, я читаю «Можно!» Она, оказывается, прекрасно осознает, что ее слабохарактерностью пользуются, но даже не пытается что-либо изменить. Интересно, кто кому дал урок и что это был за урок ?… (по мотивам рассказа А.П.Чехова) 34 TAKE A STANCE 52. These are the two extracts from the articles on gender communication. Which of the two do you agree with? Give your arguments. 1. Mastering genderlects makes it possible to speak differently when you want to. If you understand gender differences in conversational styles and make use of your knowledge, not only will you prevent conflicts from spiraling out of control but you will also be able to prevent disagreements from arising altogether. 2. Sensitivity training judges men by women’s standards, trying to get them to talk more like women whereas assertiveness training judges women by men’s standards attempting to convert them into gender benders. However we have forgotten the bedrock truth that we are born to be different. gender bender – someone, especially an entertainer, who dresses and behaves like a person of the opposite sex 35 CLOSE-UP 53. Render the text into English using the vocabulary of the unit. ТЕЛО КАК УЛИКА Татьяна Миганова Семь дней, 30 ноября-6 декабря, №49, 2009 Знаете ли вы, что ваше тело умеет говорить? Причем независимо от ваших желаний. Ученые доказали, что как бы человек не стремился скрыть свои эмоции, тело будет красноречивее слов и расскажет обо всем. Признаемся самим себе, наши позы, движения, жесты часто сообщают собеседнику совсем не то, что мы пытаемся донести до него словами. Именно они являются ключом к пониманию чувств, которые испытывает человек. К примеру, раскрытые ладони по направлению к собеседнику – это сигнал искренности. Ладони вверх – жест покорности. Ладонь вниз означает авторитет и властность. Если человек что-то скрывает, он предпочтет держать руки в карманах. А если он нервничает или настроен негативно, то, скорее всего, скрестит руки на груди. В непривычной ситуации нельзя не волноваться. Причем известные и именитые люди боятся и нервничают на публике не меньше, чем простые смертные. Чтобы не выдать своих чувств очевидными жестами, они используют жесты замаскированные. Они поправляют ремешок часов, потирают ладони, проверяют содержимое бумажника, то есть совершают движения, которые позволяют рукам хотя бы не явно скреститься перед корпусом (словно защищаясь от врага). Принц Чарльз поправляет запонки, принцесса Анна часто держит перед собой букет цветов, а королева Елизавета почти никогда не появляется на публике без сумочки. Но если руки еще можно чем-то занять, то что же делать с лицом? Как выясняется, не многое. По мнению психолога Пола Экмана, прототипа главного героя популярного сериала «Обмани меня», добившегося известности благодаря своим исследованиям мимики, движение мышц лица не связано с сознанием. «Они срабатывают непроизвольно, выдавая не только чувства человека, но и малейшие движения души». А потому в поисках решения важных для вас вопросов не пренебрегайте личными встречами, ведь исследования показали, что люди чаще лгут по телефону. Если ваш собеседник редко моргает или взгляд его бегает по сторонам (вправо-вверх, затем влево-вниз), то он говорит неправду. Кроме того, человек, который врет, на подсознательном уровне старается отгородиться, спрятаться от своей лжи, поэтому он пытается закрыть руками глаза, рот, начинает трогать нос. Например, во время выступления перед Большим Жюри в рамках разбирательства отношений с Моникой Левински Билл Клинтон касался носа 26 раз. О чем может рассказать поза человека во время переговоров? Известные исследователи Джерард Ниренберг и Генри Калеро установили, что если вы умеете читать язык тела, то вы сможете не только понять, что ваш собеседник думает о ходе переговоров или предупредить конфликт, но и добиться значительных скидок. И хотя человечество привыкло разговаривать и вести переговоры на тысячах разных языков, у них есть один универсальный язык. Это – язык тела. 36 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 54. Answer the following questions developing the issue. What are the examples of polite and impolite nonverbal behaviour? Nonverbal signals vary from one culture to another. What are some gestures you know that have a specific meaning in Russian (your native) country? REVISION AND EXTENSION 55. Complete each of the sentences, using one of the three VERBS provided. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 She … taking a more long-term view. Social services were widely … for not taking more action to protect children at risk. He has always … the highest standards of behaviour from his children. The president … that the situation would improve. The French cabinet unanimously … NATO’s bombing raids. She … the allegations against her. They … that the decision was a mistake. Parents are … to know what is best for their children. He … the staff for encouraging the artistic talents of the personnel. The government have tried to … the belief that this is a temporary slowdown. If you're both going to lie, at least stick to the same story and don't … each other! The two men …that the police forced them to make false confessions. "Not" may … many parts of speech. The school is required to … parents if their children fail to come to school. One of the organization's aims is to … information about the disease. The government … that they are no longer a nuclear state. The police have … that two officers are under internal investigation. The statute does not seem to support the assertions for which it was … . If your fashion sense isn't up to date, the bouncer at an exclusive nightclub might … entry to you. He …(ed) the allegations. The journal … (ed) the student's paper. ADVOCATED CRITICIZED DEMANDED OPPOSED REFUTED DECLARED ACKNOWLEDGED PRAISED SUPPOSED CONTRADICT ALLEGE PROPAGATE NOTIFY NEGATE DISSEMINATE PRONOUNCED CITED DISCLOSED REFUSE REJECT DENY 37 56. Choose the right word. 1. (a) The advisory group has outlived its … . (b) This software is no longer in common … . (use/usefulness) 2. (a) … his other books, that one wasn’t breathtaking at all. (b) … popular belief, the animals do not often attack humans. (unlike/contrary to) 3. (a) Physical, visual and auditory stimuli can have powerful … learning effects. (b) I gradually fell …, only to wake up the next morning, still on the hill, feeling awful. (unconscious/subconscious) 4. (a) It was very … of you to include me. (b) The earthquake, followed by tsunami, caused … damage to Japan. (considerate/considerable) 5. (a) Her reply showed that she was very … to criticism. (b) It would be a … approach to phone before you go and ask for directions. (sensible/sensitive) 6. (a) Finally, in …, he tried to flee the country. (b) They're in the depths of … over the money they've lost. (despair/desperation) 7. (a) In … there is strength. (b) The search party broke up into smaller …(s) .(unit/unity) 8. (a) My grandfather used to reminisce about his … student days. (b) He made a … remark about her appearance that really upset her. (careless/carefree) 9. (a) If you've got any constructive … of the project, I'd be glad to hear it. (b) She wrote a radical … of the philosopher's early essays. (criticism/critique) 10. (a) It is only … to assume that they will attend. (b) There is irrefutable … in his work. (logic/logical) 57. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space. The word "jargon" can be traced to 14th century Old French, but the actual origin is unknown. One current or modern …1… of jargon is “an outlandish, technical language of a particular profession, group, or trade.” Jargon is an integral part of the network of …2… and pursuits constituting society. It is commonly used by groups that have a similar interest, like trades and/or professions. Most people associate jargon with the medical or law professions rather than everyday …3… . However, it can be used by people involved in sports or other casual groups. It is not unknown for people to use jargon to leave an …4… of intelligence or to confuse a …5… . Jargon gives a person a sense of belonging to a specific group which implies …6… of strangers from a conversation. For example, someone going for a job interview at a bank or financial institution, would use banking terminology, thus banking jargon to show their expertise in the field. It is the jargon element, which in a job, can promote economy and precision of …7…, and thus improve life for the workers. Jargonusers tend to enjoy the in-jokes which shared linguistic experience permits. Moreover, jealousy of this knowledge precipitates our …8… to demean anyone who tries to be part of our group without being prepared to take on its jargon. And we resent it when some other group, sensing our lack of linguistic …9…, refuses to let us in. Though, a jargonaut, one who studies jargon, may claim that jargon was invented simply as a professional shorthand, developed out of …10… rather than intentional trickiness. 1. DEFINE 2. OCCUPY 3. CONVERSE 4. IMPRESS 5. LISTEN 6. EXCLUDE 7. EXPRESS 8. READY 9. AWARE 10. CONVENIENT 38 58. Read the text and choose the best words to fill in the gaps. CLOTHING SIGNALS Wearing clothes always involves…(1)… social signals. Every costume tells a story, often a subtle one, about its …(2)…. Even those people who insist that they …(3)… attention to clothing, and dress as casually as possible, are …(4)… quite specific comments on their social roles and their attitudes towards the culture in which they live. The modern trend in dressing behaviour is usually …(5)… to as one of increased informality, but this is misleading. In reality, there is no …(6)… of formality, merely the exchange of old formalities for new. The wearing of a pair of jeans by a young male today is as much of a formality as was the wearing of a top hat by his equivalent in a …(7)… epoch. He may feel that he is free to wear anything he …(8)…, and is rid at last of the suffocating rules of costume etiquette that once …(9)… social life, but what he wears is as much a uniform today as the costumes of his predecessors were in earlier times. The written rules of yesterday may have been scrapped, but they have rapidly been …(10)… by the unwritten rules of today. Displaying the latest mode indicates not only the social …(11)… of the individual but also the …(12)… to pay for new clothes at regular intervals, and therefore has its own special status …(13)… . Unconsciously, we read off the many signals that our companions’ clothes transmit to us in every …(14)… encounter. In this way clothing is as much a part of human …(15)… language as gestures, facial expressions and postures. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A BROADCASTING BEARER DESPISE RECEIVING CONSIDERED LESS PREVIOUS WELCOMES ENGAGED ENHANCED CONCERN ABILITY PRICE COMMON MIND’S B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B TRANSMITTING CARRIER IMPLY DOING ENGAGED LOSS SUCCEEDING THANKS NEGLECTED REPLACED RESISTANCE APTITUDE COST SOCIAL KIND’S C RADIATING C WEARER C INFER C MAKING C INVOLVED C LITTLE C SUCCESSIVE C GREETS C DOMINATED C ORDERED C INHERENCE C CAPABILITY C TAX C INDIVIDUAL C BODY’S D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D APPLYING SENDER DENY FACING REFERRED LEAST PROCEEDING PLEASES CAUSED RELIEVED AWARENESS OPPORTUNITY VALUE EGALITARIAN NATURE’S 39 59. Render the text into English using the vocabulary of the unit. Если вы хотите сделать хорошую презентацию, отнеситесь серьезно к подготовке слайдов.  Cлайды должны быть понятными и краткими (не более 5 пунктов, которые должны появляться один за другим, а не одновременно).  Не отягощайте свои слайды обильной текстовой информацией только для того, чтобы затем зачитать ее вслух. Подобный подход выдает некомпетентного и неуверенного в себе докладчика, не потрудившегося серьезно отнестись к подготовке презентации.  Выбирая цветовое оформление слайда, не стоит руководствоваться собственными предпочтениями. Цвет и дизайн должны соответствовать основной теме презентации.  В хорошо затемненном помещении вполне оправдан выбор темного фона слайдов и светлого цвета текста. Однако принимая во внимание интенсивное освещение в помещениях, где проводятся презентации, оптимальным является темный текст на светлом фоне.  Oбязательно проверяйте ваши слайды, так как опечатки и ошибки подрывают доверие к излагаемым фактам. Помните эти правила при подготовке вашей следующей презентации! SPEAKING 60. Speak for 2 minutes on one of the following quotations. To effectively communicate, we must realize that we are all different in the way we perceive the world and use this understanding as a guide to our communication with others. TONY ROBBINS Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee, and just as hard to sleep after. ANNE MORROW LINDBERGH Many attempts to communicate are nullified by saying too much. ROBERT GREENLEAF He who asks is a fool for five minutes, but he who does not ask remains a fool forever. CHINESE PROVERB To listen well is as powerful a means of communication and influence as to talk well. JOHN MARSHALL The more elaborate our means of communication, the less we communicate. JOSEPH PRIESTLEY Most conversations are simply monologues delivered in the presence of a witness. MARGARET MILLAR Thanks to words, we have been able to rise above the brutes; and thanks to words, we have often sunk to the level of the demons. ALDOUS HUXLEY A joke is a very serious thing. WINSTON CHURCHILL A fine quotation is a diamond on the finger of a man of wit, and a pebble in the hand of a fool. JOSEPH ROUX 40  NOTE PREPARING YOUR STATEMENT REMEMBER TO  study the QUOTE thoroughly;  stick to a firm plan: INTRODUCTION, MAIN PART, CONCLUSION;  use LINKING DEVICES (first and foremost, moreover, in conclusion etc.);  learn the text BY HEART. 41 Unit 2 LEAD-IN  This title has a double meaning. What is it? 1. Complete the following table to identify your preferences in managing personal finance and discuss your reasons and results with your fellow students. 3Ss: save, spend and share to save money? • ... • ... • ... to spend money? • ... • ... • ... to share money? • ... • ... • ... 42 2. Study the radial diagram and use the correct form of the verbs to complete the sentences. Each word can be used only once. borrow refund lend withdraw provide MONEY transfer allocate raise donate exchange 1. The 53-year-old father of three revealed that he had no savings and had had to … £30,000 from his acquaintance to help him out while he was unable to work. 2. Banks are willing to … large amounts of money to people starting up businesses. 3. The budget … sufficient funds for a salary increase after a year. 4. Thousands of acres of public sector land worth up to £10 billion are to be sold to … money and help tackle a critical housing shortage. 5. The London Underground is to … a total of £20 million to season-ticket holders because of the nine-week closure of sections of the Central Line. 6. The quality of public health care depends on the amount of money … to it. 7. We … our money into dollars at the airport. 8. The woman who allegedly fled New Zealand with her partner after a bank accidentally … millions of dollars into their bank account has been arrested after almost two years on the run. 9. Half the money raised … to charity. 10. He called on the public to … cash from banks in protest at their part in the global financial crisis. The appeal attracted headlines. 43 3. Read the text and answer the questions. WHEN  were temples used as storehouses?  was paper money invented?  was the first paper money issued in Europe? WHO  used butter as legal tender?  was the first to coin money from precious metals?  founded the first paper mill in Europe? WHERE  did they first use cowrie shells as money?  were the first promissory notes issued? WHAT  was the most ancient form of money?  did Roman soldiers get for their service? HOW MUCH  did an average slave cost in the 16th century?  money is promised to the bearer of a  British banknote? WHY  did Chinese coins contain holes?  were coins stamped with various gods and emperors  was paper money adopted in Europe later than in Asia? HISTORY OF MONEY The use of money is as old as the human civilization. Money is basically a method of exchange, and coins and notes are just items of exchange. But money was not always the same form as the money today. The basis of all early commerce was barter, in other words the direct exchange of one product for another, with the relative values a matter for negotiation. Subsequently both livestock, particularly cattle, and plant products such as grain, come to be used as money in many different societies at different periods. Cattle are probably the oldest of all forms of money, as domestication of animals tended to precede the cultivation of crops. The earliest evidence of banking is found in Mesopotamia between 3000 and 2000 B.C. when temples were used to store grain and other valuables used in trade. People in early societies developed forms of proto-money -- the use of commodities that everyone agreed to accept in trade. Various items have been used by different societies at different times. Aztecs used cocoa beans. Norwegians once used butter. The early U.S. colonists used tobacco leaves and animal hides (settlers traded deer hides -- the origin of our modern word for money: "bucks"). The people of Paraguay used snails. Roman soldiers were paid a "salarium" of salt. On the island of Nauru, the islanders used rats. Human slaves have also been used as currency around the world. In the 16th century, the average exchange value of a slave was 8000 pounds of sugar. Gradually, however, people began exchanging items that had no intrinsic value, but which had only agreed-upon or symbolic value. An example is the cowrie shell. The first use of cowries, the shell of a mollusc that was widely available in the shallow waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, was in China in 1,200 BC. Historically, many societies have used cowries as money, and even as recently as the middle of the 20th century, cowries have been used in some parts of Africa. The cowrie is the most widely and longest used currency in 44 history. Another symbolic currency -- used widely in the Americas -- was wampum. Wampum are oblong clamshells sawed into beads, polished, and then strung together. The earliest known use of wampum was by North American Indians in 1535. Most likely, this monetary medium existed well before this date. The Indian word "wampum" means white, which was the color of the beads. Wampum was used as legal tender in several early American colonies and states. A wampum factory in New Jersey remained in business until 1859. From the widespread use of wampum as symbolic currency we get the current phrase "shelling out". Metal tool money, such as knife and spade, was also first used in China. These early metal monies developed into primitive versions of round coins at the end of the Stone Age. Chinese coins were made out of copper, often containing holes so they could be put together like a chain. Outside of China, the first coins developed out of lumps of silver. They soon took the familiar round form of today, and were stamped with various gods and emperors to mark their authenticity. These early coins first appeared in the Kingdom of Lydia (now in Turkey) in the 7th Century B.C., but the techniques were quickly copied and further refined by the Greek, Persian, Macedonian, and later the Roman empires. Unlike Chinese coins, which depended on base metals, these new coins were made from precious metals such as silver, bronze, and gold, which had more inherent value. As in so many other things, the Chinese were the innovators for the next step. The Chinese invented printing, and not too much later, they also invented paper money during the T'ang Dynasty. This technology came in handy when China had to solve a problem with their money because copper was scarce and not enough coins could be minted. During Ming Dynasty the Chinese placed the emperor's seal and signature of the treasures on a crude paper made from mulberry bark. In all, China experienced over 500 years of early paper money, spanning from the ninth through the fifteenth century. Then beginning in 1455, the use of paper money in China disappeared for 700 years. People in Mongolia were the second who began to use paper money in eleventh century. Paper money was adopted in Europe much later than in Asia and the Arab world -- primarily because Europe didn't have paper. The first paper mill in Europe was established by the Moors in 1151 A. D. in what is now Spain, but paper was not widely accepted because of religious prejudice. Official Christian Church discouraged paper because it was introduced by the heathen Moors. In 1221, the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II announced that official documents written on paper were invalid -- only parchment or vellum was acceptable. Nevertheless, the use of paper spread because of its obvious convenience. The Bank of Sweden issued the first paper money in Europe in 1661, though this was also a temporary measure. In 1694 the Bank of England was founded and began to issue promissory notes, originally handwritten but later printed. To make travelling with gold less dangerous, goldsmiths, or people who made jewelry and other items out of gold, came up with an idea. The goldsmiths started writing out notes on pieces of paper that said the person who had the note could trade the note in for gold. These promissory notes were the beginning of paper money in Europe. If you look at a British bank note today, you'll see it still says: I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of twenty pounds. 45 SPEECH PATTERNS 4. Study the patterns and give various ways of the translation of the phrases in bold type. 1. Anyone meeting her for the first time would assume that she has a way of living in a luxurious downtown apartment Mamma has a way of coming suddenly into the room. The girl had a way of doing her hair in a strange fashion. 2. I was disposed to clear out Nigeria’s Augean stables. He was disposed against talking. I am disposed to discuss the matter with him. 3. You can hardly imagine that it can alter our attitude to our customer’s confidentiality. You can hardly hope that you’ll pass the exam since you’ve done no work. You can hardly think that I am used to getting such presents. 4. The girl does not look old enough to be worrying about boys, let alone fluctuations in Treasury bill prices I have gained no sense that the rebellion is still gathering momentum, let alone sweeping the country. He is not able to sell as much as a sock, let alone run a £4 billion clothing empire. Most of us have little idea of what goes into our food, let alone how it was grown or raised on the farm. 5. Paraphrase the following sentences using Speech Pattern 1, 2 and 3. 1.She is in the habit of being provided with all the relevant information. 2. You must be out of your mind to expect me to contribute to such a senseless project. 3. Housewives are accustomed to running family finances. 4. I’m not inclined to live on a shoestring budget, even during the crisis. 5. It’s unreasonable of you to expect that I shall lend you again. 6. Though Mary wasn’t the breadwinner in the family, she was used to holding the purse string and working within a budget. 7. He is not really ready to control a household budget. It’s his wife’s responsibility. 8. You are wrong if you hope that he will share a full responsibility with you. 9. Quite a lot of people have a custom of living on credit. 10. I feel like going on a shopping spree. Will you join me? 46 6. Use the word in brackets according to Speech Pattern 4. 1.She is not suspected, … (accuse), of any crime. 2. They’ll never want - … (afford) to run their own business. 3. My parents had hardly heard of a psychiatrist, … (consult) one. 4. Deborah has failed to even join a gym in the past 12 months, … (go) to it. 5. It feels impossible that anything could survive here, … (thrive). 6. He left without even saying goodbye to his friends, … (wave) the fans. 7. The country took no part in enforcing the UN resolution … (lead) it. 8. No doctor could ever name that rare disease, ... (cure). 7. Translate into English using Speech Patterns. 1. Она не прочь иногда подшутить над кем-нибудь. 2. У него была привычка поворачиваться спиной к слушателям. 3. Неужели вы думаете, что я куплю эти украшения по такой баснословной цене. 4. Уж не думаете ли вы, что я собираюсь сокращать свои расходы. 5.Я не прочь поучаствовать в таком интереснейшем разговоре. 6. Я не намерен отчитываться в своих действиях. 7. В этой стране считается опасным говорить о политике дома, а уж на улице тем более. 8. Ей было сложно заставить банковского сотрудника воспринимать ее всерьез, а уж о том, чтобы оформить ей кредит, и речи не шло. WORD BUILDING 8. Recast the following, using NOUNS with suffixes – ion, -tion, -ation instead of the VERBS in bold. Change the structure of the sentence, if required. Make use of the words in brackets, if given. 1. It took the Romans years to civilize Britain. (to complete) – The … 2. He sent ambassadors to negotiate an equal alliance with the Chinese Empire. (to conduct/ to enter into) – The ambassadors were sent … 3. The task of the researchers is to relate low exam results and large class sizes. (to find) – The researchers are trying … 4. Peru was colonized by the Spanish in the sixteenth century. (to carry out) – The Spanish … 5. The fashion industry is always desperate to innovate. (to seek) - The fashion industry … 6. The first safety razor was invented by company founder King C. Gillette in 1903. (to make) – The … 7. City administration is applying a lot of efforts to solve the traffic problem. (to work on) – City administration is … 8. Rose has adopted one or two odd habits since she's been living in that family. (to cause) – The life in that family … 9. Such unpopular legislation is unlikely to be introduced before the next election. – The … 10. She left a large sum of money in her will to found a wildlife sanctuary. (to spend) – A large sum of money in her will … 47 GRAMMAR CLINIC 9. Revise non-finite verbal forms. Open the brackets and use the verbs in the correct non-finite forms. SHOPAHOLISM Whenever … (1. depress) not a few would choose just … (2. escape) into their own world where everything is perfect; go shopping. After a little excursion to the mall, they come back … (3. elate), with a bunch of shopping bags and a huge bill in the pocket. Fortunately they do know their limits. Reasons for excessive shopping vary from … (4. want) to keep up with friends or fashion to simply … (5. cheer) oneself up. Psychiatrists do believe that the behavior tends … (6. trigger) by a need … (7. feel) special and … (8. combat) loneliness, as well as a hope that shopping will somehow change them for the better. But compulsive shopping satisfies none of those needs and therefore the shopper's behavior is … (9. escalate). Like alcoholism compulsive shopping represents a case of "the ordinary pleasures of living … (10. get) out of hand." Just as nearly every alcoholic starts out as a social drinker, a shopping addict starts out as a recreational shopper, … (11. bring) a little color into a grey day by … (12. pick) up a pair (or three) of shoes. A person becomes a shopaholic only when the pleasure of shopping turns into an irrational compulsion, when it produces the euphoric high and yet at the same time results in guilt and shame. Compulsive buyers are not able … (13. control) their behavior through rational considerations such as not … (14. have) enough money, and with the easy availability of credit, it's not long before they find themselves in debt. It's not only credit cards that seem … (15. be) a problem. The advertising industry is just as much … (16. blame). It's quite easy … (17. sway) by the glitzy and nostalgic advertising companies use. The catchy slogans and strategies … (18. use) draw viewers in, … (19. bring) a bunch of new customers in no time. Like binge eating or pathological gambling, shopaholism distorts our sense of self. Anyone … (20. feel) as though he or she might be falling victim to this disorder is highly recommended that something is done immediately, before it becomes too late. SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 10. How do you understand the following proverbs? Give reasons to prove your stance. Money makes the world go round. Money is a good servant but a bad master. 48 READING 1 CLEAN SWEEP IGNATIUS AFTER JEFFREY ARCHER either the haves nor the have-nots showed much interest when Ignatius Agarbi was appointed as Nigeria’s Minister of Finance. After all, the cynics pointed out, he was the seventeenth person to hold the office in seventeen years. In Ignatius’ first major policy statement to Parliament he appealed to his fellow contrymen to tighten their belts in the face of economic problems and promised to end graft and corruption in public life and warned the electorate that no one holding an official position could feel safe unless he led a blameless life. He ended his maiden speech with the words, “I am disposed to clear out Nigeria’s Augean stables.” Such was the impact of the minister’s speech that it failed to get a mention in the Lagos Times. Perhaps the editor considered that, since the paper had covered the Speeches of the previous sixteen ministers in extenso, his readers might feel they had heard it all before. Ignatius, however, was not to be disheartened by the lack of confidence shown in him, and set about his new task with vigor and determination. Within days of his appointment he had caused a minor official at the Ministry of Food to be jailed for falsifying documents relating to the import of grain. The next to feel the bristles of Ignatius’ new broom was a leading Lebanese financier, who was deported without trial for breach of the exchange control regulations. A month later came an event which even Ignatius considered a personal coup: the arrest of the Chief of Police for accepting bribes – a perk the citizens of Lagos had in the past considered went with the job. When four months later the Police Chief was sentenced to eighteen months in jail, the new Finance Minister finally made the front page of the Lagos Times. A leader on the center page dubbed him “Clean Sweep Ignatius”, the new broom every guilty man feared. Ignatius was gaining enviable reputation as Mr. Clean as arrest followed arrest and unfounded rumours began circulating in the capital that even General Otobi, the Head of State, was under investigation by his own Finance Minister. Ignatius alone now checked, vetoed and authorized all foreign contracts worth over one hundred million dollars, making sure that the country was cutting the cloth according to its means. It wouldn’t be far-fetched to say that he was the one to hold the purse strings. And although every decision he made was meticulously scrutinized by his enemies, not a breath of scandal ever became associated with his name. When Ignatius began his second year of office as Minister of Finance even the cynics began to acknowledge his achievements. It was about this time that General Otobi felt confident enough to call Ignatius in for an unscheduled consultation. “Ignatius, I have just finished going over the latest budget report and I am alarmed by your conclusion now that most of the country is living from hand to mouth, the Exchequer is still losing millions of dollars each year in bribes paid to go-betweens by foreign companies. But have you any idea into whose pockets this money is falling? That’s what I want to know.” Ignatius sat bolt upright, his eyes never leaving the Head of State. “I suspect a great percentage of the money is ending up in private Swiss bank accounts but I am at present unable to prove it.” “Then I will give you whatever added authority you require to do so,” said General Otobi. “You can use any means you consider necessary to ferret out these villains. Start by investigating every member of my Cabinet, past and present. And show no fear or favor in your endeavors, no matter what their rank or connections.” “For such a task to have any chance of success I would need a special letter of authority signed by you, General…and the rank of Ambassador Plenipotentiary whenever I travel abroad.” “Granted.” “Thank you,” said Ignatius, rising from his own chair on the assumption that the audience was over. N 49 “You may also need this,” said the General as they walked toward the door. The Head of State handed Ignatius a small automatic pistol. “Because I suspect by now that you have almost as many enemies as I do.” Ignatius took the pistol from the soldier awkwardly, put it in his pocket and mumbled his thanks. Without the knowledge of the chairman of the State Bank in Nigeria and unhindered by any senior civil servants, Ignatius enthusiastically set about his new task. He researched alone at night, and by day discussed his findings with no one. Three months later he was ready to pounce. The Minister selected the month of August to make an unscheduled visit abroad as it was the time when most Nigerians went on holiday and his absence would therefore not be worthy of comment. He asked his permanent secretary to book him, his wife and their two children on a flight to Orlando, and to be certain that it was charged to his personal account. On the arrival the family checked into the local Marriot Hotel. He then informed his wife, without warning or explanation, that he would be spending a few days in New York on business before rejoining them for the rest of the holiday. The following morning Ignatius left his family to the mysteries of Disney World while he took a flight to New York. It was a short taxi ride from La Guardia to Kennedy, where, after a change of clothes and the purchase of a return tourist ticket for a cash, Ignatius boarded a Swissair flight for Geneva unobserved. Once in the Swiss financial capital Ignatius, either reluctant to pay through the nose for his accommodation or willing to avoid publicity, booked into an inconspicuous hotel, retired to bed and slept soundly for eight hours. Over breakfast the following morning he studied the list of banks he had so carefully drawn up after completing his research in Nigeria: each name was written out boldly in his own hand. Ignatius decided to start with Gerber et Cie whose building, he observed from the hotel bedroom, took up half the Avenue de Parchine. He checked the telephone number with the concierge before placing a call. The chairman agreed to see the Minister at twelve o’clock. Carrying only a battered briefcase, Ignatius arrived at the bank a few minutes before the appointed hour. An unusual occurrence for a Nigerian, thought the young man dressed in a smart grey suit, white shirt and grey silk tie, who was waiting in the marble hall to greet him. He bowed to the Minister, introducing himself as the chairman’s personal assistant, and explained that he would accompany Ignatius to the chairman’s office. The young executive led the Minister to a waiting lift and neither man uttered another word until they had reached the eleventh floor. A gentle tap on the chairman’s door elicited “Entrez,” which the young man obeyed. The chairman rose from behind his desk and stepped forward to greet his guest. Ignatius could not help noticing that he too wore a grey suit, white shirt and grey silk tie. “Good morning, Minister,” the chairman said. “Won’t you have a seat?” He ushered Ignatius toward a low glass table surrounded by comfortable chairs on the far side of the room. “I have ordered coffee for both of us if that is acceptable.” Ignatius nodded, placed the battered briefcase on the floor by the side of his chair and stared out of the large plate-glass window. He made some small talk about the splendid view of the magnificent fountain while a girl served all three men with coffee. Once the young woman had left the room Ignatius got down to business. “My Head of State has requested that I visit your bank with a rather unusual request,” he began. Not a flicker of surprise appeared on the face of the chairman or his young assistant. “He has honored me with the task of discovering which Nigerian citizens hold numbered accounts with your bank.” On learning this piece of information only the chairman’s lips moved. “I am not at liberty to disclose –” “Allow me to put my case,” said the Minister, raising a white palm. “First, let me assure you that I come with the absolute authority of my government.” Without another word, Ignatius extracted an envelope from his inside pocket with a flourish. He handed it to the chairman who removed the letter inside and read it slowly. 50 Once he had finished reading, the banker cleared his throat. “This document, I fear, sir, carries no validity in my country. I am, of course,” continued the chairman, “not for one moment doubting that you have the full backing of your Head of State, as both a Minister and an Ambassador, but that does not change the bank’s rule of confidentiality in such matters. There are no circumstances in which we would release the names of any of our account holders without their authority. I’m sorry to be of so little help, but those are, and will always remain, the bank rules.” The chairman rose to his feet, as he considered the meeting was now at an end; but he had not bargained for Clean Sweep Ignatius. “My Head of State,” said Ignatius, softening his tone perceptibly, “has authorized me to approach your bank as the intermediary for all future transactions between my country and Switzerland.” “We are flattered by your confidence in us, Minister,” replied the chairman, who remained standing. “However, You can hardly think that it can alter our attitude to our customer’s confidentiality.” Ignatius remained unperturbed. “Then I am sorry to inform you, Mr. Gerber, that our Ambassador in Bern will be instructed to make an official communiqué to the Swiss Foreign Office about the lack of cooperation your bank has shown concerning requests for information about our nationals.” He waited for his words to sink in. “You could avoid such embarrassment, of course, by simply letting me know the names of my countrymen who hold accounts with Gerber et Cie and the amounts involved. I can assure you we would not reveal the source of our information.” “You are most welcome to lodge such a communiqué, sir, and I feel sure that our Minister will explain to your Ambassador in the most courteous of diplomatic terms that it is just impossible to demand such disclosures.” “If that is the case, I shall instruct my own Ministry of Trade to halt all future dealings in Nigeria with any Swiss nationals until these names are revealed.” “That is your privilege, Minister,” replied the chairman, unmoved. “And we may also have to reconsider every contract currently being negotiated by your countrymen in Nigeria. And in addition I shall personally see to it that no penalty clauses are honored.” “Would you not consider such action a little precipitate?” “Let me assure you, Mr. Gerber, that I would not lose one moment of sleep over such a decision,” said Ignatius. “Even if my efforts to discover those names were to bring your company to its knees I would not be moved.” “So be it, Minister,” replied the chairman. “However, it still does not alter the policy or the attitude of this bank to confidentiality.” “If that remains the case, sir, this very day I shall provide our Ambassador with the instruction to close our Embassy in Bern and I shall declare your Ambassador in Lagos persona non grata.” For the first time the chairman raised his eyebrows. “Furthermore,” continued Ignatius, “I will hold a conference in London which will leave the world’s press in no doubt of my Head of State’s displeasure with the conduct of this bank. After such publicity I am sure some of your clients will close their accounts, while others who have in the past considered you a safe heaven may find it necessary to look elsewhere.” The Minister waited but still the chairman did not respond. “Then you leave me no choice,” said Ignatius, rising from his seat. The chairman stretched out his hand, assuming that at last the Minister was leaving, only to watch with horror as Ignatius placed a hand in his jacket pocket and removed a small pistol. The two Swiss bankers froze as the Nigerian Minister of Finance stepped forward and pressed the muzzle against the chairman’s temple. “I need those names, Mr. Gerber, and by now you must realize I will stop at nothing. If you don’t supply them immediately I’m going to blow your brains out. Do you understand?” 51 The chairman gave a slight nod, beads of sweat appearing on his forehead. “And he will be next,” said Ignatius, gesturing toward the young assistant, who stood speechless and paralyzed a few paces away. “Get me the names of every Nigerian who holds an account in this bank,” Ignatius said quietly, looking toward the young man, “or I’ll blow your chairman’s brains all over his soft carpet. Immediately, do you hear me?” Ignatius added sharply. The young man looked toward the chairman, who was now trembling but said quite clearly, “Non, Pierre, jamais.” “D’accord,” replied the assistant in a whisper. “You can’t say I didn’t give you every chance,” Ignatius pulled back the hammer. The sweat was now pouring down the chairman’s face and the young man had to turn his eyes away as he waited in terror for the pistol shot. “Excellent,” said Ignatius, as he removed the gun from the chairman’s head and returned to his seat. Both bankers were still trembling and quite unable to speak. The Minister picked up the battered briefcase by the side of his chair and placed it on the glass table in front of him. He pressed back the clasps and the lid flicked up. The two bankers stared down at the neatly packed rows of hundreddollar bills. Every inch of the briefcase had been taken up. The chairman quickly estimated that it probably amounted to around five million dollars. “I wonder, sir,” said Ignatius, “how I go about opening an account with your bank?” COMPREHENSION CHECK 11. Answer the following questions. (Consult the text if necessary.) 1. Why was general public so disinterested in the new appointment of Nigeria’s Minister of Finance? 2. What promises did Ignatius give in his maiden speech? 3. How did Ignatius set about his new task? What was the outcome of his efforts? 4. How did his position in the state change? 5. What special task did the Head of State entrust him with? What authority was he given? 6. What route did Ignatius choose for his trip? What course of action did he take on arrival? 7. What steps did Ignatius take to make the chairman of the bank comply with his demands? 8. How did the chairman and his young assistant behave in such a critical situation? 9. What was the ultimate aim of Ignatius’ visit to the bank? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 12. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations in the text: 1.первое выступление; 2. энергично и решительно; 3. личная победа/ личный успех; 4. тщательно изученный; 5. ни малейшего намека на скандал; 6. признавать достижения; 7. предоставить любые дополнительные полномочия; 8. крепко спать; 9. вышел вперед, чтобы поздороваться; 10. ни малейшего удивления; 11. я не вправе; 12. раскрыть источник информации; 13. несколько преждевременно. 52 13. Translate into Russian words and word combinations from the text:  business and finance end graft and corruption, financier, breach of the exchange control regulations, bribe, perk, the Exchequer, go-between, charged to the personal account, hold numbered accounts with the bank, bank’s rule of confidentiality, release the names of account holders without their authority, intermediary, transactions, halt all future dealings, penalty clauses;  international relations deport, Ambassador Plenipotentiary, make an unscheduled visit abroad, Head of State, absolute authority of the government, carry no validity in my country, have the full backing of the Head of State, Foreign Office, lodge a communiqué, Embassy, declare somebody persona non grata. TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 14. What do the following phrases from the text imply? Paraphrase and explain. 1. Perhaps the editor considered that, since the paper had covered the Speeches of the previous sixteen ministers in extenso, his readers might feel they had heard it all before. 2. … the arrest of the Chief of Police for accepting bribes – a perk the citizens of Lagos had in the past considered went with the job. 3. … made the front page of the Lagos Times. 4. It wouldn’t be far-fetched to say that he was the one to hold the purse strings. 5. …he studied the list of banks he had so carefully drawn up after completing his research in Nigeria: each name was written out boldly in his own hand. Ignatius decided to start with Gerber et Cie… 6. He has honored me with the task of … 7. This document, I fear, sir, carries no validity in my country. 8. … but he had not bargained for Clean Sweep Ignatius. 9. … our Minister will explain to your Ambassador in the most courteous of diplomatic terms that it is just impossible to demand such disclosures. 10. … I shall personally see to it that no penalty clauses are honored. 11. … I will stop at nothing. 15.To what extent do your agree with the following statements? Give support from the text (avoiding lifting). Make use of the following phrases: (+) (+/-) (-) I’d tend to agree with this it’s not quite right I think you are mistaken statement 1. Ignatius Agarbi’s appointment became media hype as he was the first to head this office. 2. Ignatius distinguished himself as a seasoned politician in his maiden speech and caused a stir in Nigeria’s society. 3. Despite the lack of popular support Ignatius demonstrated commitment to his goals and left no stone unturned to do away with corruption and theft. 4. Ignatius’ primary responsibility was to supervise all foreign contracts worth over one hundred million dollars meticulously. 5. Ignatius showed no enthusiasm in setting about his new mission and delegated the task to junior clerks. 6. Ignatius heading the official delegation boarded a private jet to Geneva and booked in a presidential suite of a luxurious hotel. 7. The chairman of the bank was adamant in his refusal to cooperate with Ignatius in spite of the validity of his documents of authorization. 8. When Ignatius pointed a gun at Mr. Gerber, the latter released the names of the account holders without hesitation. 53 16. Summarize the story, sequencing the following sentences in compliance with the following plan: PLAN SENTENCES INTRODUCTION CHARACTERS, BACKGROUND AND SETTING PLOT CONCLUSION 1. Having referred to the absolute authority of his government, minister insists on releasing the names of Nigerian account holders. 2. He is entrusted by his President to discover bribe money of his fellow countrymen hidden in secret accounts in Switzerland. 3. It turns out that the aim of the treacherous hypocrite, who is actually extremely corrupt and mercenary, is only to check reliability and confidentiality of the Swiss Banks. 5. Soon his achievements (though meticulously scrutinized) are acknowledged even by his enemies. 6. Carrying only a battered briefcase, inventive Ignatius arrives at the meeting with the Chairman of a Swiss bank. 7. “Clean Sweep Ignatius” by J. Archer, one of the most acclaimed contemporary authors, depicts bribery, embezzlement and corruption. 8. After all civilized arguments are exhausted, Ignatius places a gun to the head of the Swiss banker and threatens to kill him. 9. Through due diligence, elaborate analysis, and ingenious cunning Agarbi contrives a crafty plan. 10. Delighted with their secrecy, Ignatius promptly deposits his own “bribe” money in cash, skimmed during his period as Financial Minister, in the bank. 11. Ignatius Agarbi, a newly appointed Nigeria’s Minister of Finance vigorously fights corruption. 12. Even at gun point the banker refuses to divulge any confidential information. 13. With irony, wit and satire combined, the story of an attempted war on corruption makes a curious plot twist, ending in a most unexpected finale. 14. Despite his greatest persuasion, the banker refuses to break the bank’s code of privacy. SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 17. Answer the following questions developing the issue. What inference can we draw about the situation in Nigeria? How would you characterize Ignatius Agarbi's professional qualitites? What personal traits of character contributed to his undertaking? How would you comment on a most unexpected ending of the story? 54 LANGUAGE FOCUS 18. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.They taught me that I wasn’t a hopeless case …. all. 2. He made his first front page picture …. weeks of starting his work …. The Times. 3. The host called his guests … … an evening aperitif on the terrace. 4. They are not making loads of money, they live …. hand …. mouth. 5. He acted …. the assumption that his allies would support him. 6. If there is a serious problem, it’s far better to admit it and set …. tackling it immediately. 7. The cost is charged directly …. the profit and loss account. 8. In this store goods are sold only …. cash. 9. There was a time when to get good-quality fashion clothing you had to pay …. the nose. 10. Two restaurateurs were appointed last week to draw …. an action plan …. school food. 11. The sun emerged this morning …. …. clouds over the Thames. 12. Clayton said he was not …. liberty to discuss the matter. 13. We made him confess that he might have been acting …. any authority. 14. Several members of the Government are rumored to hold accounts …. Swiss banks. 15. Their request …. better working conditions amounted …. a criticism of the management. 16.The wall space is mostly taken …. …. paintings bought from local shops. 19. Core Vocabulary. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. PROVIDE, PROVIDED/PROVIDING, A PROVISION 1. Our office can provide all involved with full information on the local area. 2. The scheme provides financial help to unemployed workers. 3. He has five children and wife to provide for. 4. Their contracts provide that they will be paid on the last day of the month. 5. There are some circumstances that human care can’t provide against. 6. Many parents think it is their moral duty to make proper provision(s) for their children’ education. 7. Financiers are prepared to be generous, provided/providing (that) it is not their own money they are spending. 8. This contract includes a provision for salary increases over time. GAIN, GAINS 1. You will gain some useful experience even from a bad trip. 2. Practice allows the trainees to gain a better understanding of the firm’s wide variety of clients. 3. There is nothing to gain from feeling sorry for ourselves. 4. Electric vehicles were beginning to gain ground, and he foresaw booming demand for the charging stations. 5. Once this company’s big projects gain momentum, they seem unstoppable. 6. He seems to have entered politics solely for personal gain. 7. No pain, no gain, and the gain may be a more secured 20. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. 1. Лекция предоставила ему возможность встретиться с этим известным писателем. 2. Эта благотворительная организация обеспечивает беженцев едой и убежищем. –3. Фильм дает новое видение проблем, с которыми сталкиваются работающие женщины. 4. Им необходимо было подготовиться к суровой зиме. 5. Необходимо заранее думать о том, как в финансовом отношении подготовить себя к выходу на пенсию. 6. Мы присмотрим за вашими детьми при условии, что вы завезете их к нам домой. 1. Боливия получила независимость от Испании в 1825 году. 2. Любой студент мечтает добиться зачисления в этот престижный университет. 3. Мы ничего не выиграем, если будем ждать. Надо действовать решительно. 4. Любому проекту требуется время, чтобы набрать силу и развернуться. 5. Не рискуйте личной свободой даже ради 55 небольшой финансовой выгоды. 6. Временами было очень непросто, но Words frequently used with gain: access, admission, без труда не вытащишь и рыбку из fame, renown, weight, confidence, ideas, information, пруда. popularity, recognition, understanding old age. 1. In Japan, firms employing over 1000 people account for 50% of total employment. 2. Some credible accounts hint the accident might have been a murder, not a suicide. 3. It is by all accounts an important step, bordering on a giant leap, for commercial spaceflight. 4. Now he is, deservedly, the president of the company, but he should not on that account take too much for granted. 5. None of the officials managing the project has been held accountable for its failure yet. 1. Как правило, 3,5 миллиона пропусков рабочих дней происходят из-за сезонной аллергии. 2. Как вы объясните такую внезапную пропажу денег? 3. Газеты опубликовали подробный отчет о происшествии. 4. По общим отзывам, это чудесное место, которое стоит посетить. 5. Да, она не очень терпеливый человек. Что же теперь не общаться с ней изза этого? 6. Почему именно я должен отвечать за этот беспорядок? CHALLENGE 1. My new challenge is to win at the Olympic Games. 2. I do like to face an intellectual challenge - if you could succeed in this economic project, you are capable of anything. 3. She was a challenge to her parents – an angry teenager, full of energy, constantly pushing boundaries and testing limits. 4. No one has challenged the assumptions made in the report. 5. I'm enjoying being in competition and going out there to challenge the top tennis players. 6. The couple challenged the cooks to bake a cake as tall as a bride. 7. They were brave enough to challenge us on some points. 1. Перед ним сейчас стоит сложная задача – осуществить намеченные реформы. 2. Альпинисты уже имеют некоторый опыт, и им хочется покорять более сложные вершины. 3. Они вряд ли будут оспаривать это решение. 4. Нельзя ставить под сомнение его опыт и знания. 5. Мы поставили перед этой компанией задачу доказать, что их система безопасна. AN ACCOUNT, TO ACCOUNT, ACCOUNTABLE Words frequently used with challenge: - to face, meet, seek, pose, accept, enjoy a challenge - biggest, greatest, major, new, serious challenge 21. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary (Sometimes the whole structure of a sentence is supposed to be changed). MODEL: She tried to give a reasonable excuse, but burst into tears instead. - In an attempt to… - In an attempt to provide an explanation she said she thought I had given her permission to be absent. 1. The museum is funded by the local authority. – The local authority … 2. When she was unemployed it was very difficult to find money for her children’s needs. – Her unemployment made … 3. On condition that you place your order at the end of March, we’ll keep the price for you at the level of 500$. 56 4. She became confident enough to speak in public only after a long time of practicing it. – It took her … 5. The spreading of English as a second language all around the world has been unstoppable for many decades. 6. This party may not need the artificial support, as it has become even more popular since the latest parliamentary elections. – Even without the artificial support … 7. Thousands of people died in the tsunami and the earthquake in 2011. – The tsunami and the earthquake… 8. I think that behind Alice aggression lies a deep insecurity about herself. – A deep insecurity … 9. It was a real problem to cook something nutritious at the time of war, as sugar, butter, cheese, bacon and meat were still rationed. – Cooking was … 10. It takes a lot efforts, talent and time to raise money for the homelessness charity. - To raise money … 11. He is a grown-up, there is no sense in questioning his attitudes whether they are right and reasonable. – It is useless … - It is useless to challenge his attitudes, as he is a grown-up. 12. There is going to be a cricket match between the girls and the boys. The latter were invited to compete by the former. - The girls … WORD BUILDING 22. Recast the following, using nouns with suffixes –ty, - ity, -cy, -sy, -ness, -y, -th instead of adjectives in bold. Make all necessary changes. 1. People’s private life is supposed to be protected by the new law. – The new law is designed to … 2. Will she be able to cope with the work? (to allow) – Will her … 3. It seems that this research makes their theory valid. (to give) –This research … 4. The request is that you treat all information as strictly confidential. (to treat with) – All information should… 5. Nancy is open and honest, her ambitions are simple, – all these attributes make her appealing and likeable. – Nancy’s … 6. With a personal fortune of six million pounds, she certainly doesn't find it absolutely necessary to work. – There is no… 7. Pre-recorded TV programmes are less immediate and warm than live theatre. – Prerecorded TV programmes have … 8. There's one rule for her and another rule for everyone else and she is just being hypocritical. – It is just … 9. They've got a long way to go before they gain equal status for men and women. ( to achieve) – It will take them … 10. The major part of the population continually supports this politician. – This popular politician enjoys … 57 IDIOMS 23. Translate B’s replies, paying special attention to idioms. cut your cloth according to your means •money is the root of all evil hold the purse strings the haves and the have-nots •tighten one’s belt 1 A I feel like going on a shopping spree. Will you join me? 2 A 3 A 4 A 5 A 6 A I’ll tell you what, I’m going to sell my shares. In the years of war my grandma was living on the breadline. There is nothing inherently wrong with wealth. Mary's dress is real silk and in the latest fashion. It must have cost the earth, let me tell you. Look, this one will definitely do. All major programs and a bargain price. 7 A 8 A 9 A During the crisis many families lived on a shoestring budget. 10 A Even if the recession is ending, people should be careful with money. Now we can initiate our new project. I’m really glad we’ve got the cooperation from central government. Our mission is to do everything possible to help African countries. •live from hand to mouth kill the goose that lays the golden eggs •pay through the nose get golden handshakes •a false economy B Не сегодня. Пытаюсь меньше тратить, чтобы заплатить долги. Вот и приходится затянуть пояс. B Шутишь? Ты хочешь убить курицу, несущую золотые яйца? B Ты знаешь, кажется, что вся страна в эти годы жила впроголодь. B Я тоже не думаю, что деньги - источник всех зол, А вот любовь к деньгам - да. B Ничего удивительного. Она помешана на моде и готова платить сумасшедшие деньги за фирменную одежду. B Давай поищем что-нибудь еще. Дешевая стиральная машина – выброшенные деньги, она быстрее сломается. B Точно, ведь именно министерство контролирует бюджет. B Верно. Экономическому неравенству между Севером и Югом, между имущими и неимущими следует положить конец. B И в то же самое время некоторые менеджеры получали огромные компенсации за увольнение. B Любой человек, который контролирует бюджет семьи, знает, что нужно жить по средствам. 58 GRAMMAR CLINIC 24. Revise non-finite verbal forms. For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as similar as possible to the original one using the words given. 1. It is known that commodity money evolved into representative money, when paper currency and non-precious coinage came into being. known to …………………………………………………………………………………….. 2. Now that it had happened it was useless to make money of valuable materials. no use …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3. A government or a bank promised to exchange representative money for a certain amount of silver or gold, thus backing it. backed ………………………………………………………………………………………. 4. According to reports the majority of currencies were based on representative money through the use of the gold standard for most of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. have been based …………………………………………………………………………….. 5. Electronic money (also known as e-currency or e-money) refers to money exchanged electronically with the use of computer networks, the internet and digital stored value systems. using …………………………………………………………………………………………. 6. Though electronic money systems facilitate easy payment, so far the use of e-money appears to be relatively low-scale. in spite of ……………………………………………………………………………………… 7. Despite providing enormous benefit, for example convenience and privacy, the transfer of digital currencies raises such problems as how to levy taxes or to avoid money laundering. though ………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. Another issue is related to computer crime, in which computer criminals may actually alter computer databases in order to steal electronic money. with a view to ……………………………………………………………………………….. 9. One way to resolve these issues is by implementing cyberspace laws regulating transactions. resolving ………………………………………………………………………………………. 10. Researchers found that in the past credit tokens (predecessors of credit cards) used to be made from metal coins, metal plates or paper. were found ……………………………………………………………………………………. SIMULATION TASK 25. Analyze the following situations and work out your reactions and responses. ? ? ? ? •You have won an enormous sum of money in the lottery. What are you going to change in your life? • You have found a wallet crammed with money. What will your next step be? • When clearing the attic at your grandparents' house you have run across an old briefcase stuffed with the foreign high-denominated notes which aren't legal tender any longer. What is your reaction? • You 've got 2 job offers: a position in a distinguished charity organization helping children and a bank department dealing with the return of debts. What wil your choice be? 59 READING 2 The Joy of Economics What would make you really, really happy. More money? 2.5 smiling, well-adjusted kids? And what would make you most unhappy: losing your sight or a bad back? Whatever the answer the fact is, we are terrible at predicting the source of joy. And whatever choices we do make, we are likely to decide later it was all for the best. Frank and Naomi Cooper know the secret for a happy day and a sound sleep: debt-free living. Frank, 86, remembers baling hay for 50 cents a day during the Depression, so he refuses to run financial risks. He paid cash for his house. He once burned a credit-card offer that came in the mail. "If you don't have the cash, you just don't buy," he says. Their daughter Linda Rinkes, 53, has liberalized that maxim only slightly. She has a car loan and carries a creditcard balance when she must, paying it off quickly. For the family's third generation, though, Grandpa's philosophy is completely obsolete. "Just because I don't have the cash for something doesn't mean I shouldn't buy it," says Jen Rinkes, 29, who carries $8,000 on credit cards and a $438-a-month Saab on her $40,000 income. "I don't think debt is a sin," she says. "I'm living in a style I want and have become accustomed to." Which of them do you think is happiness-prone? Old Polonius from Shakespeare's Hamlet counsels his hotheaded son Laertes: “Neither a borrower nor a lender be, For loan oft loses both itself and friend, And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry”. On Polonius's terms, there is little to argue with in his perhaps ungenerous advice. His logic is thus: lending money to friends is risky, because hitching debt onto personal relationships can cause resentment and, in the case of default, the lender loses both his money and his friend. Borrowing invites more private dangers: it supplants domestic thrift or "husbandry" - in Polonius's eyes, an important gentlemanly value. Incidentally, in the days when Hamlet was first staged, borrowing was epidemic among the gentry, who sometimes neglected husbandry to the point where they were selling off their estates piece by piece to maintain an ostentatious lifestyle in London. Though our desire to enjoy conventional standards of life isn’t new, we can’t neglect the fact that never before has this sentiment reached the point of becoming a national battle cry. Now many Americans carry a dubious legacy: too much debt. And as layoffs increase and stock winnings dwindle, many are piling on even more. Homeowners are borrowing against their houses' rising value to fuel discretionary spending. Banks are peddling risky loans to people with poor credit history. As the economy slows, mortgage delinquencies and credit-card write-offs are already rising. You don’t need to be a financial analyst to forecast the avalanche of bankruptcies with a growing number of families experiencing debt crisis firsthand. These are insights from happiness economics, perhaps the hottest field in what used to be called the dismal science. Happiness is everywhere—on the best-seller lists, in the minds of policymakers, and front and center for economists—yet it remains elusive. The golden rule of economics has always been that well-being is a simple function of income. That's why nations and people alike strive for higher incomes—money gives us choice and a measure of freedom. But a growing body of studies shows that wealth alone isn't necessarily what makes us happy. 60 After a certain income cap, we simply don't get any happier. And it isn't what we have, but whether we have more than our neighbor, that really matters. So the news that top hedge-fund managers took home, let’s say, $240 million, minimum, probably didn't make them any happier, it just made the rest of us less so. The idea that money isn't the real key to happiness bears no novelty. The 18th-century British Enlightenment thinker Jeremy Bentham argued that public policy should try to maximize happiness, and many prominent economists agreed but could not quite embrace the idea. There was just no way to measure happiness objectively. That began to change in recent decades, as prosperity spread. Social scientists and economists began to spend less time thinking about death and disease, and more time thinking about happiness. Psychologists and labor economists in the United States and the U.K. began long-term studies asking people to chart their own happiness over time. Meanwhile, advances in technology allowed scientists to see whether, when a person claimed to be happy, the joy center of the brain lit up. That made happiness metrics a little more credible. One of the early revelations of happiness research, from Richard Easterlin at the University of Southern California, was that while the rich are typically happier than the poor, the happiness boost from extra cash isn't that great once one rises above the poverty line. The reason, says Easterlin, is the "hedonic cycle": we get used to being richer darn quick, and take it for granted or compare it to what others have, not what we used to have. It turns out, keeping up with the Joneses is hard-wired into our brains, thanks to our pack-creature roots. As this research gained steam, other happiness studies followed, on marriage, work, kids, television and immigration, to name a few. It was only a matter of time before researchers—and politicians—began to think about what might make entire societies happier. Surprisingly, one of the first recommendations was higher taxes. In Britain, Andrew Oswald of Warwick University has argued that taxing conspicuous consumption could increase public joy by reducing envy. In his book "Happiness: Lessons From a New Science," Lord Richard Layard of the London School of Economics urges policymakers to think about reducing mobility (which he links to crime and family instability), telling companies to cut merit pay (to slow the rat race) and encouraging more public spending on mental health and non-vocational, and liberal "moral" education (to make graduates less consumption-oriented and more empathetic). Happiness economics is gaining more and more proponents. Rather than telling people to work harder, politicians can discuss work-life balance. "We should be thinking not just about what is good for putting money in people's pockets, but what is good for putting joy in people's hearts," said Britain's Conservative leader David Cameron. The government recently created a Whitehall Well-Being Working Group to come up with happiness metrics, and figure out how ministers can make people more cheerful. There is also a happiness-related push in the U.K. to ban advertising targeted to children in order to combat materialism. "One of the big troubles for policymakers is that there are a lot of variables in measuring happiness," says Paul Dolan, an Imperial College economist working with the Department of Trade and Industry on happiness metrics. "The science is unclear." As in any survey, the phrasing of questions and the nationality of respondents influence the results. Scientists tell us weather makes a big difference to happiness (Italians and Californians benefit from this), as do genes. Meanwhile, there is myriad of different kinds of happiness such as short-term pleasure, meaning derived from work, or a deeper sense of purpose in life, perhaps coming from religion or spirituality. Which one is being tested? Which one should be? And can anyone really craft effective public policy around any of it? 61 Perhaps our intuitions about happiness should triumph over the fuzzy data, anyway. The economics of happiness has given us a couple of fairly hard and fast rules about well-being— being truly poor is bad, whereas you will definitely capitalize on whiling away the time with friends and family. Of course, there are as many ways to alleviate poverty, fuel growth and achieve a better work-life balance as there are governments to suggest them. The good news is that whatever choices we make individually and as societies in the pursuit of happiness, there's a good chance that they'll seem better in hindsight. Yet another truism of happiness is that we all wear rose-colored glasses when it comes to our past decision-making. Today's dreadful life choice will likely be tomorrow's happy accident. American and British Press, 2007 VOCABULARY PRACTICE 26. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations in the text. 1.это было к лучшему; 2. с этим вряд ли поспоришь; 3. вызывать обиду; 4. получить сомнительное наследство; 5. золотое правило; 6. стремиться к увеличению доходов; 7. в этом нет ничего нового; 8. оторваться от черты бедности; 9. погоня за успехом, жестокая конкуренция; 10. гуманитарное образование; 11. жесткие правила; 12. получить выгоду от; 13. проводить время; 14. в поисках счастья 27. Match the phrases from the text and translate the sentences into Russian. liberalize maintain fuel remain income embrace take it hard-wired to name it was only a matter conspicuous advertising alleviate targeted to children an ostentatious lifestyle the idea consumption for granted discretionary spending of time before a maxim poverty into our brains a few elusive cap TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 28. What do the following phrases from the text imply? Paraphrase and explain. 1. Borrowing invites more private dangers: it supplants domestic thrift or "husbandry" - in Polonius's eyes, an important gentlemanly value. 2. Though our desire to enjoy conventional standards of life isn’t new, we can’t neglect the fact that never before has this sentiment reached the point of becoming a national battle cry. 3. As the economy slows, mortgage delinquencies and credit-card write-offs are already rising. 4. These are insights from happiness economics, perhaps the hottest field in what used to be called the dismal science. 5. The golden rule of economics has always been that well-being is a simple function of income. 6. Rather than telling people to work harder, politicians can discuss work-life balance. 7. One of the big troubles for policymakers is that there are a lot of variables in measuring happiness 8. Yet another truism of happiness is that we all wear rose-colored glasses when it comes to our past decision-making. 29. Answer the following questions to the text. 62 1. What bedrock truth about happy life does the older generation of the Coopers know? How does it differ from the concept of the next generations? 2. Why does lending money to friends pose threats? 3. What caused neglect of domestic thrift and borrowing epidemic in the times of Shakespeare? 4. What striking developments in consumer spending can we trace nowadays? 5. What is the golden rule of economics? 6. What does a growing body of evidence show? 7. Why does the happiness boost from extra cash lose its dramatic surge once the one rises above the poverty line? 8. What moves to make entire societies happier have been contemplated by economists and politicians? 9. What prompted the ban on advertising targeted to children in the U.K.? 10. What factors influence happiness? 11. What makes happiness difficult to measure? 12. What are hard and fast rules about well-being? 30. Make the summary of the text finishing the sentences in accordance with t the text making use of the prompts given in Russian. TOPIC (What is the article about?) MAIN IDEA (What is the writer's stance on the issue?) MAJOR DETAILS (How does the writer prove his stance?) 1. The text under the headline “The Joy of Economics” based on the materials of British and American press focuses on .. 2. According to the article though people aspire for material acquisition in the pursuit of happiness, ... CONCLUSION (What conclusions does the writer draw?) 6.On balance, despite popular wisdom that money can't buy happiness and governments' attempts to inspire empathy in the society, the supreme truism is that… 3.The article claims that ensuring absolute financial well-being doesn't contribute to happiness because its relative value ranks higher for people ... 4.Nevertheless though the desire to enjoy conventional standards of life bears no novelty never before has this conspicuous consumption reached the level … 5. The article reveals that happiness economics is gaining more and more proponents, yet hard and fast rules about the ways of bringing happiness ... a. безрассудная одержимость, которая в условиях финансового кризиса неизбежно вызовет лавину банкротств. b. существует множество форм счастья, от мимолетных удовольствия. до более глубокого осознания смысла жизни, основанного на духовности и религии. c. остаются неопределенными из-за значительного числа переменных для его измерения. d. зависимость между благосостоянием и счастьем. e. оно не напрямую определяется доходом. f. благодаря стремлению соответствовать принятому в обществе уровню жизни и чувству групповой принадлежности, прочно укоренившемуся в сознании. 63 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 31. How do you understand the following statements? Give reasons to prove your stance. Live now – pay later. Buying on trust is the way to pay double Living on credit is not so widespread in Russia as in many other countries. Is it neccessary to bolster the popularity of credit? Why (not)? LANGUAGE FOCUS 32. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.Only another six months and the house will be paid ... . 2. He lived … the days when success in life depended on marrying well, and when marrying well meant money and status. 3. Excellent sport performance enhances excitement … the point where there is barely time … spectators to draw breath. 4. Nowadays women continue to strive …. both a career and a family. 5. The survey shows that those who grew up in families …. the poverty line tend to end up in adulthood with incomes …. the poverty line. 6. Her Dance Company has launched that challenging project to upturn the things we take …. granted. 7. Does spending hundreds of pounds make the child or parent any happier? No. This is an attempt to keep …. the Jones’s. 8. Their first challenge is to come …. …. the plan to enhance business. 9. It took me a while to figure …. what approach I had to take …. the matter. 10. Numerous health benefits can be derived …. taking part in a physically demanding sport. 11. This tiny island is a fine spot to while …. some idle hours in pretty surroundings. 12. Some humans are prepared to risk the extremes …. pursuit …. their passion. 13. Their first scheme was considered, …. hindsight, a mistake. 14. He is trying to capitalize …. popular discontent with the government. 15. We target our services …. specific groups of people. 33. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. CREDIT, TO CREDIT, CREDITABLE, CREDULOUS, CREDIBILITY 34. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. CREDIBLE, CREDULITY, 1. This shop offers interest-free credit on furniture. 2. He deserves credit for his efforts to break this diplomatic dead end. 3. The managers are happy to take credit when things go well, but they must take responsibility when they are bad. 4. The goalkeeper 1. Ты молодец, что заручился его поддержкой. 2. Это не твоя заслуга, что все так хорошо закончилось. 3. Не приписывай себе мои идеи. 4. Ее участие в матче, даже с 64 could legitimately claim some credit for the victory of the team in the match. 5. She showed me some of her ideas, which do her credit and would do credit to any designer’s portfolio. 6. I could scarcely credit what had happened. 7. The FBI credits more than two dozen murder mysteries solved to their special analytical program. 8. You need imagination to make what you write fully credible. 9. The credibility of the Government’s immigration policy is under threat. VALUE, TO VALUE, VALUABLE, VALUELESS, INVALUABLE 1. This research into ancient languages seems to have little practical value. 2. Residential property in the city has doubled in value in the last three years. 3. When you pay for something, you expect to get value for money in return. 4. The terms of the deal value the company at $2 million. 5. If you have any contemporary art that cost you next to nothing years ago, have it valued. 6. The painting is one of the most valuable works by John Constable in private hands. 7. In a post-nuclear country money might be valueless. 8. The Internet is an invaluable resource for students. 9. We shouldn’t take at face value his denial of any prior knowledge of this conspiracy. Words frequently used with value: to increase, to rise, to double in value RUN 1. He’s the very model of a technocratic business boss, but, until now, he has never run his own business. 2. This bus company said it wanted to make profits of £100 million a year from running bus services in Britain. 3. Modern magazines hardly run in-depth articles. 4. Housewives are accustomed to running family finances. 5. The Prime Minister has been warned that he is running out of time to meet his pledge that a third of his ministers would be women. 6. The agreement runs from 2013 to 2023. 7. The football coach believes extra training will pay off in the long run. BEAR травмированным запястьем, делает ей честь. 5. Поверить не могу, что когда-то он был актером. 6. Команда считала, что их победа – это результат упорных тренировок. 7. Его возможным соперником на чемпионате мира будет боксер из США. 8. Руководству стоит задуматься, доверяют ли ему сотрудники. 1.Их система ценностей сильно отличается от нашей. 2. Они возместили ему стоимость его пропавшего имущества. 3. В этом магазине вы всегда можете купить качественные вещи. 4. Найди какого-нибудь эксперта и отдай ему эту картину для оценки. 5. Результаты ее исследования могут оказаться весьма ценными. 6. Наши акции мгновенно обесценились. 7. Твои советы и помощь просто бесценны для меня. 8. Не надо понимать его слова буквально. 1. Дуато – не первый иностранный хореограф, который будет руководить русской балетной труппой. 2. Регулярные автобусные маршруты связывают центр города с его окраинами. 3. В журнале «Путешествия» напечатана статья о новых туристических направлениях. 4. У нас закончились продукты. Стоит обновить запасы. 5. Теперь эта скандальная история вышла из-под контроля. 6. Контракт будет действителен еще в течение пары месяцев. 7. Жесткие меры, предпринятые правительством, в дальнейшем должны дать положительные результаты, уверен президент. 1. This sitcom bears no relation or resemblance to 1. Этот человек удивительно похож на good, genuine humor, but it’s cracking fun. 2. Ms известного актера. 2. Ей была Clore cannot bear the idea that people buy art ненавистна мысль о новом переезде в 65 simply for investment. 3. The dictator bore special responsibility for encouraging and prolonging the civil war. 4. There are several hotel chains to choose from. Bear in mind that the cheapest hotels tend to be those in the outer suburbs. 5. It’s a long story but bear with me on this one. 6. The weather is turning cool, wet and windy next week and once again northern and western areas will bear the brunt of the attack Words used with bear: the thought, the idea, the name, a burden, the costs, expenses, a resemblance, relation, similarity, comparison, the novelty, fruit, responsibility незнакомый район. 3.Кто ответственен за ужасающее положение дел в компании? 4. Помни, что сейчас лето – билеты на самолет стоят дороже. 5. Выслушай меня терпеливо, дай мне рассказать эту историю до конца, это быстро. 6. Южные и западные районы страны окажутся под ударом фронтов, пришедших с Атлантики. 35. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of a sentence. MODEL: One of the witnesses’ statements seem to have a ring of truth after we’ve heard your story. – Your story lends … Your story lends credibility to one of the witnesses’ statements. 1. One could have believed his complaint if he had managed to produce more specific details. – His complaint would be … 2. The failure to act quickly might result in the government’s loss of trust. – The government … 3. It is my ideas that the boss praises him for. – He is always … 4. It has been believed that a sixteenth-century bishop is the author of this work. - This work has been … 5. The concert was terrific, it’s worth the price I paid for it. – At the concert I … 6. Don’t be deceived by his threats, ignore them, he is just trying to sound bossy. – Don’t … 7. The burglars stole the television and video, but nothing really expensive. – They didn’t … 8. The country was controlled by the provisional government until democratic elections were held. – The provisional government … 9. The story was not published by the magazine until the Foreign Secretary made his statement. – The magazine … 10. You can visit the exhibition from February 16 to March 20. - The exhibition… 11. By mid-morning there was a long queue outside the petrol station, but signs stated there was only diesel. - By mid-morning the station… 12. The rise in price of staple foods primarily causes suffering to poor countries and poor people. - It’s poor countries and poor people who … COLLOCATIONS 36. What words collocate? Choose the correct variant. 1. The company has carried/worn/incurred huge losses over the past three years. 2. She has been granted a $50 000 pension/loan/lender to start her own business. 3. We sold them most of their modern weapons and now we are reaping the bitter crop/harvest/fruit. 4. The favorite ploy of the west is to call for investment in infrastructure to enable native people to produce commodities/items/merchandise for sale to them. 5. The management and employees eventually slap/strike/kick a bargain. 6. A house is the most expensive purchase that most people ever make/do/complete. 7. The excessive/brim/fringe benefits include free health insurance. 8. Faced with a mounting load/burden/weight of debt, he sold off the company. 9. Have enough funds been allocated/located/collocated to finance the project? 10. I don’t relish/relax/regard the prospect of having to share an office. 11. The company suffered a great slide/reversal/shift of fortunes when public tastes changed. 12. This hotel caters for people travelling in/for/on a tight budget. 66 WORD BUILDING 37. Complete the sentences with the derivatives of the word SIGHT, paying attention to hints in brackets. 1. We bought some souvenirs and then went … . (to visit interesting places). 2. It is easy to criticize others when you have the benefit of the… . (understanding past events)  SIGHT (n) 3. He was known for his balanced and … approach to politics. (He was  SIGHT (v) able to imagine and foresee effects of something in the future)  SIGHTSEEING 4. He was unable to join the Air Force owing to poor … . (the ability to  INSIGHT see)  HINDSIGHT 5. The research provided valuable … into the nature of this complex  EYESIGHT organization. (clear understanding and vision)  FORESIGHT 6. The sailors gave a shout of joy when they … land. (to catch a glimpse  FAR-SIGHTED of) 7. The report blames the accident on lack of … by the original planners. ( ability to foresee effects of some action in the future) 8. It was love at first … and they married two weeks later. (when you first look at someone) GRAMMAR CLINIC 38.Complete the article by writing the words in brackets in the correct non-finite forms. Financial security is considered ….. (1. be) the crucial thing in family finances. It means ….. (2. cope) with the unexpected, …… (3. free) from the need to think about money, as well as ….. (4. live) within your means. For your day to day living you are supposed …. (5. provide) yourself with ready cash. That’s why it’s worth …… (6. bear) in mind how much is in your current account if you don’t want to run the risk of …. (7. have) an unauthorized overdraft, it’s too expensive. Credit cards can be a helpful way of ….. (8. handle) unexpected expenses, but credit tends …. (9. be) costly, and of, course, it’s another form of debt. In Britain people are accustomed to….. (10. have) a very large debt ….. (11. call) a mortgage, a sum of money ….. (12. borrow) from a bank or a building society. You might need it if you mean …. (13. buy) a house. But if the payments fall into arrears, your house could be sold ….. (14. pay) off the debt. The problem with consumer credit appears … (15. reach) a point beyond control now that more and more people are unable … (16. cope) with repayments and interest on loans and plastic-card shopping. It is not unknown for those … (17. make) redundant … (18. be willing) to keep the standards they had before … (19. lose) their work. They dare … (20. accumulate) debts only to try … (21. cover) a multitude of smaller ones by … (22. take) out large loans which they cannot afford … (23. repay). Advertisements for consolidated loans … (24. swallow) up all the little ones - at huge interest levels - nowadays cram the pages of tabloid newspapers. Consumers … (25. seek) the short-term answer quite often end up … (26. evict) from their houses. 67 Often there is a problem of ignorance as people only look at the monthly repayment, and never at the interest or at what they will have to … (27. pay) in total. The young are easily tempted into credit … (28. owe) to their desire … (29. be) fashionable and … (30. acquire) a new compact disc player, or an auto focus camera. After all the publicity this issue has got, the addiction to optimism of many spendthrifts is beyond any reasoning as even with their main payments in the arrears they are still obsessed with … (31. buy) with the help of storecards. TAKE A STANCE 39. These are two opposing perceptions of money and its role. Which of the two do you agree with? Give your arguments. Conventional wisdom has it that money is the root of all evil. It breeds envy, malice, hatred, tempting people into crime, corruption and treachery. There's nothing in the world so demoralizing as money. It divides and erodes society. According to G.B. Shaw it’s lack of money that is the root of all evil. No one will dispute the fact that money is better than poverty as it frees you from doing things you dislike. It is like a sixth sense without which you cannot make a complete use of the other five. What is more money fuels progress. 68 READING 3 MONEY MANAGEMENT CAMP Palm Beach, 95 degrees have ousted most sane teenagers into pools or the Atlantic, leaving one scanty group of 11 to 15year-olds in Nikes, T-shirts and baseball caps in a hotel conference room absorbed in the Wall Street Journal. At The Breakers, one of the most posh hotels in the United States's most exclusive holiday resort, the eighth annual Money Management Camp, a week-long course, is being run by Gruntal and Co. a New York stockbroking firm. An impressive fee (and considerable accommodation extra) covers enjoyable afternoon activities such as golf, volleyball and ice cream sundae parties; the morning schedule pushes into the foreground far more captivating topics for consideration "Ethics, Bonds, Mutual Funds", "Understanding Risks and Emotions" and "The Crash of '87". Terry Upton, Gruntal Palm Beach's vice president and investments manager, shares the heavy load of experience with his pupils and whisks them through the jargon and mechanics of stock investment, providing clear answers and firing off many questions himself. One or two pupils stifle yawns, but most seem to be fascinated by the complexities of risk-reward analysis. As Mr Upton recites a litany of investors' maxims -"don't buy a company you don't understand", "compound whenever you can afford to" - the kids scribble them down. Gerard Di Santo II, from Rhode Island, the keenest tycoon among them, already manages an imaginary portfolio in an investment game run by schools in his home state. "It's good to learn about investment at a young age, though I don’t intend to make the markets my main career” he says. “I’m not bothered about being on the beach." Also on the course is Christine McCann, 12, whose father, is assistant director of food and beverage at The Breakers. Christine, a diminutive girl with olive skin and dark hair in a pony-tail, does not look old enough to be worrying about boys, let alone fluctuations in Treasury bill prices. Mr McCann, her father, though, has a strong if not ineradicable belief in children’s educational potential, reiterating that parents shouldn’t undervalue their children’s keen intelligence and are to bring into use all the hidden reserves. He does not share sceptics’ pessimism that his daughter is overburdened and gains financial education at the expense of her childhood. "Christine is a cheerleader," he says. "She does babysitting. She's an all-round American girl." On the last day of the camp, a limousine conveys the kids to the Gruntal office for the children to invest $100 each, included in the camp fee, in the stocks of their choice. Most of the children invest their "play money" in secure familiar names. Christine, for instance, opts for the Blockbuster video chains and Wendy's, a fast-food restaurant. Others go for Disney, Nike and Coca Cola. But not Gerard Di Santo II. He has brought $1,000 in cash and is deliberating between two computer disc manufacturers he has researched, Western Digital and AMD. After consulting the Gruntal computer with one of the brokers on hand for the occasion, he settles on Western Digital as the better bet. At the graduation banquet Mr Upton asks some rhetorical questions. "Is it bad to be a capitalist? No! It is if you gamble, but if you give some of your money to the poor, then it's OK." Mr Upton stresses the need to honour gentlemen's agreements and warns the children off insider trading. “We are here to build wealth. Nothing ventured, nothing gained." Gerard Di Santo II and his fellow campers would agree with that. 69 TALENT IN DISGUISE Frank Abigail, 17 years old, set out on a mission to reacquire upper-middle-class stability after his parents’ divorce, to achieve respect. Consumed with envy at his compatriots’ ostentatious lifestyle he dreamed of working miracles to emulate their success. And he did perform wonders! … with his checkbook. There was no money in his account, but with a checkbook and a sense of gall, nothing could stop a boy genius. This young con artist successfully impersonated an airline pilot, doctor, assistant attorney general and history professor, cashing more than $2.5 million in fraudulent checks in 26 countries. He was not really into flying, into healing, into the law; those were just dodges that secured his access to the institutions whose financial security is poorly constructed. In the beginning Frank had his share of good fortune. He absorbed the rules of the paper-money system and learned how to benefit from these imperfections; all of this, of course, was propelled by his utter sincerity in various guises, and fueled by his weird gift to make himself seem older or younger than he is. In the short run Frank was cornered, tried and taken to prison. The FBI offered Frank a deal by which he could live out the remainder of his sentence working for the bank fraud department of the FBI, to which Frank submitted. Frank has been enjoying secure living and a happy marriage for 26 years, has three sons, lives in the Midwest, has caught some of the world's most elusive money forgers, and earns millions of dollars each year creating unforgeable checks. His story provided an inspiration for a gripping film. “I’LL NEVER …DESERT YOU” The words "I live with my parents" used to evoke images of the lazy, unemployed and, essentially, the losers. But today, twenty- and thirty-something New Yorkers who could afford to have their own place are opting to stay at home and reap the perks. According to the latest U.S. census data, published in August 2008, 19 million young adults between the ages of 18 and 34 clung to their parents' household and are unwilling to fly the parental nest. Jillian Kelleher is a senior account executive at a public relations firm who makes $65,000 a year. She wears Diane von Furstenberg, and is a regular at some of the city's hottest power lunch spots. Anyone meeting her for the first time would assume that she has a way of living in a luxurious downtown apartment. But - surprise! - Jillian lives with her mom and is basically milking her for free rent and food. In fact, this 25-year-old sleeps in the same room she's had since the 10th grade. "I have the best room ever," Jillian says. "Basically, I'm never leaving." Still, she's aware of the stigma that comes with being a young, working professional who stays put. "When you're 25 and successful, people question why you're not on your own," Jillian says. "I get some sneers— nothing overt, but people seemed absolutely flabbergasted." In fact, Jillian lives with her mother by choice. After college she was traveling so much for work that it made financial sense to stay there rather than pay rent for an apartment she never used. When she got her current, relatively travel-free job, Jillian realized that she actually really enjoyed their living arrangement. "We'll sit for hours and dissect everything from boy troubles to nail polish," Jillian says of her mother.” I share all my troubles with her. You can take a leap because you have that safety net." 70 EDUCATION PAYS A Harvard economist named Roland Fryer Jr. did something education researchers almost never do: he ran a randomized experiment in hundreds of classrooms in multiple cities. He paid kids with cold, hard cash for showing up or getting good grades. He used mostly private money to pay 18,000 kids a total of $6.3. The experiment ran in four cities: Chicago, Dallas, Washington and New York. Each city had its own unique model of incentives, to see which would work best. In the fall of 2007, the New York City experiment began. Fourth-graders could earn a maximum of $25 per test, and seventh-graders could earn up to $50 per test. To participate, kids had to get their parents' permission — and 82% of them did. Most of them also opened savings accounts so the money could be directly deposited into them. Meanwhile, Fryer and his team found other testing grounds. In Chicago, Fryer ran a program to reward ninth-graders for good grades. He sketched out a plan to pay kids $50 for each A, $35 for a B and $20 for a C, up to the overall sum of $2,000 a year. But half of their earnings would be set aside in an account, to be redeemed only upon high school graduation. In Washington, middle schoolers would be paid for a portfolio of five different metrics, including attendance and good behavior. If they hit perfect marks in every category, they could make $100 every two weeks. Schools in Dallas got the simplest scheme and the one targeting the youngest children: every time second-graders read a book and successfully completed a computerized quiz about it, they earned $2. Straightforward and cheap. The average earning would turn out to be about $14 (for seven books read) per year. The teachers and principals appeared to have very low expectations of the experiment for its long-term impact. Many of them, speaking from experience, seemed to think that nothing as simple as money could reach a certain hard core of kids. "The children we had challenges with before, we still have challenges with," says Vealetta Moore-Parker, a guidance counselor who runs the incentives program at Burroughs Education Campus. But still the early feedback was promising. Principals were lobbying to get their schools switched out of the control group and into the treatment group. Parents began using the paychecks as progress reports, contacting teachers to find out why their kids' checks had gone up or down. VOCABULARY PRACTICE Money Management Camp 40. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian: oust; absorbed in; push into the foreground; captivating; stifle yawns; complexity; let alone; bring into use all the hidden reserves; at the expense of; opt for; deliberate Talent in Disguise 41. Find English equivalents in the text: 1. сжигаемый завистью к; 2. показной; 3. творить чудеса; 4. добиться такого же успеха; 5. поддельные чеки; 6. постигать правила; 7. пользоваться несовершенствами; 8. странный дар; 9. загнать в угол; 10. пойти на сделку; 11. неуловимый; 12. фальшивомонетчик 71 I’ll never desert you 42. Complete the phrase with a preceding word: 1. … images; 2. … the perks; … the parental nest; … for free rent; … put; … financial sense; … job; … a leap; … a safety net Education Pays 43. Find the words that mean the same in the context: 1. chosen by chance; 2. something which encourages a person; 3. a standard considered typical or usual; 4. easy to understand or simple; 5. head-teacher; 6. information or statements of opinion about something, such as a new product, that provide an idea of whether it is successful or liked TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 44. For questions 1-10, choose from the answers A-D. You may need more than one answer to a question. Write for Money Management Camp for Talent in Disguise A B C D for “I’ll never …desert you” for Education Pays Which paragraph speaks about 1 elite education? 2 mainstream education? 3 adventures of a swindler ? 4 a person who doesn’t want to live on his own? 5 an academic experiment? 6 traveling? 7 sponsorship? 8 divorce? 9 change of occupation? 10 four American cities? 72 45. Complete the synthetic review of the texts. Topic (What are the articles about?) The …(1) weaving 4 stories is young generation’s …(2). Main Idea (What is the main inference of the articles?) According to the information provided, financial upbringing …(3) social conventions. Major Details (What facts support the main inference?) …(4) demonstrate …(5) on the issue: with systematic education at one extreme, to …(6) for the economic component of the …(7) at the other. All the attempts to …(8), whatever various, - from expensive elite forms (Money Management Camp) to …(9) (Education Pays), offering …(10) - draw criticism of spoilt childhood and …(11) mainly because of adults’ self-induced …(12) to show due consideration for the issue. The consequences of this …(13) might range from immature …(14) and sponging on parents (“I’ll never …desert you”) in young adults to …(15) and even opting for criminal life (Talent in Disguise). Conclusion (What conclusions can be derived from the information provided?) All arguments …(16), instilling fundamental principles of adequate financial behavior in children …(17) in future. 1. 2. связующая нить финансовая ответственность 3. способствует зрелому отношению к 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Подборка статей поляризация современного общества полное пренебрежение полноценное воспитание дать детям основы экономических знаний общедоступные программы общеобразовательных школ финансовое стимулирование высокой академической успеваемости низкая эффективность нежелание невнимательное отношение нежелание нести финансовую ответственность полное презрение к принятым нормам поведения 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. принятые во внимание 17. обеспечивает подобающее отношение к важности денег SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 46. How do you understand the following statements? Give reasons to prove your stance. Psychologists warn that money can actually make kids perform worse by cheapening the act of learning. Our kids are not learning at the rate they should be despite decades of reforms and budget increases. 73 LANGUAGE FOCUS 47. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.Here is a photograph of her, aged about two, absorbed … a copy of “The New York Times”. 2. I’ve always liked having a television news channel on … the background as I work, but it’s recently moved … the foreground and turned … a masochistic addiction. 3. Twitter is a place where people can fire … a message … the heat … the moment and it is immediately … public circulation. 4. Do you sometimes scribble … two different spellings to see which is correct? 5. It was a dream of mine to bring back … use a watermill. 6. English secondary schools tend to produce gains for the highest achievers … the expense … losses for the lowest achievers. 7. We would opt … a traditional wedding rather than a Hollywood-style one. 8. At the hotel our experienced staff are always … hand to serve guests. 9. When we set … … this project, we knew it would be a challenge. 10. She was consumed … panic and fear at the thought of being fired. 11. I often drove her car; she, … choice, never drove mine. 12. What separates us … the animals is our ability to learn … experience. 48. Core vocabulary. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. CONTRIBUTE, CONTRIBUTING, CONTRIBUTION 1. The company contributed a lump sum towards training costs. 2. He had very little to contribute to the discussion. 3. A longtime correspondent for “the Newsweek”, Mac Margolis has also contributed to “The Economist”, and is the author of several documentaries. 4. Unemployment contributes directly to homelessness. 5. Community police have made a very positive contribution to crime prevention. 6. Speed is a contributing factor to many road accidents. 7. Rubin is a contributing writer for “The New York Times Magazine”, who writes frequently about the Middle East. WORTH, WORTHLESS, WORTHY 1. Pop veteran Sir Cliff Richard added £12m to his fortune and is now worth £50m. 2. A survey of more than 700 shops has found that shoplifters steal almost €500m worth of goods every year. 3. As much as a month’s worth of rain is predicted to fall in parts of the South of England over the weekend. 4. I do not want anyone who is not up to the job, I want to make sure each employee is worth his salary. 5. To meet and discuss with those that hold alternative points of view is certainly a worthy objective. 6. Academics are campaigning against plans to put an end to university research that is considered worthless. 49. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. 1. Многие местные предприятия предложили пожертвовать деньги на ремонт школы. 2. Его открытия значительно способствовали развитию науки в прошлом веке. 3. В современных семьях довольно часто муж и жена вносят равные доли в семейный бюджет. 4. Этот молодой талантливый фотограф регулярно сотрудничает с журналом «Тайм». 5.Всем нам хочется думать, что мы вносим позитивный вклад в развитие общества. 1. Как ты думаешь, какова стоимость этой картины? 2. Только за последний год иностранные покупатели приобрели недвижимость в Лондоне на 532 миллиона евро. 3. Выходные будут радовать нас солнечной погодой. 4. Выбирая учебное заведение важно задуматься, стоит ли его диплом усилий, затраченных на то, чтобы поступить в него. 5. Нельзя отрицать, что эта команда по праву является чемпионом Англии. 6. Твоим обещаниям – грош цена. 7. Может 74 SHARE, TO SHARE 1. The writer shares many more of his views in his new memoir. 2. He decided the sweet girl who shared her lecture notes with him was definitely worth paying close attention to. 3. The first UKIsraeli film treaty aims to share talent and resources between the two countries. 4. He has suffered more than his fair share of disappointments. 5. He does his share of cooking. TO SECURE, SECURE, SECURITY 1. Garden squares, as much as the Royal Parks, secure London’s reputation as a green and leafy city. 2. She was one of the lucky few to secure a job in advertising. 3. The police escort secured the route of the American president. 4. Most of us still don't properly secure our children in the car. 5. Anne Smith celebrates her 70th birthday today in the knowledge that her status as the nation’s favourite cook is secure. 6. Security experts accused some banks of not bearing their responsibility to make internet banking secure against theft. быть, это кольцо ничего не стоит, но для меня оно бесценно. 1. Я согласен с мнением моего коллеги. 2. Можно я сяду за ваш стол? 3. Эти средства будут распределены между 30 организациями по защите окружающей среды. 4. На нашу долю определенно выпала удача. 5. Она согласилась, что отчасти виновата. 1. Он заручился широкой поддержкой руководящих членов партии. 2. Ему удалось достать два билета на спектакль. 3. Им нелегко будет одержать победу в этом матче. 4. Пачка писем была надежно перевязана бечевкой. 5. Он всегда верил в осторожное и надежное размещение своего капитала. 6. Дом надежно защищен от взломщиков. Words used with secure: support, a contract, a victory, a medal, peace, future ,leadership 50. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary . Change the whole structure of the sentence. MODEL: 50% of the violent crimes are caused by alcohol. – Alcohol is … Alcohol is a contributing factor in 50% of the violent crimes. 1. I asked my parents to pay part of the cost of my driving lessons, they didn’t mind it. – My parents agreed …. 2. During the discussions everyone spoke except Smith, there wasn’t any participation on his part. – During the discussions Smith 3. They thought that the pilot was negligent, which might have been one of the causes of the disaster. – The pilot’s negligence … 4. Damage, caused by the earthquake and the tsunami in Japan, amounts to $235 billion. - The earthquake and the tsunami caused … 5. So few students showed up at a new class at the yoga studio that the teacher declined to teach as it was just a waste of her time. – It simply was not … 6. They insisted that they should discuss this burning issue immediately. - The burning issue is … 7. Your ambition deserves much respect. – It is a … 8. It’s only fair that the running costs of the car should be divided between all of us. – We all should … 9. His enthusiasm about going hiking was as strong as ours. – He … 10. They aimed at achieving the release of the hostages. – Their main aim is … 11. The steel bars are fastened firmly to the window frame by screws. – Screws … 12. No one wants to worry about money when retired. – Everyone wants to be … 75 WORD BUILDING 51. Recast the sentences using words with the prefixes under- and over. Change the structure of the sentence, if required. Make use of the words in brackets, if given. 1. Now we understand that we failed to recognize how important and valuable for our company he was. – In hindsight, he is sure to … 2. In her articles she provides a reader with too much unnecessary sentiment that is difficult to stomach. – She is a journalist who … 3. He guessed that he was not that strong, but he was far wrong in his guessing. – He realized that he … • OVERBURDEN 4. The harm he had done suddenly made him feel remorse. (with) – He • OVERCHARGE was suddenly … • UNDERVALUE 5. I paid $20 more than the real price was. The cashier neglected to tell • UNDERPAID me about it. (by) – The cashier … • OVERCOME 6. They receive ridiculously little money for their work which is so dangerous. – They are … • OVERDUE • UNDERESTIMATE 7. A revival of popularity is under way in cinema in Britain. - Cinema • OVERWHELMING in Britain is … 8. You are long behind with the decision on this issue. – The • UNDERTAKING decision on this issue is … • UNDERGO 9. Is it commercially worthwhile to get engaged in this project. – Is this a… 10. This candidate is gaining the support of almost all the voters. – The support for this candidate is … PHRASAL VERBS 52. Explain the meaning of the phrasal verbs with particles AROUND and THROUGH. bring get go talk 1.There is no getting around it. We are just going to have to pay. 2. Elsa gently slapped his face to bring him around. 3. Let’s go through the details again. 4. Her parents didn’t want her to go to study in Britain, but she managed to talk them around.5. Diane failed but her sister got through the exam. 6. Boris can talk you through the application form.7. There is a rumour going around that Ralph and Sarah are having an affair. 8. His aunt helped to bring him through the period after his parents died. 76 GRAMMAR CLINIC 53. Revise non-finite forms of the verb. Render the following text into English. АФЕРИСТ ВСЕЯ РУСИ Известно, что Гоголя всегда увлекали истории с резкими и неожиданными поворотами сюжета. И чем более анекдотичной и необычной кажется внешняя оболочка произведения, тем ярче и типичнее предстает перед нами реальная картина жизни. Поэма «Мертвые души» - описание финансовой авантюры Чичикова, похождения которого позволяют нам исколесить всю российскую провинцию. И афера, которая на первый взгляд видится невероятной и анекдотичной, постепенно приобретает достоверность. Предполагалось, что помещики и чиновники несут ответственность за судьбы людей. Однако не нужно быть ясновидящим, чтобы понять, что они совершенно равнодушны к своему долгу. Мелкий и не очень мелкий корыстный расчет, очевидно, определяет все их поведение и постепенно доводит человеческую личность до полной деградации. Повсеместное казнокрадство, коррупция и моральное разложение общества, - вот русские реалии середины ХIХ века. В этой ситуации метаморфоза Чичикова: от мальчишки, не считавшего зазорным поживиться за счет одноклассников, и начинающего карьериста, угождающего начальству, до расторопного, проницательного и «бескорыстного» таможенного чиновника, умудрившегося наладить надежный канал контрабанды, - не кажется исключительной. Кульминацией карьеры авантюриста становится махинация с покупкой мертвых душ, чтобы впоследствии заложить их в опекунском совете. Невероятно? Отнюдь. Действительность Николаевской России сама по себе столь парадоксальна, что здесь могут совершаться самые неправдоподобные с точки зрения здравого смысла события. (По материалам С.И.Машинского) JOINT RESEARCH 54. Voice your opinion on one of the following statements. Speak for 2 minutes. Young people delay setting up a home of their own evading financial responsibility. Leaving home is a way of establishing independence and is an important step in the transition to adulthood. There's a big payoff to raising financially savvy children. Only kids who learn about money early become financially responsible citizens. Linking chores to an allowance provides a stimulus and contribute to the chores-doing enthusiasm. The great trick to teaching kids about money is to let them use it the way they want. Kids have to make mistakes in order to learn. The issue of a regular child allowance requires a law. Financial incentives for schoolchildren are unacceptable as they undermine moral values of education. 77 CLOSE-UP 55. Render the text into English using the vocabulary of the unit. Четыре финансовые ошибки во имя любви Когда мужчина и женщина любят друг друга и стремятся к тому, что в сказках называется «и с тех пор жили вместе долго и счастливо», одним из самых сильных искушений, которое им придется испытать, является соблазн владеть или пользоваться чем-либо вместе. На одинаковых условиях. Что мое – твое. “Mi dinero – su dinero.” Придется признать тот грустный факт, что, когда отношения исчерпывают себя, денежный вопрос может вылиться в катастрофу. А нередко именно он оказывается источником разногласий, которые в свою очередь приводят отношения к краху. Вот четыре благих намерений, которыми вымощена дорога в финансовый ад. Совместный заем На первый взгляд совместный заем кажется вполне естественным шагом – ведь вы же любите и доверяете друг другу. Однако будьте осторожны. Это не просто ваша подпись на листке бумаги. Последствия этого шага могут испортить вашу кредитную историю на многие годы вперед. Каким бы замечательным и надежным ваш спутник не был, стоит задуматься, почему вас просят вас взять совместный заем. Возможно, в прошлом у него или нее были проблемы с выплатой кредита и поэтому сейчас получить новый кредит без со-заемщика невозможно. Это может свидетельствовать о том, насколько ответственно или безответственно он/она относятся к взятым на себя обязательствам, например, по кредитам, а в конечном итоге и к вам. Вы окажетесь на крючке у банка, если ваш со-заемщик не выполнит своих обязательств по кредиту. Сборщики долгов нацелятся на вас, когда придет время возврата денег, потому что они идут к тем, до кого легче всего добраться. В результате помимо того, что за вами будут охотиться сборщики долгов, оценка вашей кредитоспособности опустится до самого низкого уровня. «Я считаю, вполне естественным для молодых людей брать совместный кредит, так как это еще больше сближает их. Однако полагаю, что им также необходимо иметь отдельные кредитные истории, чтобы в непредвиденной ситуации – болезнь, смерть, развод – остаться независимым и уверенным в своем финансовом положении», - говорит аналитик отдела потребительских кредитов. Оплата счетов Нередки случаи, когда один из двоих, живущих вместе, молодых людей зарабатывает больше, чем другой. Помимо уязвленного самолюбия здесь скрывается гораздо более серьезный повод для беспокойства. Возможно, один из вас или вы оба не имеете достаточного опыта в оплате счетов. Или вы еще не думаете всерьез о браке, и поэтому неважно, кто за что платит. Однако не стоит недооценивать важность этой стороны взаимоотношений. Необходимо тщательно обдумать, когда и как объединять ваши денежные ресурсы в один счет. И следует ли это вообще делать. 78 Ипотека Американская мечта для многих молодых пар, прежде всего, связана с покупкой своего первого дома. Но с этим не стоит спешить. Нужно понимать, что такое имущество, как дом, может усложнить ваши отношения. Вы готовы ежемесячно выплачивать значительную сумму по ипотечному кредиту? Готовы нести бремя расходов по страховке и содержанию дома? Это большие суммы, на которые вы должны согласиться добровольно. Отсутствие стратегии отхода Сложно сохранять трезвую голову в упоении страстью, когда сердца бьются в унисон и невозможно разомкнуть объятья. Но надо. Иногда отношения, казавшиеся нерушимыми, заканчиваются. Поэтому, стоит заранее обсудить, что произойдет, если ваши финансовые договоренности переживут ваши личные отношения. Необязательно переводить этот разговор в форму добрачного соглашения, но определенно, некоторые конкретные пункты необходимо оговорить устно, а некоторые и закрепить в письменной форме. Например: Как распоряжаться совместными кредитными карточками? Каков план выплаты совместно приобретенного кредита? Кто получает нематериальные активы и какие? Конечно, это не самые приятные темы для беседы во время свидания, но, в конечно счете, такие обсуждения помогут избежать неопределенности и переживаний при расставании. Чего, мы надеемся, никогда c вами не произойдет. NEWSWEEK-based article, 2011 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 56. What do you think of the following statements? Give reasons to prove your stance. Speaking of financial advice it would be erroneous to make any generalisations as what is right for one couple is wrong for another. Financial stability provides a solid basis for happiness. REVISION AND EXTENSION 57. Choose the right word. 1. (a) We had to work a lot of overtime to meet the strict production … . (b) Historic sites are featured prominently in their … (schedule/itinerary). 2. (a) The pressure group is calling for higher … on education. (b) They had to repair the damage at their own … . (expense/expenditure) 3. (a) He is a key figure in the International … for Economic Development. (b) They argue for the reform of existing political …(s) . (institution/institute) 4. (a) After a prolonged silence Jeremy … said “You have to take any job you can get – you can’t pick and choose.” (b) I was right … . (after all/finally) 5. (a) Agriculture is the backbone of the national … . (b) Their ideas sound fine in principle but they haven't worked out the … behind the policies. (economics/economy) 6. (a) The company operates a strict no-smoking … . (b) Consensus … places a high value on existing political institutions. (policy/politics) 7. (a) We thought it was a … objective. (b) Most of the applicants were not considered … interviewing. (worth/worthy) 8. (a) A bridge between … wisdom and modern insight is now being built. (b) This word is not … among us. (conventional/common) 9. (a) The plan seemed to … real advantages. (b) I would respectfully … a different explanation for the company’s decline. (offer/ suggest) 10. (a) With normal …, the equipment should last at least five years. (b) Guests have free … of the hotel swimming pool. (use/usage) 79 58. Read the text and choose the best words to fill in the gaps. GOLD Gold has been widely used throughout the world as a vehicle for monetary …1…, either by issuance and recognition of gold coins …2… through gold-convertible paper instruments. However, gold …3… has not grown in relation …4…the world's economies. Today, gold mining output is declining. With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's gold reserves and their trading …5… have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to gold were no longer sustained. At the beginning of World War I the warring nations moved to a fractional gold standard, inflating their currencies to …6… the war effort. After World War II gold was replaced by a system of …7… currency following the Bretton Woods system. Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to gold have been abandoned by world governments, to be replaced by fiat currency instead. Switzerland was the last country to …8… its currency to gold; it backed 40% of its value until the Swiss joined the International Monetary …9… in 1999. …10… gold is too soft for day-to-day monetary use and is typically hardened by alloying with copper, silver or other base metals. The gold content of alloys is …11… in carats (k). Pure gold is designated as 24k. English gold coins intended for …12… from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown gold, for hardness (American gold coins for circulation after 1837 contained the slightly lower amount of 0.900 fine gold, or 21.6 kt). Many holders of gold …13… it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge …14… inflation or other economic disruptions. However, some economists do not believe gold serves as a hedge against inflation or currency …15… . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A SWAP BUT PRODUCTS OF SYSTEM FINANCE WEAK LINK ASSOCIATION PURE LIMITED COMMUNICATION HOLD AGAINST DECREASE B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B EXCHANGE NOR PRODUCER AGAINST MARKET STOP DOMESTIC CORRELATE FUND CLEAR MEASURED ROTATION MAINTAIN BEHIND DECLINE C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C COMPARE AND PRODUCTION FOR COMMODITY TRANSFORM CONVERTIBLE COINCIDE ORGANIZATION CLEAN TRIED CIRCULATION STORE FORWARD LESSENING D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D SHIFT OR PRODUCE TO BALANCE BEAR TRANSPORTABLE TIE ASSEMBLY TRANSPARENT PROPORTIONED RECOURSE PUT ACROSS DEPRECIATION 80 59. Complete each of the sentences, using one of the three words provided. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 My starting … as a newly qualified teacher wasn't enough to support a family. We couldn't pay the lawyer's … . … levels in manufacturing and mining dropped again last month. Customers will receive a free tape as a … with any order over $30. The publisher paid them … on their dictionaries. A company car and a mobile phone are some of the … that come with the job. You will have to find out whether or not you qualify for a … . They awarded her a … to study music abroad for one year. She paid a £500 …, and agreed to pay the balance within six months. You can send a … to us by check or postal order, using either of the forms below. Together with his wife's …, this made him a very rich man indeed. A priceless family … has been stolen and everyone in town is looking for it. The main character, played by Matt Dillon, can't afford to join-in, because he has to pay … to his ex-wife. No traveling or subsistence … will be paid by the university. All proceeds from the song are to go to … . They demanded a huge … for the return of the little girl whom they had kidnapped. The large … from his aunt meant that he could buy his own boat. If found guilty, he faces six months in jail and a heavy … . The … on imported cars has been raised. Do you have a … on your house? She had argued with a cab driver after refusing to pay her … . WAGE SALARY FEE PERKS BONUS ROYALTIES GRANT DEPOSIT PENSION HEIRLOOM DONATION DOWRY ALIMONY ALLOWANCE CHARITY RANSOM INHERITANCE FINE MORTGAGE DUTY FARE 60. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space. FUR TRADE The fur trade is a worldwide industry dealing in the …1… and sale of animal fur. In the past fur was a major source of warmth in clothing, critical prior to the organization of coal distribution. Since the …2… of the world market in the early modern period furs of polar and cold temperature mammalian animals have been the most valued. …3… fur trade contributed greatly to the exploration and colonization. Researchers tied the fur trade to an imperial struggle for power, positing that the fur trade served both as an incentive for expanding and as a method for maintaining …4… . Because of the wealth at stake, governments competed with each other for the control of the fur trade with various native societies, which reserved their decisions on the support in time of war upon the …5… of more favorable trade conditions. 1. ACQUIRE 2. ESTABLISH 3. HISTORY 4. DOMINATE 5. PROVIDE 6. PRIOR 7. ALLY 8. MEASURE 9. CONTROVERSY 10.OPPOSE 81 However, often, the political benefits of the fur trade gained …6… over the economic aspects. It is often credited as a powerful stimulus for forging …7… and maintaining good relations between different cultures. As a highly sensitive political factor, fur trade was often heavily regulated in hopes (often futile) of saving the situation and preventing abuse, taking into account the fact that unscrupulous traders often made …8… profits at the expense of credulous natives by plying them with alcohol during the transaction and buying the pelts at prices far below their true worth, which subsequently aroused resentment and often resulted in violence. Today the fur trade is gradually running down, being generally centered around fur farms and authorized wildlife hunting, but it still remains …9… due to the cruelty involved and conflicts with the tourism industry. While supporters often cite their methods as not being cruel, claiming that the animal populations are abundant and the rights of indigenous populations to practice a traditional lifestyle should be respected, animal rights organizations don’t share their optimism voicing strong …10… to the fur trade. 61. Render the text into English using the vocabulary of the unit. Выиграть миллион - мечта каждого. Человек почти всегда стремится к большим деньгам. И в этом нет ничего нового. Стоит ли спорить, что укоренившаяся модель благополучия предполагает, что в поисках счастья человек должен обязательно подняться над бедностью, а затем в условиях жесточайшей конкуренции достичь уровня, которому будут завидовать окружающие. То есть для нас счастье всегда подразумевает деньги. А если эти деньги - не результат тяжелого труда, а просто подарок судьбы, то это счастье вдвойне. Разве может быть несчастлив человек, который выиграл в лотерею огромную сумму? Мы все мечтаем о том, что будем делать с этими деньгами, но никогда не думаем о том, что и эти деньги могут что-то сделать с нами! Жизнь большинства из нас определяется нашим окружением - работа, дом, друзья, увлечения и спорт составляют наш мир. Мы - часть этого мира, а потому чувствуем себя в нем, как дома. Внезапно свалившиеся на нас деньги резко меняют все в нашей жизни. Многие принимают, как должное, что обретенное богатство освободит их от необходимости работать. Однако такая жизнь теряет какой бы то ни было смысл для человека, который не привык праздно проводить время. Еще один соблазн - новый дом в престижном районе, но, если это происходит, вы сразу же теряете старых друзей и привычный уклад жизни. И наконец, просьбы от родственников, друзей, благотворительных организаций и просто желающих получить чужие деньги. Все они считают, что вы просто обязаны как минимум поделиться с ними частью средств, а в идеале отдать им все. Откажите - станете врагами, отдадите - вернетесь к исходному уровню. Подобная перспектива счастья вряд ли покажется кому-то привлекательной. А потому, когда в следующий раз вы будете покупать лотерейный билет, остановитесь на минуту и спросите себя: действительно ли вам нужен этот выигрыш, чтобы обрести счастье, и готовы ли вы к большим деньгам? 82 SPEAKING 62. Speak for 2 minutes on one of the following quotations. Who is rich? He that is content. Who is that? Nobody. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN Lack of money is the root of all evil. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW One must be poor to know the luxury of giving. GEORGE ELIOT A large income is the best recipe for happiness I ever heard of. JANE AUSTEN Never work just for money or for power. They won't save your soul or help you sleep at night. MARIAN WRIGHT EDELMAN People say that money is not the key to happiness, but I always figured if you have enough money, you can have a key made. JOAN RIVERS Can anybody remember when the times were not hard and money not scarce? RALPH WALDO EMERSON The holy passion of friendship is so sweet and steady and loyal and enduring in nature that it will last through a whole lifetime, if not asked to lend money. MARK TWAIN Our true wealth is the good we do in this world. None of us has faith unless we desire for our neighbors what we desire for ourselves. MOHAMMED Happiness is not so much in having as sharing. We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give. NORMAN MACEWAN  NOTE PREPARING YOUR STATEMENT REMEMBER TO  stick to the TOPIC (avoiding DIGRESSION);  use ACTIVE VOCABULARY;  add variety to GRAMMAR STRUCTURES;  adhere to (oral) ACADEMIC STYLE; 83 Unit 3 LEAD-IN 1. Preferences in the choice of a career have never stayed the same, undergoing considerable changes through the ages. Answer the questions of the poll to identify modern vocational trends. DREAM JOB What is the most desirable job nowadays? ...................................................................................... What makes it so alluring? ........................................................................................ What are its benefits? .......................................................................................... What is its social status? ...................................................................................... Does it have high profile? Why/why not? ........................................................................................... What are the necessary qualifications? ....................................................................................... What traits of character does a person need to succeed in it? ........................................................................................ What are the possible shortcomings of this choice? ........................................................................................ 2. Do these PatchWORK exercises and learn more about the work we do. 84 a. Complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form. employ ▪ function ▪ labor ▪ handle ▪ be open ▪ hire 1. The sport center … daily. 2. Several generations of this family … as farmers. 3. The new program helps to … massive amounts of work. 4. A large part of the workforce in this country … in agriculture. 5. What is the cost of … by day? 6. This model does not describe accurately the way a market economy actually … . c. What is the right preposition? b. Use the following words to characterize the workers. ▪ slave-driver ▪ whiz ▪ high-flyer ▪ workaholic ▪ work-shy ▪ technofreak ▪ yes-man ▪ perfectionist Whenever a new gadget appears he gets obsessed with it and wants to introduce it in our office. Everybody knows that he is a real …. 2. Susie always seeks the highest standard in her work often forgetting about the deadline. Sometimes it is not good to be a …. 3. Mathew makes his staff work really hard. When it comes to work he is a merciless … . 4. Ron has already achieved a lot though he is only 25 and he is determined to achieve even more. He is an unmistakable … . 5. Our whole office turns to Kate when we have problems with a computer. She is an absolute … with it. 6. Claire is reluctant to spoil her relations with the management so she never disagrees with the boss. We call her our … behind her back. 7. Tom has committed himself heart and soul to his work. It wouldn’t be wrong to call him a … . 8. Alice is slow and lazy, and she is the last person to turn to for help. I don’t know why she is still with us. One thing is certain she is … . 1. d. Speak about the difference between freelance and permanent employment. What advantages does each of them offer? ▪ a backlog … work; ▪ work … progress; freelance ▪ a work … art;  …………………………………………………………….. ▪ a lifetime … sweat and  …………………………………………………………… toil;  …………………………………………………………… ▪ an increase … productivity; permanent ▪ operate … … fixed rules;  …………………………………………………………… ▪ the daily grind …  …………………………………………………………… household chores  …………………………………………………………… 3.Read the extracts from THE HISTORY of WORK ETHIC after Roger B. Hill, Ph.D., and match subtitles with corresponding paragraphs. 85 OPPORTUNITY FOR EMPOWERMENT NO PROSPECTS SOCIAL USEFULNESS SEEKING MOTIVATION AND FULFILLMENT VIRTUOUS IDLENESS SHARING WITH THE WORSE-OFF EXPIATION OF A SIN SUBJECT OF CONTROVERSY 1. Traditional Christian beliefs state that sometime after the dawn of creation, man was placed in the Garden of Eden "to work it and take care of it". What was likely an ideal work situation was disrupted when sin entered the world and humans were ejected from the Garden. Work was viewed as a "curse devised by God explicitly to punish the disobedience and ingratitude of Adam and Eve". 2. The Greek and the Romans also regarded work as a curse. Manual labor was for slaves. The cultural norms allowed free men to pursue warfare, large-scale commerce, and the arts, especially architecture or sculpture. Mental labor and the mechanical arts were deplored because they required a person to use practical thinking, "brutalizing the mind till it was unfit for thinking of truth". It was recognized that work was necessary for the satisfaction of material needs, the purpose for which the majority of men labored was "in order that the minority, the élite, might engage in pure exercises of the mind - art, philosophy, and politics". Although work was something that would degrade virtue, wealth was not directly related to virtue except in the matter of how it was used. In the view of the Stoics wealth should be pursued for the purpose of generosity and social good. 3. In the culture of the medieval period, work still held no intrinsic value. The function of work was to meet the physical needs of one's family and community, and to avoid idleness which would lead to sin. To the purely negative view was added the positive aspect of earnings which prevented one from being reliant on the charity of others for the physical needs of life. Wealth was recognized as an opportunity to share with those who might be less fortunate and work which produced wealth therefore became acceptable. People who were wealthy were expected to meet their own needs, but to give the excess of their riches to charity. 4. With the Reformation, a period of religious and political upheaval in western Europe during the ХVIth century, came a new perspective on work. Two key religious leaders who influenced the development of western culture during this period were Martin Luther and John Calvin. Luther believed that work was the universal base of society and a person should work diligently in his own occupation since God assigned each person to his own place in the social hierarchy. Luther also believed that each person should earn an income which would meet his basic needs, but to accumulate or horde wealth was sinful. According to Calvin men were not to lust after wealth, possessions, or easy living, but were to reinvest the profits of their labor into financing further ventures. Using profits to help others rise from a lesser level of subsistence violated God's will since persons could only demonstrate that they were among the Elect through their own labor. In addition, unlike Luther, Calvin considered it appropriate to seek an occupation which would provide the greatest earnings possible. If that meant abandoning the family trade or profession, the change was not only allowed, but it was considered to be one's religious duty. 5. In the capitalist world the idea of work as a calling had been replaced by the concept of public usefulness. Economists warned of the poverty and decay that would befall the country if people failed to work hard, and moralists stressed the social duty of each person to be productive. Schools taught, along with the alphabet and the spelling book, that idleness was a disgrace. This philosophy of work though did not eliminate the social hierarchy which gave status to those whose wealth allowed exemption from toil and made gentility synonymous with leisure. 6. In the factories, skill and craftsmanship were replaced by discipline and anonymity. The sense 86 of control over one's destiny was missing in the new workplace, and the emptiness and lack of intellectual stimulation in work threatened the work ethic, the central component of which was the promise of psychological reward for efforts in one's work, but the factory system did little to support a sense of purpose or self-fulfillment for those who were on the assembly lines. The factory system also threatened the promise of economic reward--another key premise of the work ethic. Now that factories could produce more than the nation could use, hard work and production no longer always provided assurance of prosperity. 7. By the end of World War II it was realized that unless the environment provided a challenge, workers became lazy. Managers turned their attention to finding various ways to make jobs more fulfilling for workers. Human relations became an important issue and efforts were made to make people feel useful and important at work with the view to boosting their motivation and creativity. Such factors as achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and personal growth were conducive to achieving job enrichment and motivated workers to perform better. In contrast, salary, company policies, supervisory style, working conditions, and relations with fellow workers tended to impair worker performance if inadequately provided for, but did not particularly improve worker motivation when present. But the basic nature of the workplace remained unchanged. The adversarial relationship between employee and employer persisted. 8. Information age jobs were high-discretion and required considerable thinking and decisionmaking on the part of workers. The work ethic of the 1980's stressed skill, challenge, autonomy, recognition, and the quality of work produced. Higher levels of education became necessary along with skills at solving problems, managing people, and applying the latest information to the tasks at hand. With increased education, higher expectations and aspirations for careers emerged. SPEECH PATTERNS 4. Study the patterns and translate the sentences into Russian. 1. For some downshifters, such a dramatic life swap IS ANYTHING BUT a stress-free nirvana. He is always a little shy, he is actually anything but the showman. She looked anything but exhausted. He’s an ordinary man. His life, though, is anything but. 2. His father had ALL BUT ordered him not to go to sea. He was all but dead when we found him. (almost) His name is unknown to all but a few British readers. England all but secured their place in Monday's cricket final. 3. Darwin was GOAL-ORIENTED and brave. A neurophysiologist writes about male and female-oriented brains. My school was not rugby-oriented but they introduced rugby into the curriculum when I was there. It’s the kind of adult-oriented entertainment that once formed the bedrock of classical Hollywood. 87 4. The greater your capacity and willingness for facing the challenge, the more rewards fall WITHIN YOUR GRASP. We believe that this diet can work. Success is within our grasp. I am willing to pay whatever price you ask – within reason. A deal is possible, it is within reach, but it is not guaranteed. All the calls were made from within the UK on MTS’s network. 5. Paraphrase the following sentences using Speech Pattern 1 and 2. 1. At times, it must be said, Leon was far from smart. 2. The name of the business is dull but the job is really exciting. 3. Why do you say that Adlington’s Commonwealth Games were so-so?. Quite the opposite! 4. Unfortunately friendliness of our hosts leaves much to be desired. 5. It took almost everyone closest to him by surprise. 6. The case involving the maid practically collapsed in New York on Friday. 7. Until recently she was virtually unknown. 8. They nearly gave up the hope of finding her alive. 6. Paraphrase the following sentences using Speech Pattern 3. Model: - The objectives of the parliamentary group are to pursue the policies which promote public health. - The objectives of the parliamentary group are to promote health-oriented policies. 1.Men are mainly concerned with particular pieces of information when they communicate. 2. This curriculum is now heavily loaded with materials for exam preparation. 3. We should think of culture programmes which would appeal to young people. 4. The activity of this company involves exporting goods. 5. This English language course is designed for the needs of businessmen. 6. Towards the end of my economics degree I wanted to join a graduate scheme and pursue the career where my involvement in business rather than academic research would be of prior concern. 7. The content of the existing site is mainly texts. It is designed to tell stories, but only to those prepared to read through a lot of detail. 8. Left-handed men are paid better than the workers who tend to use their right hand, new research has shown. 7. Fill in the gaps with the given phrases. within reason within (the) reach (of) within smb’s grasp from within 1.Everything else, … , was negotiable. 2. The Labour Party emerged from their pre-election conference confident that victory is … . 3. This decision brings the technology … of millions of people. 4. Democratic change must grow … It cannot be implanted from the outside. 5. Tickets for £20 is something which brings the Olympics … lots and lots of people. 6. The fighting spirit has put them … a Champions title and a Champions League final. 7. The proportion of shopworkers stealing from their employers is on the rise. Ignoring these silent thieves … could result in even greater consequences. 8. Rail travel had put alternative amusements, notably the seaside, … holidaymakers. 88 8. Translate into English using Speech Patterns. 1. Мы сократили расходы практически на все самое необходимое – электричество, воду, и телефон. 2. После двух с половиной лет строительство здания, наконец, было почти закончено. 3. Землетрясение было таким сильным, что городок почти полностью разрушен. 4. "Ну, как отпуск?" - "Хуже некуда". 5. Новости были отвратительными. 6. Сотовые операторы предлагают новые тарифы, выгодные для пользования всей семьей, а также скидки на телефонные звонки для друзей. 7. Необходимо ограничить телевизионную рекламу, нацеленную на детей. 8. Я дам тебе, все, что угодно, в разумных пределах, конечно, если ты оставишь меня в покое. 9. Победа была уже у нас в руках. 10. Снижение цен на билеты сделало их доступными практически для всех. WORD BUILDING 9. Translate the sentences using the derivatives of the word WORK. 1. Марте удалось по случаю купить буфет XIX в. великолепной работы. WORKMANSHIP 2. Праздник завершился фейерверком. FIREWORKS 3. Мы попытались поровну распределить рабочую нагрузку. WORKLOAD 4. Бригада муниципальных рабочих рыла канаву вдоль дороги. WORKMAN 5. Весь персонал посетил практический семинар по подготовке WORKSHOP презентаций. WORKFORCE 6. Новая администрация решила провести переподготовку всех WORKINGS работников. WORKOUT 7. Задача исследования пролить свет на закономерности работы мозга. WORKS 8. Занятия в тренажерном зале помогут снять стресс. WORKABLE 9. Общественные работы могут быть эффективной формой наказания. 10. Неужели этот план осуществим? 89 Grammar Clinic 10. Match the halves to make a meaningful whole. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to modal verbs. 1. Moira has 3 young children, that is why she isn’t able to work full-time now. 2. According to the union representative pay increase must serve an incentive for the employees to work harder. 3. George can’t be happy with his present job. 4. You should think twice before accepting this job offer. 5. Though the British are notorious for working the longest hours in Europe, they are often not able to achieve a great deal. a. Can it be a case of reverse head-hunting? b. Yet she can’t become an outcast from the professional community. So she is working as a freelance. c. Mr. Carpenter had to act as a chair. d. So we can suggest that aggressive hiring should resume as well. e. We can’t be 100% per cent sure, though, as many workers today favor shifting to shorter working hours and lower pay to enjoy work-life balance. 6. The director couldn’t attend the meeting. f. But don’t forget to notify the foreman. 7. Some labor experts note that severe g. Their companies can often be 25% less economic downturns must be followed by productive than their continental counterparts. powerful expansions. 8. No problem, you may have your lunch h. You can hardly think of anything more later. monotonous. SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 11.How do you understand the following proverbs? Give reasons to prove your stance. Everybody's business is nobody's business. Diligence is the mother of success. Many hands make light work. 90 READING 1 Extracts from NICE WORK after David Lodge ictor Wilcox lies awake, in the dark bedroom, waiting for his alarm clock to bleep. Worries streak towards him like enemy spaceships in one of his younger son’s video games. He flinches, dodges, zaps them with instant solutions, but the assault is endless: the value of the pound, the competition from their rivals, the incompetence of his Marketing Director, the persistent breakdowns of the core blowers, the pressure from his divisional boss, last month’s accounts, the quarterly forecast, the annual review …This is Victor Eugene Wilcox, 42, the Managing Director of J.Pringle& Sons Casting and General Engineering, married, with three children, the man who earns a living in the family. *** Now let’s meet a very different character: Robyn Penrose, Temporary Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Rummidge*, in her thirties, single. She rises somewhat later than Vic Wilcox, but, unlike Vic, sleeping invariably until woken by her alarm clock. Then worries rush into her consciousness, as into his, but she deals with them in a rational, orderly manner. This morning she gives priority to the fact that it is the first day of the winter term, and that she has a lecture to deliver and two tutorials to conduct. Although she has been teaching now for some eight years, on and off, although she enjoys it, feels she is good at it, and would like to go on doing it for the rest of her life if possible, she always feels a twinge of anxiety at the beginning of a new term. This does not disturb her self-confidence: a good teacher, like a good actress, should not be immune to stage fright. *** Robyn Penrose is making her way to Lecture Room A, along corridors and down staircases thronged with students changing classes. They part before her, some fall in behind her, and follow her to the lecture theatre. She carries under one arm her folder of lecture notes, and under the other a bundle of books from which to read illustrative quotations. No young man offers to carry this burden for her. Such gallantry is out of fashion. Robyn herself would disapprove of it on ideological grounds, and it might be interpreted by other students as creeping. Robyn arranges her notes on the lectern, waiting for latecomers to settle in their seats. She taps on the desk and clears her throat. A sudden hush falls, and a hundred faces tilt towards her – curious, expectant, sullen, apathetic – like empty dishes waiting to be filled. *** Vic Wilcox is in a meeting with his technical and production managers. They file into the office and sit round the long oak table, slightly in awe of Vic, serious men in chain-store suits. Vic sits at the head of the table, dominating the audience not by his stature, which is short, but by his aggressive manner. ‘My point is simply this,’ says Vic. ‘We’re producing too many different things in short runs, meeting small orders. We must rationalize. Offer a small range of standard products at competitive prices. Any questions?’ ‘Just one point, Vic,’ says the Works Manager. ‘If we rationalize production like you say, will this mean redundancies?’ ‘No,’ says Vic, looking him straight in the eye. ‘Rationalization will mean growth in sales. Eventually we’ll need more men, not fewer.’ Eventually perhaps, but some redundancies are inevitable in the short term. *** As Robyn is winding up her lecture, and Vic is commencing his tour of the machine shop, the Dean of the Arts Faculty of Rummidge University is given a memorandum on the V 91 subject of ‘INDUSTRY YEAR SHADOW SCHEME’ to the following effect: ‘… each Faculty should nominate a member of staff to ‘shadow’ some person employed at senior management level in local manufacturing industry in the course of the winter term. A shadow, as the name implies, is someone who follows another person about all day as he goes about his normal work. In this way a genuine, inward understanding of that work is obtained by the shadow, which could not be obtained by a simple briefing or organized visit. Ideally, the shadow should spend an uninterrupted week or fortnight with his opposite number, but if that is impracticable, a regular visit of one day a week throughout the term would be satisfactory. Shadows will be asked to write a short report of what they have learned at the end of the exercise.’ After some discussions, the most junior member of the Department, Robyn Penrose, is assigned the nomination, as it’s right up her street, with her having written a book on the Victorian industrial novel. In his turn, Vic Wilcox gets a call from the administration acknowledging him of a shadow, a lecturer in English literature, arriving at the factory the next Wednesday. *** So, ten days later, Robyn Penrose set off in a snowstorm and ill humour to begin her stint as the University of Rummidge Faculty of Arts Industry Year Shadow. An hour or so passed, and they were back in Vic Wilcox’s office after what he had referred to as 'a quick whistle round the works'. Robyn sank down on to a chair, confused, battered, exhausted by the sense-impressions of the last hour. For once in her life, she was lost for words, and uncertain of her argumentative ground. She had always taken for granted that unemployment was an evil; but if this was employment then perhaps people were better off without it. What had she expected? Nothing, certainly, so like the satanic mills of the early Industrial Revolution. Robyn's mental image of a modern factory had derived mainly from TV commercials and documentaries: deftly edited footage of brightly coloured machines and smoothly moving assembly lines, manned by brisk operators in clean overalls, turning out motor cars or transistor radios to the accompaniment of Mozart on the sound track. At Pringle's there was scarcely any colour, not a clean overall in sight, and instead of Mozart there was a deafening demonic cacophony that never relented. Nor had she been able to comprehend what was going on. There seemed to be no logic or direction to the factory's activities. Individuals or small groups of men worked on separate tasks with no perceptible relation to each other. Components were stacked in piles all over the factory floor like the contents of an attic. The whole place seemed designed to produce, not goods for the outside world, but misery for the inmates. What Wilcox called the machine shop had seemed like a prison, and the foundry had seemed like hell. `There are two sides to our operation,' he had explained, when he led her out of the office block and across a bleak enclosed courtyard towards a high windowless wall of corrugated iron. `The foundry, and the machine shop. We also do a bit of assembly work - small engines and steering assemblies, I'm trying to build it up - but basically we're a general engineering firm, supplying components to the motor industry mostly.’ ‘Couldn’t all the work be done automatically?’ asked Robyn. ‘Or at least you could move the workers to other jobs occasionally, just to give them a change from the monotonous labour.’ ‘They don’t like being shunted about,’ said Vic. ‘And machine work is the thing of the future. But then we’ll have to make men redundant, because we won’t need them any more. We’re caught in a double bind here. If we don’t modernize we lose competitive edge and have to make men redundant.’ 92 ‘What we should be doing is spending more money preparing people for creative leisure,’ said Robyn. ‘People could get used to life without work.’ ‘Men like to work. It’s a funny thing, but they do. They moan about it every Monday morning, they may agitate for shorter hours and longer holidays, but they need to work for their self-respect,’ answered Vic. *** The new term at University began with a spell of fine weather. Students disported themselves on the lawns of the campus, and some tutors elected to hold their classes outdoors, and sat crosslegged on the grass, discoursing on philosophy or physics to little groups. But this idyllic appearance was deceptive. The students were apprehensive about the forthcoming examinations, and the world of uncertain employment that lay beyond that threshold. The staff were apprehensive about the forthcoming changes in the educational system. *** Yet, the second stage of the Shadow Scheme was due to start in order to improve relations between industry and the University, so now Vic Wilcox found himself at the Senior Common Room, where he and Robyn Penrose had to join a short queue for coffee. Vic looked about him in a puzzled way. `What's going on here?' he said. Are these people having an early lunch?' `No, just morning coffee.' `How long are they allowed?' Robyn looked at her colleagues lounging in easy chairs, smiling and chatting to each other, or browsing through the newspapers and weekly reviews. She suddenly saw this familiar spectacle through an outsider’s eyes, and almost blushed. ‘We all have our work to do – discussing University business, settling committee agendas, exchanging ideas about our research, or consulting about particular students. Things like that,’ she said. ‘It’s up to us how we do it.’ ‘If I was in charge,' said Vic, ‘I'd shut this place down and have that woman behind the counter going up and down the corridors with a trolley.’ ‘You see,’ said Robyn, ‘in industry, management decides who shall be made redundant in the labour force, senior management decides who shall go from junior management, and so on. Universities don’t have that pyramid structure. Everybody is equal in a sense, once they pass probation. Nobody can be made redundant against their will. Nobody will vote to make their peers redundant.’ ‘Then you’ll soon be bankrupt. Surely the answer is to change the system,’ said Vic. ‘No!’ said Robyn hotly. ‘That’s not the answer. If you try to make universities like commercial institutions, you destroy everything that makes them valuable. Better the other way round. Model industry on universities. Make factories collegiate institutions.’ ‘We wouldn’t last five minutes in the marketplace,’ said Vic. ‘So much the worse for the marketplace,’ said Robyn. ‘Maybe the universities are inefficient, maybe we do waste a lot of time arguing on committees because nobody has absolute power. But that’s preferable to a system where everybody is afraid of the person on the next rung of the ladder above them, where everybody is out for themselves, because they know that if it suited the company they could be made redundant tomorrow and nobody would give a damn.’ ‘Well,’ said Vic, ‘it’s nice work if you can get it.’ NOTE *Rummidge is an imaginary city, with imaginary universities and imaginary factories, inhabited by imaginary people, which occupies, for the purpose of fiction, the space where Birmingham is to be found on maps of the so-called real world. 93 David Lodge was born in London in 1935. He was educated at University College London, where he took his BA degree in 1955 and his MA in 1959. In between he did National Service in the British Army. He holds a doctorate from the University of Birmingham, where he taught in the English Department from 1960 until 1987, when he retired to become a full-time writer. He retains the title of Honorary Professor of Modern English Literature at Birmingham and continues to live in that city. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. David Lodge's novels include The Picturegoers (1960); Ginger, You're Barmy (1962); The British •is Falling Down (1965); Out of the Shelter (1970); Changing Places (1975), for which he was awarded both the Hawthomden Prize and the Yorkshire Post Fiction Prize; How Far Can You Go?, which was Whitbread Book of the Year in 1980; Small World, which was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1984; Nice Work, which won the 1988 Sunday Express Book of the Year Award and was also shortlisted for the Booker Prize; Paradise News (1991); and Therapy, regional winner and finalist for the 1996 Commonwealth Writers Prize. COMPREHENSION CHECK 12. Answer the following questions. (Consult the text if necessary.) 1. What is Victor Wilcox’s occupation? What worries are uppermost on his mind early in the morning? 2. What sphere is Robyn Penrose engaged in? Is she as worried in the morning as Victor? 3. What are Robyn’s and Victor’s working routines? 4. What is the essence of ‘Industry Year Shadow Scheme’? 5. What impression does a modern factory produce on Robyn? How does it differ from her mental image of it? 6. What is Vic’s view of men’s attitude to work? 7. What is the atmosphere at University? What is Vic’s reaction to it? 8. How does Robyn account for the seemingly relaxed University life? VOCABULARY PRACTICE 13. Find English equivalents in the text. 1.отдавать приоритет чему-либо; 2. вести групповые занятия; 3. почувствовать беспокойство; 4. начать обход; 5. следующего содержания; 6. в течение; 7. в свою очередь; 8. поставить кого-либо в известность о; 9. потерять конкурентоспособность; 10. период хорошей погоды; 11. пройти испытательный срок 14. Find the words in the text which mean the following: 1.a physical attack on someone; 2. a sudden strong feeling of being afraid; 3. polite and helpful treatment; 4. an official suggestion that someone should get a job, a prize etc.; 5. a period of time doing something; 6. a moving belt in a factory that moves the product being made from one stage to the next; 7. a limit at which an arrangement changes; 8. someone who is of the same age, or social status TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 15. What do the following phrases from the text imply? Paraphrase and explain. 1. They part before her, some fall in behind her, and follow her to the lecture theatre. 2. Robyn herself would disapprove of it on ideological grounds, and it might be interpreted by other students as creeping. 3. They file into the office and sit round the long oak table, slightly in awe of Vic, serious men in chain-store suits. 4. Ideally, the shadow should spend an uninterrupted week or fortnight with his opposite number… 94 5. … Robyn Penrose, is assigned the nomination, as it’s right up her street, with her having written a book on the Victorian industrial novel. 6. For once in her life, she was lost for words, and uncertain of her argumentative ground. 7. We’re caught in a double bind here. 8. The students were apprehensive about the forthcoming examinations, and the world of uncertain employment that lay beyond that threshold. 9. But that’s preferable to a system where everybody is afraid of the person on the next rung of the ladder above them, where everybody is out for themselves… 16. To what extent do your agree with the following statements? Give support from the text (avoiding lifting). Make use of the following phrases: (+) that‘s exactly the point (+/-) that’s not quite so (-) as far as I know 1. Vic Wilcox, enjoying a quiet life, sleeps like a baby. 2. Robyn Penrose’s 15-year-long experience makes her immune from a twinge of anxiety before a lecture. 3. One of Robyn’s students gallantly offers his help with her bundle of books, but she refuses politely. 4. Vic Wilcox suggests rationalizing production which will mean redundancies. 5. “Industry Year Shadow Scheme” implies following the opposite number for a fortnight uninterruptedly which gives a genuine inward understanding of the work. 6. Robyn’s first visit to Vic Wilcox’s office is quite a revelation to her. 7. Vic believes that automation is the only way to put an end to the monotonous labor. 8. Vic doubts the necessity of work for men. 9. Both the students and the faculty were apprehensive of uncertain employment. 10. Vic felt envious of the relaxed atmosphere of the academic community. 17. Complete the summary of the story providing the PLOT. Make use of the words from the box. The extracts from Nice Work by D. Lodge shed INTRODUCTION light on business and academic working styles. INDUSTRY YEAR SHADOW SCHEME, described in the BACKGROUND novel, is aimed at promoting genuine inward AND SETTING understanding of the work in different sectors. • shadow the opposite PLOT number • obvious managerial imperfections • familiar spectacle, seen through an outsider’s eyes • hierarchical and collegiate The bottom line is that newly gained knowledge CONCLUSION broadens the protagonists’ vision of the work in other sectors. 95 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 18. Answer the following questions developing the issue. How do you understand the notion "creative leisure", mentioned in the text? Why does Vic say that people like work? Do you agree with this statement? LANGUAGE FOCUS 19. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1. Although she is based in Paris, she lived in London, … and …, during filming. 2. Recent research has shown that well-educated young professionals are not immune …. gambling problems. 3. The chances of any agreement on party funding are slim …. the short term. 4. Permission to open the mine was denied …. environmental grounds. 5. The sport channel will be offering regular news …. the Games. 6. After her boss’s harsh reprimand she was completely lost …. words and close …. tears. 7. Children are better …. at boarding school than at home with parents working long. 8. There’s scarcely a soul …. sight on the island, even though it’s summer. 9. Their new house is a rural fantasy, which makes a change …. their previous home. 10. She was deeply apprehensive ….her coming assignment. 11. Their experimentation never went …. a threshold that would compromise their winning chance. 12. Those parents used to leave me …. charge … their kids. 13. …. a sense, her friend’s departure freed her from fulfilling her obligations. 14. People in business are …. …. themselves, so you have to be. 20. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. 21. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. ASSIGN, ASSIGNMENT 1. She was assigned to a special task: to infiltrate American society as a Russian undercover operative. 2. Before going hiking she assigned each member of a team a role to prepare food, roll out sleeping bags or keep watch. 3. The Project lets pupils choose a subject and assigns a tutor to help them to explore it. 4. Make a list of the problems you spot and assign a weekend to fix them. 5. Local government voted to assign 60 acres of unspoilt agricultural land for development. 6. He was on an assignment with two police officers when they chanced upon two men stealing from a factory site. 1. После того, как состоялось ее повышение в должности, ей поручили заниматься исследовательской работой. 2. Он попросил руководство компании назначить его на должность, которая не предполагает командировок. 3. Его попросили дать двух сотрудников в новый отдел. 4. Мне предоставили машину в личное пользование. 5. Он убедил правительство Кении выделить около 100,000 акров земли для национального заповедника. 6. Ее 96 новым заданием было освещение выборов в Words used with assign: work, roles, duties, местные органы. tasks, priority, blame, significance, a match, ratings, money DOMINATE, DOMINANCE, DOMINEERING, DOMINANT 1. When an event dominates the headlines, it can change the way we view what is newsworthy. 2. Credit-card advertising dominates the urban landscape—and it works. 3. I learned very early to dominate my emotions. 4. Humans must dominate aggressive domestic dogs with the constant threat of punishment. 5. The president displayed dominant personality although he was not at the center of the photo. 6. The Education Secretary attacked the dominance of a private school elite in Britain’s top institutions. 7. His book’s true hero is commonly described as domineering and overwhelming poet and warrior. 1. И снова землетрясение было главной темой новостей. 2. Над гаванью возвышается крепость, расположенная на вершине холма. 3. Принцип контроля и сдержанности является основным в жизни японцев. 4. Как правило, говорит в основном она. 5. Главным вопросом, обсуждавшимся на конференции, было изменение климата. 6. Это было время господства Австралии в международном крикете. 7. Это была странная пара. Он тихий и безобидный, она – жесткая и властная. Words used with dominate: news, conversation, debate, the agenda, communication, politics, one’s life, etc DUE (ADJ), DUE (N) 1. You can expect heated debates when the final report is due out this week. 2. You must repay the loan, and any interest that is due to pay on it. 3. The government is due for a huge scandal involving big money, bribery and politicians. 4. Due to the backlog of requests, people are being denied the ability to hold government officials accountable. 5. In this show the director shifted our attention to those who usually labor in the shadows; now they received their due. 6. Our team will have them challenging for titles in due course. 7. Churches often depend on voluntary donations rather than dues paid for membership in some other confessions. 1. Новая версия этой компьютерной программы ожидается в следующем месяце. 2. Государственные служащие должны выйти на работу 8 января. 3. Если я не сделаю этой работы, мой начальник будет очень зол и выговора мне не избежать. 4. Несчастный случай произошел из-за того, что с моста сбросили бетонный блок. 5. Только теперь этого политика начинают ценить по заслугам – ему вручена медаль Свободы. 6. Дополнительная информация будет сообщена в свое время. 7. Он не платит членские взносы не потому, что беден, а потому что жаден. AUTHORITY, AUTHORIZE, AUTHORITATIVE 1. Она подала жалобу в местные органы здравоохранения. 2. Он уверен, что имел право принимать окончательное решение при данных обстоятельствах. 3. Кто в вашей конторе главный? 4. Эта книга – авторитетный источник сведений по развитию послевоенной экономики. 5. Сотрудники оперативных служб не уполномочены комментировать свои 1. The authorities can only guess at the numbers of migrants trying to make it from North Africa to Europe. 2. The king had the authority to raise taxes without the permission of the parliament. 3. The paper has run the exclusive stories that challenge those who are in authority. 4. She was widely regarded as 97 the country’s leading authority on plant diseases. 5. Mr Coulson was arrested and questioned by police over reports that he had authorized News of the World journalists to pay police officers for information. 6. Next week the journal is planning to publish an authoritative report on drug use among teenagers. действия и не дают интервью. 6. Его поведение оправдывалось ситуацией. 7. Его внушительный вид и уверенность в себе говорят о том, что он привык руководить людьми. Words used with authority: to have, exercise, delegate, seek, undermine, limit, gain, use, show 22. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of the sentence. MODEL: Our boss is able to share his power with us and is not afraid to trust us. – He is the boss who …. – He is the boss who has a rare ability to delegate authority and trust his subordinates. 1. I was given a job to cover events at the local TV station. – The local TV station … 2. We appeal to the government and demand that financial priority should be given to supporting the elderly, society and families. – We challenge the government … 3. I secured my files against intruders and gave pseudonyms to them. My files … 4. In the USA today, the majority of students in colleges and professional schools are women. - In the USA today, women … 5. Then prime time on many radio and TV stations was given to Kennedy’s speeches. – Kennedy’s speeches … 6. After World War II, trade unions held far more importance and power than they do now. - After World War II, trade unions were … 7. TV-network analysts have stated decisively that Democrats have no influence over Congress. - TV-network analysts have stated decisively that the era of …. 8. I find it difficult to use my sole power to make a decision in such a difficult case. – It is difficult for me … 9. We think him to be a leading expert on after-crisis development. – He is considered … 10. She says she owes her success to an enormous amount of stubbornness, a little talent, and a lot of luck. – She says her success … 11. You are supposed to pay the rent on the first day of the month. – The rent is … 12. Poor management was the cause of the company’s financial losses. – The company’s financial losses … GRAMMAR CLINIC 23. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar meaning to the first one, paying attention to the modal verbs. 1. I bet Occupational Healthworks and the company’s health and safety personnel worked hand in hand to minimize the risk from the bottom up. (MUST) Occupational Healthworks and the company’s health and safety personnel …………… 2. There is no way that The National Institute of Occupational Health is a private company as it is in charge of ergonomic audit and disability management nationwide. (CAN’T) The National Institute of Occupational Health …………………………………………. 3. I guess falls are probably the major cause of accidents in the construction industry, especially in the sub-areas of scaffolding and roof work. (MAY) Falls …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. I consider unannounced safety inspections to be especially effective for the promotion of health and safety in the workplace. (MUST) 98 Unannounced safety inspections ……………………………………………………… 5. I don’t believe that the only contributing factor of industrial traumatism is the lack of appropriate protective clothing such as helmets and safety glasses. (CAN’T) The lack of appropriate protective clothing such as helmets and safety glasses ……… 6. The only explanation for an unusually high incidence of absenteeism among assembly lines workers was occupational overuse syndrome. (MUST) An unusually high incidence of absenteeism among assembly lines workers ………… 7. I doubt that this rehabilitation programme will ensure optimal recovery level. (CAN’T) This rehabilitation programme ……………………………………………………… 8. I’m certain the advice of ergonomists have contributed to significant improvements in occupational health and substantial savings for our company. (MUST) The advice of ergonomists ……………………………………………………………… 9. Some industrial accidents are likely to be caused by the desire to earn more working longer hours. (MAY) Some industrial accidents ……………………………………………………………. 10. Safety induction courses for new employees are likely to have improved the situation in safety management. (MUST) Safety induction courses for new employees …………………………………………… WORD BUILDING 24. Add negative prefixes il-, un-, dis-, in-,im-, ir- to the words to form the opposites. literate pleased conspicuous movable regular certain mature efficient relevant evitable realistic reliable competent patient practicable 25. Recast the following, using some of the words with negative prefixes. structure of the sentence, if required. variable considerate common Change the 1. I think her behaviour is rather childish for her grown up age. – She is rather … 2. The consequence of our carelessness was the accident which we couldn’t avoid. – The accident was … 3. It is not normal practice; moreover, it’s against usual rules to release the goods without an invoice. – Releasing the goods … 4. It is impossible to make the changes to the tax system in an effective and realistic way. – The changes to the tax system proved … 5. Her son didn’t want her to accompany him to the school building and she tried hard not to be noticed by him, hiding behind the bushes. – She did her best to look… 6. The rock weighed over a ton and was completely impossible to move. – The rock was … 7. These documents are largely not related to what is being investigated now. – These documents are … 8. The food is always good though they never change the menu. – The menu is … 9. He has described the council as corrupt and not having the ability to cope with its tasks. – According to him, the council is … 10. Drivers who are thoughtless of cyclists’ safety run the risk of injuring them. – The cyclists run the risk of … 99 IDIOMS 26. Translate B’s replies, paying special attention to idioms. climb (up) the ladder •show sb who is the boss 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 go to great lengths •work your fingers to the bone the dos and dont's teach sb the ropes •leave no stone unturned A Wildlife conservation groups have been working closely together with the government to save the white tigers. A You will soon understand who controls the situation in the office. A Mr Weaver said that the management would do everything possible and try every method to save the factory. A It has always amazed me that people will use so much creativity to avoid paying taxes. A Even a faint possibility of demotion is sure to make an employee work harder, forgetting about pay increase and daysoff. A Steve is so lazy. He never helps Bet with kids. •work hand in hand not lift a finger •give sb a free hand B Работа рука об руку – залог успеха в таком нелегком деле. B Вы и так вполне убедительно показали, кто здесь хозяин. Уверен, что будет сделано все возможное. B B B B A Jeffrey looks so serious and reliable and B what is more, he knows finance inside out. 8 A We are all eager to land a dream job but B are mostly unprepared to face a challenging interview. 9 A The board allows you to handle B recruitment, and promises to support any decision you make. 10 A As a journalist working in television, he B had to learn as he did the job. Парадокс, но некоторые готовы пойти на все, даже рискуя попасть в тюрьму за уклонение от уплаты налогов. Пожалуй, не только перспектива повышения, но и угроза понижения в должности может заставить нас работать не покладая рук. Бет говорит, что он и пальцем не пошевелит, если она просит помочь ей по дому и только повторяет: «Это – твоя работа». Я уверен, что он сделает отличную карьеру. Правила поведения во время интервью все еще остаются тайной для многих из нас. Значит ли это, что вы даете мне полную свободу действий? Насколько я знаю, ему никто не помогал овладеть азами профессии. 100 JOINT RESEARCH 27. Research the following aspects of a successful career. get a promotion achieve a work-life balance get a pay rise raise a team spirit carry out a successful project develop professional competence manage your time become an important team-player broaden communication skills change a career establish good rapport with superiors and inferiors make a good report Share the results with your fellow-students in a 2-min statement. 101 READING 2 HARD WORK MAKES THE DIFFERENCE Key factor to success Charles Darwin, the man who would almost single-handedly redefine biological science, at the outset, was hardly even a scientist. He started out as an amateur naturalist, a beetle collector, a 22-year-old rich-kid dilettante who, after flirting with the idea of being first a physician and then a preacher, was allowed to ship out with the Beagle as someone who might supply good conversation at the captain's table. His father had all but ordered him not to go to sea, worrying that it was nothing more than one of Charles's lengthening list of aimless exploits. But when this young man came ashore after his five-year voyage, he would not only have shed his aimlessness but would have replaced it with a scientific sense of skepticism and curiosity so rigorous and abiding that he would be a workaholic almost to the day he died. The crucial thing is that he did all this by himself. Darwin worked slowly to master a subject. But he had a restless, hungry mind. He became the model of a modern major scientist. Darwin may have been independently wealthy, but in terms of his vocation, he was a self-made man. It is a measure of his accomplishment, of how much he changed the world, that the era into which Darwin was born seems so strange to us now. Today one can be selfmade in the more conventional way. But the key to it keeps unchanged. It’s hard work, which is many things. Causes and effects We live in a complicated, fast world, surrounded by distractions. Getting down to work can be a way to free yourself of all things extraneous. Setting about the task can “I would have to work hard tomorrow. Work could cure almost anything, I believed then, and I believe it now.” Ernest Hemingway be a stress reliever, a form of meditation. When we accomplish our goal, we find an immense release in the work preceding. Conversely, it can be punishment for having a whale of a time the night before. Hard work is tunnel vision. Your working day claims your complete attention and involves all your senses and efforts to the extent of arousing a fervent desire to see the light at the end. With the work over, we are free to appreciate the world afresh and strive for its pleasures. Our feet, heads and stomachs feel light, empty and hungry. Another day of hard work has cured us of whatever burden the morning imposed on us. Consistency To keep your muscles strong or your mind sharp, you need to challenge them. The much tougher challenges will usually see a lot less competition and a lot more opportunity. Strong challenge is commonly associated with strong results. There’s an African gold mine two miles deep and tens of millions of dollars’ worth, and it’s one of the most lucrative gold mines ever. These miners tackled a very challenging problem with a lot of hard work, but ultimately it’s paying off. Hemingway knew, as every professional writer, gymnast, jockey, chef and whoever also knows, hard work takes discipline and patience, especially over time. The practice of working hard once a week for an hour illustrates how little of discipline prevails. To do it for eight hours a day, seven days a week, over any number of years sets a real challenge. Consistency is crucial. As Ericsson, a Swedish inventor, 102 notes, "Elite performers in many diverse domains have been found to practice, on average, roughly the same amount every day, including weekends." The greater your capacity and willingness for facing the challenge, the more rewards fall within your grasp and the more likely possessor of a key to a special private treasure room you are. When you discipline yourself to do what is hard, you gain access to a realm of results that are denied everyone else. Contradicting main flow Sure anyone may have a fluke every once in a while. People of lesser character will fail to bypass the low hanging fruit, avoiding hard work. The superficial opportunities of life will be attacked by hordes of people seeking a soft option and an easy path to success. The longer this remains the case, the less they will be able to maintain that success, let alone repeat it. Easy living, if unchallenged, will cause physical and mental flabbiness and very mediocre results. Steve Pavlina, an American self-help author and entrepreneur blasted through the obstacles that stopped others who have less resolve. “When I was developing the PC game Dweep,” he says. “I spent four months full-time working to create the design of a logic puzzle game. I found it extremely challenging to get the design just right. This was where I could get the competitive edge I needed. Most of the market was flooded with clones of older games, the kind of stuff that’s easiest to make. It was much, much harder to design an original game with unique gameplay. But it paid off handsomely. Dweep has won two Shareware Industry Awards in succession and it is still on offer. Everyone claims they have a cool game idea, but they are slow and shiftless to actually turn it into something workable, fun, and innovative.” When you learn to embrace hard work instead of running from it, you gain the ability to execute on your big goals, no matter what it takes to achieve them. Daily routine Hard work is no cakewalk of a job, it might be accepted as painful or uncomfortable. You have to learn to associate more pleasure to the character development you gain than the minor discomforts you experience. Then you become accustomed to spending more time outside your comfort zone. But it’s a struggle within your reach and the benefits far outweigh the cost. Routine laborious activities in those areas of your life that won’t succumb to anything less than hard work must become a fixture. It’s not make-believe, it’s a fact. Being healthy is hard work. Finding and maintaining a successful relationship is hard work. Raising kids, getting organized, achieving goals, and staying on track – all that is hard work. Even being happy means pushing yourself, as true happiness comes from high self-esteem, and not from denial and escapism. “Hard work is a potent tool to have on your side,” says Russ Ahlberg, a mechanical engineer, “I’m working hard in Toastmasters to build my speaking skills. I belong to two different clubs and attend 6-7 meetings per month. I strive to explore topics deeply and search for the gold. I’m constantly forced to better my best. I’ve given many speeches, all of them for free. I’ve competed in every speech contest since I joined. I drive myself hard to go pro. I won’t take the easy path to a shallow position. I won’t get up on a stage and spout a bunch of fluffy self-help sound bites that still garner applause and a paycheck but which don’t ultimately help anyone. I’m willing to pay the price whatever it takes. If it takes years, it takes years.” “Practice makes perfect” “Practice makes perfect”, as the saying goes. We are only human, that is why perhaps we can never attain true perfection, 103 but each day of practice does bring you closer, as something is always being accomplished. “If as a writer, “says Tim Sharpe, a famous novelist, “you spend six months writing a novel and realize when it’s done that it’s dreadful, you’ll have mastered your skills due to working on it every day. It might be disappointing that you have to chuck your manuscript into the fire, but you are sure to learn from your mistakes. Your strenuous efforts will be an engine of your tremendous growth.” When eventually developed maturity and responsibility give you the understanding that certain goals will never just flow into your life; they’ll only happen to if you act as the driving force to bring them to fruition. As a bonus, the more you get used to using your own unique skill set, the more confident you will be in your abilities. Hard work fosters faith in yourself. All the qualities that hard work demands, like discipline, patience, confidence and persistence do not come naturally to many of us. “I am a very impatient person by nature,” confesses Tim Sharp, “I fidget when I sit still for any length of time. I used to skip classes in college simply because I couldn’t sit through an hour of footbouncing boredom. But the more I commit myself to working hard at writing, the greater I find my reserves of patience within myself and with many other things like … bad drivers. Let me tell you, during the winter season, there are plenty of bad drivers on the road.” Motivation It is a strong purpose that gets you to the point and turns hard work into a necessity, never an option. While purpose is the why, hard work is the how. Purpose is what turns labor into labor of love and transmutes the pain of hard work into the higher level pleasure of dedication, commitment, resolve, and passion. It turns pain into strength, eventually to the point where you don’t notice the pain as much as you enjoy the strength. Where does it all leave us? If Darwin was not so irreplaceable as, for example, Thomas Alva Edison, that should not gainsay Darwin’s accomplishment. We must give him his due. He was goal-oriented and brave. He risked his health and his reputation to advance his idea. Darwin was shaped by circumstances, he reacted to the beliefs that steered the world into which he was born and ultimately he reshaped his corner of that world and left it irrevocably changed. All of us have the same chance. VOCABULARY PRACTICE 28. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. 1.сначалa; 2. обдумывать мысль без серьёзных намерений её осуществления; 3. что касается его профессии; 4. заново полюбить жизнь; 5. возлагать ответственность, ношу; 6. взяться за решение проблемы; 7. стоять перед необходимостью решать сложную задачу; 8. дело «проще простого», «пара пустяков»; 9. стать привычным явлением, обыденностью; 10. стать профессионалом в своем деле; 11. достигать совершенства; 12. Заставить приносить плоды; 13. укреплять веру в себя; 14. полностью отдавать себя какому-либо делу 29. Find the words and word combinations which mean the same in the text: 1. to get rid of the state of not having a goal; 2. to enjoy oneself very much; 3. to test smb’s skills and abilities; 4. to bring some benefit; 5. to have an accidental stroke of luck; 6. the easiest thing to do; 7. to accept the fact that hard work is a necessity; 8. to lose your ability to fight against smb or smth, and allow them to control you; 9. to force yourself to work very hard at smth; 10. to be influenced by the situation and people involved in it 104 TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 30. Explain what the following sentences from the text imply by paraphrasing them. Pay special attention to the underlined parts. 1. It is a measure of his accomplishment, of how much he changed the world, that the era into which Darwin was born seems so strange to us now. 2. Hard work is tunnel vision. 3. People of lesser character fail to bypass the low hanging fruit. 4. Easy living, if unchallenged, will cause physical and mental flabbiness and very mediocre results. 5. This was where I could get the competitive edge I needed. 6. The longer this remains the case, the less they will be able to maintain that success. 7. I’m not going to take the easy path to a shallow position. 31. Choose the appropriate endings for the sentences. 1.Charles redefined science, Darwin, who a. was committed to his vocation since his early childhood. biological b. had been keen on many different subjects before he found the one of particular interest. c. relied on the support of his father when he embarked on his voyage. 2.Hard work relieves us of a. surrounding distractions. b. life pleasures. c. the imposed burden. 3. Only through consistency a. can the person reap benefits. of hard work a. can you gain access to the most lucrative gold mine. c. can you ignore the necessity of discipline. 4. Success is not compatible a. with taking the line of least resistance. b. with rejecting soft options. c. with radical innovations. 5. Even mundane daily a. firm denial from true happiness. chores involve b. hard labour and character development. c. fierce competitions on catwalks. 6.Perfection, though not a. is easily accomplished when the person matures into adulthood completely attainable, b. fosters faith in your abilities. c. can only be approached through practice. 7. Motivation a. transmutes work into a necessity. b. turns a necessity into an option. c. gainsays accomplishment. 32. Finish the summary of the story providing MAJOR DETAILS and CONCLUSION. Keep to the plan. According to the writer though caused by different reasons and always giving a welcome release from an imposed burden, hard work is only effective when complemented with other factors. According to the writer despite a welcome release from an imposed Main Idea (What is the writer’s burden, hard work is only effective when complemented with other stance on the issue?) factors. Topic (What is the text about?) 105 Major Details (How does the writer prove his stance?) Conclusion (Paraphrased main idea) SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 33. Take a stance on the following statements: Challenging work, when intelligently chosen, pays off. People who avoid challenging work have a serious character flaw. LANGUAGE FOCUS 34. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1. He gradually lost the editorial independence he had been promised …. the outset. 2. …. terms of money, their enterprise was quite a success. 3. She was born …. a wealthy family. 4. In the fulfillment of the project they rely …. a great extent on public support. 5. Nothing could cure him …. his nervousness. 6. We need to impose bans …. sales of endangered marine species.7. His strategy of sharing the responsibilities with his employers has eventually paid … . 8. It now costs £1,038 a month …. average to rent a home in London. 9. He has achieved everything that is …. his grasp in this company. 10. She has won three major tennis tournaments …. succession. 11. There are some fine wines …. offer at Selfridges. 12.Mankind may succumb …. temperature change, over-population or other ills, but the planet will carry … . 13. You try your hardest to stay focused and stay …. track. 14.I found it difficult to sit …. a 200-hour criminal case involving testimony from 411 witnesses. 35. Core Vocabulary. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. FAIL(V), FAIL (N), FAILURE, FAILING 1. Some schools falling apart from age and neglect have failed to meet the Education Department’s standards. 2. A privately run museum is condemned to fail without public 36. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. 1. Им не удалось выдвинуть ни одного практического пути для решения проблемы. 2. Здоровье ее ухудшалось, но, казалось, она наслаждается каждым мгновением своей жизни. 3. Водитель утверждает, что у него отказали тормоза, и он не смог 106 support. 3. Diana’s marriage to Charles may have failed, but she was an incredible mother to William and Harry. 4. Ben is a former musician who cannot stop telling other people what to do, even as he fails at everything himself. 5. You should learn from her how to make a failure into success. 6. She has her failings, but, by common consent, she is by far the most modern and forward-thinking leader of our time. 7. Today common efforts to secure peace in the region are on the brink of failure. 8. Here’s what I do at the weekend, pretty much every weekend, without fail: nothing. CLAIM (V), CLAIM (N) 1. The Conservatives can no longer claim to be the party of business, let alone of progress. 2. Seventy per cent of Britons claim to have read books, they haven’t, to keep face. 3. The emotional and political intrigue will ultimately claim his life. 4. If people rather than the Government, are responsible for the positive change then politicians cannot claim credit for the improvements. 5. I must say I am baffled by claims of laziness. 6. I make no claims to be a mathematics genius, but this task solution is wrong. 7. Peter has at least one claim to fame. He is the first Winchester old boy to be a chief constable. IGNORE, IGNORANCE, IGNORANT 1. Mr. Watanabe was taking a grave risk by ignoring the warnings of health officials and remaining inside the Fukushima nuclear station zone. 2. Watching this documentary, it was impossible to ignore how little we’re doing to stop dangerous people from buying deadly weapons. 3. Too much homework will drain teenagers, and it’s sometimes reasonable to tell your child to ignore the homework and just go to sleep. 4. During the midterm elections, candidates largely ignored foreign policy. 5. A lot of people convinced of his innocence remained in ignorance about this person. 6. остановиться. 4. В этом фильме героя постигает неудача в выполнении поставленной задачи. 5. Меня очень расстроило, что я не смог заручиться его поддержкой. 6. Ведущий эксперт в этой области выявил основные недостатки представленного проекта. 7. Сообщается, что одна из самых крупных туристических компаний, MyTravel, - на грани разорения. 8. Это лекарство нужно обязательно принимать каждый день. 1. Новая партия заявляет, что они представляют более 20,000 малых предприятий. 2. Исследователи утверждают, что они обнаружили новый вид птиц в джунглях Амазонки. 3. Землетрясение унесло жизни 20 человек и еще сотни остались без крова над головой. 4. Я не могу приписать себе все заслуги в успехе нашего совместного предприятия. 5. Руководство проигнорировало его заявления о предвзятом отношении со стороны его начальника. 6. Я не утверждаю, что обладаю какими-либо знаниями по этому предмету. 7. Этому политику есть чем гордиться – практически все газеты требуют его отставки. 1. Данный подход не учитывает сложность современного бизнеса. 2. Он вечно дает мне советы, что я должен делать, но я просто не обращаю на них внимания. 3. Выводы, сделанные после проведенных опросов, были слишком убедительными, чтобы пренебречь ими. 4. Такими странными вопросами он выдал свое полное незнание истории. 5. Как оказалось позже, нам было бы лучше оставаться в полном неведении. 6. «Вы утверждаете, что не знали о том, что на этом участке дороги действует 107 The author expresses sympathy for the younger ограничение скорости». woman who may be ignorant of her husband’s true nature. 7. I didn’t like to ask him to explain it more clearly because I didn’t want to appear ignorant. ACCOMPLISH, ACCOMPLISHED, ACCOMPLISHMENT 1. This promising candidate to the White House accomplished many of the policies as governor, e.g. various reforms to stimulate business. 2. The White House has been on deadline this month to accomplish a number of legislative goals before the transition to a new Congress. 3. I feel terrific about where I am in my life, when I look back at what I’ve already accomplished. 4. This is the first house I’ve ever built – what an accomplishment! 5. This was a strange, schoolboy, error for such an accomplished athlete. 1. Пройдя 3000 миль и проведя в море 103 дня, он был близок к достижению своей цели: пересечь Атлантический океан в одиночку. 2. Благодаря Стиву Джобсу, компания «Эппл» постоянно совершенствует свою продукцию и является самой ценной технологической компанией в мире. 3. Мы не боимся конкуренции, стараемся быть лучшими во всем, что делаем, и доводим до конца начатое дело. 4. Значительным достижением было договориться о мирных переговорах. 5. В ходе исследования были опрошены две группы людей, получивших хорошее образование и добившихся успеха в жизни. 37. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of the sentence. MODEL: The latest round of a multi-million battle with former management resulted in the victory, say Rooney’s lawyers. – Rooney’s lawyers …. - Rooney’s lawyers claimed victory in the latest round of a multi-million battle with former management. 1. Their attempts to come up with some practical solution proved unsuccessful. – They … 2. A sure way to impress guests is to make use of this recipe. – This recipe never … 3. The weak points of many democracy movements are lack of social institutions and absence of leaders. - Lack of social institutions and absence of leaders … 4. More than 200 villagers died in the recent flood. – The recent flood … 5. There is an assertion that native Welsh people might be the most ancient of Britons. – Native Welsh people … 6. New York has a rock band which is famous not for the music but mainly for the age – they are from ten to twelve years old. – The young age of New York rock band is … 7. While compiling the report, these statistics were not taken into consideration by the managers. The managers … 8. His knowledge about the country’s political system was negligibly small. – He was completely … 9. Lack of knowledge and fear are the basis for these hostile attitudes. 10. When our goal is finally achieved, work can be a stress reliever. – When we finally … 11. A good command of English is a must if you are seeking this job. – You should be … 12. They have succeeded in arranging this folk festival. - Arranging this folk festival is … 108 WORD BUILDING 38. Recast the following, using verbs with the prefix –RE. Change the structure of the sentence, if required. 1. Their new sofa was bigger than the old one, so the rest of the furniture had to be arranged in a new way. – They had to … 2. To construct a more effective city’s public transport system was the task of the local council. – The local council was assigned … 3. More than half of the wasted paper in Japan goes through the second cycle. – The Japanese … 4. The new party leader promised to give a new shape to the country’s political landscape. – The new party leader promised … 5. They will have to distribute the accumulated funds differently. – The accumulated funds will have … 6. For many years the country has sought to define its new role in the world. – The country has sought … 7. Who will form Britain's unfair electoral system into a modern one? – Who will … 8. The control of the capital from rebel forces has been gained again by the government. – The government … 9. He viewed his options differently before making a final decision. – He … 10. Travel is a dream of mine, but my opportunities have always been kept within strict limits. – My busy working life has always … COLLOCATIONS 39. What words collocate? Choose the correct variant. 1. The gas companies have to lay off staff in the face of stiff contest/match/competition from oil. 2. Her going on maternity leave will create a temporary/periodical/timely vacancy. 3. The union prescribed/imposed/sentenced an overtime ban in protest at the lay-off of two workers. 4. They’d altered his shift pattern/model/regime twice in the past fortnight. 5. The candidate must give/file/pass a written application to the company. 6. We have to follow/apply/adhere to the safety guidelines issued by the head office. 7. His attack on the manager led to his prompt/instant/fast dismissal. 8. Free supply of skilled labour/work/employment acts as an added incentive for employees to be more diligent. 9. Instead of just complaining/bemoaning/swearing your fate, why not do something to change it. 10. Compromise might be reached by a process of bilateral/mutual/reciprocal negotiation. 11. Translators do not yet evaluate/assess/perceive computers as a major threat to their livelihood. 12. Ten years later this veiled woman from an Asian village made a quantum leap setting up her own employment/recruitment/hiring business in Paris. 109 GRAMMAR CLINIC 40. Translate the story from Russian into English, paying special attention to MODAL VERBS. МОНТЕР Разве стоит спорить о том, кто важнее в театре – актер, режиссер или, может быть, театральный плотник? Факты должны говорить сами за себя. В одном провинциальном театре много лет служил монтером Иван Кузьмич Мякишев. На работу его никто не мог пожаловаться. Однако когда делали общий снимок труппы, монтера этого пришлось поставить куда-то сзади, должно быть, как технический персонал. А в центр, как и следовало ожидать, посадили ведущего тенора. Иван Кузьмич ничего на это не сказал, но в душе, по всей видимости, затаил обиду. Тем более, что сняли его «как-то мутно, не в фокусе». Некоторое время спустя в этом театре играли оперу Глинки «Руслан и Людмила». Без четверти восемь являются к Мякишеву двое старых знакомых и просятся посмотреть спектакль. Монтеру, который не мог отказать приятелям, пришлось немедленно отправляться к управляющему. А тот и отвечает: - Выходной. Народу полно. Места все заняты. Сделать ничего не могу! - Ах так, - говорит Иван Кузьмич. – Ну, так и я не могу. Придется вам самим освещать ваш спектакль. Посмотрим, кто здесь важнее и кого следует в центр сажать, а кого можно сзади ставить. Выключил он во всем театре свет, закрылся на все ключи в будке и беседует со своими друзьями. Вряд ли вам удастся представить, что тут началось. Управляющий бегает. Публика истерически орет. Кассир визжит, боится, как бы у него деньги в потемках не украли. А главный оперный тенор заявляет: - Я в темноте петь не могу. Раз темно – спектакль отменяется. Тут, конечно, монтер не мог не схлестнуться с тенором. - Смею предположить, - сказал Мякишев язвительно, - что, если он здесь главный и в центре снимается, то сможет и петь, и свет зажигать! Конец неразберихе смог положить управляющий, пообещавший посадить гостей монтера на самые лучшие места. Свет немедленно зажегся и через минуту спектакль начался. Можно ли разобраться в этом сложном театральном механизме? Кто важнее? Без кого спектакль не состоится? Стоит ли задаваться – я, видите ли, – тенор, - и избегать дружеских отношений? По рассказу Михаила Зощенко 110 SIMULATION TASK GENERATING MOTIVATION 41. Employees’ motivation is an important factor of successful business. Research the issue, answering the following questions.   What are the best ways to increase employees’ motivation? Which of the motivational stimuli would you consider most important. Why? How would you motivate workers in the following positions? Explain your decision. ? ? ? ? ? ? • A bus driver in a big city, who has to work irregular hours, including early morning, evening and night shifts • An office worker dealing with customers’ complaints • A nurse working with seriously ill children • A manual worker in a printing house • A shepherd • A sales representative for a pharmaceutical company visiting hospitals 111 READING 3 Text A “The more money you spend, the longer you have to be out there earning it and the less time you get to be with the ones you love.” This motto best tests the mood of the urban exodus. Downshifting can be defined as “making conscious choices to leave materialism behind and move on to more sustainable living, moving from a lifestyle based on consumerism and a relatively high income towards one of reduced income and expenditure in order to spend more time on other pursuits.” However, downshifting does not mean simply cutting back and trying to keep up the same living standards only with less money. Downshifting requires prioritizing, an adjustment in values, and a totally different mindset… not just a change to a more frugal way of living. Downshifting is not about self-denial. You are not supposed to advisedly ignore anything of consequence to you or your family. The decisions of downshifters are taken under the influence of powerful social and cultural currents, shaped to an unprecedented degree by the symbols provided by the market. Many are desperate to get away from “living competitively”, job stress, consumerism, and feeling they have to live up to someone else’s expectations. Other people downshift because of a life changing experience, health reasons, or a crisis in the family. Redundancy used to be a terrible stigma but now it is seen as opportunity for a life swap. Whatever the reason, downshifting isn’t limited to any age or income level. “How wonderful it would be to say goodbye to commuting, crazy hours and irascible bosses. To never eat another reheat”, says Harry Dashwood, a senior manager of Deutsche Bank in London, who chose to be a plumber in Uxbridge. “I have swapped a daily commute on the District & Circle Line for a morning walk with my dog in the Yorkshire countryside. I have exchanged the ill-tempered atmosphere of the corporate finance department for the sweet air of a book-lined study overlooking my garden. The fat monthly salary payments which I never had time to spend are replaced by a trickle of modest cheques from newspapers and magazines. I am free and in control of what I am doing in a way that I never was during my 15-year office career. I no longer have to worry about being spotted leaving the office before 8pm, or about being overtaken for promotion by arrogant young thrusters, or burning out like the sad forty-somethings who were my seniors.” Harry claims downshifting does not mean being idle. Plenty of space in downshifters’ timetable is paramount to creating lives that, for them, are more autonomous and fulfilling. They seek to build an eclectic, even eccentric, portfolio of interests, with the potential to provide stimulus and self-esteem. For the first few years McCourt and his wife Tessa, high-flyers in a Swiss bank, enjoyed the buzz they got from their job, but the couple’s first child Charlotte changed the family dynamic inevitably. McCourt worked crazy hours with the burn out to follow. Though materially wealthy, he hardly ever saw his three children. “It’s all about aspiration and the lengths you’ll go to keep pace with your rivals, life expenses, the rise in the cost of living, etc” he says. “But while I sought to achieve a balance between life and work, it was my family who bore the brunt of my absence and moodiness, tolerating all that frenetic activity in order to keep me on the upward path. I was beginning to realize that I was getting into deep waters, so my heart had to be hardened to some decision. And in the end the balance shifted in favour of a dramatic change.” McCourt left the City for good, setting himself up in business at Northfield Farm, Rutland, with half a dozen cattle. Within weeks they swapped city suits for fleeces, wellies and overalls. The Saab turbo was replaced by an old van. The children, privately educated, swapped to the local state school. McCourt has turned a dilapidated old farm into a thriving business producing top-quality rare breed beef, pork and lamb. His farm shop is renowned for good food, he has a second outlet 112 in Borough market, London, and is now masterminding the setting up of a farmers’ market as part of the redevelopment of Basingstoke. All in all, he is almost as busy as he was in the City. “But it’s a different kind of pressure,” he says. “In a small way you’re making a difference, something you never feel in a corporate structure. And it’s been wonderful for the children. All three have delivered lambs, piglets and calves. It’s not idyllic but it’s still a pretty stunning way to bring up a child. Besides such issues as safer streets, smaller and better schools, less crime and traffic can’t fail to dominate our thoughts.” Downshifters on a much grander scale are David Weimer, an Emmy-award-winning Hollywood screenwriter and producer, and his partner Christina Turner, a doctor who was until recently head of the infectious diseases department at the Central Hospital in Texas. “She was making life-and-death decisions on a daily basis”, says David, “which put her under intolerable strain.” They arrived in Britain to take over the village post office in Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire. Weimer had fallen in love with the spot on numerous trips to Britain. “Our dream was to settle in Britain and we wanted something that would bring us right into the community. The post office hit the spot. I’ve been here two months and I already know and appreciate everybody in town.” Downshifters tend to forge stronger friendships with supportive others. With the zeal of a convert David and Cristina are likely to volunteer for almost anything that looks like an interesting way of filling up another slice of the week. A rural community is ideal material for all sorts of local committees and projects. “Last week I capped my community career by being promoted to the trustee of two charity funds,” says David, “My diary is chock-ablock with committee meetings from now till Christmas. I have not had a dull day since we arrived here, which is no small claim. I still have time to work from home through fax and e-mail, and I can make a tangible difference to some of the community projects, whereas for months on end in my previous life we made no difference at all to anything except the balance on our own bank statement.” “The first morning I woke up in my new house,” says Tessa McCourt, “with sunlight flooding through the window at the end of the bed and sheep bleating on the hillside, I cannot describe the feeling of wellbeing that flooded through me. I felt as though I was on holiday for the first few weeks, as I wandered around my fields and sat in a happy heap with butterflies and flowers around me. Nearly 10 years later I feel the same way.” “Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take – but the moments that take our breath away…”, whoever said that was absolutely right. 113 Text B The lure of the country idyll may be strong. In the rat race, lots of us have the occasional downshifting fantasy with imaginary fruits surely better than the pressure of the daily grind. After a holiday break, we crave a good and simpler life, which has a special allure, as it represents choice, freedom and sheer bliss. Embarking on this sort of life change is momentous, yet people do it without really thinking it through. Dreams of rural idyll can be unrealistic, and country life can be really tough. Nothing is round the corner, public transport may be scarce. If you are culturally-minded, there is little on your new doorstep: museums, cinemas, theaters, concerts. For every happy story of people successfully downshifting, there is a sorrier tale of those who get it wrong. For some downshifters, such a dramatic life swap is anything but a stress-free nirvana. Tom Green is a downshifter who was in for a rude awaking. He was made redundant from his job in marketing, which bought him some breathing space to make his dream come true. “I guess everyone who enjoys photography as a hobby must have fantasised about doing it for a living. So, armed with my redundancy cheque, I marched into a camera shop and came out with an expensive camera, two lenses, studio lighting, reflectors, flashes and memory cards.” He decided to specialise in wedding photography and children’s portraits. “I’d heard that photographers can charge upwards of £2,000 per wedding. Two grand for a day’s work – I wouldn’t even need to suffer for my art.” However, to have hoped for such a thing was astonishingly wide of the mark. There was loads of work and expense before a wedding - marketing and advertising, sussing out wedding venues, meetings with couples, expensive sample albums. Then there was the editing, uploading of proofs to web galleries and creating albums. His hourly income was roughly the minimum wage. “And it was such hard work. I would get through three shirts per wedding – each soaked through with sweat in minutes lugging heavy camera gear around after drunken guests.” This tale comes as no surprise to Sheila Hampson, herself a downshifter, the author of the book about downshifting. “Do not be under any illusions,” she says. “Being on the staff is nothing like being your own boss. You will slave away and work your fingers to the bone to keep afloat.” Many downshifters struggled to adjust to an abrupt loss of status, which can be a huge knock to their confidence.” As John Hawkes, who ran a software business before becoming a fulltime dad, puts it: “It was a massive leap of faith. A colossal amount of identity is wrapped up in what you do. This question has become an important personal identity tag. On first acquaintance people respond to you totally differently according to the answer. You don’t feel as valuable as you used to. And not just in financial terms but social ones, too.” For others, the day-to-day reality of running your own business is a minefield. Charles Meynell, who was a foreign affairs journalist, would beaver away in war zones. He’s now a tree surgeon and forester. “I’d set my heart on starting the business because I’m passionate about trees,” he says. “What I hadn’t taken into account is that I have almost zero appetite for running a business, let alone the conventional mantras - growth and bottom line. To handle such things as personnel problems and admin one should be sure they belong in here, for me it was tiresome, and dealing with banks and trying to get funding was a real hassle.” Simon Bennett, once the chief operating officer at Goldman Sachs, earning more than £300,000 a year, did want to be a farmer, but now he reckons the decision cost him his fortune and his marriage. For those with children or a large mortgage, downshifting comes as quite a shock. Children, dragged unwillingly from schools where they are happy, are unlikely to settle well in the country. He and his wife Tessa dreamt of running a business together but this had its own pitfalls. Bennet warns: “You need a strong relationship to withstand the stresses and strains of handling everyday routine.” 114 Lots of people who work from home will empathise with the grumbles of Sarah Campbell, a freelance art director. Her sense of isolation was exacerbated by having moved to the country. “Sometimes I will go to the park and stroke a dog, just as a ruse to talk to the owner. The downside is that you are on your own. I miss the support staff I get working in an office – the IT guy to fix the computer or to help when the printer is playing up. A sick benefit and a paid vacation are the nostalgic relics of a bygone era. I’ve got used to buying my clothes from the Oxfam* shop and looking for bargains in the supermarket. When I set out plans for a holiday, I have to balance a trip somewhere against the necessity to do some repairs to the roof.” Carol Deacon left a high-flying career in advertising only to start a cake-making business. Carol discovered that not everyone she came across in the world of cakes was sugary sweet. “Everybody knows your business. The ‘natives’ can be hostile. Some of my customers were just as much trouble as corporate clients had been in my advertising days. One guy got quite annoyed when I refused to put an illegal substance in a cake. He thought it would be ‘great fun to see granny off her face’. Then there were the stressed-out Bridezillas** who would constantly be on the phone with ideas and amendments. They’d arrive to view the cake with a whole load of people who all had different opinions. Then there are the health and safety inspections and all the admin. I am working very long hours for a pitiful hourly rate. You just have to accept that stress is part of day-to-day life. The grass is not always greener. It’s just a different shade of green,” she says. NOTES: *Oxfam shops sell fair-trade and donated items. Much of their stock comes from public donations but they currently also sell fair trade products from developing countries in Africa, Asia and South America, including handcrafts, books, music CDs and instruments, clothing, toys, food and ethnic creations. These objects are brought to the public through fair trade to help boost the quality of life of their producers and surrounding communities. **Bridezillas is a reality television show produced by DCD Media-owned September Films and airing on the WE cable-television network. It follows the lives of engaged women, casting their busy schedules in an emphatic and sometimes humorous fashion. It was rated TV-14 from WE television networks for some bad, rude language, a little bit of violence or some suggestive dialogue. Brid + (God)zilla VOCABULARY PRACTICE 42. Find English equivalents to the following words and word combinations. 1. поддерживать прежний уровень жизни; 2. то, что важно; 3. оправдывать чьи-то надежды; 4. возможность круто изменить жизнь; 5. иметь первостепенное значение; 6. получать удовольствие от; 7. идти на всё, ни перед чем не останавливаться ; 8. не отставать от конкурентов; 9. нести основную тяжесть; 10. мне становилось все сложнее справляться с ситуацией; 11. быть широко известным чем-либо; 12. держать в невыносимом напряжении; 13. принимать на себя руководство чем-либо; 14. быть уволенным по сокращению штатов; 15. совершенно ошибочно; 16. держаться на «плаву»; 17. решительный смелый шаг, преодоление себя; 18. планировать отдых 43. Find the words and word combinations which mean the same in the text: 1. deciding in what order you should do things, based on how important or urgent they are; 2. a way of thinking about things; 3. not allowing yourself to have what you really want, especially for moral reasons; 4. a distinguishing mark of social disgrace; 5. composed of elements drawn from a variety of sources, ideas, styles, etc ; 6. the feeling that you are as important as other people and 115 that you deserve to be treated well; 7. strong desire to achieve something, such as success wanted desperately; 8. take control of something; 9. be exactly what you need or want; 10. develop a successful relationship; 11. be very full with activities; 12. an activity or job in which there is a lot of competition and people are too busy to relax or enjoy themselves; 13. something that is hard work, boring, and tiring because it takes a lot of your time and energy; 14. want something very much and be determined to get it TEXT ANALYSIS AND DEVELOPMENT 44. Explain what the following sentences from the text imply by paraphrasing them. 1.… making conscious choices to leave materialism behind and move on to more sustainable living, 2. Downshifting requires prioritizing, an adjustment in values, and a totally different mindset… 3. Downshifting is not about self-denial. 4. The decisions of downshifters are taken under the influence of powerful social and cultural currents. 5. … shaped to an unprecedented degree by the symbols provided by the market. 6. Redundancy used to be a terrible stigma. 7. The fat monthly salary payments are replaced by a trickle of modest cheques from newspapers and magazines. 8. It’s all about aspiration and the lengths you’ll go to keep pace with your rivals. 9. I have not had a dull day since we arrived here, which is no small claim. 10. In the rat race, lots of us have the occasional downshifting fantasy with imaginary fruits surely better than the pressure of the daily grind. 11. Embarking on this sort of life change is momentous… 12. … a downshifter who was in for a rude awaking. 13. It was a massive leap of faith. 14. This question has become an important personal identity tag. 15. I’ve got used to buying my clothes from the Oxfam shop and looking for bargains in the supermarket. 45. Compare and contrast the information from TEXTs A and B. Complete the form about reasons and consequences of downshifting. TEXT A Motives Contentment Finance TEXT B conscious choice to leave materialism behind and move on to more sustainable living, moving from a lifestyle based on consumerism and a relatively high income towards one of reduced income and expenditure in order to spend more time on other pursuits 116 Local community communication and Social life Children environment in new Traffic in a new place of residence 46. Complete the summary of the texts about downshifting providing TOPIC, MAIN IDEA and CONCLUSION. Compare and contrast the information. Topic Main Idea Major Details Irrespective of the reasons (redundancy or escape from stresses of consumer society) downshifters tend to make a free and conscious choice of reduced income and expenditure in order to spend more time on other pursuits seeking more autonomous and fulfilling life mostly in rural areas. Text A is a clear illustration of the positive outcome of a dramatic life swap. The downshifters described are contented with the freedom from cutthroat competition. They are enjoying their new life deriving genuine pleasure out of safer environment and active business or community life. Their statements confirm newly acquired peace of mind and optimism about their own as well as their children’s future. In contrast Text 2’s attention is on the potential for difficulties following a major life swap. Here the downshifters are disenchanted with the loss of status both social and financial one. Many are not ready to cope with the challenges of self-employment. Another source of dissatisfaction is either hostility of the neighbourhood or complete disconnection from society. Some downshifters claim that their children dragged unwillingly from schools and unlikely to settle happily in the new environment are yet another concern. Conclusion 117 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 47. What do you think about the following statements? Take a stance on these issues. In the words of Lily Tomlin, downshifters try to escape from the rat race realizing that the trouble with it is, even if you win, you are still a rat. Downshifters rearrange their life priorities in favour of nonmaterial benefits as the best things in life are free. The concept “downshifters” needs reformulating as they want to slow down at work in order to ‘upshift’ in others areas of their lives. Instead of complaining and expecting the government to do something, downshifters take action to change their own lives. LANGUAGE FOCUS 48. Look through the text for appropriate prepositions or adverbs to fill in the blanks. 1.You can swap a London flat … a detached dream home …. change to spare. 2. At the Monaco Grand Prix he was overtaken … third place … Fernando Alonso. 3. The interests of the citizens should be paramount … the town authorities. 4. The city would operate… a more human scale if cars were banned … the centre. 5. “Just Play initiative” promotes people playing football … a regular basis and leading an active lifestyle. 6. He broke … the strain of having to work twelve hours a day. 7. Her work brings her … contact with powerful political figures in Washington. 8. It is one of the coldest summers … record, there has been no sunshine for days … end. 9. The news made no difference … his plans. 10. The new government embarked … an energetic economic program. 11. Weather forecasts prove to be wide … the mark, especially at long range. 12. She worked her fingers … the bone and sent him off to university … all the money that she had … the world. 13. … first acquaintance she seemed a little odd. 14. She deeply empathises … all the deprived and socially challenged. 15. Finally she found an interesting job in advertising … a reasonable monthly rate. 16. Any government needs expert advice; politicians then weigh … that advice and balance it … their political objectives. 49. Look up synonyms and synonymous expressions to the underlined words in the dictionary. Give Russian equivalents to the words and word combinations. Translate the sentences into Russian. PROMOTE, PROMOTION 1. After working for the company for a year, he was promoted to head of marketing. 2. A newly opened restaurant in this neighborhood is dedicated to promoting rural, traditional home cooking. 3. A new health-oriented project claims to promote the idea of “lifeenhancing” treatment. 4. Some leaders have 50. Translate into English. Make use of different grammar and vocabulary structures while translating. Pay attention to a variety of Russian equivalents used to render the idea of the sentence. 1. Если вы успешно пройдете этот тест, то вы наверняка получите повышение по службе. 2. Подразумевалось, что евро, принятый в 1999 г., будет способствовать процветанию и политическому единству. 3. В своей книге автор развивает идею о том, что эпоха путешествий закончена. 4. Он надеется, что появится возможность 118 been concerned with promoting themselves, not the public welfare. 5. The author was signing copies of his new book as part of the publisher’s promotion campaign. BALANCE (N), BALANCE (V), BALANCED 1. This fruit is juicy and tender, with the perfect balance of sweet and sour. 2. Eating seasonally is one way to keep the body in balance. 3. When choosing where to study one may need to consider factors that will tip the balance in favour of a particular university. 4. When dealing with his staff, he somehow managed to strike a balance between being sympathetic and businesslike. 5. No government so far has been able to balance the number of jobs available with the number of people out of work. 6. One of the challenges for a young family is to balance a family budget. 7. The ‘Economist’ gave a reasonably balanced report on the crisis. HANDLE (V), HANDLE (N) 1. Most guests were disappointed in how a luncheon was handled. 2. In this video, we outline how to handle a job interview. 3. She was fined for failing to handle customers’ complaints properly. 4. Alistair has had such a remarkable and swift career trajectory, he is to handle the company’s accounts. 5. He did his son’s babysitting, content to let his wife handle the couple’s business affairs. 6. One consequence of the recession appears to be a shift in the way 18- to 34-year-olds handle money. 7. As a professional linguist I always assumed I had a good handle on regional differences in the way people talk. SET 1. A special committee has been set up last century to conduct an investigation into the activities of this company. 2. Today Prime Minister has set out plans to punish companies who aggressively target their advertising at children. 3. Over the past 20 years the Dahl family has quietly set something of a standard for charitable giving. 4. She set about accomplishing the task with energy and optimism. 5. The string of positive results is sure to set their fans dreaming of a first title at the championship. 6. This film company has раскрутить себя и свою группу через СМИ. 5. Как часть рекламной кампании, авторов книги пригласили на популярное телешоу. 6. Их шансы попасть в Высшую Лигу невелики. 1. Его сдержанность идеально дополняет ее общительную натуру. 2. Я ем все, но в разумных пределах, и слежу за тем, чтобы продукты сочетались друг с другом. 3. Малейшее вмешательство в дела этой страны может изменить соотношение сил в пользу повстанцев. 4. Многим студентам приходится сочетать работу с учебой. 5. Имея семью и пытаясь уделять равное внимание дому и работе, очень сложно найти время на развлечения. 6. У него очень напряженная жизнь. Даже не знаю, как он со всем справляется. 7. Любой журналист нашего издания старается быть объективным и представлять различные точки зрения. 1.Сейчас он вспоминает, как 20 лет назад его семья восприняла сообщение о его болезни. 2. Он мастер улаживать скандалы и мог бы давать уроки мастерства. 3. Весь персонал обучен находить подход к «трудным» клиентам. 4. Этот отдел занимается оформлением иммиграционных и таможенных бумаг. 5. Компьютеры нового поколения могут обрабатывать огромное количество информации. 6. Его продвинули по службе, теперь он начальник отдела кадров. 7. Нэнси – отличный психолог, который хорошо разбирается в вопросах семьи. 1. Этот журнал был создан для освещения политических и экономических вопросов. 2. Лидер партии обнародовал планы по реформированию партии. 3. Это соглашение может служить образцом для последующих договоренностей между двумя странами. 4. Они начали основательно менять политику партии в вопросах работы со СМИ. 5. Таинственные ночные звонки, конечно же, заставили нас волноваться. 6. Вы отложили какую-то сумму на образование ваших детей? 7. Мы 119 now set aside £250,000 for movies with that решительно настроены на победу в этом same ethical message. 7. The chief executive чемпионате. of Guinness has set his mind on acquiring a global drinks company. 51. Paraphrase using Core Vocabulary. Change the whole structure of the sentence. MODEL: The readers’ attention is being drawn to a new book by John Gresham at key bookshops this week. – We are … – We are doing a special book promotion…/ are promoting … . 1. There is an aggressive advertising campaign for these products. – These products … 2. The local tourist trade will benefit from a new television series about the island. - A new television series … 3. Tobacco companies shouldn’t arrange such big events as tennis championships in order to get publicity. – It is wrong that …. 4. It isn’t an easy task to be equally correct at advising your children and controlling them. – It is a challenge to find… 5. You considered all arguments and opinions in your report. Accuracy in reporting is your valuable attribute. – Your report is… 6. We want the classes to be both enjoyable and useful – the equilibrium between these elements has to be found. - We are trying to … 7. An outside agency is responsible for organizing publicity for the new product. – Publicity for the new … 8. There was common criticism of the way the government dealt with the crisis. - The government was … 9. The pressure forced me out of this project. Coping with it was above my power. – I left the project as I … 10. The aim of establishing a self governing Islands Trust is the preservation of the environment. – A self governing Islands Trust … 11. Her parents’ public behavior must have established a standard and encouraged her to follow their example. - Her parents must … 12. We decided to arrange a reunion, but only Nancy started to contact every surviving member of her class. – It was Nancy who … PHRASAL VERBS 52. Explain the meaning of the phrasal verbs with particles UP and DOWN. break be turn cut 120 1.By ten o’clock Lee hadn’t turned up yet. 2. There are rumours that the band might break up. 3. Did you see how he cut me up? 4. He has been turned down for ten jobs so far. 5. It is up to you to make sure the house is kept tidy. 6. The washing machine has broken down again. 7. Measures were introduced to cut down the number of road accidents involving children. 8. Ben is down with flu. WORD BUILDING 53. Recast the sentences using the words with the prefix OUT-. Change the structure of the sentence, if required. This journalist criticized the government’s policy honestly and openly in the face of warnings against it. – He is regarded to be …. 2. I must admit, they performed extremely well and quite impressively. – That was … 3. They have far more failures than successes. – Their failures … 4. In the story, the cunning fox gained the upper hand over the hunters, leaving them without prey. – In the story, the cunning fox … 5. What will the weather be like today? - It is cloudy and dry at first with showers later. – What is … 6. Being friendly and sociable, easy to meet and talk to people are the necessary attributes of sale representatives. – Sales representatives … 7. A new elegant set of clothes which she bought for the wedding consisted of two pieces. – She bought a new … 8. They applied the thought-out strategy and achieved the result they had aimed at. – Their thought-out strategy secured … 9. They sell most of their products through traditional retail shops and trading places. – Most of their sales are … 10. The amount of all general news produced by head office is the responsibility of production editor. – Production editor is responsible …. 1. standing let spoken come wit put number fit going look 121 GRAMMAR CLINIC 54. Complete the text with the phrases given. May may tinker • may sound Must must definitely be • must hope • must have already turned out • must total • must be Can can’t but mention • can put • can expect • can be • can aspire Could could expect • could already be Be able to are able and willing to do The number of migrants in the world today, both legal and illegal, …1… perhaps 200m, which …2… a lot (though many of the figures, even those used by governments, are at best educated guesses). The most potent driving engine of the migration both legal and illegal …3… economic reasons. Politicians in rich countries …4… with migration policies. Under public pressure, they …5… extra resources and energy into building more fences and walls to keep people out. But the basic forces driving migration are unlikely to ebb. Migration …6… to be a successful strategy for the world's poor to make their lives a little better. One …7… that it is not the very poorest who travel. You …8… in possession of some finance to move to another part of the world. Thus as Africa, China and other emerging countries become less poor, many more people …9… to travel in search of a better life. In the 100 years to 1920 a European who crossed the Atlantic …10… to double his income. Today the incentives are certain to be even more enticing. Those who move from a poor country to a rich one …11… to see their income rise fivefold or more. As long as such differentials persist, the draw will continue. Demography seems to be another contributing factor. Without migrants, the greying and increasingly choosy populations in much of the rich countries …12… on the decline today, as their fast-changing economies increasingly demand either highly skilled workers or people who …13… unpleasant and tiring jobs. Not enough young natives have the right skills or motivation, so the rich …14… that outsiders will keep coming. And they will. Luckily for Europe and America, there are huge pools of eager workers ready to jump on the next plane, train or leaking raft to work abroad. This …15… beneficial for their home countries as well, at least as long as the population is growing fast. after Adam Roberts The Economist, Jan 3rd 2008 122 TAKE A STANCE 55. What factors are taken into account when considering a job offer? These are two different opinions on the issue. Which of the two do you agree with? Give your arguments. Whenever I face the challenge of considering a job offer the crucial thing is to assess not only immediate but also long-term career prospects. I am well aware that high social status and enormous earning potential I am striving for claim hard work and irregular hours. But the chances of promotion must be realistic. All the rest is up to me. Where there's a will, there's a way. George: Collin: I am fully committed to the idea that modern fiercely competitive working environment putting profits and power to the the forefront neglects the concept of happiness. People seem to forget that they work to live and not live to work. Handsome profits for the overtime won't compensate the time spent with my family and on other pursuits. That's why considering a job offer I can't neglect the balance between work and family. 123 CLOSE-UP 56. Render the text into English using the vocabulary of the unit. Работа, Работа, Работа! Стресс, бессонница, депрессия, сердечные заболевания, вспыльчивость, проблемы с памятью, нервозность, грубость, распад семьи, детская преступность – и это еще не полный перечень симптомов современного заболевания под названием работа. Ненавистная, отвратительная работа. Многочисленные опросы, исследования, мнения экспертов говорят о том, что мы работаем слишком много, что наш рабочий день длиться слишком долго, и что наши начальники – просто звери, а мы чувствуем свою полную незащищенность и от этого постоянно испытываем чувство страха. Похоже, что мы все время работаем на грани нервного срыва. Вся страна только и делает, что работает и не о чем другом не думает. Мы пишем только о ней. Обсуждаем только ее. Мы возмущаемся тем, как она влияет на наше здоровье и семейную жизнь, на то, сколько времени она у нас отнимает. И одновременно радуемся тем материальным возможностям и нематериальным преимуществам, которые она нам дает. Мы любим и ненавидим работу в одно и то же время. Сплошные противоречия. С одной стороны государство все время твердит о важности трудовой занятости населения, и тут же предупреждает об угрозе семейных проблем при слишком большой трудовой занятости. Женщины радуются финансовой независимости, которую дает им работа, и тут же мучаются чувством вины, потому, что недостаточно внимания уделяют детям. Мы находим работу, которая нам нравится, и работаем так много, что потом не может найти гармоничного равновесия между этой самой работой и домом. Почему теме работы уделяется столько внимания? Наверное, потому, что сейчас работа занимает в нашей жизни более значительное место, нежели чем раньше. Мужчины, а теперь, впервые за многие столетия, и женщины, отводят работе центральное место в своей жизни. Возможно, это и хорошо. «Общество любителей отдыха», наверное, было бы самым скучным местом на свете. То, что мы так одержимы работой, объясняется рядом глубоких изменений, которые претерпел сам характер работы, и она все глубже проникает в нашу личную, семейную и общественную жизнь. Все чаще мы сами определяем, сколько, где и как работать. Изменилась даже обстановка рабочего места, когда женщины отвоевали себе право на работу. Сокращение рабочего дня до восьми часов позволило появиться личному времени для общения с друзьями. Увеличилась оплата за труд – работать стало выгодно. Мы пишем должность и место работы на наших визитных карточках – она все больше становится нашей отличительной чертой, заменяя традиционные признаки нашей индивидуальности – происхождение (семья), вероисповедание и место рождения. Большие семьи, всю жизнь прожившие в одном месте, уже давно ушли в небытие, религиозные чувства стали не такими крепкими. Теперь наша трудовая деятельность определяет, кто мы такие. Эта взаимосвязь отражает и усиливает нашу потребность в работе, которая бы приносила чувство удовлетворения, в работе, которой бы мы гордились. Поэтому выбор работы становится решающим, когда она определяет не только размер оплаты, но и отвечает на вопрос «Кто ты?» Вот почему табачным компаниями бывает трудно заполнять вакантные места – работать на них значит пятнать свою репутацию. 124 SPEAKING SPRINGBOARD 57. Do you agree with the following statements? Give support to your stance. There has been some stigma attached to hard or manual labour recently. If your life has no real purpose, there is no need for work. REVISION AND EXTENSION 58. Choose the right word. 1. (a) I detected an …(ed) criticism of the way he was treated. (b)What do you… from her refusal? (infer/imply) 2. (a) I know Johnson finished … in the race, but who was second to …? (b) Have you seen her … movie? (last/latest) 3. (a) Workers at the plant are threatening … action. (b) She's extremely competent and … . (industrious/industrial) 4. (a) I've still got some … left before the end of the year. (b)"We need teachers who regard their profession as a …, not just a job," said the Minister. (vocation/vacation) 5. (a) The city's transport system is one of the most … in Europe. (b) This method is a little slower, but just as …. (effective/efficient) 6. (a) He told me he was on a diet and then …(ed) to eat a plateful of chips! (b) It would be helpful if you were to … the report with an introduction. (precede/proceed) 7. (a) The competition … to anyone over the age of sixteen. (b)He is very methodical. The window of his study … at exactly 9am and closed at 7pm sharp.(is open/is opened) 8. (a)The company is on the cutting edge of … . (b)The ice-skaters will be judged on … and creativity. (technique/technology) 9.(a) Swedish industrial … has fallen steadily this year. (b) Local people come to the market each day to sell their … . (produce/production) 10. (a) He opened his own … practice. (b) It is said that the spring water has … properties.( medical/medicinal) 59. Read the text and choose the best words to fill in the gaps. OPEN-COLLAR WORKER It’s an open secret that white- and blue-collar workers …1… are consumed with a twinge of envy today. But why? And who is the object of this envy? It’s teleworkers or telecommuters or open-collar workers as they are also called. If the twentieth-century industrial revolution gave rise to the …2… from farms to factories, the cyber revolution is bringing jobs and families back together. Currently, the fastest-growing …3… is home-based. Firm’s headquarters are now in smallish offices used for meetings, get-togethers and customer demonstrations. As a result overheads have fallen, staff are more productive and …4… is higher. The advertisements for telework have become familiar: picture a large house with a swimming pool; at a table by the pool sits our teleworker with a laptop computer, cell phone and a case of files. No more traffic jams, no more clocking in, infinitely …5… schedule. Sociologists, however, point out that the reality is often a far cry from this idyllic but yet …6… scene as the working conditions of open-collar workers can hardly be called optimal. Many have their 125 home office set up in a bedroom or in a specially designed cupboard which opens out into a pseudooffice. Open-collar workers are often more productive …7… of working long hours. When you work in a central office you have a clear exit time; at home the tendency is to work on and off and quite often all weekend in an attempt to …8… the deadline. Loneliness and a lack of self-pride are two other factors psychologists say …9… open-collar workers. The absence of daily interaction with colleagues produces a feeling of isolation. No need to …10… to office dress codes is liberating only initially, but working in pajamas all day long can be dangerous from the psychological point of view. Psychologists and sociologists seem to agree that the open-collar worker needs to plan and …11… so as not to fall into the pitfalls of this type of employment. First and …12… one should see telework as a job, not a lifestyle. Secondly, one needs to build in discipline. When structure doesn’t exist it is necessary to impose your own discipline …13… a clear line between work and personal space. Home working is all about flexibility, but it is counterproductive if you cannot …14… a good work/life balance. It is also essential to take social breaks. Fight off isolation by joining professional bodies, attending workshops and keeping in touch with your colleagues. Meet friends for lunch. Arrange for suppliers to come to you. Do not …15… holidays for fear of missing out on that “big job”. Last but not least: keep weekends sacrosanct. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A. BOTH B. ALIKE C. ALSO D. EITHER A. TRANSFORMATION B. EVOLUTION C. TRANSITION D. PROGRESS A. WORKFORCE B. POWER C. MIGHT D. LABOR A. AUTHORITY B. BEHAVIOR C. CONDUCT D. MORALE A. FRAGILE B. PERSISTENT C. INSTANT D. FLEXIBLE A. COMPETITIVE B. ORDERLY C. DECEPTIVE D. ILLUSTRATIVE A. AT THE EXPENSE B. IN THE COURSE C. IN CHARGE D. IN ABUNDANCE A. EXPIRE B. MEET C. IMPOSE D. BREAK A. FAIL B. AFFECT C. APPEAL D. DOMINATE A. ADHERE B. HANDLE C. PROMOTE D. IGNORE A. CLAIM B. ASSIGN C. PRIORITIZE D. ACKNOWLEDGE A. LEAST B. OF ALL C. OFF D. FOREMOST A. COMMENCING B. DRAWING C. DIVIDING D. PASSING A. TOIL B. ACHIEVE C. CHANGE D. TACKLE A. NEGLECT B. ATTAIN C. COMMIT D. APPRECIATE 60. Choose appropriate words to complete the sentences. 1 2 The jobless rate hit 9,3% last month, after …(ing) for four months in a row. The country is …(ing) into recession once more. Her hopes for success …(ed) away to nothing. Since Donald lost his job, the hopes of our buying a house have …(ed) even further. She finally had to go back to work to pay the bills that were …(ing) up. Staff saw costs …(ing) and sales slumping as the effect of the recession hit the company. DWINDLE PLUNGE RISE MOUNT RECEDE ESCALATE 126 3 4 5 6 7 The personnel team has …(n) to 6,700 full-time employees from just 900 in 2000. During the recession spending …(ed) off from $800 million to $500 million. The work just keeps on …(ing) up and makes me want to scream. We’ve been almost buried under the … of junk mail. There was more than a … of truth in what he said. ... of labor was brought about by a prolonged period of population decline. Our lawyer went over the contract in … detail. Not long after this, he was declared bankrupt, reducing his already … prospects still further. They spent a(n) … amount of time getting the engine into perfect condition. Languages encompass … of regional accents of differing degrees of intelligibility. The police couldn’t arrest the intruder through the … of evidence. Our country has a(n) … supply of fossil fuels. Do not be put off by some slightly clunky, overly … dialog. It allows investors to have a say in the running of the mighty companies to whom they entrust their relatively … savings or pensions. An exceptionally … artist with a wide-ranging repertoire, he has carved out a formidable international reputation. PILE TAPER GROW SCARCITY AVALANCHE GRAIN IMMENSE MINUSCULE MINUTE INSUFFICIENCY ABUNDANT MULTITUDE VERSATILE VERBOSE TINY 61. Use the word in capitals to form a word that fits into the space. Now spaces for copying machines, coffee rooms, meetings and …1… areas usually come second to the offices in which people spend most of the day working. Some day central offices will come to resemble a hotel lobby or home and managers will have to abandon their long1. RECEIVE cherished notion that a …2… employee is the one well seen. 2. PRODUCE Appearing on time and looking busy will soon become …3… as people 3. RELEVANT 4. TRANSFORM will only be judged by the results of their work. 5. CONCLUDE That does not mean the end of 6. QUANTITY the office, just its …4… into a social 7. NECESSITY centre. According to the less-than8. REPAIR startling …5… of the research of communication patterns in the 9. FORM admittedly artificial environment, 10. SOLVE people talk to each other more when they work in close proximity. Quite often after moving into purpose-built accommodation companies start to regress showing 127 meager or no improve of the …6… or qualitative indices. It turned out that when the architects were designing the new building they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an …7… luxury and so dispensed with it. And with that, they inadvertently inflicted …8… harm to intimate social networks that empowered the whole organization. As while people gathered …9…, useful snippets of information were being exchanged, difficult problems were discussed and casual comments sparked the idea for a …10…, thus stimulating collaboration. 62. Render the text into English using the vocabulary of the unit. Работа сегодня требует новых жертв. Все меньше людей чувствует себя защищенными. Идти в ногу со всеми изменениями и требованиями времени утомительно и вредно для здоровья. Офисные работники удлиняют свой рабочий день, чтобы не потерять работу – и теряют взаимопонимание и связь с детьми. Новый культ грозит вытолкнуть тех, у кого нет постоянной оплачиваемой работы, дальше на задворки общества. Когда работа становится не просто пропуском к банкомату с деньгами, когда она открывает двери друзьям, дает цель в жизни, приносит удовлетворение и определяет место в мире, ее отсутствие ощущается особенно остро. Но мы осмеливаемся отрицать значимость работы в нашей жизни. Мы жалуемся на нее, сидя с коллегами где-нибудь после работы. Один мой знакомый говорит: «Я люблю свою работу, но стесняюсь говорить об этом. Мои родители беспокоятся, что единственные мои друзья – это мои коллеги. Но это же хорошо. Ведь у нас столько общего». Про любовь к работе говорить сейчас не принято. Представление о работе, как о негативном явлении, отравляет наше сознание довольно давно. Поэт и мистик Калил Гибран сказал, что работа это «любовь, которая сделалась видимой». Хорошо бы и нам напитаться этим настроением, пусть хотя бы и ненадолго. 63. Speak for 2 minutes on one of the following quotations. The only place where success comes before work is a dictionary. VIDAL SASSOON Everybody wants to save the earth; nobody wants to help Mom do the dishes. P. J. O'ROURKE 128 I'm a great believer in luck and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it. THOMAS JEFFERSON If hard work were such a wonderful thing, surely the rich would have kept it all to themselves. LANE KIRKLAND If you put all your strength and faith and vigor into a job and try to do the best you can, the money will come. LAWRENCE WELK All things are difficult before they are easy. THOMAS FULLER A professional is a man who can do his job when he doesn’t feel like it. An amateur is a man who can’t do his job when he does feel like it. JAMES AGATE Find out what you like doing best and get someone to pay you for doing it. KATHERINE WHITEHORN When it comes to getting things done, we need fewer architects and more bricklayers. COLLEEN C. BARRETT Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. THOMAS A. EDISON  NOTE PREPARING YOUR STATEMENT REMEMBER TO  avoid a slow start (long and verbose INTRODUCTION);  draw a logical and reasonable CONCLUSION, providing a dramatic finish;  advance your VOCABULARY;  use EXAMPLES and QUOTATIONS to illustrate your text