Transcript
I/O
Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
Keywords Wireless Radio WLAN Coexistence Antenna KM6551 CU8890
Industrial wireless at the field level Tips for the commissioning of industrial wireless networks are described in this application example. Through the use of radio technology in automation technology, the installation effort and the costs can be minimised in accordance with the plant performance. The first part describes all of the necessities for an error-free radio link, while typical installation errors and their rectification are described in the second part.
1.
Wireless I/O-integrated: KM6551 data exchange terminal and CU8890 WLAN controller
Wireless solutions are the first choice in rough terrain and also in the case of moving components, in order to avoid expensive installations and intensive maintenance costs and at the same time to achieve ideal plant performance. Beckhoff offers I/ O‑integrated products here on the basis of standardised basic technology: The KM6551 data exchange terminal for the Beckhoff Bus Terminal system uses the IEEE 802.15.4 with 16 independent channels in combination with the robust DSSS method. DSSS stands for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum and, as a frequency spreading method, offers good physical conditions for wireless data transmission. A proprietary, fast protocol based on IEEE 802.15.4 (2.4 GHz band) and DSSS and adapted for automation technology was developed for the KM6551, so that communication is only possible between KM6551 terminals, but the worldwide use of this technology is assured. Status and data exchange are displayed directly by LEDs and offer fast and simple diagnostics. A library is available for the use of the KM6551 module with TwinCAT. The industrial CU8890 WLAN controller supports WLAN based on the IEEE 802.11 b/g standard and is designed for control cabinet installation. When connected to a Beckhoff Industrial PC, the module can be used both as an access point and as a client and thus enables access to available infrastructures. A USB port is required on the Industrial PC for connection. Eleven channels in the 2.4 GHz band are available for selection. Status and data transmission are displayed by LEDs and offer fast and simple diagnostics. A comprehensive range of cable and antenna accessories is available for both the KM6551 and the CU8890.
For application notes see disclaimer on the last page
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
The 2.4 GHz band is the only suitable, licence-free, worldwide usable frequency band for industrial automation, as the relatively large bandwidth of 80 MHz has acceptable propagation characteristics. Wireless solutions that rely on this technology are very well suited to industrial automation and deliver good results in practice. However, all of that is of little use if one is not familiar with the basic principles of radio technology and when troubleshooting during commissioning takes a long time. Automation processes require rapid deterministic communication, which is dependent on both the frequency band and the topology in radio-based data transmission.
For application notes see disclaimer on the last page
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
KM6551 – operating modes: PTP, star, broadcast With the three operating modes of the KM6551 data exchange terminal, 10 bytes of process data can be exchanged independently of the higher level fieldbus or transmitted via radio between two independent controllers. With the KM6551 Bus Terminal Beckhoff offers a cost-effective, high-performance option for establishing PTP, star and broadcast configurations via radio.
Option 1 | Data exchange peer-to-peer Master
Option 2 | Data exchange up to max. 7 devices
Option 3 | Broadcast up to x devices Master
Master send output data
...
send input data
Fig. 1
Slave
Slave 1 Slave 2 Slave 3 Slave 4 Slave 5 Slave 6 Slave 7
Slave 1 Slave 2 Slave 3 Slave 4 Slave 5
Slave x
KM6551: operating modes PTP (left), star (centre) and broadcast (right)
In PTP mode (peer-to-peer), two independent controllers communicate bidirectionally with each other and exchange 10-byte input and output data cyclically. The complete exchange takes 20 ms. The free-field distance between two KM6551 units can be up to 300 m in PTP mode. In star mode, the master communicates unidirectionally with up to seven slaves; the 10 bytes of process data are distributed cyclically to all devices and the exchange takes 20 ms per slave. The slaves are directly addressed by the master, so that the temporal sequence of the communication is programmed from the PLC. In broadcast mode, the master sends new data to all broadcast slaves unidirectionally in a 10 ms cycle. The slaves receive these data, but cannot send any data themselves. Any number of slaves can listen in.
For application notes see disclaimer on the last page
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
CU8890 – operating modes: client or access point Client drivers are available for Windows XP, Embedded Standard and Windows CE, and therefore for any Beckhoff Industrial and Embedded PC. Due to the drivers for Windows XP and Embedded Standard, the CU8890 can also be operated as an access point. Encryption mechanisms are possible with AES 128-bit up to WPA2. The module is Cisco-CCX-compatible and supports PEAP and LEAP. The data rate is adjusted dynamically up to 54 Mbit/s (gross). The CU8890 has a reverse SMA plug for connecting the antenna, this way the antennas can be adapted to the environment.
CU8890 as access point
CU8890 as client Access point (corporate network)
1
USB
USB
CU8890
2 USB
CU8890
n USB
CU8890
CU8890
Laptop
Fig. 2
2.
left – access point, right – WLAN client
Coexistence – simultaneous operation of radio systems
A radio network is a jointly used medium; therefore, all participants must share the transmission link. It is ensured within the network that the available bandwidth is distributed among the devices. There are two possible methods here. Either one device may use the entire bandwidth for a certain period of time while all other devices wait. Upon expiry of this transmission time, the communication is interrupted and it is then the next device’s turn. Or a device is provided only with one small part of the bandwidth (a channel), which it can use for data transmission. The following systems use the 2.4 GHz band: WLAN, IEEE 802.15.4, Bluetooth and other proprietary technologies. Proprietary technologies are systems made by various manufacturers that are not standardised, e.g. baby phones, radio transmission systems for video signals and the like.
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
2402
2407
Channel:
Fig. 3
2412
2417
2422
2427
2432
2437
2442
2447
2452
2457
2462
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2467
2472 MHz
Overlapping of WLAN channels – only 1, 6 and 11 are possible in parallel
If radio systems with the same frequency are operated at the same time and in the same place, interference can occur. In order to prevent this, most systems have several separate transmission channels (e.g. WLAN and IEEE 802.15.4), so that the user can operate the systems in parallel. The eleven WLAN radio channels are arranged in an overlapping manner. Therefore, only channels 1, 6 and 11 can be operated independently in parallel (see fig. 3). Corresponding free frequency ranges are then available for the channels of the KM6551, so that both can be operated in parallel. In the following example (fig. 4), CU8890 WLAN Controllers with eleven channels transmit in the same range as KM6551 units with 16 channels. The channels can be freely set in both the CU8890 and the KM6551, allowing several systems to be operated simultaneously. 22 MHz Channel 1
Channel 6
2412 MHz
2437 MHz
CU8890 (WLAN)
Channel 11 2462 MHz
2400 MHz 2
Channels 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
KM6551 (IEEE 802.15.4)
2405 2410 2415 2420 2425 2430 2435 2440 2445 2450 2455 2460 2465 2470 2475 2480
2400
Frequency in MHz
2483,5
Fig. 4 Parallel operation of WLAN (CU8890) and IEEE 802.15.4 (KM6551)
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
3.
Fresnel zone, attenuation
Fresnel zone In radio transmission, the space between the transmitting and receiving antennas is known as the Fresnel zone (shown grey here). The Fresnel zone corresponds to a spheroid between the two antennas and should be free of obstructions (e.g. objects, houses, trees, etc.), since the main energy is transmitted in this area.
r Fig. 5
Fresnel zone describes the space between transmitter and receiver.
Metal obstructions in particular, such as control cabinets, machine parts, pipes, iron girders, etc., disturb the formation of the Fresnel zone and considerably limit the transmission characteristics. Each obstruction in the Fresnel zone attenuates the transmission in accordance with the size/surface area of the obstruction. Reception may then be disturbed or completely interrupted under certain circumstances. However, if the Fresnel zone is free of obstructions, the propagating radio waves are attenuated only by the free space attenuation and the radius of the Fresnel zone can be determined in accordance with diagram 1. The desired range is plotted on the x-axis. The resulting radius r can be determined on the y-axis. The radius r is also equivalent to the installation height of the antenna. r/m
4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 0
100
200
300
400
500
s/m
Diagram 1 Radius r of the Fresnel zone is equivalent to the installation height of the antenna.
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
Attenuation in practice With an attenuation of 6 dB the range is shortened to half of the value for an unobstructed connection, with 12 dB it is shortened to a quarter. Maximum ranges can only be achieved through the careful selection of antenna combinations, whereby the given ranges are subject to the standard conditions (free sight and maintenance of the Fresnel zone).
Material
Attenuation
Thin wall
2-5 dB
Wooden wall
5 dB
Masonry wall
6-12 dB
Concrete wall
10-20 dB
Concrete ceiling
20 dB
Tab. 1 Expected attenuation for obstructing materials
4. 4.1
Radio links Antennas
The various radio antennas are connected directly to the KM6551 or the CU8890 respectively via the reverse SMA plug (Straight Medium Adapter). You can adapt to the environment by the free selection of an antenna; the free-field distance between two KM6551 units or two CU8890 units can be up to 300 m in PTP mode. The following antennas are available for establishing the most diverse topologies: A Directional antennas (suitable for PTP without rotation and wide distances) B Rod antennas (suitable for PTP with rotation and enable good control cabinet mounting)
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
A Directional antennas ZS6100-0900
65°
Fig. 6
Directional antenna 9 dBi
Richtantenne 9 dBi Zugelassen für:
CU8890, KM6551
Montage:
Winkelmontage an der Wand
Passende Kabel: ZK6000-0102-0020, ZK6000-0102-0040
ZS6100-1800
20°
Fig. 7
Directional antenna 18 dBi
Directional antenna 18 dBi Approved for:
KM6551
Mounting:
bracket mounting on the wall
Suitable cables:
ZK6000-0102-0020, ZK6000-0102-0040
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
B Rod antennas ZS6201-0500
70°
360°
Fig. 8
Rod antenna 5 dBi
Rod antenna 5 dBi Approved for:
CU8890, KM6551
Mounting:
direct connection with hinged joint
Suitable cables:
no cable required
ZS6200-0410
70°
360°
Fig. 9
Rod antenna 4 dBi
Rod antenna 4 dBi Approved for:
CU8890, KM6551
Mounting:
M14 cap nut
Suitable cables:
1 m cable included in scope of supply
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
ZS6200-0400
70°
360°
Fig. 10 Omnidirectional antenna 4 dBi
Omnidirectional antenna 4 dBi Approved for:
CU8890, KM6551
Mounting:
ceiling clip system
Suitable cables:
ZK6000-0102-0020, ZK6000-0102-0040
4.2
Fixed radio links
Placement directly on the module A radio link with a range of approx. 15 m can be established with two omnidirectional or rod antennas of type ZS6201-0500. CAUTION: Attach the ZS6201-0500 flexible antenna directly to the CU8890 module – not inside metallic enclosures! Use only
CU8890
CU8890
15
-25
m
inside a non-metallic control cabinet!
Fig. 11 Radio link with WLAN module and rod antenna
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
Placement of the antennas on top of the control cabinet A similar configuration can be implemented with two omnidirectional antennas of type ZS6201-0410. The antennas can be
Control cabinet
Control cabinet
15
-25
m
mounted to the upper side of the control cabinet by means of the M14 cap nut (see fig. 12).
Fig. 12 Radio link with rod antennas on the control cabinet
Placement in the room A radio link with a range of 100 m can be established indoors or outdoors using two directional antennas. The prerequisite for this is that the two antennas are directed towards one another. If malfunctions occur during commissioning, the two antennas must be rotated by 90° in order to establish the correct polarity.
100 m
Fig. 13 Range when directional antennas are used
4.3
Radio links in moving plant parts
The following two examples illustrate typical wireless applications for moving plant parts. In moving applications, care must be taken that the directional antennas are always at the correct angle of radiation to the rod antenna.
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
A Radio link with two directional antennas and one omnidirectional antenna A moving configuration can be implemented using a combination of two ZS6100-1800 directional antennas and one ZS6201-0410 rod antenna. For example, the directional antennas could be installed on shuttle cars that circle around the omnidirectional antenna. A further typical application is in the treatment of effluent: the controller can always communicate with the concentrically moved ‘mixers’ via the omnidirectional antenna in the middle of the tank.
Control cabinet
Fig. 14 Radio link in moving plant parts – fixed rod antenna
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
B Radio link with one directional antenna and one omnidirectional antenna A moving configuration, for example for a robotic cell, can be implemented using a combination of one ZS6100-0900 directional antenna and one ZS6201-0410 rod antenna. The directional antenna projects its radio cone beyond the robot’s working area; the omnidirectional antenna on the rotating work platform moves within this cone. Rotating work platform with omnidirectional antenna
Fixed directional antenna
10 m
ZS6100-0900
ZS6201-0410
Fig. 15 Radio link in moving plant parts – fixed directional antenna
The rotary joint of the antenna holder is particularly advantageous for this configuration: The antennas can be mounted on the wall as desired and are subsequently adjusted to one another.
Fig. 16 Adjustable directional antenna for optimum alignment For application notes see disclaimer on the last page
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Application Note DK9222-1109-0015 Wireless Automation
Note: All ranges listed in this application example are typical ranges under normal conditions. Greater ranges can be attained, but the maintenance of the Fresnel zone and the freedom of the radio link from obstructions must be checked by the users themselves.
– WLAN controller with USB input www.beckhoff.com/CU8890 – Data exchange terminal www.beckhoff.com/KM6551 – The modular fieldbus system for automation www.beckhoff.com/Busterminal
This publication contains statements about the suitability of our products for certain areas of application. These statements are based on typical features of our products. The examp‑ les shown in this publication are for demonstration purposes only. The information provided herein should not be regarded as specific operation characteristics. It is incumbent on the customer to check and decide whether a product is suit-able for use in a particular application. We do not give any warranty that the source code which is made available with this publication is complete or accurate. This publication may be changed at any time with-out prior notice. No liability is assumed for errors and/or omissions. Our products are described in detail in our data sheets and documentations. Product-specific warnings and cautions must be observed. For the latest version of our data sheets and documentations please visit our website (www.beckhoff.com). © Beckhoff Automation GmbH, November 2009 The reproduction, distribution and utilisation of this document as well as the communication of its contents to others without express authorisation is prohibited. Offenders will be held liable for the payment of damages. All rights reserved in the event of the grant of a patent, utility model or design.
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