Transcript
Evaluation of combining an air-to-water heat pump with a wood stove with water jacket for residential heating
© Anklam Bioethanol GmbH
Volker Lenz, Daniel Büchner, Kerstin Wurdinger
12th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2017, 16th May 2017, Rotterdam
The bioenergy journey until today Efficient technologies Modern bioenergy Oldest motor fuel Oldest (bio-)gas utilization Oldest iron stove
For the first time in China.
Use of nickel-free, i.e. terrestrial iron in Mesopotamia, proven by a nickel-free iron-dagger with bronze handle, who was found Oldest tandoor in the area In Japan they found the of todays Iraq. first fired ceremonial vessels from the Jōmon period at nearly 75,000 places.
Nikolaus Otto already used "alcohol" (potato fuel, agricultural alcohol, today reffered as BioEthanol)
Quelle: www.focus.de
Quelle: http://www.badv.bund.de
„Zero Hour“
Quelle: www.pinterest.com
12.350 + _ 700 B.C..
Source: Prof. Dr. Daniela Thrän
Quelle: http://www.glogster.com / lilycake/mesopotamia
Quelle. oilandgasprocessing.blogspot.co m
3.000 and 2.700 B.C.
500 B.C.
Quelle: www.deutschesmuseum.de
1860s
First results of the bioenergy research in the EU (biogas plants in Europe)
First DownburnOven
Quelle: Biogasanlage in Allerhop, 1951 Palz,W. (Hrsg) : Neue Energien et. al.
Quelle: Verweis Folie 1
1950-80
Quelle: Universität Leipzig, Xeoos
2010
I N N OVAT I O N | P R O G R E S S 2
Bioenergy status quo Estimated Renewable Energy Share of Global Final Energy Consumption 2014
Global biomass flows in 2012
>60% <20 %
Source: Schinkel, DBFZ, Data from REN21 Renewables 2016 Global Status Report
Source: Thrän, Smart Bioenerg, 2015
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Development of heat generation from renewables in Germany
Increase of heat from bioenergy on low level for some years. Significant increase for heat pumps, but still low absolut part of total heat supply. Quellen: Erdgas Schwaben
Source: BMWi, Renewable energy sources in figures. 2015
Quelle: piu700/pixelio.de
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Sources of heat from biomass (2015) almost 1 Mio. biomass boilers und 10-12 Mio. single room heaters
Source: Wodtke
Quellen: Erdgas Schwaben
Quelle: piu700/pixelio.de
Quelle: BWK, 2016
Up to now most biomass heat systems as single technology or base load supply (70-100%).
Source: Guntamatic
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Bioenergy challenges Costs
Sustainable Raw Materials
Source: Wikipedia.com / originally from the US Department of Energy
Source: Karina Bloche-Daub, Hans Hartmann, Hermann Hofbauer, Martin Kaltschmitt, Diana Pfeiffer, Lisa Thormann und Daniela Thrän. Energie aus Biomasse Kapitel 1
Source: UN, Sustainable development agenda, 2015
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Various biogenic residues Biomass potentials from Waste and residues and their actual use – Status quo in Germany 77 Single biomasses have been considered
541 PJ + X by increasing efficiency
448 PJ
989 PJ primary energy Calculation of primary energy consumption 13.566 PJ demand 2014 989 PJ from residues = 7,3 % Source: Brosowski et al: A review for biomass potentials and its current utilisation – Status quo for 93 biogenic wastes and residues in Germany; Energy, Sustainability and Society (under review)
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Renewable energy system • To keep global warming beyond 2ºC means immediately transition of energy system to only renewables. • Main energy supply comes from Wind and Solar. • High fluctuations in power but also heat supply system will occur. • Energy storage and flexible use of bioenergy becomes immanent. • Growing world population reduces biomass potential from agriculture for energy purposes. • Bioenergy will be processed mainly from residues, by-products and biogenic waste. Modelled power generation with flexible bioenergy for the German power system on the 23th of August 2015 (source: open power system data, own modelling and illustration)
*Biogas feed-in continuous 2,7 GW
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From modern to smart bioenergy – The vision
Source: Thrän, Smart Bioenergy, 2015
• Use of sustainable raw materials • Further development of technologies for smart integration into the energy systems with high shares of renewables • Integration into future bioeconomy concepts
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Bioenergy perspectives heating sector Final energy consumption in Germany 2014 Scenario of gross power usage up to – total: 2.400 TWh 2050 in Germany
Final energy consumption in Germany 2014 - total: 2.400 TWh fossil fuels 88%
fuel 27% electricity 25%
heat 48%
other renewable energy sources 1%
biomass 11%
Source: SZEN-16, KLIMA 2050, Nitsch 2016
Future heat supply from solid biofuels has to close heat supply gaps in a renewable heating system with all renewable sources and shall stabilize the local power grid as efficient and effective as possible. 10
From modern to smart use of soild biofuels – short summary of influences • Inreased use of clean wood for material purposes – change of potentials for energetic use towards residues, by-products and biogenic wastes • Cheap power and heat from wind and solar, but not at any time • Utilisation of biomass has to become much more flexible and demand-oriented • back-Up systems and power grid stabilizing CHP • Lowest gaseous emissions necessary, also due to reduction of global warming potential (CO, CH4, soot) 11
SmartStove – Back-up stove with water jacket in combination with other renewables th
a e rm
l so
p lar
an
el
© Falk Bernhardt
internet
heat integration controller
water jacket
heat pump
hot water buffer
heat distribution system
Modern Back-up stove: - external air inlet - automatic starting and combustion air control - continuous demand control according to weather and user - feed-back for the user - catalytic emission reduction - particle precipitator - system control
SmartBiomassHeat efficient
ambient heat exchanger
effective
power supply © DBFZ, 2017
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3500
35
3000
30
2500
25
2000
20
1500
15
1000
10
500
5
0
0 J
F
M
A
M
Existing building
J
J
A
New building
S
O
N
Outdoor temperature (°C)
Space heating demand (kWh)
Definition of buildings
D
Outdoor temperature
Existing building
New building
Heated floor area
m²
140
120
Space heating demand
kWh·a-1
16800
3600
Domestic hot water demand
kWh·a-1
1000
1000
Space heating system
-
radiator heating
underfloor heating
Nominal heat capacity at design point
kW
12.0
3.0
DHW storage
L
150
150
Buffer storage
L
-
300 13
Definition of base case and Smart Back-Up Stove Existing building scenario of wood usage
New building
H1
H2
H1
H2
superior calorific value
kWh·kg-1
4.0
4.3
4.0
4.3
water content
%
20
15
20
15
wood (logs) per batch
kg (-)
2.7 (3)
2.7 (3)
1.8 (2)
1.8 (2)
fuel energy input per batch
kWh
10.8
11.6
7.2
7.8
operation hours
h/a
690
690
280
280
log-wood price (input)
EUR·MWh-1
15
45
15
45
H1: wood-stove bought for heating purposes stove is totally integrated into cost calculation cheap wood as self-produced H2: stove is bought for convenience and life-style only additional integration costs are calculated wood is bought and therefore more expensive General: only changing costs are calculated, no costs that will keep the same in each case! 14
Assumptions for the operation of the air-towater heat pump 10
COP (-)
8
6 4 2 0 -30
-25
-20
-15 -10 -5 0 5 Outdoor temperature (°C)
Existing building
10
15
20
New building
COP is based on literature data. Weather data and heat demand is taken from historical measured data for the buildings. Running time and price correlation is done on an hourly basis and power generation data 2015 in Germany.
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Power generation in Germany 700
600
Power Generation in TWh
500
Others (hard coal, brown coal, gas, oil and affiliated products, uranium, own consumption/grid losses) Renewable energy sources (without biomass)
400
Biomass
300
200
100
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007 2008 Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015 16
Fluctuations due to wind and solar energy
17
Electricity prices in Germany Typical price for households: 0.29 €/kWh Price for heat pumps with short turn-off periods by grid operator: 0.21 €/kWh from this, only about 0.04 €/kWh are generation costs rest is due to renewable energy act (0.06 €/kWh), electricity tax (0.02 €/kWh), grid operation (0.055 €/kWh), VAT and others. For the future especially grid operation costs will increase and also the cost for power generation will probably increase: So price could go up until 2023 to about 0.25 €/kWh (2023, P1) with a possible variation due to local conditions (grid costs) of almost 0.25 to 0.275 €/kWh (2023, P2a and 2023, P2b). Calculation according to VDI 2067, with price increase of 2.0% and 1.0% for cheap wood; interest rate of 2.5% and all investments that are used in all cases were not calculated – so no full heat costs! 18
Economical results 2000
Annual annuity costs in EUR/a
1750
2015: 0.21 €/kWh 2023 P1: 0.25 €/kWh 2023 P1a: almost 0.25 €/kWh 2023 P1b: 0.275 €/kWh
1500 1250 1000
750 500 250 0 2015
2023 P1
2023 P2a
2023 P2b
2015
Scenario H1
2023 P1
2023 P2a
Scenario H2
2023 P2b
2015
2023 P1
Log-wood
2023 P2b
2015
Scenario H1
Existing building Heat Pump electricity
2023 P2a
2023 P1
2023 P2a
2023 P2b
Scenario H2 New building
Other costs
Capital-related costs
Standalone Heat pump electricity
H1: wood-stove bought for heating purposes H2: stove is bought for convenience and life-style stove is totally integrated into cost calculation only additional integration costs are calculated cheap wood as self-produced wood is bought and therefore more expensive 19
Some advantages of back-up stove 410
15
405
10
400
5
395
0
Voltage in V
Heat demand in kWh
20
390 6 12 18
6 12 18
6 12 18
6 12 18
6 12 18
6 12 18
6 12 18 .
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Wood stove or buffer
Heat pump
Voltage Phase L1-L2
Ø Wood-stove can be operated with nice feeling in the evening and the heat can be used at coldest hours in the morning (buffer). Ø Wood stove reduces operation time of heat pump and by the air-to-water heat pump not operating during coldest hours average annual COP increases for existing building by 7% and for the new building by almost 3%. Ø Reduction of additional grid building costs.
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Flexible heat provision – fundamental concept of SmartBiomassHeat – Future vision Example of connection of components – not all of the components will be installed in one building, but may be in one accommodation
Source: Lenz 2015
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Micro CHP for solid biofuels • micro- and mini-combined heat and power plants for heat supply and power grid stabilization
• laboratory charcoal gasifier with 0.55 kWel motor engine
à high operational flexibility proven!
Source: Krüger, DBFZ 2014
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Conclusions • The role of bioenergy is changing towards an integrated and supply securing utilisation of sustainable biomass potentials, especially residues, byproducts and biowaste – smart bioenergy. • Heat pumps are a promising technology to increase renewable heat generation significantly. The disadvantage of electricity consumption especially when wind and solar power could be scare can be avoided by combination with a biomass technology. • It has been shown, that a back-up stove with water jacket for an air-to-water heat pump could be economical feasible in an existing building, if cheap wood is available. • With rising electricity prices during times when power is scarce, also in new buildings a back-up stove could become feasible. • Development of new products and new value-chains need time for research and development (5 to 10 years) – so start with new and sometimes extraordinary ideas now. 23
Smart Bioenergy – Innovations for a sustainable future!
Contact Dr. Volker Lenz Tel. +49 (0)341 2434 – 450 E-Mail:
[email protected]
DBFZ Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum gemeinnützige GmbH Torgauer Straße 116 D-04347 Leipzig Tel.: +49 (0)341 2434 – 112 E-Mail:
[email protected] www.dbfz.de
