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Evolution Of The Genetic Variability Of Eight French Dairy Cattle

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Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics " ! * ' # $ % +" , . / 0 1'2 " " #$ $ 3 . 4 592. 1'2 " " #$ $ 3 . 4 ! "5 <, 6 & - ! 5 $ 7 / " ' ( ) ! 5 $ 6 6 :"7 ; 8 7 & 7/ ; 8 8 To maintain a sufficient amount of within population genetic variability is required, in order to allow the future generations of animals to be more and more adapted to changing environmental conditions and breeding goals. 8 4 == 4 > / ,44 . ! / 0 + 4 = 4 . & ? = 4 6 9 4 ' ? & * 44 8 0 8 . 6 ? 2 & / = 0 = ? ( 6 & 4 = 4 6 6 & 6 6 & 8 & = & & 4 0 > $ &? 6 = = 4 & 4 0 ? 4 4 = ? 8 ! ? *? 8 2 / 0 ? 4 . 6 0 == 6 4 = = ? @ 6 ? 7 . 0 7 0 == 6 A 6 ? 7" 8 2 / 0 4 + = 8 & ( ? 44 ? & = == ? + = 4 ? ? 6 A = 3 & & 3 6 & =6 ? 5 ? = & ( ? 4 = 4 & 8 4 = 4 & ( = & & 4 4 B 6 = 4 & A =4 (& 6 4 = / = = 4 = 6 6 & 6 & 4 * 6 =& = 4 = 4 = = == 6 5 & 6 8 = C 4 = 6 ??? & 4 4 4 6 4 .5 & 6 = = ? = ? 6 ? EF4 ? 4 & & E' / 7E ' 6 ? & 6 6 & 4A ' 4 ? 4 4A @ 0 6 4 & 4 6 & = A 4 ( = + = 8 4 ( = & & 1*. " 8 = 6 3 = 9 = ( = & = 4 6 & ( 5 = &A 6 4 ii = 4 5 = & 7E F 5 6 4 = = 8 = 6 4 == 0 4 = = A =? 6 ! & E *H ( 4 4 ( 4 & ? 4 4 4 = & = ? == E 5 ! 6 8 == D= *G ( & ? &. > 4 ( &? 6 & == = = = 6 == 4 ? 6 F ( 6 ! 4 & 4 & 6 & & = & ? == 4 ? 6 8 ? & = 4 ? ,4 & 6 4 = ( 5 4 = 4 ? & 4 8 6 i & ? = ? 6 4 ? + ? = ? 6 = ! & 6 E! 7 " + & 0 4 4 & = & "E 8 & = A .4 6 & 4 ? = A 0 > 4 = 4 ? ' 9 9 4 4 & 0 2 / 8 & =& 8 A =' 9 4 B & = 4 & & 6 6 4 & ? ! ? *? 8 8 = 4 = = 4 8 9 & = ? ? ? & .4 = 4 7 == 7 9 2 *5' 0 0.2 & 4 7 = 4 ( . = 4 4 = 4 CSystème d’Information Génétique”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fa ( ? = = J 6 4 J0 & = = = 4 8 = ( ? = ? 4 ! 6 ( 6 6 ! / EqGi 4 = 4 i 0 6 4 = EqGi 0 6 & == ? == == 6 0 6 6 = = ? & % & : = = 4 & = 4 = =7 L = = 4 = ! 0 == 6 4 4 ? :: ' ? .' EqG = 4 = 4 == 6 ? 4 4 N50 8 ( 6 = = .' 6 = " = = &! !9 0 feJfa = 4 feJfa ? = 4 = ' + 6 & = == ? 6 = = 0 = 6 = ? ? E * 4 ( K & ( & 4 ? = " ' 0 = J & & ? + = 4 = 4 .' 0 !9 & 6 .' ? ? 7J 6 ? fe ? = JJ??? B & ? 4 6 4 / &A 6 ' E 4 6 ? & & !9 .' ? !9 !& 6 = ( & = & ' 9 .! ? & = = 4 ? ? 6 & & & ( > % !*I *5' & = = 0 ? ? 82/ ? : 0 ' == = % ? ? 4 = 8 M' ( & 8 ∆F = Ft +1 − Ft 1 − Ft ? ? Ft 4 6 & * ∆F ? = 4 = ∆Fi ? 4 EqGi −1 4 ? = t 0 & 6 6 &# 6 $ 5 = = i ? ,3 6 = 6 A 8 = 4 A = ∆Fi = Ne ? 4 3 6 ∆F ? = 4 4 & ? ? = 4 EqGii + EqGj 2 . A &= & cij = ? ? ? ? 6 2 = = A 4 6 == 6 & 4& 6 & j i 6 4 ? A Nec ? 1 2 ∆c 0 6 N@O ij 4 4 ? (1 − c ) &? N7O & !9 ? == 4 ? 5 = & Fis = 1 − = = 4 & ∆cij ? A& i N"O Ne ? = 4 ? 4 6 EqGi 0 1 2 ∆F ∆cij = 1 − FtP P ? = 6 8 4 = Ft = = ∆F . = & N O 6 Ne c = 6 6 (1 − Fi ) 4 = Ne = 4 4 = 4 ? 4 4 & ∆F ? = 4 == == 4 = ? Fi 0 ? = 4 == 4 & 4 4 & = = 4 & ? 0 ∆F ? = N O = ∆Fi = 1 − 4 F (1 − F ) (1 − coancestry ) ? 4 I + 6 & % = 6 < 8 & FIS A& ! 4 8 == ? = 4 & 8IS 6 N O = ? = .' 8 = 8 = 6 = ) 0 ? 4 = 3 6 :" 9 2 * 6 > *H 7 @ = .4 & 4 ? = & &' P :L 0 == ,3# = 6 & + 4 = 7 0 & 4 = 4 8 6 EqG = = = 4 0 4 = > % 0 4 & + == ? ? = 4 6 = 4 7 > % 7 0.2 0 & .! 0.2 0 5 ? !9 .' & 4 0 = 4 @ %4 = 4 = = 6 & = ? ! ' / : 0 6 & = N50 ? 4 4 0 *H 6 0 = 4 fe fa 4 B & = 4 == ? 4 9 2 = 4 8 0 = ? 4 = 4 7 " *5' & = 5 * 44 ' / = EqG ? 6 82/ J 3 " 4 3 = ? = 4 = 4 ? & ? ? + = !9 & 6 = 0 = ? 8 > % ' 9 ? & ? 0 ? ? 4 = & ? = & EqG 3 4 4 = ? EqG ? 77= 7 = N50 > % : = 82/ = = ? 82/ 4 in situ ex situ 6 ? = 4 = > ? 6 = = 4 4 = 4 4 A : & * + , &''-.&''/" * , ! > %8 = > % .' > % !9 ' 98 = ' 9 .' ' 9 !9 9 28 = 9 2 .' 9 2 !9 .! 8 = .! .' .! !9 !*I 8 = !*I ' !*I !9 *5' 8 = 82/ 8 = 0.2 8 = 0.2 .' 0.2 !9 0 = = " 012, ,== == " : : 7 " : @ 7 : 7" 6 f e) ,== = + 6 9 2 L @ 7 7 : L 7L L 7 7 @ 7 " : 7 : " @" 77 : " 7 7 @ @ "" 7 7 7 7L L 7 :" :L 7 : " @7 : "L :L @ = N50) 7 L = " : : " 7 " @ = fa) : : : faJfe = " L @ L ":L "7L L ""L ""L @L " L ":L " L : 7 : 7 " @ "7 " ": :@ 7 7 @ : 7 : @ @ 0 & A 6 ? 5 ? = + + 9 = 0 6 & 4 6 = & & 8 = & = 4 ? 4 = 4 4 4 4 ? 4 + 4 = .5 = 4 ? * 4 = & 0 4 & = 6 4 4 fa = = = = 4 = .! & = = 4 = 6 .5 4 = 4 = 5 & = !*I = = = 4 !9 .5 .' 4 + 4 & : < 6 = fa N50 6 Q 4 4 & = 6 = *5' !*I 8 ! 4 N7 fa & = 4 4 . 4 6 A = = ! 4 N50 8 4 :: @ N50 ? & 7"L ? +4 & &@ L 2 7L ' 9 L > % . = fa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ec # & ? == 6 # $ A 4 8 " 0 = 82/ 9 4 : 4 + ? ? & 4 > % 0 4 = 4 ? & I ? ? 44 4 !*I I 0.2 & 4 8. # ? + $ = 7 & : 0 A ? ' 9 > % 6 = 6 6 6 4 .! 9 2 ( ? = ? A 7 8. Ne ( 82/ *5' ? Ne = ? & ? 4 4 8 " &- 6 ? == & 4 =+ = ? ( 6 ( ( ? = ? 0 4 == ? ? 6 4 $ A ( 3 ? & " # ? 4 9 : 2 #; 5 2 < 98 : ( @ " 0 " ? 0 6 == = = ( 4 6 8 = 0.2 @ L 0 6 9 2 ' 9 6 ? 8 =( 6 = & = 3 = = .' ? & ( 6 & ( 4 & = & & 4 + 4 +6 8 & ? 0 " == ' 9 7 L 4 ? *5' 4 ? 6 4 4 & & 4 ? = 85* 6 ? == = = 9 2 7 L = ? = ? Eq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Κ Κ( + # Κ 8* #012 ( * (8 * 48 Κ ! 8 > ' $ 85* 8 =S8 = 8 =S !9 @ 7 ": " 7 7 7 7 @ 7: 7 7 @ 7 7" . " @ @ ! ? *? 2 0 @ @7 @ " J " J : "@ J @ 7 7: 7 "7 @ / @ .'S !9 @ 7 8 .'S.' " @ * 44 !9S !9 ": 9 4 8 8 =S.' " 7 : J 7" 7" " J J 7 @ 0 = 4 ? = & 4 = 6 4 ' 4 ? = 4 = = & Q = 6 ? 6 3 (& ? + .! & 4 ? ? 4 0 0 & = = ? ? ? = ? 6 = ? = ? 6 & 4 = = 4 & + !*I *5' 82/ ? 3 6 = 4 ( & + ? 4 6 = = ? @ L = & ? @7L = & 6 == = = 4 .5 4? 6 4 == & ? ? & 4 & 4 0 ? & 4 = .5 & = > % = 4 & 4 4A 6 4 @ ? 6 * ? = 6 & = & 4 4 C-.2#,9D VARiabilité GENétique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nim. Breed. Genet., ! . 7 : ! 4 2 *G ( ; " / 4 ( = 4 3 4 4 6 & Genet. Sel. Evol. "7 " Q:" !G * > !; I = ' > % ! *? 6 > > ! ? *? U> 4 ? > = 6 & ? (= ( = & & 4 4 J. Dairy Sci @ 7: : ! /, 5# = ( = & = 5 / = I =# . %6 (/ ' 8 Q ". 2 4 44 :Q " ' 8 ! ' % , = = 4 6 & Genet. Sel. Evol. 7 " 6 5 # & 8 ' . ' # $ A ;/ , 4 = == 6 A = 4 = & ;. Anim. Breed. Genet. : 7 Q " ;; ' + * ! ' !$ ; @ .4 = & 4 4 4 = 6 & & Genet. Sel. Evol. " " " " @ ! , ' + * 0+ ! ' * 4 6 ? = 8 9 & ( 5 / = : I =# . %6 (/ ! > A '# ! A " : . 2 4 44 "" " ! > A '# ! A ! / V 5 8 W ! $ ! % & # , / & = 6 4 8 4 = 4 4 = J. Anim. Sci., :: 7 7 7 ! > 4 *; ! ( > ,+ 6 = > 8 4 8 1*. 4 4 J. Dairy Sci @ @ Q@ : 8 * ' ( &08 Introduction to Quantitative Genetics , @ % 4 < # > ? , + 1F 8. : Secondary Guidelines for Development of National Farm Animal Genetic Resources Management Plans 8. 2 4 5 & " 8 A ; 6 ! / I 2 0 '. 7 ,== & = = 4 = 4 6 4 Genet. " " " # $ A ;/ . ; X A Y 2 Z[ ; / = ; " / & = * = Genet. Sel. Evol., "7 @" " # $ A ;/ 6 5 # & 8 54 6 4 = A == 6 A = 4 4 J. Anim. Breed. Genet. " "" F4 ,* F ( ( ! I % ( 3 4 9 .4 > Anim. Genet @ Q :: F * *4 > . 4 4 = # 4 > & Livest. Sci. " @ Q7" % & 2 : . & = = = 3 6 = 4 3 6 Zoo Biol., : " % ' A / Utilisation des ressources paternelles et maternelles dans les programmes de sélection des races montbéliarde, normande et prim’holstein. Période 1996 2008 5 <, 6 / 8 % & # ! 4 2 ' 4 = 4 4 + 4 = Anim. Genet @ @ ' % ! , # 6 & =8 & 4 = 4 = 4 Interbull Bull. @ @ 7@ ' * ! . ! ! ' % '$A / ' $ & * ; # 4 ! , % 6 $ $ $ 3 6 V = W 3 $6 3 4 \ Renc. Rech. Rum., " " @ ' / * F & ;8 2 ' ! & / 5 & =5 & = J. Anim. Sci :7 " "" ' ? 0>, ' +4A ? = = J. Anim. Sci 7 "@ @ ' ? 0>, % T 4 == Genet. Sel. Evol @ " 7 " " ' + * ! , 1 < = 4 $ $ 3 < 4 6 $ $ $ 3 6 = W < + $ Renc. Rech. Rum., @ 7 / ; 8 8 ; ( ;> ' & = & InterBull. Bull., @ : *H . *H 'F ! / 7 5 & ! J. Dairy Sci :: : 7 : 4 ! ' 8 F 4 ( # ! / 7 # 6 = = > & Interbull Bull., "" " , 0+ ! ' ! 2 9 6 ' 7 6 6 = 6 ( = = J = 6 4 Anim. Genet. Resources Info. " " , % & # ! '$ + ; 2 ] > 8 4 4 = 4 == 6 A = 4 4 & ? 8 Genet. Sel. Evol. 4 4 .2 # .8 # ? 6 & = 4 & J. Dairy Sci. : " " @