Classical Optics Classical Optics – Literature

Transcript

Classical Optics Theory of propagation, interference and diffraction of light Dr. Axel Kuhn, Oxford 2008/09 lecture notes and problem sets http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/Users/Ewart/index.htm http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/atomphoton/presentations.html lecture 1 Classical Optics – Literature Hecht, Optics Klein and Furtak, Optics Smith, King & Wilkins, Optics and Photonics Brooker, Modern Classical Optics Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics Paul Ewart‘s lecture notes: http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/Users/Ewart/index.htm lecture 1 Classical Optics – Relevance Astronomy and Cosmology Microscopy Spectroscopy and Atomic Theory Quantum Theory and Applications Relativity Theory Lasers and Applications Modern Applications (opto-electronics, display technology, optical coatings, telecommunication, consumer electronics) lecture 1 Classical Optics – Relevance lecture 1 Astronomical observatory, Hawaii, 4200m above sea level. Classical Optics – Relevance Hubble space telescope, 2.4 m mirror lecture 1 Classical Optics – Relevance Classical Optics – Relevance lecture 1 fruit fly Classical Optics – Relevance lecture 1 Optical Microscope Classical Optics – Relevance CD/DVD player optical pickup system lecture 1 Classical Optics – Relevance Coherent Light !Laser Physics Holography Telecommunications Quantum optics Quantum computing Ultra-cold atoms Laser nuclear ignition Medical applications Engineering Chemistry Environmental sensing Metrology ... and many more lecture 1 Classical Optics – Outline Revision of geometrical optics ! reflection, refraction, imaging systems Physical optics – Wave nature of light ! interference and diffraction Fourier methods in optics ! Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral, Abbé theory of imaging Diffraction-based optical instruments ! 2-slit, grating, Michelson and Fabry-Perot Interferometer Dielectric surfaces and boundaries ! multilayer (anti)reflection coatings Polarized Light lecture 1 Geometrical Optics – Outline Geometrical optics Fermat‘s principle Snell‘s law (reflection and refraction) Thin-lens approximation Principal planes Optical instruments Aperture and field stops Pinhole camera ! wave optics lecture 1 Geometrical Optics Ignoring the wave nature of light Basic theory for optical instruments Fermat‘s Principle Light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum (minimum) lecture 1 Geometrical Optics Fermat‘s Principle Light propagating between two points follows a path, or paths, for which the time taken is an extremum (minimum) Reflection: Θ1 = ΦR incidence angle = reflection angle Refraction: Snell‘s law n1 sin Θ1 = n2 sin Θ2 lecture 1 ΦR Ray tracing – Revision focussing with spherical surfaces parallel bundles ! image sphere object sphere ! image sphere lecture 1 Ray tracing – Revision paraxial approximation (thin lens) parallel bundles ! focal plane @ f from Hecht, Optics object plane ! image plane lecture 1 1 1 1 + = = (n − 1) u v f ! 1 1 + R1 R2 " Lensmaker‘s formula 2nd year Optics Axel Kuhn, 2008/09 Ray tracing – Revision http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/ atomphoton/presentations.html Geometrical optics Fermat‘s principle Snell‘s law (reflection and refraction) Curved surface ! focussing lens Small-angle approximation Paraxial approximation Thin-lens approximation 1 1 1 + = = (n − 1) u v f ! 1 1 + R1 R2 Lensmaker‘s formula lecture 2 Ray tracing – Revision u v Focal point axis Focal point 1 1 1 + = u v f lecture 2 " thin lens formula Form follows Function Feynman‘s analysis of a thin lens all optical paths from S to P of same OPL all paths in phase (constructive interference) from Hecht, Optics lecture 2 Principal Planes location of equivalent thin lens lecture 2 Principal Planes location of equivalent thin lens lecture 2 Principal Planes lens system u 1 1 1 + = u v f lecture 2 v thin lens equation applies with u and v measured from the two principal planes Simple Magnifying Glas angular magnification " Object at near point M= !/" Eyepiece of Telescopes, Microscopes etc. ! Virtual image at near point Short focal length lens lecture 2 Telephoto Lens equivalent thin lens lecture 2 Wide Angle Lens lecture 2 Astronomical Telescope angular magnification = !/" = fo/fE lecture 2 Galilean Telescope Telescope (Galilean) ! !" !# ! e 1.6 '(!)'$#*+*,'-*.#/!! $ " !!" " ! % !! # !! angular magnification = !/" = fo/fE Telescope (Newtonian) lecture 2 !% Newtonian Telescope !# ! angular e 1.7 magnification = !/" '(!)'$#*+*,'-*.#/!! ! $ " !!" " ! % !! # !! -12!+.,'&!&2#$-1!.+!-12!.342,-*52!)*((.(!'#6!7+.(!'!0812(*,'&!)*((.(!0%(+',29!2: = fo/fE 2!('6*%0!.+!,%(5'-%(2;! Compound Microscope lecture 2 !" !# The Compound Microscope Objective magnification = v/u Eyepiece magnifies real image of object lecture 2 Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops Amount of light? ! Aperture and focal length Field-of-view? ! Field stop in (virtual) image plane lecture 2 Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops entrance pupil = image of aperture stop (seen from object) exit pupil = image of aperture stop (seen from image) from Hecht, Optics Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops Vignetting: Intensity reduction far off-axis from Hecht, Optics lecture 2 Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops What size to make the lenses & apertures? lecture 2 Eye piece ~ pupil size Objective: Image in eye-piece ~ pupil size Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops What size to make the lenses & apertures? Aperture stop lecture 2 Eye piece ~ pupil size Objective: Image in eye-piece ~ pupil size Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops Aperture stop Field stop limiting the Intensity limiting the field-of-view lecture 2 Apertures, Pupils and Field Stops ILLUMINATION OF OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS f-number focal length f /no. = entrance pupil diameter intensity in the image plane lecture 2 ∝ ! 1 f /no. "2 The Pinhole Camera optimum pinhole size contradicts expectations from geometrical optics from Hecht, Optics lecture 2 Summary of Week 1 2nd year Optics Axel Kuhn, 2008/09 http://www.physics.ox.ac.uk/ atomphoton/presentations.html Geometrical optics Fermat‘s principle Snell‘s law (reflection and refraction) Thin-lens approximation Principal planes Optical instruments Aperture and field stops Pinhole camera ! wave optics lecture 3