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EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25 years The role of metrology and testing to characterize materials and products Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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Origin of Conformity Assessment The New Approach for the European Economic Community 1985
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Flexible regulatory framework providing access to the Common Market with freedom for movement of goods, persons, services, and capital, while protecting essential public needs, e.g. safety, health, environment. Essential requirements defined in EU-Directives: from machinery to toys. The EU-Directives have to be transposed into National Laws of the EU countries to became legally binding forces in the individual EU countries the EU in 2015 comprises 28 countries with 24 official languages. Harmonised EN Standards define the technical details European Standards are valid in the whole EU, conflicting National Standards have to be withdrawn: “one standard, one test, accepted everywhere”. CE marking declares that the product is safe and in conformity with the relevant EU Directives.
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
Conformity Assessment as requirement for market and trade
Society Economy Regulators
Demands for facilitating trade Demands for assessing products and services
Market Technology Suppliers
Products Services
Customers Consumers
Conformity Assessment determines whether materials, products, processes, systems or people meet specified requirements
Accreditation assures the competence of the conformity assessment bodies
Metrology and Testing form the scientific and technological base to characterize materials and products
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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EUROLAB Foundation • Set up in Brussels April 1990 in connection with the formation of the European Union (EU), since 1998 Legal Entity under Belgian Law. • Composed of National Associations of Measurement, Testing and Analytical Laboratories all over Europe and International Affiliates. • Grouping over 2,000 Conformity Assessment Bodies representing over 100,000 technical experts and laboratory practitioners. • EUROLABs Guideline: Laboratory and Conformity Assessment Services supporting European Technology and Trade. Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
The EU: 28 States, Population 500 Million
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
EUROLAB Objectives • Creating awareness among public and political authorities, industry and other partners of the work of the measurement, calibration, testing, inspection and certification sector. • Representation by formulating and voicing the opinion of European laboratories regarding political and technical issues. • Coordination by interfacing with partner organisations having activities of interest to the laboratory community. • Action by providing adequate means for exchange of information and experience. • Promotion of cost-effective measurement, testing, calibration and analytical services. EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
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Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos 6 BHT Berlin
multiple services
multiple services
EUROLAB Members and Activities
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
EUROLAB Members and Activities
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos 7 BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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Metrology, Measurement and Testing as base to characterize technical objects OBJECT: Material or Engineered Product Measurement determines quantity values of a measurand
Characteristics Measurands
Testing determines characteristics of an object
Materials Properties Inherent characteristics are intrinsic characteristics, resulting from the processing and synthesis of matter. Examples: chemical composition, density. Procedural characteristics are extrinsic characteristics, resulting from the response of a material specimen to an input stimulus. They cannot be specified without reference to the test procedure followed. Example: mechanical strength
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
Examples of Materials Properties:
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Density and Strength of different material types Engineering Alloys
Tensile Strength (MPa) 1000 Composites
100 Polymers
Pure Metals
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Density (g/cm3) 1
Building Materials 10
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Reference: Metrology and Testing in Science and Technology Measure 4/4 (2009) 1
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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Influence of Scale Effects on Materials Properties
Example: Scale dependence of the Melting Point of Gold
1064.18 °C: Melting Point of Gold. Fix Point of the International Temperature Scale ITS-90
Gold Partilcle Radius [nm]
Example: Scale dependence of Mechanical Strength and Stiffness of Carbon Nanotubes • Compression Strength: 2 times than that of macroscopic Kevlar • Tensile Strength: 10 times than that of macroscopic Steel Ø 10 Nm
• Stiffness: 2000 times than that of macroscopic Diamond
Reference: Metrology and Testing in Science and Technology. Measure 4/4 (2009) 1 Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
Methodology of Measurement Measurement begins with the definition of the measurand, the quantity intended to be measured. OBJECT
SI units
Measurand
Measurement standard
Quantity length mass time electric current temperature luminous intensity amount of substance
Measurement procedure Measurement principle Measurement method Measuring system
Calibration
Symbol m kg s A K cd mol
The measured quantity value must be related to a reference through a documented unbroken traceability chain, ending at the Primary Standard, based on the International System of Units, SI (Le Système International d’Unités). The SI-quantities are related to Natural Constants and are thus “dematerialised references”.
Measurement result: quantity value + unit ± uncertainty Expression of uncertainty in measurement GUM Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
Base Unit metre kilogram second ampere kelvin candela mole
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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Methodology of Testing
Testing begins with the definition of the characteristics of an object to be determined by applying a test load to the object with refrence to a test procedure. OBJECT
CRMs are issued by an authoritative body providing one or more specified property values with associated uncertainties and traceabilities, using a valid procedure.
Characteristics
Certified Reference Material (CRM)
Testing procedure
Reference procedure
Test principle Test method Test system
Testing result: specified characteristic of an object by qualitative and quantitative attributes, and adequately estimated uncertainties
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
Procedure documented in a standard, including the specification of test loads and testing instrumentation.
Test results are expressed in different ways: – some test results can be expressed in a metrological sense as quantity values; – some test results are Boolean, such as the ability to be recycled or not; – some test results, such as corrosion resistance, may be expressed as a ranking (poor, adequate, good for example), – some can only be captured in text and images.
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
The combination of Measurement and Testing to characterise Technical Objects Testing determines characteristics of an object
Measurement determines quantity values of measurands
OBJECT
SI units
Calibration
Certified Reference Material
Characteristics
Measurement standard
Measurand Measurement procedure
Testing procedure
Measurement principle Measurement method Measuring system
Test principle Test method Test system
Reference procedure
Result of the combination of Metrology and Testing: measured quantity values of a specified object characteristic, and adequately determined uncertainties Reference: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing (2011), Figure 1.1 EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
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The combination of Metrology and Testing
Example: Determination of Elasticity and Strength Loading modes
Shear Bending Torsion
Elasticity line, the slope depends on the nature of the specimen, e. g. metalic, ceramic Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
Measurand Diameter d
Measurand Force F
Elastic Modulus E = / = F/A
Response to Loading
Stress, Strain
OBJECT
static loading
Measurand Elongation ∆l
Stress-Strain Curve
Strength Fmax /A0
dynamic loading
Fmax
Fatigue Fracture Curve Fracture Steel Specimen, cross section A0= π d2
Slip bands F
l0
∆l
F
Strain = ∆l/ l0
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
1 GPa Stress
Compr.
Load Procedure
Stress = F/A0
Tension
Conventional fatigue limit Strength Fmax / Asteels o
Cycles to fracture 105 103 107
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H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
Materials Properties Characterisation: Metrology & Testing & Confidence Ring Confidence Ring
Traceability: the parameters involved in materials characterisation must be related to references.
Specimen specifics (e. g. scale, microstructure)
Stimulus (Input load)
Material response = Property
Response
Procedural aspects (incl. dependence on time)
Examples of Materiall properties Property Stimulus Response Mechanical Stress Strain Strength Electrical Voltage Current Resistivity Thermal Heat Temperature Conductivity Optical Light Light Transparency Input Output
Reference: Metrologia, 47 (2010) S1-S17 Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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Conclusion EUROLAB Guideline: Laboratory and conformity assessment services supporting European tecnology and trade Metrology & Testing
Confidence Ring
Conformity assessment of materials, products, processes, systems or people by measurement, calibration, testing, inspection, certification Market, Trade Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark
H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products
Acknowledgment At this 25th Anniversary of EUROLAB I am very grateful to all collegues with whom I discussed over the years the topics presented in this talk. Some figures of the presentation were adopted from the Handbook of Metrology and Testing, which was worked out in an international cooperation wth contributions from Europe, Japan and the USA.
Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin
EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark
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