Transcript
DAFX: Digital Audio Effects Second Edition
DAFX: Digital Audio Effects, Second Edition. Edited by Udo Zolzer. ¨ © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-66599-2
DAFX: Digital Audio Effects Second Edition
Edited by
Udo Z¨olzer Helmut Schmidt University – University of the Federal Armed Forces, Hamburg, Germany
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition first published 2011 © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® software.
Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Z¨olzer, Udo. DAFX : digital audio effects / Udo Z¨olzer. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-66599-2 (hardback) 1. Computer sound processing. 2. Sound–Recording and reproducing–Digital techniques. 3. Signal processing–Digital techniques. I. Title. TK5105.8863.Z65 2011 006.5 – dc22 2010051411 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Print ISBN: 978-0-470-66599-2 [HB] e-PDF ISBN: 978-1-119-99130-4 o-Book ISBN: 978-1-119-99129-8 e-Pub ISBN: 978-0-470-97967-9 Typeset in 9/11pt Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India
Contents
Preface List of Contributors 1 Introduction V. Verfaille, M. Holters and U. Z¨olzer 1.1 Digital audio effects DAFX with MATLAB® 1.2 Classifications of DAFX 1.2.1 Classification based on underlying techniques 1.2.2 Classification based on perceptual attributes 1.2.3 Interdisciplinary classification 1.3 Fundamentals of digital signal processing 1.3.1 Digital signals 1.3.2 Spectrum analysis of digital signals 1.3.3 Digital systems 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Filters and delays P. Dutilleux, M. Holters, S. Disch and U. Z¨olzer 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic filters 2.2.1 Filter classification in the frequency domain 2.2.2 Canonical filters 2.2.3 State variable filter 2.2.4 Normalization 2.2.5 Allpass-based filters 2.2.6 FIR filters 2.2.7 Convolution 2.3 Equalizers 2.3.1 Shelving filters 2.3.2 Peak filters 2.4 Time-varying filters 2.4.1 Wah-wah filter 2.4.2 Phaser 2.4.3 Time-varying equalizers
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CONTENTS
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Basic delay structures 2.5.1 FIR comb filter 2.5.2 IIR comb filter 2.5.3 Universal comb filter 2.5.4 Fractional delay lines 2.6 Delay-based audio effects 2.6.1 Vibrato 2.6.2 Flanger, chorus, slapback, echo 2.6.3 Multiband effects 2.6.4 Natural sounding comb filter 2.7 Conclusion Sound and music References
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Modulators and demodulators P. Dutilleux, M. Holters, S. Disch and U. Z¨olzer 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Modulators 3.2.1 Ring modulator 3.2.2 Amplitude modulator 3.2.3 Single-side-band modulator 3.2.4 Frequency and phase modulator 3.3 Demodulators 3.3.1 Detectors 3.3.2 Averagers 3.3.3 Amplitude scalers 3.3.4 Typical applications 3.4 Applications 3.4.1 Vibrato 3.4.2 Stereo phaser 3.4.3 Rotary loudspeaker effect 3.4.4 SSB effects 3.4.5 Simple morphing: amplitude following 3.4.6 Modulation vocoder 3.5 Conclusion Sound and music References
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Nonlinear processing P. Dutilleux, K. Dempwolf, M. Holters and U. Z¨olzer 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Basics of nonlinear modeling 4.2 Dynamic range control 4.2.1 Limiter 4.2.2 Compressor and expander 4.2.3 Noise gate 4.2.4 De-esser 4.2.5 Infinite limiters 4.3 Musical distortion and saturation effects 4.3.1 Valve simulation 4.3.2 Overdrive, distortion and fuzz
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