Transcript
Carbon Monoxide Emission, Monitoring and Alarm System with SMS Inquiry using a Microcontroller Ruby Grace L. Reoma, Rey Martin L. Reoma and Veronica L. Reoma
Journal Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 3:86- 96(2015)
Abstract
Advancing technology brought the increase of Carbon Monoxide (CO) production that causes adverse effects to health. This project focuses on designing a CO detector with inquiry through SMS for people to be well aware of the CO presence. This was made possible by interfacing a microcontroller to the sensor and the mobile phone. The PIC16F877A was used as the microcontroller. The EcoSure (2e) was used as the sensor that can only detect Carbon Monoxide. As for the mobile phone, this functioned as the server from which inquiries from subscribers were received. This in turn, sends the data (CO levels) inquired by the subscribers. These data were stored in the mobile phone server’s SIM memory, in which the logging system was integrated. Simultaneously, these data were classified according to its concentration and were displayed in a color-coded alarm system.
Keywords:
Carbon monoxide, microcontroller
1.0 Introduction Carbon monoxide (CO) gas can be detected using appropriate devices made available in the market. This study is anchored on the concept that, these sensors can be installed in homes to monitor and detect the harmful gas. One of the possible and most user-friendly ways is by using the Short Message Service or SMS text messaging which is the most widely used data application on the planet today and can be integrated into the monitoring Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte
alarm
system,
gas
monitoring,
of the deadly gas. Despite global technological modernization, environment and health are still the primary issues of the world today. Past researches have been conducted in relation to carbon monoxide monitoring because of its adverse effects to human health and to environment. Projects mentioned used microcontroller as primary component of the system. Barbaso et al. (2005) and Parreñas et al. (2005) designed a PIC-Based Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System which
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is intended to monitor the CO levels. CO concentration is detected by a sensor which gives readings in microamperes. The latter was achieved by interfacing the microcontroller directly to the server mobile phone. Briones et al. (2007) employed a Sony Ericson T68 cellular phone. It functioned as the device at which the message is inputted to the display board. Other papers focused on intelligent residential burglar alarm, emergency alarm, fire alarm, toxic gas leakage remote automatic sound alarm and remote control system, which is based on 89c51 single chip computer by Chung and Yang (2009) and Chen Rong (2008) as cited by Ramya and Palaniappan (2012). Another way is to send a prefix with the text message. These prefixes are not equal by the different GSM operators in the world. The notation with AT+CSMP is equal in all SMSC. Not all mobile phones can switch on the bit for the acknowledgment by Ioan Lita, Ion Bogdan Cioc and Daniel Alexandru Visan (2006). We cannot escape air pollution, not even in our own homes. In 2005, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that toxic chemicals found in the air of almost every modern home are three times more likely to cause Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte
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some type of cancer than outdoor air pollutants. This odorless, colorless and toxic CO gas is undetectable by our natural senses. The study aimed to design a carbon monoxide (CO) detector monitoring system with inquiry of the CO level in an area, specifically in a room through Short Message Service (SMS) protocol of the mobile phone as the mode of the transmission using different sensors with different color coded alarm systems. The primary goal of this project is to enhance the Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System devised by Barbaso et. al. The researchers intend to append an automatic logging system, colorcoded alarm, and CO level inquiry via SMS to further improve the existing device. The general block diagram of the project design is seen in Fig. 1 to Fig. 3.
2.0 Methodology The sensor used in the system was the ECO-Sure® (2e) which was designed for Carbon Monoxide detection only. Its readings were given in microamperes. From the sensor’s readings, a current-to-voltage converter was needed for conversion. This was connected to the input pin RA0 of
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the PIC. For this converter, an LF351 amplifier was used to obtain the reading of the sensor ideal for the input to the next stage which was the microcontroller. The current-tovoltage converter had a resolution of 0.01 volts for every 45 nanoamperes equivalent to 1ppm. The microcontroller used was the PIC16F877A which was connected to the current-to-voltage converter. The mobile phone server, LCD, and the Alarm system were connected to the microcontroller. The programming features of the PIC were used for the logging system of the design. The interpreted CO-level readings, having been processed in the microcontroller, are then sent via the microcontroller’s output ports RD (0-3) to the input pin of the LCD for display and the control pins 4 (RS), 5(R/W), and 6(E) of the LCD are connected to the port RE (0-2) of the PIC. For simplicity of design and implementation, the FM162B LCD was used. The input pins of the alarm system were connected to the output ports RC (0-3) of the microcontroller. For every output voltage from the microcontroller, there is a corresponding LED color to classify the CO level detected by the sensor. For safe mode and the default mode (0-49 ppm), color Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte
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green was used to signify low level (50-199 ppm), yellow was used to indicate mid-level (200-399 ppm), and orange and red for high level (400-up ppm). The server mobile phone used was a Sony Ericsson T610. This was connected from the pin 4 (Rx) and pin 5 (Tx) to the pin RC6/ Tx and RC7/Rx of the microcontroller respectively. This is capable of the AT commands which was used for the interfacing with the microcontroller. This cellular phone functions as the device at which the people can send a message for the CO level inquiry. The numbers of the inquiring cellular phones were registered to the phonebook of the SIM memory in the mobile phone server prior to operation. The project design’s flow is represented in the succeeding figures. Figure 1 shows the program flow of the general system of the study while Figure 2 below shows the program flow chart for the SMS inquiry of the CO monitoring device. This program flow offers an alternative in retrieving information from the microcontroller since the display will only present instantaneous data of the CO level.
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Figure 1. Main program flowchart.
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Figure 2. SMS server and inquiry flowchart.
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The flow of the program for the inquiry of the CO level is shown on the previous page. The appropriate syntax in inquiring the CO level through SMS is: spacespace (e.g. CO? 9/02/28 11:30). This will be sent to the number of the mobile phone server. If the number of the inquirer is valid or registered, a notification will be sent from the server: space space space < hr:min> (e.g. CO 49ppm 9/02/28 11:30). The time is in military format. However,
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if the number of the inquirer is not registered, the message received in the server phone will automatically be deleted. For incorrect inquiry syntax, the correct syntax will be sent to the inquirer. Another subsystem that gives notification of the CO level, along with the inquiry system, is the alarm system. This is color-coded for easy identification of the different CO levels and convenience to the concerned. The flow of the program of this system is shown below in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Alarm system flowchart.
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The data, shown in the alarm system and used in the SMS inquiry, were stored in the logging system. The memory of the SIM of the server was used as the storage. The data was received from the converter. This was analyzed in the
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PIC and the CO level was determined and then displayed to the LCD. The system memory is checked if it is full or not. If the SIM memory is full, the oldest data is discarded and saves the most recent.
Figure 4. Logging system flowchart.
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3.0 Results and Discussion In other research study the readings are compared with the Flue Gas Analyzer which is the basis for reliability of the sensor used. Both results were almost equal. In this study, the same sensor is used. The carbon monoxide levels at any point of a room or open space vary at time intervals due to certain factors such as room size, flow of air, and fuel burning appliances that are not adequately vented and maintained in the area, and other interferences. The study was conducted to test and to monitor the level of carbon monoxide exposure. The SAFE level ranges from 0ppm to 49ppm; the LOW level ranges from
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50ppm to 199ppm; the MID ranges from 200ppm to 399ppm; the HIGH level ranges from 400ppm to 500ppm. The test area is at the 3KM Enterprise in Cebu City where photocopy machines are used. The results were tabulated by taking the reading from our system every five seconds and for the duration of five minutes. The results are shown in the following tables on the succeeding graphs. Table 1 shows the CO content in the testing area where only one photocopy machine was switched on. The data gathered increased with prolonged exposure of the sensor to the CO present in the environment.
Table 1. CO content, alarm system code and CO level interpretation.
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Figure 5. Carbon monoxide with time of exposure in establishment 1.
In Table 2, the data increased after 25 seconds from the safe to low level of CO. During this time, two photocopy machines were working. Consequently, the readings deflected after 4 minutes from low to mid
level. A significant increase was observed due to the prolonged exposure of the sensor to the CO produced in the environment. There were two photocopying machines working and more vehicles were
Table 2. CO content, alarm system code and CO level interpretation.
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Figure 6. Carbon monoxide with time of exposure in establishment 2.
passing during the time. Also, the area was not properly ventilated. There were no windows or exhausts installed and the establishment is located directly beside the highway.
4.0 Conclusion Sixth Sense’s Eco-Sure 2e was used for the project design because of its specifications which fitted the researchers’ requirements of a carbon monoxide sensor. The sensor was placed in a current-to-voltage circuit using a LF351 operational amplifier. The output voltage of the circuit was inputted to the PIC’s ADC pin. Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte
The implemented logging system presented better option in inquiring for the CO level stored in the mobile phone SIM memory. This system provided the data for SMS inquiry. The sending and receiving of text messages for the SMS inquiry was done in text mode. This feature is accessible in the phone used in this study which is the Sony Ericsson T610. This phone is still available in the market. Text mode is more convenient and easy to input to the program used compared to Protocol Description Unit (PDU) which is more complicated. In displaying the CO content of the environment, an alarm system
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and LCD display were implemented to sufficiently indicate the danger or safeness in the area. The colorcoding scheme applied to the alarm system helped in showing the intensity of the CO level present. The data results gathered from the system at different levels and the types of CO exposure gave the researchers satisfactory results proving it can monitor the levels of CO in different environment. The schematic diagrams made were designed for this project. With a simplified circuitry, our device can be used by anyone who wants to monitor the CO levels at any area.
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Wireless Sensor Module for Room Environment. Sens. Actuators B. 113 (1): 35-42. Lieu Z, Wang Z, Rong C. 2008. Detectors and sensor Networks. 110 (2). Parreñas et al. 2005. Monitoring and Alarm System with SMS Activation Using PIC Microcontroller. Journal of Engineering and Technology. 5 (special issue). Peijiang C, Xuehhua J. 2008. Detectors and sensor Networks. 110 (2).
5.0 References Cited Barbaso EA, Tahib JA. 2005. PICBased Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System. IT Support Lead Journal. 15 (2):70-77. Briones, B. 2007. Microcontroller Based SMS-Controlled Electronic Message Display Board. Journal on Materials, Science and Engineering. 99(2) 57-72.
Chung W, Yang CH. 2009. Remote Monitoring System with Southern Leyte State University, Sogod, Southern Leyte
Ramya V, Palaniappan B. 2012. Embedded system for hazardous gas detection and alert system. International Journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems (IJDPS). 3 (3). May 2012 DOI:10.5121.
