Clothes Without An Emperor: Analysis Of The Preferential Tariffs In

Transcript

WWW.DAGLIANO.UNIMI.IT CENTRO STUDI LUCA D’AGLIANO DEVELOPMENT STUDIES WORKING PAPERS N. 223 January 2007 Clothes without an Emperor: Analysis of the Preferential Tariffs in ASEAN Miriam Manchin* Annette O. Pelkmans-Balaoing** * University College London ** Erasmus University (Rotterdam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ln X ijt = α + β1 ln tariff ijt + β 2 ln Dij + β 3 Colony itj + β 4 Languageijt + β 5 Eit + β 6 I jt + β 7 Tt + u ijkt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ln X ijkt = α + β 1 ln PREF ijkt ' ' " & % " ijt % " " + β 2 ln D ij + β 3 Language " * % ' KK$F & "' " + β 4 E itk + β 5 I jtk + β 6 Tt + ?A@ + β 7 S k + u ijkt " " " & % - % %& % * " " " " 1 " " " ! * KK$$$ : KK$F %* *' ?A880@ '& % * & % " ? % * ' # " " " %* $ " " % " #! % A88. " ' #! " & " % " " " " " 13 & % " & #! @ & " " '" " %& * )(*& ' " " ' #! %& * '% % ?/@ * #! "! * * '% " + 18D * " & % 1D ' " "' " " " "# % " * *' & ( # % " " " ' " ' '" " % " *' " & #! * " # " " "" & " ! ' " !* " " " & " " & % % " ,%& " %6 "' ' &% 3 "" & " "' " "' ' ' .8D KKF ' # " ' " " " " " %& " ( ( MFN − PT ) * Difference (1 + MNF ) PREF = ln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re porter # * + , ** -. / 0 product partne r Value CEPT MFN IDN T HA acyclic hydrocarbons 1368.36 0 0 IDN SGP acyclic hydrocarbons 1434.99 0 0 IDN MYS petroleum oils (crude) 1370.52 0 0 IDN SGP petroleum oils & oils from bituminous minerals etc. (not crude) 1158.88 0 3.33 IDN SGP light-vessels, fire-floats, dredgers etc.; floating docks & platforms 250.91 0 0 IDN T HA Cane sugar 105.44 5 20 IDN SGP parts for use with the machinery of headings 8425-30 104.04 0 0 11.67 IDN MYS Smoking tobacco 78.73 5 IDN SGP T ugs and pusher craft. 77.83 0 0 IDN SGP 65.42 0 0 MYS SGP machine tools for drilling, boring, milling etc. parts and accessories for office machines of headings 8469-72, computer accessories 2187.80 0 0 MYS SGP electrical capacitors, fixed, variable or adjustable (pre-set); parts 1813.21 0 0 MYS SGP petroleum oils & oils from bituminous minerals etc. (not crude) 1615.10 0 2.25 MYS SGP 1563.84 0 0 MYS SGP electronic integrated circuits and micro assemblies; parts thereof semiconductor devices (diodes, transistors etc.); light-emitting diodes etc.; parts thereof MYS SGP parts for television, radio & radar apparatus 223.80 0 0 141.53 0 6.67 MYS SGP electrical transformers, static converters & inductors, parts thereof 205.38 0 0 MYS SGP thermionic, cold cathode or photocathode tubes & parts thereof 342.08 0 0 MYS SGP Printed circuits. 193.48 0 0 MYS T HA Natural rubber latex 179.94 0 0 PHL SGP 755.96 0 0 PHL SGP electronic integrated circuits and micro assemblies; parts thereof parts and accessories for office machines of headings 8469-72, computer accessories 239.02 0 0 PHL MYS petroleum oils & oils from bituminous minerals etc. (crude) 239.02 3 3 PHL SGP petroleum oils & oils from bituminous minerals etc. (not crude) 237.89 3 3 PHL IDN Copper ores 126.70 3 3 PHL IDN Bituminous coal 84.33 5 7 PHL MYS petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons 69.35 3 3 PHL SGP electrical apparatus for line telephony/telegraphy, telephone sets etc. 56.82 0 0 PHL T HA food preparations nesoi 83.95 5 6.63 PHL IDN 52.72 3 5 T HA MYS portland cement, aluminous cement, slag cement etc. parts and accessories for office machines of headings 8469-72, computer accessories 797.47 0 0 T HA MYS thermionic, cold cathode or photocathode tubes & parts thereof 383.12 5 20 T HA MYS petroleum oils & oils from bituminous minerals etc. (not crude) 485.24 5 15.25 T HA MYS 351.07 0 0 160.63 0 0 101.16 15 30 T HA IDN Petroleum oils gold (incl. gold plated with platinum) unwrought or in semimnfr or in powder form T HA SGP articles of plastics nesoi T HA PHL insulated wire, cable (incl. coaxial cable) etc.; optical fiber cables 145.73 15 20 T HA IDN fish, frozen (excl. fillets or other fish meat) 109.03 5 5 T HA MYS 106.52 4 4 T HA MYS wood sawn or chipped length, sliced or peeled; thicker than 6mm automatic data processing machines; magnetic readers etc. computer hardware 119.44 0 0 24 # ) ** + ** ! + #! 6 #! ( & 1% , #! & " & $ " AEAE 080==01 A8D />D EA/9 >>801>E & .A8>> /1001A9= 0>D >ED & 9/. >81=989 0D /ED & ./=989 A9>=A=E0. ===ED ==9ED & 1/D 1=D >/0= 0>9/A=E 0ED 0.D ./19E ..A9E9>0 ./98A />=9=189 1AD .A>=E E8D .1E...01 09D /8D A>0== 1AE88>1/ =E/> ..1A8.E0 00D E8D 1>D /8D A.=8= .>11918/ /> 8 8/D /EA.EA/ 8 ./D ./=900 A9E/8.=./ % ./=989 ===ED A9>=A=E0. ==9ED .A.E/ 18/9/A= " " " >8/ >E8.0=E 1D /1D A8=1 9=01/E0 .>D .../> 0>D .8//9191 90D 10D ./A/. .=A9/=19 " " .1>8/1 //=.9>A98 E/D 99D .EA>E= /18=9=/>0 98D 0A/=. =.D />.0/1A9 A8D =D A.18E8 /9E./A9=. & & 25 # ) 2 : :B : : " " 6 " % * 4 &" ( I " B * " " 6 " & ") 6 & ' 6 F $ " # " " - " - F " -% $ " 4 - " $ " ?2 @$ *: 4 *4 $ " 4 - "Q $& -% -6 4 4 " # $ " # "$ " #B # " # # % I I * I I % I I I I " I " I I I I % ) ) " ) 2 *) % $ " $ " $ " $ *$ 4 $ ( $ " $ $ % + + + " 26 2 % 2 2 *: 4 2 *4 2 ' 2% %64 , :4 4' " ) , & , , , , % , , " ( " % , " * #C4 & 4 & " ' % "& $ $ *#" ( ! ! ! ! " ! " ! '- " ! 'M " ! ! ! ! ! $ " ! $ " ! '% ! 'I % " T 4 4 26 I "! & " " " "& 6 % , 2 , F " " #" '6 " '" ' 6 " % 4 ' *B 6 " "" " % "- $ & 7 7 7 7 7 7 76 F F F 3 3 C M M " " "2 " % " 6 "# ' $ # ) 3 ! %# ( +) 4 # L 3 * .==> L3 * .=== * A88. * " "* L 3 < A88A I LC * A88A : L I * A88/ L$ * A880 , L * A881 * < < < 8 < < < < < ? & " ' * 9 & & " " & # ) ! @ ! % "' & * * * ! " * " & " 1% , , " % ) 1 " * % &% % , ** + ** & #! , 3 & - & " " " " " "& " $ & .AED .0 AD ./=D .>1D .9 0D .E AD .0 AD AED A1D AED A=D /.D /8D A9D .8 8D .. ED .. AD ./ED .1 /D .0 AD .. 0D 1A1D .1/=D /A1D 01 8D /1 8D >8 8D /1 8D 8 AD 8 .D 8 8D 8 /D 8 1D 8 /D 8 AD E /D .. 8D E /D .8 8D =/D =0D 9 .D /A=E=> >1/>019 ./9=//= /E/E1>A 11/A>/. 9.991A0 =/EA10 > L .E 0D A=D .0 1D 08 8D 8 AD .8 0D />8A>== % " .E 1D =ED >0D .>=D .0 >D /.D A8D . AD A>D A>D .0 /D E ED 1 AD .0 /D .A8D /8 8D 9E 1D AE 1D .E8 8D >0 .D 8 /D 8 AD 8 AD 8 .D 8 AD 9 ED 9 AD 1 AD .9 ED =1D ./EA>/> .A80AE. >8>8E/ .E=98/= .1E9A8E. " 3$ "L ' ' " 27 " ! # ) ** 4 ** CEPT Rates 0 0.5 - 5 6 - 10 11- 15 15< Indonesia 2001 40.58 29.41 2003 38.38 28.59 Malaysia 2001 68.57 49.29 2003 66.79 49.13 Philippines 2001 43.6 17.89 2003 52.59 18.46 Thailand 2001 35.93 4.68 ASEAN-4 2001 47.17 25.32 2003 52.59 32.06 * 9 % A88/ # ) & 2.91 3.23 3.19 3.86 0.36 0.74 4.17 0.87 0 0.63 0 0.04 3.21 52.28 37.54 5.16 0.43 9.92 51.38 25.21 6.99 1.49 27.91 7.25 28.9 43.53 1.81 2.33 1.7 4.25 0.54 0.74 0.36 2.01 0.09 0.04 1.38 0.9 1.08 80.19 5.39 4.32 5.38 0.88 78.67 4.92 4.7 5.84 52.08 77.5 41.76 76.53 2.46 3.93 3.49 4.08 0.82 0.36 0.21 0.45 0.18 0.34 0.3 0.49 0.86 64.33 26.97 4.91 1.23 2.60 59.19 84.71 2.36 5.85 2.43 4.62 0.09 0.33 48.06 59.01 38.33 62.23 2.38 3.84 2.79 4.06 1.04 1.62 1.58 1.11 0.09 1.29 62.78 20.79 4.09 6.60 0.34 0.56 4.58 65.34 18.17 5.49 3.31 0.48 ?) >@ " : " " 3$ " ! 3 % , & 4 ( " "B "4 ( * 9 " " Preference Margins 0 0.5-5 6 - 10 11- 15 15< excl/spt 53.06 66.59 44.35 66.62 ' ) " .8D5 " 3.64 68.57 49.29 3.92 66.79 49.13 9.9 32.03 9.4 31.98 2.95 65.97 24.38 4.77 43.6 17.89 1.63 52.59 18.46 33.25 10.4 40.34 31.07 30.04 11.16 39.14 31.28 0.01 54.31 13.26 1.97 19.37 11.00 35.93 4.68 32.00 61.02 0.65 4.17 47.17 25.32 3.82 52.59 47.78 " 8 980 ?8 A1=@ 8 A9= ?8 .9=@ 8 091 ?8 10A@ 1 .9> ?. A8.@ .8 >88 ?/8A.@ .EE8 8 99/0 8 9.98 & % Most common CEPT 0 3 5 20.01 49.06 30.00 51.84 3 8 9.. ?8 A1=@ 8 A=A ?8 .9=@ 8 091 ?8 10A@ 1 A>/ ?. A81@ .8 >E. ?/8A.@ .EE8 8 99/0 " 8 9.9. "# 1.38 40.58 29.41 5.9 38.38 28.59 52 ," - + 0 ! " 1D5 " .D 28 "" 18.08 43.3 16.85 44.39 # ) ' 52 : D ," ' " #! ? , & , & @ 8 A.. ?8 80.@ 8 .99 ?8 811@ 8 81= ?8 8A>@ 8 8/0 ?8 8/>@ 8 8.9 ?8 80E@ 8 801 ?8 81E@ 8 8=A ?8 8E8@ 8 .=0 ?8 89.@ 8 /=A ?8 ..=@ 8 //= ?8 .9.@ . 898 ?8 ///@ 8 =>9 ?8 AEE@ 8 E88 ?8 /1A@ 8 /.8 ?. ..=@ 0 8A8 ?AA1=@ .. .8> ?0 011@ 1 .11 ?A/A=@ : . ?8 1@ : A?1 .8@ " /?.8 .1@ " 0 ?.1 A8@ " 1 ?A8 A1@ " >?A1 /8@ " E ?/8 /1@ " 9 ?/1 08@ " =?08 01@ " .8 ?01 18@ " .. ?18 >8@ " .A?>8 E8@ " ./?E8 98@ " .0 ?98 =8@ " .1 ?=8 & 4 ( 0AA>9 8 .. " " 8 A.0 ?8 80.@ 8 .99 ?8 811@ 8 81E ?8 8A>@ 8 8/. ?8 8/>@ 8 8.9 ?8 80E@ 8 80= ?8 81>@ 8 8=0 ?8 8E8@ 8 .=E ?8 89.@ 8 /=A ?8 ..=@ 8 //E ?8 .9.@ . 891 ?8 ///@ 8 =/0 ?8 AEE@ 8 >=1 ?8 /1.@ 8 /88 ?. ..=@ 0 800 ?AA19@ .. 8>E ?0 01.@ 1 .E> ?A/AE@ 8 =/A ?8 ..A@ 0AA>9 8 .. 5 "" .8D5 " " " " 1D5 & % " .D 29 " > $ " ! " ' 6 7 #1 - ?A88/@ 9 + & 80 - " ' //8A.8 HG H F .8 => ?A8>@ 9E8/A0 >A8>.8 %" '* & :;' $ ?8 I * C@ ?. ),@ ?1 ) @ 7** #6 ?8 I 5 ./E1 $:!5 .1 C @ ;** $ ?A//> C@ **7 1 < >1 8 ) />>E $:! A1 8 ), " 9E8/.8 'G $ " J >.88 * 9.88 % J >.E8 .8 E0 ?.8 E@ $ " J >.88 * 9.88 % J >.88 J >.88 "J >.E8 &::' 1 < 1E 1 ) 08 8 $:! 8E ?8 >@ $ " 9E8//A 77; $ A1 8 ), .0 ?. 0@ F * " 'G % F G 9E8/// &: 08 8 A1 8= ?8 =@ $ " J >.88 * 9.88 % J >.88 J >.88 "J >.E8 " % 9E8/=8 **7 1 < E1 8 $:! .8 / ?=>@ $ " 9E8E.8 ;' * #6 A1 8 C ;' * #6 01 >= ?01 >=@ E/ ?>8@ J >.88 * 9.88 % J >.88 J >.88 "J >.E8 % J >.E8 7;* #6 />01 C A1 8 $:! A1 8 ), E/ ?E /@ % " /*888 ?: % " @* " .*188 A188 / 'G " F G 9E8/A/ * % " " .*188 " /888 / 'G % " % ?: % " @* " - A*188 * & * % " ? " ? & & 9E8/ % " @* " 9E8/ " @* " 9E8. ! * 9! " ?" 9E8E=8 1< $:! ), 9E81* 'G 9E88A8 " !.8 " >.88 J % "J .E ?8 8@ L & F 1 19 ?1 09@ J >.88 * 9.88 % J >.88 J >.88 "J >.E8 $ " J >.88 * 9.88 % J >.88 J >.88 "J >.E8 ! ?( @59.88 J 30 % @5>.E8 J E , ** L % $ " & 1>99 /0 .8 /;; 1>>A . 19 A0 09 9> :18 =0 ;. 1E AA /- 09 9> AE >8 $$ >1> -/=A0 ; / 08 E. $ 0 00 /1 -/ .A=1 0-0 A9 E> 0: 9 00 -E/A/ $/0 A>EA :$. /0 1> . : A>89 -0//9. .00 A=// $AE /> $; /9 >E /A81 -. A1 .A .0 /1 =1 / 00 =0 / $ 0. E1 $.: /9 8E :/E .> :/ ! A/A> - / .A=1 . A>89 $ ; AAEA :; /9 8E >/=0 -0- -$- E = " ! 0A.= 0/ AAEA * =/E 0/==A . .9 >E $ $ 0>A= 000 AE >8 000 A9 /E $. A/8= .: 00 89 : E8 A/ $-0 9/.= $ 1E AA 11 1> / AE 0A //: /9 80 00 /E 98 0 1. .1 .-/ A/A> ..$ /1 1/ :: % ( ( 08 8= A=1/ -. A/EA / : />.E / / >/=0 -./ /9 >= -:$ + , ** L % $ " & .E 1 -$ A. 8 :0 /8 A // A0 8 $ A1 8 : AE 8 0 A9 E $: A=8 $$ AE 0 . AE 0 - 0>A ; .8 . 0 A1 > ; /A1 A>0 00 /A8 . AE 9 $ //> /0 0 ;: A=9 :/ AAE 0: A9 1 ;/ ( /=8 A9 / $/ /0 . />8 :: /E /. . A0 1 /A8 ; A>8 .0 . 00/ :. A1 1 A9 / / $0 />/ .$ A1 8 0; /8 E ; A1 9 / 08 > - /. A $. A8 A % " ! ! , +9 " * A88> * 9: "& "" " * "& "" "? * * $ " "& "" "? & "" " " " "@ & @ * " " 31 A0 8 .. ( /8 . 0 //8 $ =9 -; .8 / ;/ A8 1 . A8 9 / A/E .E E -: A/E 0 A8 E 0 A. E : /. / : A0 8 0 0. 0 ; A/> :; /. 8 -. /8 / . />E 0/ A=0 : /0 E -0 & & AA9 " " " " "