Broadband Multimedia Wireless

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Home Networking Technologies and Standards 鄭瑞光 台灣科技大學電子系 課程相關資料 „ 課程名稱 „ „ 中：家庭網路傳輸技術與標準 英：Home Networking Technologies and Standards Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 課程宗旨 „ 本課程之主要目標是教導學生現今家庭 網路之相關標準及概念，並透過實習課 程讓學生會使用部份較熱門之家庭網路 標準產品。透過本課程，學生可了解家 庭網路之應用環境以及針對不同應用的 備選傳輸標準方案，以建立學生在家庭 網路之基本背景知識，讓學生在未來規 劃與設計數位家庭的應用上，能做出最 佳的取捨。 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 課程中文大綱 „ Part I: 簡介 „ „ „ „ Chapter 1：數位家庭的應用 Chapter 2：端對端網路參考架構 Chapter 3：有線家庭接取網路 Chapter 4：無線家庭接取網路 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 課程中文大綱 „ Part II: 家庭網路無線傳輸技術與標準 „ „ Chapter 5：無線家庭網路技術 Chapter 6：新興無線技術 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 課程中文大綱 „ Part III: 家庭網路有線傳輸技術與標準 „ Chapter 7：有線家庭網路技術 „ „ „ 電話線傳輸 電力線傳輸 Chapter 8：重新佈線可考慮之技術 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Outline „ Part I: Overview „ „ „ „ Chapter 1：Digital Home Applications Chapter 2：End-to-End Reference Architecture Chapter 3：Wireline Home Access Network Alternatives Chapter 4：Wireless Home Access Network Alternatives Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Outline „ Part II: Wireless Transmission Technology and Standards „ „ Chapter 5：Wireless In-home Technologies Chapter 6：Emerging Wireless Technologies Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Outline „ Part III: Wired Transmission Technology and Standards „ Chapter 7: Technologies that Reuse Existing Home Wiring „ „ „ Phone line communication Power line communication Chapter 8: Technologies with New Wiring Requirement Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Text Book „ Theodore B. Zahariadis, “Home Networking Technologies and Standards,” Artech House Telecommunications Library, 2003 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Existing wired networks 家庭網路傳輸技術與標準 HomePlug UPA HomePNA AV ICT Devices Phone Wireless Networks IEEE 802.11 Networking Technologies Bluetooth IrDA Camera TV VCR IP Camera New wired networks Ethernet IEEE 1394 USB 實驗規劃 „ 實驗目的： „ „ „ 架設及使用不同的網路傳輸設備 藉由實地測試，瞭解不同的傳輸技術之優缺 點 規劃選用合適的網路傳輸技術 (根據環境、 經費、應用以及建置複雜度等需求) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 實驗規劃 „ „ 網路測試 家庭無線網路建置與測試 „ „ 家庭電力線網路建置與測試 „ „ IEEE 802.11 HomePlug/UPA 家庭電話線網路建置與測試 „ HomePNA Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 實驗設備需求 (基本配備) „ 網路設備 „ RF „ „ PLC „ „ „ IEEE 802.11 HomePlug UPA Phone line/Coaxial „ HomePNA Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 實驗設備需求 (選用配備) „ 視聽設備 „ „ „ „ TV 設備 AV 設備 資通訊設備 監控設備 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Reference „ HomePlug „ „ http://www.homeplug.org/products/whitepapers/ HomePNA „ „ „ http://www.homepna.org/en/index.asp http://mic.iii.org.tw/intelligence/reports/pop_Doc_pr omote.asp?docid=CDOC19990816003 http://www.manly.com.tw/products/homepna.htm Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Digital Home Applications Magic Boxes „ „ 1st wish: „ I wish I could watch cinema in my home! „ The 1st magic box: TV 2nd wish: „ „ I wish I could select what I’ll watch in my TV set and watch whenever I want to! The 2nd magic box: video cassette recorder (VCR) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Magic Boxes „ More wishes: „ I wish I could „ „ „ select the film or the program that I want to watch just before I watch it, and without having to move from my couch. I wish I could „ watch the episode of my favorite TV program, which I did not have the chance to record. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Magic Boxes „ More wishes (Conti.) : „ I wish I could „ read my cooperate e-mail from my kitchen, while „ my wife is having a videophone conference in the living room , „ my daughter is speaking on the phone, and „ my son is playing an interactive video game. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Magic Boxes „ More wishes (Conti.): „ „ I wish I could „ control my home’s security system and „ monitor the babysitter’s behavior while I’m at work I wish I could „ „ communicate from my mobile PDA with my house automation system and Turn on the heating system, the coffee machine, and the water heater Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Magic Boxes „ More wishes (Conti.): „ I wish my refrigerator could „ „ keep track of the stored goodies and automatically place all weekly grocery orders with the supermarket! Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Magic Boxes „ What do we have now? „ access network: „ „ smart devices: „ „ „ broadband and low-cost connectivity Intelligent home-electronic devices PC, modern security and automation system, and network-aware devices in-home networks that connects the devices: „ „ wireless or wire networks voice and data networks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Magic Boxes „ The 3rd magic box „ Residential Gateway (RG): „ A network device that „ interconnects the home PCs and smart devices, „ control and supervise consumer-electronic devices, and „ Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory provide broadband home access Follow Me TV (Motorola) „ „ First presents in CES 2007. Functions „ „ „ pause a live show, push a button, and pick up that show in a different room. Any recorded show is aggregated and made available on any TV on the network. Music/photos can also follow to any TV, and the content can also be sent to portable devices. source: reviews.cnet.com Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Network AQUOS (Sharp) „ „ First presents in CES 2007. Functions: „ stream two simultaneous HD feeds and Internet content over the existing power lines (HomePlug AV) source: reviews.cnet.com Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Reference House source: HGI Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Digital Home „ „ More and more appliance within home These appliances are „ more and more connected between themselves (via wireless/wire technologies) and, „ with the outside world (through home gateway) „ „ „ more and more interoperable (within home platform) All these provide more and more attractive services to customers Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory source: ?? Digital Home „ „ Appliances may be divided into categories called "white goods" and "brown goods" in British English. Brown goods are typically small household electrical entertainment appliances such as: „ „ CD and DVD players, TV, camcorders, cameras, Video game consoles, HiFi and home cinema, telephones, answering machines White goods comprise major household appliances and may include: „ air conditioner, dishwasher, clothes dryer, freezer and refrigerator, stove (also known as range, cooker, oven, cooking plate, or cooktop), water heater, washing machine Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Digital Home „ „ Some types of brown goods were traditionally finished with or looked like wood or bakelite (電木). This is now rather rare. … White goods were typically painted or enamelled (瓷漆的 ) white, and many of them still are. This division is also noticeable in the service area of these kinds of products. Brown goods usually require high technical knowledge and skills, … while white goods need more practical skills and "brute force" to manipulate the devices and heavy tools required to repair them. source: Wikipedia Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Digital Home Applications Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory source: devolo, HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007 User’s Requirement 2008+ Bandwidth Requirements of a Multimedia Home Network source: devolo, HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HW#1 „ 請描述你心目中的數位家庭 „ „ 設備 應用服務 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Home Networking Technologies and Standards „ In the area of indoor networking, more than 50 candidate technologies over multiple existing or emerging network architecture and physical media aim to provide multimedia home-system (inter) communication. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Home Networking Technologies and Standards „ Physical media for home networking „ „ Wireless Wired „ „ „ „ Power line Phone line Coaxial cable Ethernet Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Home Networking Technologies and Standards „ The technologies can be classified as „ Existing wired networking technologies „ Wireless networking technologies „ New wired networking technologies „ High-layer technologies (out of the scope of this course) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Home Networking Technologies and Standards source: Home Networking Technologies and Standards Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization source: 2007 Homega Research Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ 1394 Trade Association (TA) „ founded in 1994, „ aims to support the development of computer and consumer electronics systems that interconnected via IEEE 1394. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ HomePlug Alliance „ an industrial organization founded in 2000 „ aims to promote rapid availability, adoption and implementation of cost effective, interoperable and standards-based home powerline networks and products. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ Universal Powerline Association (UPA) „ promote among government and industry leaders the tremendous potential of PLC technologies to build a global communication society Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ Consumer Electronics Powerline Communication Alliance (CEPCA) „ founded in 2005, aims to promote and advance high speed PLC technology to utilize and implement a new generation of consumer electronics products. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ Intelligent Grouping and Resource Sharing Group (IGRS) 闪联联盟 „ 致力于在不同通信方式上，实现不同品牌的消费电 子、通信及计算设备能够智能互联、资源共享、协 同服务的标准组织 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ HomePNA Alliance „ an association of companies, „ aims to develop universal home networking solutions based on open and interoperable standards „ aims to provide worldwide distribution of tripleplay services, such as IPTV, voice and Internet data by leveraging existing telephone wires and coax cable. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ KNX Association „ a profit making organization, aims to promote the KNX standard, a system for Home and Building Controls Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ Belgian Centre for Domotics and Immotics (BCDI) „ founded by three institutions representing some of the major sectors of Belgian economy: the construction, metalworking and energy providing industries. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Supporting Organization „ CABA (Continental Automated Building Association) „ a not-for-profit industry association that promotes advanced technologies for the automation of homes and buildings in North America. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Requirements for Digital Home Link „ „ „ „ No new wire Coverage High throughput Good QoS for entertainment applications Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory New Technology for Digital Home Link „ HomePNA ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ HomePNA 3.0 Over Phone Line initially, but also be used over coaxial environment. Interference with VDSLmodem in phone line environment Interference with upstream band of cable modem band in cable environment Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 50 New Technology for Digital Home Link „ MoCA : Multimedia over Coax Alliance ¾ ¾ ¾ MoCA 1.0 Over Coaxial cable. Operate over 850MHz to avoid interference with cable TV and cable modem Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 51 New Technology for Digital Home Link „ HomePlug AV ¾ ¾ ¾ HomePlug AV 1.0 Over power line initially, but also be used over coaxial environment. Interference with upstream band of cable modem band in cable environment Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 52 New Technology for Digital Home Link „ Giga Ethernet ¾ ¾ 802.3ab for twisted pair environment Ethernet AV for guaranteed QOS in future Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 53 New Technology for Digital Home Link „ UWB : Ultra Wide Band ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ Wimedia Alliance Operate in 3.1GHz ~10.6GHz environment with 524MHz bandwidth 480Mbps PHY rate Winet for IP base environment. Mesh network for range extension Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 54 New Technology for Digital Home Link „ 802.11n ¾ ¾ ¾ 802.11n Draft 1.0 MIMO technology up to 600Mbps PHY rate. WMM-SA for guaranteed QOS in future Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 55 End-to-End Reference Architecture Residential Service „ Today „ „ TV, telephone, and radio Future Home Services Grouping „ „ „ „ „ Home communication services Small office home office (SOHO) services Home entertainment services Home automation services Home security services Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Future Home Service Grouping Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Service Requirements „ Major requirements „ „ Bandwidth requirements Quality of service requirements „ „ „ „ „ „ Delay, delay jitter, packet error rate User friendliness and reliability requirements Reasonable cost requirement Low installation-cost requirement Standard and interoperability requirements Simplicity and affordability are the key! Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Service Requirements Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture ED: End Device source: HGI Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture „ Content/Service provider „ Preparing, storing, and manipulating the multimedia content Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture „ Central office „ Authentication and authorization „ Billing Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture „ Access network „ Wired „ „ „ „ „ Fiber Hybrid fiber coaxial DSL Power line Wireless „ „ RF Satellite Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture „ Home network „ Solution with “no-new-wires” „ Phone line communication „ Power line communication (PLC) „ RF technologies Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory End-to-end Reference Architecture „ Home network „ Solutions that require new cabling „ Ethernet „ IEEE 1394 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireline Home Access Network Alternatives Access Network Architecture Decreasing loop length, increasing bandwidth source: ERG (07) 16 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Introduction „ The major barrier to the digital networked house is the access network. „ Last-mile problem „ hindered broadband access in the home „ which is resulted from „ Inadequate network infrastructure „ Huge cost of new installations Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Introduction „ Evolution of existing access network technologies „ Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) „ Hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) „ Wireless local loop (WLL) „ Passive optical networks (PON) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Analog Public Switched Telephone Network „ The sole access solution to the home networking is the legacy public switched telephone network (PSTN) „ Circuit switched „ Designed for voice communication Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Analog Public Switched Telephone Network „ Data traffic can be transmitted over PSTN by using analog modems „ ITU V.90: asymmetry „ „ „ ITU V.92: symmetry „ „ „ Downstream: 56 Kbps Upstream: 28.8 to 33.3 Kbps Downstream: 56 Kbps Upstream: 56 Kbps Actual throughput depends on the quality of network line Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Integrated Service Digital Network „ Dedicated networks provide services of a different nature and with different transmission characteristics „ Plain old telephone services (POTS) „ Packet service „ Telex „ Data service Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Integrated Service Digital Network „ Drawbacks „ High cost „ Low efficiency „ inconvenience Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Integrated Service Digital Network „ ISDN „ Integrated Service Digital Network „ An alternative technology that provides integrated voice and digital services over regular phone lines „ switched service, requires external power Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Integrated Service Digital Network „ ISDN support two types of communication paths „ B-Channel (Bearer Channel) „ „ „ 64 Kbps channel transfer voice, data, video, or multimedia traffic D-Channel (Delta Channel) „ „ a 16 Kbps or 64 Kbps channel Transfer signaling and control data between IDSN seitches and ISDN terminal equipment Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Integrated Service Digital Network „ Two configurations „ Basic-rate interface (BRI) „ „ „ „ Carry 2 B-channel (2x64 Kbps) + 1 D channel (16 Kbps) Total bandwidth is 144 Kbps Multiple BRI lines can be combined into a single faster connection Primary-rate interface (PRI) „ „ Europe: PRI is carried over E1 line, which carries 32 channels, 30 Bchannels , 1 64-Kbps Data channel (30B +D), and 1 64-Kbps control channel USA: PRI is carried over DS1(or T1) line, which carries 23 B-channels , 1 64-Kbps D-channel (control channel) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory ISDN Basic-rate Network Architecture TE1 TE2 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ According to Shannon capacity theorem, a channel with a bandwidth of 3,000 Hz and a SNR of 30 dB will have a theoretical capacity of 30 Kbps „ „ In real condition, this modem would not provide more than 28.8 Kbps Digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies are the evolution of the telephone network. „ „ Allows existing unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) copper local loops to carry digital data up to 52 Mbps PtP service, carries its own power on the line Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ Transmission challenges „ „ „ „ „ Propagation loss Far-end crosstalk (FEXT) Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) Mismatch impedance Noise Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ Propagation loss depends on „ „ „ transmission frequency Distance Physical characteristics of the copper line Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ Far-end crosstalk (FEXT) „ „ Two or more signals transmitted in the same direction on different UTP pairs having overlapped spectra Near-end Crosstalk (NEXT) „ „ Two or more signals transmitted in opposite directions on different UTP pairs having overlapped spectra Should be avoided if possible Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory UDP Crosstalk Impairments Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ Mismatch impedance „ „ Occurs at all connecting points in the communication link Most damaging mismatches tend to occur at the connecting point between the twisted pair and the drop wire, with almost double characteristic impedance Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ Noise „ Radio frequency interference (RFI) „ „ Generated by signals emananting from broadcast systems Impulse noise „ generated by telephone signals and indoor light Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory xDSL „ Two modulation schemes are implemented to deal with the transmission challenges „ Single-carrier modulation „ „ e.g., V.32 and V.34 Multicarrier modulation „ „ requires more complex filters but achieve better performance e.g., xDSL Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Channel Effects in a Multicarrier Signal Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory ADSL „ Asymmetric DSL „ „ Transmitted over plain twisted-pair line Distance < 10,000 ft (3.3 km) „ „ „ Downstream: 8~12 Mbps Upstream: 1.5 Mbps Distance < 18,000 ft (5.5 km) „ „ Downstream: 1.5 Mbps Upstream: 64 Kbps Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory ADSL Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory ADSL Spectrum Allocation POTS ISDN Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory ADSL „ Two modulation schemes „ Carrierless amplitude phase (CAP) modulation „ „ „ Discrete multitone modulation (DMT) „ „ „ Single-carrier approach Deployed earlier, but without interoperability Multicarrier approach with 256 subcarriers Adopted as G.992.1 or G.dmt specification Both CAP and DMT uses QAM Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Splitterless ADSL Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory VDSL „ Very High Bit-rate DSL (VDSL) „ Transmission range: „ „ Data rate „ „ „ 13 Mbps symmetric, or 52 Mbps downstream and 2.3 Mbps upstream Challenge „ „ 1000 ft (0.3 km) ~ 4,500 ft (1.3 km) Frequency band of 1 MHz introduces very large impairments and high impulse noise Solution: Zipper „ assign channels to dowmstream and upstream in pairs Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory VDSL Network Topologies Passive NT Active NT Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Potential VDSL Spectrum Allocation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Zipped Spectrum Allocation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Hybrid Fiber Coaxial „ Data over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) „ „ a de factor industry standard for cable modem More than 50% of the cable Internet subscribers worldwide are using DOCSISbased cable modem. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HFC/CATV Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DOCSIS Spectrum Allocation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DOCSIS „ PHY „ Downstream „ „ „ „ Upstream „ „ „ is divided into channels of 6 MHz 64QAM or 256 QAM modulated up to 500 users share the same channel is divided into channels of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 MHz QPSK or 16 QAM modulated DOCSIS hub „ controls the frequency, data rate, timing, equalization, and output power of each subcarrier Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DOCSIS „ MAC „ „ „ „ Point-to-multipoint (PtMP) communication Bandwidth is centralized controlled by Cable model termination system (CMTS) CMTS assigns to each CM one channel and allocates dedicated time slots based on CM’s request also used by multichannel multipoint distribution system (MMDS) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Fiber Optics Network Hierarchy Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory FTTx „ Wide area fiber-optic networks „ „ „ Metropolitan core network and access networks „ „ PtP connections offers up to 3~10 TB bandwidth ring topologies, interconnected via optical adddrop multiplexers (ADMs) Access and consumer-premises networks „ Optical ring, optical link, HFC, or hybrid fiber copper links to cabinet/building/home Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory FTTx „ FTTC „ „ Fiber to the cabinet or curb Last mile selection may be „ „ „ FTTB „ „ Ethernet: 100 Mbps VDSL: 50 Mbps Fiber to the building FTTH „ Fiber to the home Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory FTTx ODF: Optical distribution frame source: ERG (07) 16 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PON „ Passive Optical Network (PON) „ „ „ Optical line termination (OLT) Optical networking unit (ONU) Optical network termination (ONT) „ „ „ ONU + NT One OLT serves several ONU in a TDMA manner OLT is responsible for scheduling the uplink and downlink transmissions Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PON Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless Home Access Network Alternatives Introduction „ „ Deployment of fiber and cable is particularly difficult in certain area. Wireless local loop (WLL) provides a simple, fast, flexible, and cost-effective solution to set up new communication links for new customers. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Introduction „ Two fix-wireless technologies are introduced „ MMDS „ „ „ TV broadcasting services Covers longer distances Local multipoint distribution service (LMDS) „ Provides two-way communications across shorter distances Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MMDS „ MMDS „ „ „ „ Also referred as wireless cable A fixed-wireless technology that has been primarily used for analog TV broadcasting Line-of-site technology Cell radius: 25~35 mile (up to 50 km) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MMDS „ MMDS „ Frequency band: „ „ „ MMDS is capable of transmitting „ „ „ 2.500-2.686 GHz: 186 MHZ 2.150-2.162 GHz: 12 MHz up to 33 analog video channels (6 MHz/channel), or 200 digital video channels MMDS frequency bands can be used to offer twoway services since 1998 (in US) „ A terrestrial wired network is required to enable bidirectional communications Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MMDS Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MMDS „ Limitations „ „ Line-of-sight transmission results in additional transmitters and repeaters Cochannel interference may affect its performance „ Minimum 35 mile protection zone between MMDS operators is defined by FCC Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory LMDS „ LMDS „ „ „ also referred as the local multipoint communication system (LMCS) a broadband, fixed-wireless access system allow for two-way digital communications for voice, broadcast video, VoD, and highspeed data communication, withuot the need for terrestrial wired networks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory LMDS „ LMDS „ „ „ „ Frequency band: 28-31 GHz Data rate: 1-2 Gbps Line-of-sight transmission PtP or PtMP configuration Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory LMDS „ PtMP configuration „ „ „ „ „ Central station (CS) is connected to the backbone network Each CS serves multiple terminal stations (TSs) Reflector station (RS) is required if there is no line-of-sight link between CS and TS Coverage: 3 mile (up to 5 km) Used for service provisioning Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory LMDS „ PtP configuration „ „ „ Used to connect two locations Coverage: up to 10 mile (16 km) Mainly constitute the LMDS backbone network Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory LMDS Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory LMDS „ Limitations „ Line-of-sight transmission results in additional transmitters and repeaters „ „ Careful planning is required LMDS signal strength is greatly reduced by the presence of moisture (rain fade) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite „ Communication satellites can be categorized into three groups „ „ „ Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) Medium Earth orbit (MEO) Low Earth orbit (LEO) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite „ Geostationary Earth orbit (GEO) „ „ „ „ Fixed position with reference to the ground ~36,000 km away from Earth 75。S to 75。N Useful for broadcasting services Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite „ Medium Earth orbit (MEO) „ „ „ „ Do not have fixed position with reference to the ground ~10,000 km away from Earth MEO satellites rotate at different angular velocities Ex. GPS Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite „ Low Earth orbit (LEO) „ Maximum communication time is about 20 mins. „ „ 500~2,000 km away from Earth „ „ „ „ acceptable for store-and-forward communication Good end-to-end delay Low power consumption preferred for mobile communication Ex. IRIDIUM (uses 66+6 satellites) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite „ Direct Broadcast Satellite „ „ „ Home access via GEO satellite Satellite operates as a microwave reflector that can deliver multimedia data to the home at speed of 45 Mbps A terrestrial connection is required to provide interactive communication Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Satellite „ Advantage „ „ „ Wide coverage Large shared downstream bandwidth (up to 9 Gpbs) Disadvantage „ „ „ Large initial cost Lack of real interactivity Long round-trip delay Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless In-home Technologies Wireless - IrDA „ IrDA „ „ „ Infrared Data Association,1993 Founded as a non-profit organization IrDA is a very short-range example of free-space optical communication. used in palmtop computers, mobile phones, and laptop computers Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IrDA 1.0 Viewing-angle Specification Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - IrDA „ IrDA Data Protocols consist of a mandatory set of protocols and a set of optional protocols „ Mandatory protocols „ PHY (Physical Signaling Layer) „ IrLAP (Link Access Protocol) „ IrLMP (Link Management Protocol and Information Access Service (IAS)) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IrDA Software Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - IrDA Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IrDA Data Standard protocol stack DECT Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DECT Time-frame Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Intra-cell Handover Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Inter-cell Handover Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - Bluetooth Features „ „ „ „ „ Based on frequency-hopping spread spectrum technology Low Power Consumption Short Distance Transmission Operates in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed ISM Band FHSS (Frequency hopping spread spectrum communication) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Bluetooth Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Bluetooth FSS TDD Slot Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Bluetooth Packet Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Bluetooth Software Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - Bluetooth(Protocol Stack) vCard WAE OBEX WAP TCP UDP TCS-BIN SDP IP PPP Audio RFCOMM Logical Link Controller And Adaptation Protocol Host Controller Interface Link Manager Protocol Baseband Bluetooth Radio PS: WAP: Wireless Application Protocol TCS-BIN: Telephony Control protocol Specification using bit-Oriented protocol Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.15.1 Tutorial Reference: 01046r1P802-15_WG-802-15-1-TG1-Tutorial.ppt By Chatschik Bisdikian Topics •What does Bluetooth do •Bluetooth Positioning: PAN, LAN and WAN. •How does it work: piconets, scatternets, security, protocols, and profiles. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory What does Bluetooth do for me? Landline Cable Replacement Data/Voice Access Points Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Personal Ad-hoc Connectivity January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Usage scenarios: Headset User benefits „ Multiple device access „ Cordless phone benefits „ Hand’s free operation Wireless Freedom… Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Usage scenarios: Synchronization User benefits „ Proximity synchronization „ Easily maintained database „ Common information database Sharing Common Data… Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Usage scenarios: Data access points PSTN, ISDN, LAN, WAN, xDSL User benefits „ No more connectors „ Easy internet access „ Common connection experience Remote Connections... Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Wireless Positioning Bluetooth Wireless LAN Person Space: Office, Room, Briefcase, Pocket, Car On-campus: Office, School, Airport, Hotel, Home Short Range/Low Power Voice AND Data Low-cost Cellular Small form factor Off-Campus Global Coverage Many Co-located Nets Universal Bridge Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Characteristics •Operates in the 2.4 GHz band at a data rate of 720Kb/s. •Uses Frequency Hopping (FH) spread spectrum, which divides the frequency band into a number of channels (2.402 - 2.480 GHz yielding 79 channels). •Radio transceivers hop from one channel to another in a pseudo-random fashion, determined by the master. •Supports up to 8 devices in a piconet (1 master and 7 slaves). •Piconets can combine to form scatternets. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments What is a Piconet? •A collection of devices connected in an ad hoc fashion. •One unit will act as a master and the others as slaves for the duration of the piconet connection. S M P •Master sets the clock and hopping pattern. •Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern/ID S SB S P •Each master can connect to 7 simultaneous or 200+ inactive (parked) slaves per piconet Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d M=Master S=Slave P=Parked SB=Standby Tom Siep, Texas Instruments What is a Scatternet? •A Scatternet is the linking of multiple colocated piconets through the sharing of common master or slave devices. •A device can be both a master and a slave. S M P S •Radios are symmetric (same radio can be master or slave) SB S P P SB •High capacity system, each piconet has maximum capacity (720 Kbps) M S M=Master S=Slave Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d P=Parked SB=Standby Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Bluetooth Architecture Applications TCS RFCOMM SDP Data Application Framework and Support Co ntr ol Other Host Controller Interface L2CAP Audio Link Manager and L2CAP Link Manager Baseband Radio & Baseband RF Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments The Bluetooth “lower” layers „ „ „ Radio (RF) „ The Bluetooth radio front-end „ 2.4GHz ISM band; 1Mbps „ 1,600hops/sec; 0dBm (1mW) radio (up to 20dBm) Baseband (BB) „ Piconet/Channel definition „ “Low-level” packet definition „ Channel sharing Link Management (LM) „ Definition of link properties „ encryption/authentication „ polling intervals set-up „ SCO link set-up „ low power mode set-up Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Baseband link types „ Polling-based (TDD) packet transmissions „ „ „ M S Synchronous connection-oriented (SCO) link „ „ „ 1 slot: 0.625msec (max 1600 slots/sec) master/slave slots (even-/odd-numbered slots) “circuit-switched”, periodic single-slot packet assignment symmetric 64Kbps full-duplex M S Asynchronous connection-less (ACL) link „ „ packet switching asymmetric bandwidth, variable packet size (1,3, or 5 slots) „ „ 0 1 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory max. 721 kbps (57.6 kbps return channel) 108.8 - 432.6 kbps (symmetric) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 January 2001 Sli d 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Security: Key generation and usage PIN PIN E2 E2 User Input (Initialization) Authentication Link Key Link Key E3 E3 Encryption Encryption Key Encryption Key Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d (possibly) Permanent Storage Temporary Storage Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Bluetooth protocols „ Host Controller Interface (HCI) „ Provides a common interface between the Bluetooth host and a Bluetooth module „ „ Interfaces in spec 1.0: USB; UART; RS-232 Link Layer Control & Adaptation (L2CAP) „ A simple data link protocol on top of the baseband „ „ „ „ „ connection-oriented & connectionless protocol multiplexing segmentation & reassembly QoS flow specification per connection (channel) group abstraction Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Bluetooth protocols „ Service Discovery Protocol (SDP) „ „ RFCOMM (based on GSM TS07.10) „ „ emulates a serial-port to support a large base of legacy (serial-portbased) applications Telephony Control Protocol Spec (TCS) „ „ „ Defines an inquiry/response protocol for discovering services call control (setup & release) group management for gateway serving multiple devices Legacy protocol reuse „ reuse existing protocols, e.g., IrDA’s OBEX, or WAP for interacting with applications on phones Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Profiles „ „ „ Represents default solution for a usage model Vertical slice through the protocol stack Basis for interoperability and logo requirements Each Bluetooth device supports one or more profiles Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Applications Protocols „ Profiles January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Profiles Generic Access Profile Service Discovery Application Profile Serial Port Profile „ „ „ „ „ Dial-up Networking Profile Fax Profile Headset Profile LAN Access Profile (using PPP) Generic Object Exchange Profile „ „ „ File Transfer Profile Object Push Profile Synchronization Profile TCS_BIN-based profiles „ „ Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Cordless Telephony Profile Intercom Profile January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Summary „ Bluetooth is a global, RF-based (ISM band: 2.4GHz), short-range, connectivity solution for portable, personal devices „ „ The Bluetooth spec comprises „ „ „ „ it is not just a radio, it is an end-to-end solution a HW & SW protocol specification usage case scenario profiles and interoperability requirements IEEE 802.15 is working on standardizing the PHY and MAC layers in Bluetooth To learn more: http://www.bluetooth.com Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory January 2001 Sli d Tom Siep, Texas Instruments Wireless – Wi-Fi „ Wi-Fi „ „ Wi-Fi stands for "Wireless Fidelity”, a wireless technology brand owned by the Wi-Fi Alliance Also known as IEEE802.11, uses radio waves to send information at speeds of up to 11 Mbps over a range of up to 300 ft. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless – Wi-Fi „ Combined with a Wireless Access Point or Wireless Router to provides users with wireless high-speed internet access „ IEEE 802.11 is comprised of more than 20 different standards Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless – Wi-Fi Comparison of standards Standard Frequency Data Transfer Rate Typical (Max) Range (indoor) 802.11a 5 GHz 25 (50) Mb/sec about 10 m (30 ft) 802.11b 2.4GHz 6.5 (11) Mb/sec 30 m (90 ft) 802.11g 2.4 GHz 25 (54) Mb/sec 30+ m (90+ ft) 802.11n * 2.4 GHz 200 (540) Mb/sec 50m (150ft) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.11 Structured Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.11 Ad Hoc Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.11 Protocol Stacks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA Algorithm Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomeRF Structured Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomeRF Protocol Stacks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory SWAP Frame Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HyperLAN Protocol Stacks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - RadioRA „ RadioRA™ „ „ „ As the Egyptian god RA controlled the sunlight, RadioRA controls the lighting system in your home. RadioRA is considered the premier wireless lighting control system. Operates at a regulated frequency of 418 MHz and is immune to noise from power lines, cordless phones and other wireless products. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - RadioRA Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Emerging Wireless Technologies Reference „ IEEE 802.15 Family „ „ „ „ IEEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3: high data rate WPAN IEEE 802.15.4: low data rate WPAN Reference website: „ http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15/pub/Tutorials.html Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless „ - UWB Ultra-Wideband „ „ „ „ „ What’s UWB WiMedia Alliance Members Features UWB protocol stack References Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - UWB What’s UWB „ „ „ Based on WiMedia Standard Designed for WPANs (Wireless personal area networks) with „ „ „ Short Range radio Low Power Consumption Applications „ „ „ Wireless PC connectivity Wireless Multimedia connectivity Cable replacement Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - UWB Range (m) Throughput (Mbps) Power (mW/Mbps) Cost WiMAX Interference WPAN Requirement <10 >100 1 Low Low 802.11g >50 20-30 15-20 Low High 802.11n >50 >100 6-7 High High UWB <10 >100 1 Low None Technology Referenced from UWB whitepaper of www.wimedia.org Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - UWB Protocols running over the platform IEEE1394 Bluetooth UPnP USB Convergence Layer WiMedia UWB MAC Layer WiMedia UWB PHY Layer (802.15.3a) WiMedia UWB Radio Platform Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless USB 802.15.3 „ Motivation „ „ the need to distribute video and audio that requires much more bandwidth than IEEE 802.15.1 can sustain. Proposed radio solution „ single carrier Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) with Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM) working in the 2.4 GHz band. „ „ Selectable speeds: 11, 22, 33, 44, and 55 Mbps UWB „ 100 Mbps (<10 meter) and 400 Mbps (< 5 meter) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Terms „ „ Data devices (DEVs) Piconet Coordinator (PNC) „ Broadcast Beacon to „ „ „ „ „ „ „ Provide timing information (for network synchronization) Provide channel access information Control the channel access Manage the QoS requirements Perform admission control Assign time slots for connections between DEVs. Piconet: radius of 10m~70m Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Network Topology Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Parent/Child/Neighbor Piconets „ Several piconets can coexist by sharing the same channel frequency. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Parent/Child/Neighbor Piconets Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Protocol Stacks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 2.4 GHz Channel Assignment Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Superframe Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory CAP Structure in the Superframe Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory CSMA/CA in CAP Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory CTA Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Dynamic GTS and Pseudostatic GTS Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MTS Channel Access Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Superframe Relationship Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Connection Establishment Process CTR: Channel Time Request Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless „ - ZigBee ZigBee „ „ „ Technological standard based on the IEEE 802.15.4 for control and sensor networks Created by ZigBee Alliance Targets the application domain of low power, low duty cycle and low data rate requirement devices Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - ZigBee „ Operates in Unlicensed Bands „ ISM 2.4 GHz Global Band at 250kbps „ 868 MHz European Band at 20kbps „ 915 MHz North American Band at 40kbps Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - ZigBee „ Operates in Personal Area Networks (PAN’s) and device-to-device networks „ Connectivity between small packet devices „ Control of lights, switches, thermostats, appliances, etc. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory - ZigBee 802.15.4 „ Two types of devices „ Full function device (FFD) „ „ „ Can be a network node or a network coordinator Can use star, peer-to-peer, or cluster tree topology Reduced function device (RFD) „ „ Can only be a network node Limited to star topology only Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.15.4 Tutorial source: 03036r0P802-15_WG-802-15-4-TG4-Tutorial.ppt By José A. Gutierrez 802.15.4 Applications Space • Home Networking • Automotive Networks • Industrial Networks • Interactive Toys • Remote Metering January - 2003 José A. Gutierrez 802.15.4 Applications Topology Cable replacement - Last meter connectivity Virtual Wire Mobility Wireless Hub Ease of installation Stick-On Sensor January - 2003 José A. Gutierrez Some needs in the sensor networks Thousands of sensors in a small space → Wireless but wireless implies Low Power! and low power implies Limited Range. Of course all of these is viable if a Low Cost transceiver is required January - 2003 José A. Gutierrez Solution: LR-WPAN Technology! By means of IEEE 802.15.4 January - 2003 José A. Gutierrez 802.15.4 General Characteristics „ Data rates of 250 kb/s, 40 kb/s and 20 kb/s. „ Star or Peer-to-Peer operation. „ Support for low latency devices. „ CSMA-CA channel access. „ Dynamic device addressing. „ Fully handshaked protocol for transfer reliability. „ Low power consumption. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 General Characteristics „ „ Frequency Bands of Operation „ 16 channels in the 2.4GHz ISM band „ 10 channels in the 915MHz ISM band „ 1 channel in the European 868MHz band. Simple but flexible MAC protocol Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 Protocol Architecture Upper Layers Other LLC IEEE 802.2 LLC IEEE 802.15.4 MAC IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY Operating Frequency Bands 868MHz / 915MHz PHY 2.4 GHz PHY 2.4 GHz Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Channel 0 Channels 1-10 868.3 MHz 902 MHz Channels 11-26 2 MHz 928 MHz 5 MHz 2.4835 GHz 802.15.4 PHY „ Transmit Power „ „ Transmit Center Frequency Tolerance „ „ ± 40 ppm Receiver Sensitivity (Packet Error Rate <1%) „ „ „ Capable of at least 1 mW -85 dBm @ 2.4 GHz band -92 dBm @ 868/915 MHz band RSSI Measurements „ „ „ Packet strength indication Clear channel assessment Dynamic channel selection Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 PHY „ 2.4 GHz PHY „ „ „ Symbol rate: 250 kb/s (4 bits/symbol, 62.5 kBaud) Data modulation is 16-ary orthogonal modulation Chip modulation is MSK at 2.0 Mchips/s Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 PHY „ 868MHz/915MHz PHY „ Symbol Rate „ „ „ „ 868 MHz Band: 20 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 20 kBaud) 915 MHz Band: 40 kb/s (1 bit/symbol, 40 kBaud) Data modulation is BPSK with differential encoding Chip modulation is BPSK at „ „ 868 MHz Band: 300 kchips/s 915 MHz Band: 600 kchips/s Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 Devices „ „ Full function device (FFD) „ Any topology „ Network coordinator capable „ Talks to any other device Reduced function device (RFD) „ Limited to star topology „ Cannot become a network coordinator „ Talks only to a network coordinator „ Very simple implementation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Star Topology PAN Coordinator Master/slave Full function device Reduced function device Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Communications flow P2P Topology Point to point Full function device Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Cluster tree Communications flow Combined Topology Clustered stars - for example, cluster nodes exist between rooms of a hotel and each room has a star network for control. Full function device Reduced function device Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Communications flow Addressing „ „ „ All devices have IEEE addresses Short addresses can be allocated Addressing modes: „ Network + device identifier (star) „ Source/destination identifier (peer-peer) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 Traffic Types „ Three type of traffic „ Periodic data „ „ „ Intermittent data „ „ „ Low data rate Ex.: sensor traffic Generated once in a while Ex.: light switch Repetitive low-latency data „ „ „ „ Generated continuously and requires low-latency data transfer Requires GTSs Negotiation process is accomplished through upper layers and GTS primitives Ex. mouse Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 802.15.4 Frame Format PHY Packet Fields • • • • Preamble (32 bits) – synchronization Start of Packet Delimiter (8 bits) PHY Header (8 bits) – PSDU length PSDU (0 to 1016 bits) – Data field Preamble Start of Packet Delimiter 6 Octets Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PHY Header PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) 0-127 Octets 802.15.4 Frame Format PHY Layer MAC Layer Payload Synch. Header (SHR) MAC Header (MHR) PHY Header (PHR) MAC Service Data Unit (MSDU) MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU) PHY Service Data Unit (PSDU) 4 Types of MAC Frames: • Data Frame • Beacon Frame • Acknowledgment Frame • MAC Command Frame Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Footer (MFR) 802.15.4 MAC „ „ Sophisticated functions (i.e., QoS mechanisms) reside in upper layers Three packet structure „ „ „ „ Beacon packet Data packet Handshake packet (ACK packet) Channel access „ „ CSMA/CA: best effort service TDMA: quantitative service Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Frame Structure GTS 2 Contention Access Period GTS 1 Contention Free Period 15ms * 2n where 0 ≥ n ≥ 14 Network beacon Transmitted by network coordinator. Contains network information, frame structure and notification of pending node messages. Beacon extension period Space reserved for beacon growth due to pending node messages Contention period Access by any node using CSMA-CA Guaranteed Time Slot Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Reserved for nodes requiring guaranteed bandwidth [n = 0]. 802.15.4 Signaling Flow Recipient MAC Originator MAC MCPS-DATA.request Originator Recipient Channel access Data frame Acknowledgement (if requested) MCPS-DATA.indication MCPS-DATA.confirm Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless – Z-Wave „ Z-Wave™ „ „ „ „ „ History Evolution Z-Wave Alliance Members Features Z-Wave Protocol Stack References Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless – Z-Wave „ History Evolution „ „ Based on X10 Z-Wave Versus X10 „ Transport Method „ „ „ More Quickly Response „ „ Z-Wave: Support native acknowledge mechanism Better Security „ „ Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory X10: Via power line and RF adapter (optional) Z-Wave: RF based completely X10: 4 bits house code Z-Wave: 24 bits home code Wireless – Z-Wave „ Features „ „ „ „ „ „ Low cost Low power consumption Low complexity Seamless inter-operability Simple network management WLAN coexistence Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless – Z-Wave Application Layer Lighting Switches Sensors Thermostats application program Transfer Layer MAC Layer RF Media Layer Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Z-Wave H/W Chip & Firmware program IEEE 802.11n Technology 802.11n provides full office coverage and outstanding performance, compares to current 802.11b/g 802.11g signal strength Wired speed area 802.11n signal strength ~60’ feet WALL Office ~100 feet source: Zyxel 802.11n Key Benefits • Provides wired speed wirelessly „ „ • Provides superior coverage „ „ „ • Save cabling cost Rich content delivery No more dead-spot in home or office No other wireless device investment needed (repeater, AP) Access the network everywhere, increase productivity Backward compatible with 802.11b/g „ Existing 802.11b/g clients get better performance than ever, immediate client upgrade is not necessary Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Spatial Division Multiplexing (SDM) „ SDM sends multiple independent data streams between transmit and receive antennas to deliver more bits in given bandwidth 1 spatial stream 54 Mbps 2 spatial stream 108 Mbps 3 spatial stream 162 Mbps 4 spatial stream 216 Mbps Tx1 Rx1 Rx2 Tx2 Rx3 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 2x2 2x3 3x3 4x4 … 802.11n Transmission Rate „ Modulation Improvement (mandatory) „ „ Two Transmit Antenna (2x2 or 2x3) „ „ 130Mbps -> 145Mbps Double bandwidth (20MHz -> 40MHz) (optional) „ „ 65Mbps -> 130Mbps Packet Aggregation (optional) „ „ 54Mbps -> 65Mbps 145Mbps -> 300Mbps Four Transmit Antenna (4x4) „ 300Mbps -> 600Mbps Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - WiMAX „ WiMAX „ „ WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Accessis, is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard, which is also called WirelessMAN The name WiMAX was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the standard Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - WiMAX „ A standards-based technology to enable the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL „ Can have a bandwidth of up to 75MBps and cover up to a distance of 10KM „ A WiMAX system consists of two parts: „ WiMAX Base Station „ WiMAX receiver Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Wireless - WiMAX „ WiMAX Base Station „ „ Consists of indoor electronics and a WiMAX tower. Theoretically, a base station can cover up to 50 km radius, however practical considerations limit it to about 10 km WiMAX receiver „ The receiver and antenna could be a stand-alone box or a PCMCIA card that sits in your laptop or computer. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Technologies that Reuse Existing Home Wiring Power Line Communication (PLC) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Power Line „ Power line communication is using electric power line to carry information internet Power Line ADSL model Outlet PC Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PLC CPE Outlet PLC CPE Powerline Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 電力線通訊？ ¾ 電力線通訊 ª ª ¾ Power Line Communication, PLC 利用現有電力線，將數據或資訊以數位訊號處理方 法進行傳輸 寬頻電力線通訊 ¾ ª Broadband over Power Lines, BPL 利用現有電力線傳輸，寬頻通訊「最後一哩」之另 一種可能選擇 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 電力系統 v. s. 通訊網路 電力系統 發電系統 輸電系統 配電系統 用戶端 中壓線路 電廠 高壓線路 變電所 通訊網路 桿上變壓器 低壓線路 局端設備 Backbone Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory source: 台電綜合研究所 電力線通訊系統架構圖 source: 台電綜合研究所 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory BPL-Based Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 電力線傳輸之挑戰 „ 電力線傳輸之挑戰 „ „ 資料在戶外傳輸時會產生干擾及電波外漏問題 各國對干擾之規範： „ 加拿大： „ „ 南韓 ： „ „ < 500 uV within 3 m USA „ Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 3~30MHz, < 30 uV within 30 m FCC Part 15, <24dB 電力線傳輸之挑戰 „ PLC networks are country specific „ You need 500+ independent homes in test to reach significance level for 500k+ homes (ISO 3951/DIN 40080). source: HomePlug Executive Seminar, Nov 15, 2007 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PLC-related Standards „ PLC三大標準聯盟 „ „ „ 以 美 國 Intellon 公 司 所 設 計 晶 片 為 主 的 HomePlug (HPA)，主攻美洲市場 以西班DS2公司所設計晶片為主的UPA或 OPERA，主攻歐洲為市場 以日本消費性電子廠所主導的HD-PLC，主 攻消費性電子產品市場 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PLC-related Standards „ IEEE P1675 „ Standard for Broadband Over Power Line Hardware „ Address couplers, grounding, and installation practices. The standard is more for utility companies to make sure that devices installed on their lines does not cause problems. „ Expected to be finalized at mid of 2006 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PLC-related Standards „ IEEE P1775 „ „ „ Standards for Powerline Communication Equipment - Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Requirements - Testing and Measurement Methods Address emissions and how to test to ensure that you are within the required power limits. Expected to be finalized at end of 2009 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PLC-related Standards „ IEEE P1901 „ Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications „ Concerns the MAC/PHY layers and how signals are put on the wire, etc. „ Expected to be finalized in 2008 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE P1901 „ Project scope: „ develop MAC/PHY standard for high speed (>100 Mbps) communication devices via electric power lines, so called Broadband over Power Line (BPL) devices „ transmission frequencies below 100 MHz Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE P1901 „ Classes of BPL devices „ first-mile/last-mile connection (<1500 m to the premise) to broadband services „ in buildings for LANs and other data distribution (<100m between devices) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE P1901 „ Three clusters „ In-home cluster: allows low-voltage wiring in structures to carry digital content „ Access cluster: provides for transmission of broadband content on the medium- and lowvoltage power lines that feed homes „ Coexistence and interoperability cluster: ensures all equipment and devices used on BPL networks are compatible. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE P1901 down selection process Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE P1901 milestones „ „ „ June 2005: PAR approved January 2006: use cases approved February 2007 „ „ June 2007 „ „ 400 requirements approved; they are split into three clusters: access, in-home and coexistence 12 proposals received, 4 proposals/cluster Oct. 2007 „ One in-home proposal and one access proposal remain as candidates for confirmation after the first round of elimination voting Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Voting Results „ Access Cluster „ The HomePlug/Panasonic merged proposal (document P1901_0337_r0) received 22 votes. „ The UPA/OPERA/Mitsubishi merger proposal (document P1901_0345_r0) received 17 votes. „ The HomePlug/Panasonic merged proposal remains as the single candidate for the confirmation vote. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Voting Results „ In-Home Cluster „ The Panasonic/HomePlug/HiSilicon merger proposal (document P1901_0339_r0) received 28 votes. „ The UPA proposal (document P1901_0343_r0) received 13 votes. „ The Panasonic/HomePlug/HiSilicon merger proposal remains as the single candidate for the confirmation vote. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Up-to-date status (Dec. 2007) „ HomePlug Powerline Alliance-Panasonic presented the latest updates of the surviving in-home and access proposals. Significant progress was achieved but the working group felt the specifications were not mature enough to conduct a 75% confirmation working group vote. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Up-to-date status (Dec. 2007) „ UPA presented a proposal to merge the two surviving coexistence proposals. The elimination vote was postponed until the next meeting, in anticipation of a voluntary merger by that time. Two proposals remain as candidates. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug source: HomePlug Alliance Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug Powerline Alliance Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory History „ HomePlug 1.0 ¾ ¾ „ Standard is announced on 2001 Connect devices over powerline with 14Mbps PHY rate HomePlug with Turbo mode ¾ ¾ ¾ Develop by Cogency Cogency is acquired by Intellon on 2004 Release by Intellon with 85Mbps PHY rate Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 267 History „ HomePlug AV ¾ ¾ ¾ „ Standard is announced on 2005 Intellon announced the first chipset on 2006 Suitable for entertainment distribution over powerline with 200Mbps PHY rate, like, HD program. BPL : Broadband Power Line „ WAN applications over external high/mid voltage power line Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 268 HomePlug 1.0 „ HomePlug 1.0 (HP 1.0) „ „ „ 14 Mbps PHY, 56bit-DES Silicon Since 2000. First Products Since 2002 Silicon vendors: Arkados, Conexant, Intellon, Maxim, Afa Tech Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Resulting Main Business Cases „ HomePlug 1.0 (14 Mbps) „ Low-speed internet extensions (56K, ISDN, 1-3 Mbps xDSL) „ Music, picture and Motion-JPEG distribution „ Telemetry Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Resulting Main Business Cases „ HomePlug 1.0 + Turbo (85 Mbps) „ Medium-speed internet extensions (4-25 Mbps xDSL) „ LAN file sharing „ SD IPTV, Video in NTSC/PAL quality Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV „ HomePlug AV (HP AV) „ „ „ 200 Mbps PHY, 128 bit-DES Ethernet adapters shipping in volume now. Native integration in products starting in 1H’07 Silicon vendors : Arkados, Conexant, Gigle, Intellon, Spidcom Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Resulting Main Business Cases „ HomePlug AV „ „ „ High-speed internet extensions (25-100 Mbps xDSL, FTTH) HD IPTV, HD Video, high-speed LAN file sharing Large networks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Data Networking Application Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Security Application Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Audio and Video Application Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory AV vs. Turbo vs. 1.0 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug BPL and C&C „ HomePlug Access BPL „ „ Access network solution HomePlug Command & Control „ Home Control and Automation systems „ Baseline technology selected in Q1’06 Yitran based PHY/MAC Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Network Concept „ PhyNet : Physical Network ¾ „ A set of STAs can communicate each other physically without interference. AVLN : AV in-home Logical Network ¾ ¾ A set of STAs with the same NMK. An AVLN is managed by a Cco. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Network Concept Figure 1 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Figure 2 280 Network Concept PhyNet / AVLN PhyNet / AVLN STA Figure 1 Figure 2 A {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,CCo1} {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1} B {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,CCo1} {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1} C {C,D,CCo2} / {C,D,CCo2} {C,D,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1} D {C,D,CCo2} / {C,D,CCo2} {C,D} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1} CCo1 {A,B,CCo1} / {A,B,CCo1} {A,B,C,CCo1} / {A,B,C,D,CCo1} CCo2 {C,D,CCo2} / {C,D,CCo2} NA Note : In Figure 2, C is as Proxy CCo of D Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 281 Coexistence „ „ „ Coexistence means HomePlug AV STAs and 1.0 STAs can know the existence of each other in the same environment and avoid the interference Need coexistence, but not compatible Hybrid mode vs. AV-Only mode Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Hybrid Mode „ Hybrid mode : When power on of a new AV STA, if it detects the interference of 1.0 STA, the AVLN will operates in Hybrid Mode Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory AV-Only Mode „ AV-Only mode : When power on of a new AV STA, if it detects nothing or just AV STAs, the AVLN will operates in AVOnly mode Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory CSMA/CA vs. TDMA „ CSMA/CA : Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance ¾ ¾ Before a station to transmit, it must sense the medium to be idle. Use for contention period Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory CSMA/CA vs. TDMA „ TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access ¾ ¾ Provide guaranteed bandwidths for guaranteed QoS requirements, like video streaming. Use in contention-free period Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Beacon-Base Scheduling - 1 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Beacon-Base Scheduling - 2 „ Beacon Period : 2 AC-line Cycles ¾ „ „ Beacon Region : CSMA Region : ¾ „ Contention period Persistent region for QoS guaranteed : ¾ „ Ex.: 2*1/60Hz = 33.33ms,2*1/50Hz=40ms Contention-Free period, with scheduled TDMA Non-Persistent region ¾ ¾ Contention-Free period. Reserve to allow rapid response to urgent allocation requests. For example, extra allocation for unscheduled TDMA. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Roles of Stations „ CCo : Central Coordinator (CCo) station ¾ CCo without QoS • ¾ Preferred CCo • ¾ Basic CCo + scheduling contention-free allocation (TDMA) Proxy CCo • ¾ The CCo only perform the mandatory required functions. One STA relays message to/from CCo and hidden SATs. Backup CCo • Backup CCo is to play the role of the CCo when CCo failure. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Roles of Stations „ STA : Station Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Requirements of CCo „ „ „ „ „ „ AC Line Cycle Synchronization Transmission of a Central Beacon with a CSMA allocation 3A Security management Multiple Network management. HomePlug 1.0.1 Coexistence management. Bandwidth management, extra for preferred CCo Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Criteria to Select a CCo „ „ User-Appointed CCo Auto-Selected CCo ¾ ¾ ¾ Preferred CCo capable STA > “CCo-capable without QoS” CCo. Number of discovered STAs in the Discovered Station List Number of discovered networks in the Discovered Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV Specification „ HomePlug AV (HPAV): „ June 2004 „ „ „ December 2005 „ „ Baseline technology selection Merged technologies from Conexant, Intellon and Sharp HomePlug AV Specification v1.0 ratified May 2007 „ HomePlug AV Specification v1.1 ratified Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV „ HomePlug AV (HPAV): „ „ Backward compatible with HomePlug 1.0 MAC supporting both „ „ TDMA access: offers QoS CSMA-based access: provides four priority levels Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV „ HomePlug AV (HPAV): „ PHY „ OFDM with 917 active carriers in „ „ „ „ 200 Mbps channel rate and 150 Mbps information rate Bit loading with 1 to10 bits per carrier Turbo FEC provides performance close to the theoretical limit Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 1.8 to 30 MHz with no notch, 2-28Mhz with Ham bands notched Tone Mask Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV „ Efficient MAC „ „ „ „ CSMA similar to HP 1.0 High efficiency data plane Provides high tolerance to powerline noise AC line cycle synchronized TDMA period provides high performance and stability Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV „ Efficient MAC „ „ „ AC line cycle synchronized adaptation for powerline impairments TDMA with QoS guarantees Central Coordinator manages the network for optimal performance Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV System Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV System Architecture „ Higher Layer Entities (HLEs) „ „ „ „ Connection Specification (CSPEC) and Control QoS Management and Control bridges, applications or servers that provide offchip services to clients below the H1 Interface Data Service Access Point (SAP) „ accepts Ethernet format packets, so all IP based protocols are easily handled. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV System Architecture „ Data plane „ Convergence (CL) „ „ „ Packet classification QoS Monitoring etc MAC Physical (PHY) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV System Architecture „ Control plane „ Connection Manager (CM) „ „ „ Connection Management and Monitoring CM is responsible for setting up a connection with the other station and the CCo based on the connection’s CSPEC Central Coordinator (CCo): „ „ „ Bandwidth Management and Scheduling Beacon period synchronous with AC Line will be active in one and only one station in a single HPAV network. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Physical (PHY) Layer „ Physical Layer (PHY) „ provides a 200 Mbps PHY channel rate „ provide a 150 Mbps information rate. „ uses windowed OFDM and a powerful Turbo Convolutional Code (TCC), which provides robust performance within 0.5 dB of Shannon Capacity „ OFDM „ „ 917 carriers (tones) with a flexible guard interval BPSK (1 b/sym.) to 1024 QAM (10 b/sym.) modulation is applied for each carrier Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Typical PHY Channel & Bit Loading • Each carrier loaded with 1,2,3,4,6,8, or 10 bits Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PHY Channel Adaptation „ Powerline noise is commonly synchronous with the AC line cycle „ „ Dimmers, brush motors, switching power supplies, halogen lamps AC line cycle based Bit Loading „ Can significantly improve performance Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory PHY Channel Adaptation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Transmitter OFDM Modulator Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Transmitter „ Separate inputs for „ HPAV data „ „ HPAV control information „ „ passes through Scrambler, Turbo FEC Encoder and Interleaver processed by the Frame Control Encoder block, which has an embedded Frame Control FEC block and Diversity Interleaver HomePlug 1.0 control information „ Used to support HomePlug 1.0 compatibility Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Transmitter „ Outputs of the three streams are fed into „ a common OFDM modulator „ Analog Front End (AFE): „ couples the signal to the Powerline medium. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Receiver Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Receiver „ Separate data information via „ „ AFE, Automatic Gain Controller (AGC) and a time synchronization module Two data streams are generated „ „ HomePlug 1.0 control decoder HPAV FEC decoder Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Efficient MAC data plane „ Centrally managed network (CCo) „ Persistent and non-persistent allocation „ Provides reliable QoS on noisy powerline medium „ Contention free (connection oriented) and CSMA/CA periods (connectionless traffic) „ Neighbor network coordination „ Sharing channel with other AV networks (MDUs) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ „ „ Centralized control architecture „ managed by a Central Coordinator (CCo) „ CCo uses beacon to announce the scheduling information MAC layer provides both „ Contention (CSMA) service „ Contention Free (CF) service Synchronization to AC cycle via Beacon period „ improved noise mitigation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ MAC „ Two channel access modes „ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) access „ Prioritized CSMA/CA access Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) access „ offer connection-oriented Contention Free (CF) service „ support the QoS requirements (guaranteed bandwidth, latency and jitter requirements) „ Prioritized CSMA/CA access „ a connectionless, contention-based service „ similar to HomePlug 1.0 „ support both best-effort and prioritized QoS services Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Each Beacon Period is consisted of „ Beacon Region „ CSMA Region „ Contention-Free (Reserved) Region (TDMA) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ „ Beacon Region „ beacon is extremely robust and reliable „ schedule of regions and Contention Free allocations are broadcasted in the beacon „ beacon period is synchronized to AC line cycle CSMA Region „ Persistent shared CSMA allocation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Contention-Free (Reserved) Region (TDMA) „ „ Non-persistent allocation for QoS sessions „ non-persistent local CSMA region „ non-persistent TDMA region Persistent allocation for QoS sessions „ persistent TDMA region Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services • Beacon period is synchronized to AC line cycle Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Persistent TDMA region (parameter based QoS) „ CCo provides one or more persistent time allocations, named Transmit Opportunities (TXOPs), „ TXOP is allocated based on the Connection Specification (CSPEC) and the channel sounding results Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Persistent CSMA Region (priority based QoS) „ Is used for traffic with short duration or without QoS requirement „ HomePlug 1.0 devices are allowed to transmit in this region under Hybrid mode Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Connection Specification (CSPEC) „ Guaranteed bandwidth „ Quasi-Error free service „ Fixed Latency „ Jitter control Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Tone Map „ The channel sounding results specifying the optimal modulation on each OFDM tone based on initial channel estimation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ MAC „ Each MAC frame stream is divided into 512 octet segments and are encapsulated into PHY Blocks (PBs) „ FEC and Selective Acknowledgment (SACK) are performed based on PB Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ SACK „ SACK is an integral part of the TDMA allocation „ PBs are selectively acknowledged at the receiver „ PBs that are not positively acknowledged are retransmitted during the next TXOP. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Segmentation and MPDU Generation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ „ Central Coordinator (CCo) „ controls an AV Logical Network (AVLN) „ manages the bandwidth for the AVLN via beacon AVLN „ consists of several AV stations „ is indicated by a Network Membership Key (NMK) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Beacon contains „ timestamp for network synchronization „ the current schedule and the minimum number of Beacon Periods for which it will remain valid, and/or „ the new schedule and the number of Beacon Periods which will pass before it becomes valid Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ When an AV Station is powered on, it listens to the medium and „ joins an existing AVLN, or „ becomes a CCo and broadcasts a beacon „ Each AV station periodically broadcasts a Discover Beacon (at a time allocated by the CCo in the non-persistent portion of the PCF Region). „ Discover Beacon contains information about the station and the AVLN to which it belongs. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ Topology learning „ Each station keeps „ a Discovered Station List (DSL) for stations in the same AVLN „ a Discovered Networks List (DNL) for stations in the different AVLN „ CCo periodically asks stations to report its DSL/DNL for composing a topology map Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory MAC Protocols/Services „ CCo uses the topology map to determine if there is another station in the AVLN that would make a better CCo than it. „ Decision criteria (in order of priority): 1. User’s Selection 2. CCo Capability 3. Number of discovered STAs in the Discovered Station List 4. Number of discovered AVLNs in the Discovered Network List Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Neighbor Network Coordination Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV Specification v 1.1 „ „ „ „ „ Changes and Improvements Added new security features Added improvements to TCP, SMB and VoIP performance Added a robust mechanism for sharing the channel with neighboring AV networks Other improvements Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV Specification v 1.1 „ Changes and Improvements „ „ „ „ Added new security features Added improvements to TCP, SMB and VoIP performance Added a robust mechanism for sharing the channel with neighboring AV networks Other improvements Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV v 1.1 New Security Features „ Added a simple, mandatory push-button encryption key distribution protocol for adding stations to an AV Network „ „ „ User simply presses the buttons on each device to add a station Channel characteristics are used to provide reasonably good security Two security levels „ „ SC (Simple Connect) HS (High Security) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV v 1.1 New Security Features „ Mandatory periodic change of data encryption keys „ Improved support for higher layer security protocols such as Windows Connect Now (WCN) or Wi-Fi Simple Config „ “Power on” and “network joining” procedures were improved to support new button press protocol and improve efficiency „ Improved security of management messages Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Encryption Key and password „ DAK : Device Access Key ¾ „ DPW : Device PassWord ¾ „ The DAK is unique to a STA. Each STA is provided with a unique DAK during manufacture The DPW is the value that generates the DAK when it is run through the hashing function(MD5) NMK : Network Membership Key ¾ The Network Membership Key (NMK) is used by a STA to prove its membership in an AVLN Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Encryption Key and password „ NPW : Network PassWord ¾ ¾ „ The NPW is the value that generates the NMK when it is run through the hashing function (MD5). “HomePlugAV01” is the default NPW. NEK : Network Encryption key ¾ ¾ During normal operation, most messages are encrypted using the NEK, which is generated by the CCo and never be distribute to the new STA before authentication. CCo will change NEK on a periodic basis. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV Security „ Encryption „ „ Mechanisms „ 128 bit DES encryption „ SHA 256 hash algorithm Uses „ „ „ NMK: Network access authenticated by Network Membership Key NEK: Encryption of “all” data and MMEs with Network Encryption Key DAK: Device Access Key to securely distribute NMK to a station Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePlug AV Security „ Three “security” modes 1. Unprotected: Default NMK for simplified “out-ofthe-box” operation 2. User Confirm: Simple button push separation of your network from your neighbor’s 3. Secure: Security as strong as the password „ Strong user entered16 encryption keys generated by the machine or from user-passwords Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory TCP, SMB & TCP performance „ A new bidirectional frame format was added to reduce round trip latency and reduce MAC overhead „ „ „ „ TCP performance is improved by 10-25% VoIP performance is improved by 50% Can be used for both CSMA and TDMA Classifier rules and field formats were added to simplify and improve bidirectional connections Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Neighboring HomePlug AV Networks „ „ „ Added a robust operation mode to assure good network performance for various neighboring network scenarios Add requirement for all stations to be CCo capable Added support to fairly share the channel with access networks based on HP 1.0 Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Other Improvements „ Added support for jumbo management messages „ Improved user selection of the Central Coordinator (CCo) „ Improved CCo failure recovery function „ Added support so that an AV device can be a station in an HomePlug Access network „ Provides low cost CPEs to access service providers Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Other PLC-based Standards Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline - BACnet „ BACnet „ „ „ „ Building Automation and Control Networks An ASHRAE, ANSI, and ISO standard protocol. Object Oriental BACnet protocol „ „ „ „ „ ARCNET Ethernet, Point-To-Point over RS-232, Master-Slave/Token-Passing over RS-485 LonTalk. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline - BACnet Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline - BACnet BACnet Example Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline - Insteon „ Insteon™ „ „ „ „ Invented by SmartLabs lnc., owner of Smarthome Use pulse position modulation Compatible with X10 a Dual Mesh Network „ „ powerline radio communication Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline - Insteon Insteon System Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Reference:2006 SmartLabs Technology Powerline - Insteon 16.67 ms INSTEON INSTEON Insteon Packet Timing X10 800 us 1023 us 1823 us Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory X10 Powerline „ - LonWorks LonWorks™ „ „ „ „ Developed by Echelon® Corp. Compatibility with the OSI Reference Model Supports bus, star and ring topologies. The media supported by the LonTalk protocol include „ „ „ „ „ „ Twisted pair Power line Radio frequency Infrared Coaxial cable Fiber optics Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline „ „ „ „ - LonWorks LonTalk protocol Neuron chips LONWORKS transceivers Network management and applications software Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory – LonWorks System Powerline - UPB „ UPB™ „ „ „ Developed by PCS Based on X10 standard, UPB has an improved transmission rate and higher reliability. Pulse position modulation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline - UPB UPB Pulse Communication Method Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline – X10 „ X10 „ Developed by Pico Electronics Ltd. „ The first PLC that has been implemented commercially. „ Using the power line voltage as a global synchronization signal „ The burst frequency is chosen to be 120 kHz. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Powerline – X10 X10 Pulse Communication Method Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory X10 Command Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory CEBus Protocol Stack Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line Communication Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line „ The network use telephone line to connect internet and transmit and receive data Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA source: HomePNA Alliance Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line „ - HomePNA HomePNA™ „ „ „ „ Home Phoneline Networking Alliance The HomePNA seeks to establish standards for home networking over regular coax and phone lines within the home - for compatibility between telecom, computer and network products. HomePNA is an incorporated non-profit association of more than 150 companies, including the founding companies 2Wire, Motorola, CopperGate, AT&T, Conexant, Sunrise. Home Phoneline Networking Alliance does not enforce standards; it provides advice to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) which is a standards body. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA „ HomePNA „ Home Phoneline Networking Alliance „ Founded in June 1998 „ www.homepna.org „ non-profit association of industry-leading companies working together to promote adoption of networking industry standards using existing home wiring. „ develop industry standards over both phone line and coaxial cables Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line- HomePNA „ Feature „ „ „ Needn't connect up The price is cheap The general character is high each other Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line- HomePNA Telephone wire in the wall Telephone socket Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA card Telephone wire HomePNA „ HomePNA 1.0 „ „ „ Data rate: 1 Mbps HomePNA 2.0 „ Data rate: 10 Mbps „ Max. transmission range: 1000 ft (~305 m) „ Max. number of devices: 25 HomePNA 3.0 „ Data rate: 128 Mbps Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA „ HomePNA 3.1 „ ITU-T Recommendation G9954 (01/2007) „ „ the only internationally standardized existing-wire home networking technology Data rate: 320 Mbps (dual channel) or 160Mbps (single channel) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory source: HomePNA HomePNA Spectrum Allocation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA Frame Format Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory QoS requirements source: FS-VDSL and CableHome specifications Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ HPNA 3 Media Access Control (MAC): „ Synchronous MAC (SMAC) „ „ „ „ uses CSMA/CA techniques under the control of a Master device to pre-plan the timing of all media-access and avoid collisions network communication remains peer-to-peer master is used to plan and coordinate media access timing master only schedules the use of the network media via a Media Access Plan (MAP) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Peer-to-peer Communication Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Media Access Plan (MAP) „ Master broadcasts MAP periodically to the other nodes „ A MAP is generated for each MAC cycle „ MAP divides the media access time into a sequence of transmission opportunities (TXOPs) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Media Access Plan (MAP) „ „ TXOPs may be allocated to „ a specific service or a service group „ A network node or group of nodes Media access timing is provided based on the QoS constraints Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Each MAC cycle is consisted of „ „ MAP Contention-Free TXOP „ „ „ Inter-Frame Gap (IFG) is inserted between adjacent TXOPs Contention-Based TXOP Un-allocated TXOP Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HPNA 3 SMAC Cycle Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ QoS Mechanism „ „ „ „ based on the concept of a flow. A flow represents a unidirectional stream of data between network nodes Flows are setup and torn down on a service-byservice basis For each flow, rate parameters are defined for Master to control over „ „ „ „ network throughput, latency, jitter and BER Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Architectural framework and building blocks needed for QoS delivery (defined by ITU-T SG13) „ Control Plane „ „ „ „ Admission control Resource reservation QoS-Related Rate Adaptation Data Plane „ „ „ „ „ Buffer (or Queue) management Congestion avoidance Traffic Classification Traffic shaping Traffic Scheduling Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Admission Control „ Passed: „ „ Master reserves media resources for the flow and advertises the reservation in the MAP. Failed: „ „ the service may be delivered using Class of Service (CoS) (also referred to as priority-based QoS) media access methods, or rejected based on upper layer policy decisions Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Resource Reservation: „ „ Handled by Master QoS-Related Rate Adaptation „ „ per-flow rate negotiation based on the flow's BER/PER requirements flow signaling and admission control procedures are used to notify the Master to increase/decrease reserved media resources (time) Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomePNA 3.0 „ Buffer (or Queue) management „ Failure to balance memory and media resource allocation can cause „ „ „ „ Head-Of-Line (HOL) blocking, or Over-utilization by aggressive Best-Effort applications (FTP) Memory usage is limited by quotas to match media resource with flexibility to support bursts Best-Effort services are allocated "remaining" resources which may change dynamically from cycle to cycle. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Other Phone-line-based Standards Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line - HomeRAN „ HomeRAN™ „ „ „ „ „ The HomeRAN system uses the home coaxial infrastructure to distribute IP-TV. HomeRAN creates a true home multimedia network - and eliminates the need to run new wires around the home. Operators will enjoy a system inexpensive to install with a DIY capabilitiy. Without new boxes or wires, every TV outlet at home becomes an IP demarcation point that can be controlled by the operator. It is the ultimate solution for bridging fiber or DSL with the TVs in the home. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line - HomeRAN „ The HomeRAN system consists of two elements: „ „ The HomeRAN Gateway - that provides the logical interface between the incoming broadband access device and the home coaxial infrastructure. It is a bridge/router that converts the IP coming from DSL /Fiber modem to RF. The HomeRAN gateway can be located at the demarcation point or anywhere in the home. The HomeRan Outlet - located in several rooms in the home. These Outlets replace or complement regular cable TV outlets and convert the RF back to Ethernet or USB. Each HomeRANT Outlet provides both RF-TV and network interfaces. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Phone Line - HomeRAN Home Multimedia Network IP Set Top Box CO Equipment & DSLAM/FTTH DSL/FTTH HomeRAN Video Servers modem Modem Gateway Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HomeRAN HomeRAN Outlest Outlest Existing coax Cable Line Communication Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Cable Line „ - MoCA MoCA „ Multimedia over Coax Alliance „ Entropic Communications company „ MoCAis an open, industry driven initiative promoting distribution of digital video and entertainment through existing coaxial cable in the home. „ MoCA technology provides the backbone for whole home entertainment networks of multiple wired and wireless products. „ „ „ „ „ No new wires No installation or truck roll No interference with existing networks If you have coax, it works. Compliments any wireless network Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Cable Line „ - MoCA MoCA application architecture cable cableor or Satellite Satellite operator operator Wireless access router Wireless access router HOME.COAX DVR-DVD Home server Gaming Content from Cable or satellite client STB thin client STB Gaming Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory HDTV Digital media adapter PC/Media Center HomeCNA Spectrum Allocation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Home Coaxial Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ DOCSIS DOCSIS™ „ „ „ „ Abbreviation of “Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications”. An international standard developed by CableLabs and contributing companies. DOCSIS defines the communications and operation support interface requirements for a data over cable system. DOCSIS permits additional high-speed data transfer to an existing Cable TV (CATV) system. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ History „ „ „ „ 1997 1999 2001 2006~ Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DOCSIS Spec 1.0 Released DOCSIS Spec 1.1 Released DOCSIS Spec 2.0 Released DOCSIS Spec 3.0 Released DOCSIS DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ DOCSIS Architecture „ Two primary components: „ „ Cable Modem (CM) located at the Customerpremises equipment (CPE) Cable modem termination system (CMTS) located at the CATV headend. CM CMTS CM CMTS CM CM CMTS CM Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Headend CPE CM CM CM DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ DOCSIS Features „ „ DOCSIS provides great variety in options available at OSI layers 1 and 2, the Physical (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC) layers. Speed table Version DOCSIS Downstream Upstream 1.x 42.88 (38) Mbit/s 10.24 (9) Mbit/s 2.0 42.88 (38) Mbit/s 30.72 (27) Mbit/s 3.0 +171.52 (+152) Mbit/s +122.88 (+108) Mbit/s Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ DOCSIS Features „ „ Operators can provide a variety of high-value services through an "always-on" Internet connection, including broadband Internet connectivity, digital voice, etc. DOCSIS products are standards-based, so manufacturers can provide enhanced features at competitive prices. Consumers get a low-cost way to get a broadband connection to the Internet. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -cablehome „ Cablehome „ The CableHome defines interface specifications necessary to extend high-quality cable-based services to network devices within the home. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -cablehome „ History „ „ „ „ „ „ 2000 2001 2002 Project kickoff Architecture Tech Report Released CableHome 1.0 Spec Released, CableHome 1.1 Effort Started 2003 CableHome 1.0 Product Certified, CableHome 1.1 Spec Released 2004 CableHome 1.1 Product Certified, CableOffice Commercial Services Annex Spec and MIBs issued 2005~ Support for UPnP Discovery, Gateway Configuration and QoS Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -cablehome CableHome Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -cablehome „ Features „ „ „ CableHome Extend deployment and management of Cable-based services (such as Cable-TV, Cable-modem, Cable-phone) into the home. CableHome enables services over the cable architecture to the last 100 feet into consumer homes The architecture to support future services in the home Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -cablehome „ Features „ Benefits to Cable Operators/Consumers „ „ Cable operators are able to offer more services through the broadband network. Consumers will have the convenience of cable-delivered broadband services delivered throughout their homes. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ opencable Opencable „ The OpenCable initiative began in 1997 with the goal of helping the cable industry deploy interactive services. It provides a set of industry specifications. OpenCable specifications help achieve the goal of interactive service delivery by meeting three key objectives: „ Defining the next-generation digital consumer device. „ Encouraging supplier competition. „ Creating a retail hardware and software platform Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ OpenCable project has hardware and software specifications. „ „ „ opencable The hardware specifications describe one-way and two-way digital cable-ready “host” devices that are interoperable with cable systems throughout the U.S., The software specifications, called the OpenCable Platform,, solve the problem of proprietary operating system software, thereby creating a common platform for interactive television applications and services. It was renamed tru2way in January 2008. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ opencable OpenCable Spec 1.0 „ „ „ „ „ „ Picture-in-Picture Time-shifting Emergency Alert Pay-Per-View Video-On-Demand E-mail Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory „ „ „ „ „ „ Chat/Conferencing Games Music/Radio(MPEG) Shopping Banking IP Telephony DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT - opencable OpenCable 1.0 Context TV Cable Distribution Network Application Server OCAP 1.0 Host Device Speakers Remote Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT „ opencable OpenCable Application Platform, or OCAP „ „ An operating system layer designed for consumer electronics that connect to a cable television system. The cable company controls what OCAP programs run on the consumer's machine. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory DEVICE/NETWORK MANAGEMENT -opencable OCAP Extension Cable Modem HFC IP STB Printer PC TV IP Network OC Host Wireless AP PDA Cell phone TV Storage Device Digital Camera Notebook PC Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Video Camera Summary Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory 家庭网络传输方式对比表 名称 传输介质 最新版本 理论连接速度 HomePlug 电力线 HomePlug AV 200Mbps MoCA 同轴电缆 - 270Mbps HomePNA 电话线/同轴电缆 HomePNA 3.1 320Mbps Wi-Fi RF 802.11g 54Mbps Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Technologies with New Wiring Requirement Outline „ „ „ Ethernet USB Firewire Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Ethernet Bus Topology Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Ehternet Star Topology Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory USB Network Architecture Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 „ IEEE 1394 „ „ „ „ FireWire is Apple Inc.'s brand name for the IEEE 1394 interface. It is also known as i.LINK (Sony's name). It was initiated by Apple and developed by the IEEE P1394 Working Group. It is a serial bus interface standard, for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer. Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 IEEE 1394 USB 1394a:100、200、400Mbps 1394b:800Mbps、1.6、3.2Gbps 1.1: 1.5、12Mbps 2.0:360、480Mbps Peer-to-peer Server-Client Asynchronous and isochronous Interrupt, bulk, control, Isochronous Cable maybe powered or unpowered Cable can powered and unpowered Plug-and-Play supported Plug-and-Play supported 63 connected devices 127 connected devices Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 Cable Insection Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 „ 1394 Cable Cross section Signal Pair A Power Pair 8Vdc~40Vdc Signal Pair B Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Shields Example IEEE 1394 Network Topology Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 Address Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 Protocol Stacks Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 Application Layer Transaction Layer (R/W Lock) Serial Bus Manager Bus Manager Link Layer Packet Transmitter Packet Receiver Cycle Control Physical Layer Node Controller Bus Initialization Arbitration Decode Connectors/Media Signal Levels Encode Hardware Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Isochroous Resource Manager Firmware IEEE 1394 Frame Structure Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 „ Cycle Structure Isochronous (short gaps) # m -1 Cycle # k Cycle start (data=x) ch K ch L asynchronous (long gaps) ch N Cycle period 125 micro sec Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Packet B Packet C Start Delay # m+1 IEEE 1394 Asynchronous Write Packet Format Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory IEEE 1394 and HYPERLAN2 Interoperation Broadband Multimedia Wireless Research Laboratory