Exercise Physiology And Biochemistry Safety Operating Procedures

Transcript

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY SAFETY OPERATING PROCEDURES 1|Page Contents 1. General Laboratory Rules 2. Roles & Responsibility 2.1 Lecturers 2.2 Principal Investigator / Supervisors 2.3 Laboratory technician & students 2.3.1 Daily Operation Checks 3. 4. Risk Management 3.1 Risk Assessment (RA) 3.2 Emergency Procedures 3.3 Other Emergency Numbers 3.4 Emergency Equipment 3.5 Accident / Incident Report Form 3.6 Department First Aiders 3.7 Working Alone Policy Exercise Physiology Laboratory Introduction 4.1 General User Safety 4.2 General Participant Safety 4.3 Hazardous Substance 4.4 Compressed Gas Cylinders 4.5 Equipment (Safe Operating Procedures) 4.5.1 Treadmills 4.5.1.1 Participant Orientation on Treadmills 4.5.2 Cycle Ergometers 4.5.2.1 All Types 4.5.2.2 Weight Loading Types 4.5.3 Metabolic Carts 2|Page 4.5.4 Participant Breathing Apparatus Preparation 4.5.4.1 Headset Support 4.5.4.2 2-Way Non Re-breathing Valve (NRBV) 4.5.4.3 Checking Airflow of 2-Way NRBV 4.5.4.4 Attachment of 2-Way NRBV to headset support 4.5.4.5 Facemasks 4.5.5 Electrocardiogram (ECG) 4.5.5.1 Skin Preparation 4.5.6 Radiation Safety (Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) 4.5.6.1 Participant Exclusion 4.5.7 Anthropometric Equipment 4.5.7.1 Skin Calipers 4.5.7.2 Anthropometric Tape 4.5.7.3 Stadiometers and Weighing Scales 4.5.8 Bioimpedance Analysis 4.5.9 Heart Rate Monitors 4.5.10 Blood Pressure Monitors 4.5.10.1 Manual Sphygmomanometer 4.5.10.2 Automated Blood Pressure Monitors 4.5.11 Thermometers 4.6 4.5.11.1 Tympanic Thermometers 4.5.11.2 Infrared Thermometers Cleaning and Disinfecting Methods 4.6.1 Heart Rate Monitors (Watches, Transmitters & Straps) 4.6.2 Face Masks, Nose Clips & Sweat Bands 4.6.3 Hans Rudolph 2-way NRBV 4.6.4 Headset Support 4.6.5 Headstrap 3|Page 4.6.6 Breathing Tube Bore 5 Biochemistry Laboratory 5.1 Laboratory Etiquette 5.2 Blood Collection 5.2.1 Personnel 5.2.2 Attire 5.3 Blood Sampling 5.3.1 Materials 5.3.2 Guidelines to Blood Drawing 5.3.3 Blood Spillages 5.3.4 Infection Prevention and Contamination Control Practices 5.4 Labelling and Storage 5.4.1 Freezer Power Supply 5.5 Blood Transportation 5.6 Biohazardous Materials 5.6.1 Reagent Reconstitution 5.6.2 Blood Separation, Plasma/Serum Extraction 5.6.3 Movement and Transport of Chemicals 5.7 Equipment (Safety & Preventive Operation Procedures) 5.7.1 Whole Blood or Component Analyzers 5.7.1.1 Reflotron 5.7.1.2 Cobas III 5.7.1.3 YSI 2300 Sport Analyzer 5.7.1.4 Accutrend Portable Analyzer 5.7.2 pH Meter 5.7.3 Vortex Mixer 5.7.4 Centrifuge 4|Page 5.7.4.1 Breakage of Glass Tubes 5.7.5 Water Baths 5.7.6 Magnetic Heating Stirrers 5.7.7 Fume Cupboards 5.7.8 Pipettes 5.7.9 Glassware 5.8 Waste Disposal 5.8.1 Reagent Waste Products 5.8.2 Blood Collection Tubes 5.8.3 Pipette Tips, Blood Strips, Cuvettes, Sampling cups 5.8.4 Biohazard Waste Bags 5.8.5 Sharps Containers 5.8.6 Collection Bins 5.8.7 Disposal and Treatment of Biohazard Waste and Sharps Containers 5.8.7.1 6. Route and Method of Collection Fire Safety 6.1 Fire Fighting 6.1.1 Small Fires 6.1.2 Fires Due to Explosion 6.2 Fire Extinguishers 6.3 Evacuation Procedures 6.3.1 Sounding of Alarm 6.3.2 Evacuation Areas Annexes A Daily Operation Check List B Risk Assessment Forms C Accident/Incident Report Form 5|Page 1. General Laboratory Rules These rules aim to provide a general understanding of laboratory safety. The rules will familiarise Individuals to work safely in a laboratory environment and as a preventive measure for accidents or incidents. Students and researchers need to be acquainted with the rules before embarking on any laboratory procedures. More rules may be added to the existing ones. Before embarking on a laboratory project or research, the knowledge of laboratory safety procedures should be utilised by students and researchers at all time. Rules must be strictly adhered to in the laboratory testing areas.  No food or drinks allowed  Do not operate any machine without proper training and sufficient practice  Keep laboratory testing area clean, neat and uncluttered  Report all accidents, incidents to the research or laboratory project supervisor and laboratory technician in charge  Be familiar with emergency procedures and numbers  Be familiar with locations of safety items  Be properly attired 6|Page 2. Roles & Responsibilities To build up a culture of personal responsibility and safety, a co-operative role between staff, students and researchers is crucial in its implementation and maintenance of these regulations. It is recommended that these guidelines be followed: 2.1 Lecturers  Brief students on laboratory safety general regulations during the first laboratory lesson in the year;  Ensure students have clearly read and understood the laboratory safety regulations and signed on the relevant indemnity forms  Demonstrate good safety practices at all times in the laboratory;  Give explicit instructions, highlighting certain safety precautions to be exercised by students where appropriate, before students begin their laboratory work. The laboratory technician will assist in these safety procedures.  Record and report all incidents/accidents that occur in the laboratory. The laboratory technician will assist in these safety procedures.  All lecturers in PESS are basic first aid and CPR trained. In addition knowledge of basic fire prevention and control measures; and procedures for handling spills and proper disposal of materials may be helpful in accidents/incidents. The laboratory technician will assist in these safety procedures. 2.2 Principal Investigator / Supervisors  All new staff and students will be briefed on general lab safety rules by the Principal Investigators/supervisors and will learn the operation of machines and equipments from the laboratory technician in charge.  Proper handling & disposal of chemicals and sharps. 7|Page 2.3 Laboratory Technician in Charge  Maintaining laboratory materials, chemicals and equipments in functional conditions;  Checking that safety devices in the laboratory eye-washers and fire extinguishers are working  Initiating necessary repair or maintenance work;  Ensuring that chemicals are properly labeled and stored;  Maintaining a file of the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for all the chemicals;  Exercising chemical stock control;  Keeping the laboratory clean and tidy  Replenishing consumables if necessary  Replenishing first aid supplies; and  Taking up the role of being a fire warden if a fire breaks out or during a fire drill;  Teaching the use of laboratory equipment. 2.3.1 Daily Operational Checks The laboratory technician will also perform daily checks to ensure all is in accordance with laboratory safety procedures in the mornings and before leaving the laboratory at the end of the office hour. A check list is provided for to ensure all key areas are properly checked and assessed to deem the laboratory safe for routine activities. The check list is provided under Annex A 8|Page 3. Risk Management All individuals prior to commencing of laboratory tests must be familiar with the Risk Assessment Forms (RAs) and be aware of potential hazards and the prevention steps for such hazards. Individuals working in the laboratory must be aware of emergency procedures and location of safety equipment. Clear signages showing emergency routes and telephone numbers must be displayed in unobstructed view. 3.1 Risk Assessment (RA) Risk assessment encompasses activities within that particular laboratory. Applying a scoring matrix to the hazards and risks identified, the accumulated points determine the degree of danger that is posed by the activity to the user. The assessment includes prevention guidelines and methods to control and minimize that degree of danger. RAs must be available within laboratory premises. See Annex B 3.2 Emergency Medical Procedures The term emergency in this context refers to life threatening or severe situations that do not require the immediate evacuation of laboratory premises. Conditions here apply, but are not limited, to sudden cardiac arrests, unconsciousness, fractures, severe pain resulting in immobility, excessive bleeding. Immediate notification is necessary to any staff in charge in such emergency occurs. In the event that assistance from staff is not available, execute the following procedures and provide first aid / CPR / AED if possible: TELEPHONE 6790 3999 READ SLOWLY AND CLEARLY This is the Exercise Physiology Laboratory at NIE Block 5, Level 2 Room 2. We have an emergency and need medical assistance immediately. Someone will be at the front door of the laboratory to meet you. 9|Page 3.3 3.4 Other Emergency Numbers Agency Tel No: Police 999 Ambulance 995 National University Hospital 6772 5000 NIE Campus Security (24 hrs) 6790 3999 NIE Campus Facilities Reporting Centre (24 hrs) 6790 3000 NTU Medical Clinic (Gethin-Jones Medical Practice Pte Ltd) 6793 6828 6790 3020 6793 6974 Emergency Equipment It is important for laboratory personnel to be notified of the provision and location of emergency kits items. Item Rooms Automated external defibrillator Exercise Physiology Laboratory Beside main entrance door (05-02-02) Fire extinguishers Psychomotor room (05-02-01) Exercise Physiology Laboratory (05-02-02) Health and Anatomy Room (05-02-04) Exercise Physiology Laboratory (05-02-02) Exercise Physiology Laboratory (05-02-02) Biochemistry Laboratory (05-02-03) Biochemistry Laboratory (05-02-03) Exercise Physiology Laboratory (05-02-02) First aid kit Eye wash bottles Ice packs Mercury spillage kit Item location Beside main entrance doors Beside sink (with mercury spillage kit) Above sink area On the main entrance door In the 4oC glass door fridge Beside sink (with first aid kit) Water in the bottles is changed weekly with Type II de-ionized clean water. Refer to section 4.3 for mercury spillage 10 | P a g e 3.5 Accident / Incident Report Form In the event of an accident or incident, a report in the format of a standardized form must be filled up and submitted to Head/PESS and Deputy Head/PESS. This form will be available in both soft and hard copies. This report serves as a means to rectify and improve safety areas that need to be addressed in current risk assessments to prevent such a situation from occurring again. See Annex C for detailed reporting schedule. 3.6 Department First Aiders PESS equips all staff with first aid training as well as knowledge in operating the AED. Certification last for 2 years and staff are encouraged to apply for re-certification once it expires. Current resident first aider: Mr Rhys Reutens Contact number: 6790 3710 / 6790 3728 3.7 Working Alone Policy Undergraduate students are not allowed to work past laboratory hours, unless accompanied by supervisor or a trained PhD or research student. Supervisors are not to leave the students alone to work unless accompanied by a trained PhD or research student or the laboratory technician. All students, supervisors and laboratory technician must be familiar with the risks and safety procedures prior to commencement of any experiment. Research or PhD students trained in laboratory procedures are allowed to conduct research with a partner after laboratory hours. Application must be made to the supervisor for consideration. On the discretion of the supervisor, the research student may or may not be allowed to work with the partner depending on the extent or type of the work, ability, experience and knowledge of the student. On approval, laboratory technician must be informed so as to extend provision of air conditioning. Laboratories will have air conditioning from 7.30am till 10pm for seven days a week to protect and prevent machine breakdowns which may lead to accidents or incidents All work must cease by 2230 hours. 11 | P a g e 4. Exercise Physiology Laboratory Introduction The Exercise Physiology Laboratory is located at Block 5 Level 2 Room 02. The premise is used for teaching as well as for research purposes. Besides the current diploma and degree teaching programs, the laboratory has expanded to include the Sport Science and Management program from NTU. Seating capacity is approximately between 25 to 40 students. Both class and research areas include human performance and physiological responses with exercise. Research is constantly expanding into new areas of interest as well as incorporating new techniques. PESS aims to provide students and researchers a safe, conducive and efficient laboratory environment where learning and research can take place safely without any accidents or incidents. The purpose of this writing is to instil the importance of laboratory and equipment knowledge towards contributing to an all encompassing safety in daily operations. The laboratory is currently helmed by A/P Govindasamy Balasekeran. Tel: 6790 3686 Residing laboratory technical technician is Mr Darren Lim. Tel: 6790 3715 More information can be found at http://www.nie.edu.sg/physical-education-and-sports-science/aboutpess/laboratoriessport-facilities 12 | P a g e 4.1 General User Safety Students or researchers embarking on a project must learn to be proficient in experimental procedures and equipment knowledge in order to protect themselves from injury, as well as to protect their participants from similar affliction. These guidelines must be followed at all times:       4.2 User must be aware of safety aspects of equipment User must be competent and comfortable with operating equipment User must be familiar with procedures and protocols Do not attempt to multi-task too heavily and work in pairs if necessary Keep work area uncluttered Proper running shoes and attire General Participant Safety Participant safety in any experiment is important and must never be compromised. These guidelines must be followed at all times:           Participants are to inform prior to test, any form of discomfort, injuries or concerns to the investigator/ supervisor Injured or unwell participants are not advised to partake in any tests Participants have a choice to withdraw from the test at any point if they feel unwell Participants are to be briefed on safety issues concerning the test and equipment Participants are to be briefed on test procedures and protocols Participants must be in proper running shoes and attire Ensure participants are properly warmed up prior to exercise tests Advise participants not to have a heavy meal before a strenuous exercise test. Consume meal minimum 2 to 1.5 hours before exercise Researchers or laboratory technician must not leave the laboratory area at anytime while participant is on any machine Researchers or laboratory technician should not be on the phone during any test except in emergencies 13 | P a g e 4.3 Hazardous Substance Under the National Environment Agency’s (NEA) list of hazardous substance, mercury is considered toxic and pollutive. The physical characteristics of mercury are best described as shiny liquid silver. Equipment in the laboratory that contain mercury are as follows:  Mercurial sphygmomanometer  Barometer  Note: The contents of the mercury in this equipment located in the laboratory is minuscule (approx 120g in Barometer and between 40g to 80g in Mercurial Sphygmomanometer). In the event of mercury spillage from equipment mishandling immediate action is to vacate the room except for the cleaning crew. Spillages must be contained following the rules of the spillage kit. Instructions will be printed for easy referral. The following actions must NEVER be performed when cleaning mercury spillages  Never use a vacuum cleaner to suck up the droplets of mercury  Never sweep with a floor broom  Never heat exposed mercury  Never dispose mercury into the sewage system  Do not handle mercury with bare hands *adapted from PRINCO Barometers mercury cleanup guidelines 14 | P a g e 4.4 Compressed Gas Cylinders The gas cylinders that are housed in PESS are used to calibrate the sensors of the metabolic carts in the exercise physiology laboratory. Contents of the cylinders are at 16% oxygen 4% carbon dioxide and rest nitrogen. It is classified under UN 2.2, a non flammable and non toxic gas. Gas cylinders that are in use are only turned on when necessary and turned off after the calibrations of metabolic sensors are completed. Storage of unused gas cylinders must be in a well ventilated and cool place with a hazard pictogram overhead. It must be anchored upright to a stable structure to prevent accidental toppling. The laboratory anchors the unused cylinders to gas trolleys. Gas cylinders are properly labelled for contents and expiry dates. Used and unused gas cylinders are never stored in the same trolley. Unused cylinders are marked with “NOT IN USE” signs. Safety data sheets of the gas are available at the storage area. Additional safety precautions       Students are NOT allowed to tamper with regulators Never operate gas near a naked flame Transportation of cylinders must be done with a trolley Never roll a cylinder on the floor Cylinders will be disposed off by licensed gas operators Laboratory Technician will check that gas cylinders are turned off before the end of the office hour to prevent leakage. Current vendor Singapore Oxygen Air Liquide Pte Ltd 16 Jalan Buroh Singapore 619475 Tel No: 6265 4555 15 | P a g e 4.5 Equipment (Safe Operating Procedures) Knowledge of operating procedures, capabilities, limitations of equipment not only adds to the safety for both user and participant, but maintains the equipment in good condition. These preventive measures minimize untimely breakdowns which could potentially cause injuries. Operating procedures mentioned here serve as guidelines and are not exhaustive. Detailed steps of machine maneuverability are placed by the equipment for convenient referral. Confidence in operating any equipment comes with practice. ANY DOUBTS MUST BE ADDRESSED FIRST BEFORE COMMENCING EXPERIMENT! 4.5.1 Treadmills Motorised and non-motorised versions              Ensure power sockets are all plugged in properly Ensure nothing is on the belt before running the equipment Ensure area around dismount is clear of objects User must be familiarised with equipment handling Be aware of all emergency stop buttons Check all emergency stop buttons are functioning To use safety harness whenever possible Stay clear of moving belt Start the treadmill at low speeds unless protocol dictates otherwise Alert the participant before you start the treadmill and change of speeds Never leave the participant while he/she is still on the treadmill Ensure cleanliness around treadmill area at all times Power down after usage 4.5.1.1     Participant orientation on treadmills Ensure participant is familiar with mount and dismount Ensure participant straddles the treadmill on start up Ensure participant is aware of emergency stop buttons Allow light walking/jogging on treadmill if needed to facilitate familiarisation 16 | P a g e 4.5.2 Cycle Ergometers Weight loading / Dial / Automatic There are 2 main types of cycle ergometers that are used for exercise testing. One of which is weight loading, that includes the manual loading of weights to increase exercise intensity. The other is a dial or automatic type which does not employ the use of weights. Accidents from mishandling may be prevented from following these guidelines at all times: 4.5.2.1     Ensure proper seat height Ensure seat bolt is secured for seat height Ensure feet is properly set in stirrups Ensure area around ergometer is kept clean after test 4.5.2.2      All Types Weight Loading Types Be familiar with release latch of load basket Be familiar with adding of weights Do not stack up weights on table Always hold weights in a firm grip, do not hold by thumb and index fingers Ensure tension wires are not dislodged from wheel circumference 4.5.3 Metabolic carts Metabolic carts are machines that measure the gas exchanges that occur in our lungs. Equipment and participant preparation, gas calibration, mechanical support must be practiced before user is to work independently to maximise participant safety during and after tests.           Ensure all power sockets are plugged in properly Ensure wheels of cart are locked in place Ensure all parts of equipment are placed properly on the moveable cart Ensure all sampling tubes are secured Ensure calibration gas cylinder is secured Ensure gas calibration tubes are secured Only turn on calibration gas when performing calibration and to turn off once completed Do not change the pressure of the regulator To use only clean breathing tubes between tests When performing flowmeter calibration use firm strokes on the air syringe, do not use too much force 17 | P a g e 4.5.4 Participant Breathing Apparatus Preparation Types: Hans Rudolph 2 Way Non Re-breathing Valve (NRBV), face masks There are many components that must be fitted together on the participant in order to collect the exhaled air that is needed for analysis by the cart. There are two types of collection methods. One which include components of the headset support, Hans Rudolph 2 Way NRBV and nose clip, the other a simpler face mask and Velcro head strap. Actual assembly of each component and the use of the equipment by the participant would be best shown through a visual demonstration by the laboratory technician or a pictorial showing the procedures in detail. The guidelines here promote hygiene, comfort and safety for the participant. NOTE: EACH PARTICIPANT MUST BE FITTED WITH A CLEAN SET OF BREATHING APPARATUS FOR EACH TEST. NEVER REUSE ANY APPARATUS BETWEEN PARTICIPANTS WITHOUT PROPER CLEANSING AND DECONTAMINATION (SEE SECTION ON HYGIENE) 4.5.4.1      Ensure headset support is a snug fit Do not over tighten grooves Ensure sweat band is at the front Do not drop the 2-way NRBV holder elbows onto participant’s collar Make sure participant is comfortable after putting on head support 4.5.4.2        Checking Airflow of 2-way NRBV Put on a clean nose clip Participant wearing non re-breathing valve should be able to breathe through valve with side for inhalation and the other for exhalation 4.5.4.4  2-Way Non Re-breathing Valve (NRBV) Ensure diaphragm is assembled in the right direction Do not over-tighten the screw threads Choose appropriate size of mouth piece to avoid gum irritation Make sure participant is comfortable after putting in the mouth piece 4.5.4.3  Headset support Attachment of 2-way NRBV to headset support Ensure re-breathing valve is at an appropriate level to the mouth Tighten the elbows of the head support NRBV should not be pulling down after slotting into head support 18 | P a g e 4.5.4.5      Facemasks Ensure facemask is clean Ensure appropriate size of facemask for participant Loosen the head strap before hooking onto the face mask Pull firmly to secure fit on face Do not over tighten head strap 4.5.5 Electrocardiogram (ECG) Due to the complexities of electrode application, accuracy of electrode placements must be verified by qualified personnel before commencement of test.     Ensure all power outlets are plugged in properly Ensure leads are not tangled before connecting to participant Follow the colour code of electrodes according to recommendations by manufacturer Treat used electrodes as biological waste and dispose accordingly 4.5.5.1    Skin Preparation Do not apply electrodes on open sores, burn sites, scar tissues or on any skin with abnormal conditions Skin penetration by electrodes is possible, extra caution must be taken not to press hard during application Wipe skin with alcohol before application of electrodes 4.5.6 Radiation Safety Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)          Dexa must only be operated by licensed personnel approved by NEA Dexa must be housed in a room approved by NEA License of both operator and housing must be on display Dosimeter must be issued to operator Lead curtains must be provided to shield user from radiation Door must be closed when scan is running Red indicator light outside of dexa room must be lit when scan is running No one besides participant is allowed in the room when scan is running Participant must remove all forms of metal on body 19 | P a g e 4.5.6.1 Participant Exclusion Though the radiation level of DEXA is considerably low, the following patients must never be scanned, unless under doctor’s orders.     Pregnant women Individuals with pacemakers Individuals who has ingested radioactive tracers in the past 7 days (eg barium, iodine) When unsure of medical status of individuals 4.5.7 Anthropometric Equipment 4.5.7.1    Do not clamp on participant’s skin forcefully Medical attention must be given in the event that skin is injured Swab arms of calipers before using on a new participant 4.5.7.2    Anthropometric tape Retract tape slowly while holding on to the end Do not extend the tape too fast, it will damage the spring retracting mechanism 4.5.7.3  Skin callipers Stadiometers and Weighing Scales Do not jump on the weight plate Adjust height extension in a slow controlled manner 4.5.8 Bioimpedance analysis        Do not use in combination with other medical devices such as pacemakers, electronic life support systems Remove socks before stepping on plate Dry your feet before stepping on electrode plates Do not jump on the foot electrode plates Do not step on the edge of unit Do not force grip electrodes in and out of sockets Ensure unit is in a clear visible location, not around corners where one can trip over 20 | P a g e 4.5.9 Heart rate monitors      Do not overtighten strap on participant Do not use with pacemakers Ensure participant can breathe with relative ease Never reuse straps unless washed thoroughly Wash accordingly after use 4.5.10 Blood pressure monitors 4.5.10.1      Manual sphygmomanometer Check that the dial is turned to ‘off’ on opening the equipment latch Check if there is mercury leakage (refer to mercury spillage) Only turn the dial on before test Remember to turn the dial off after use! Failure to do so might result in mercury leakage 4.5.10.2     Automated blood pressure monitor Ensure cuff is the right size for participant Do not wrap cuff around arm too tight If participant feels pain in arm release cuff immediately Do not recharge near wet areas 4.5.11 Thermometers 4.5.11.1    Do use a clean lens filter for each participant Dispose used lens filter as biohazard waste Be gentle when inserting lens into participant’s ear 4.5.11.2  Tympanic thermometers Infrared thermometers Do not point laser into subject’s eyes 21 | P a g e 4.6 Cleaning and disinfecting methods Thorough cleaning and disinfecting of re-useable items must be performed after usage. There are 2 types of solutions; anti-bacterial solution and disinfecting solution. Each solution should never be mixed and is allocated separate labelled washing buckets. It is advisable to WEAR GLOVES as certain skin types might be sensitive. ANTIBACTERIAL SOLUTION DIRECTIONS : SONIDET DETERGENT : 5ML PER LITRE OF WATER, DISPOSED AFTER USE DISINFECTANT SOLUTION DIRECTIONS : VIRACLEAN SOLUTION : USE NEAT, LABEL BUCKET WITH DATE WHEN MAKING NEW BATCH OF SOLUTION : REUSEABLE UP TO 14 DAYS OR 20 SOAKS WHICHEVER COMES FIRST 4.6.1 Heart rate monitors (watches, transmitters and straps)     Rinse watches, transmitters straps with warm water Soak all items in neat disinfectant solution for 10 secs (10 mins for straps) After required time, remove items and rinse thoroughly to rid of all disinfectant solution Place items neatly on drying cloth 4.6.2 Face mask, nose clips and sweat bands      Place items in antibacterial detergent solution Scrub facemasks and nose clips, ensuring sufficient lather to rid of oil from skin contact Rinse well with water Soak in disinfectant solution for 10 mins Rinse well to rid of solution and place on drying cloth 4.6.3 Hans Rudolph 2 way non re-breathing valve (NRBV)        Unscrew saliva trap and dispose contents in sink Disassemble valve and place all parts in antibacterial detergent solution Scrub all parts to rid of visible particulates and rinse well Place parts in disinfectant solution for 10 mins Rinse well to rid of solution and place on drying cloth When dry, parts should be clean and clear Store mouthpiece in a ziplock bag and seal 22 | P a g e 4.6.4 Headset support   4.6.5       Spray with neat disinfecting solution, Rinse thoroughly, wipe and dry Headstrap Undo all velcro Rinse headstrap with water Soak in anti-bacteria solution, lather Rinse well Soak in disinfecting solution for 10 mins Rinse well and hang on drying rack 4.6.6 Breathing tube bore     Rinse tube well to wash away condensation Spray inside of tube with disinfecting Viraclean solution Fill with water and holding each end of the tube, raise each hand alternately to swirl the water inside the tube Rinse thoroughly to rid of all disinfecting solution 23 | P a g e 5. Biochemistry Laboratory Introduction In dealing with biological samples, practices that promote health and safety must be familiarised by the user to prevent infection. Proper laboratory conduct and techniques must also be taught to prevent cross contamination of samples. Biochemical test mediums include blood, saliva, urine and sweat samples. There are specific considerations pertaining to user and participant preparation, sample collection, sample testing, sample storage and sample disposal that will be addressed in this section. Chemical reagents are as well used in biochemistry. These reagents contain compounds that might cause skin irritation and / or infection to some on exposure, henceforth additional protective laboratory regulations must be adhered to. PESS biochemistry laboratory does not conduct experiments with hazardous substances. As defined by NEA, hazardous substance are considered as such to possess “mass-disaster potential, highly toxic and pollutive, and/or generate toxic waste” that require a great difficulty to dispose of. If unsure of the classification of substances, please refer to NEA’s website http://app2.nea.gov.sg/haz_sub.aspx for the latest list. A license through NEA must be applied if it is deemed by laboratory in charge that these substances are needed and comply with safety limitations of the laboratory. More information can be found at http://www.nie.edu.sg/physical-education-and-sports-science/aboutpess/laboratoriessport-facilities 24 | P a g e 5.1 Best Laboratory Practices          Do not walk with an uncapped needle Do not run in the lab and risk toppling bottles Researchers, staff, students or laboratory technicians must be in lab coats and gloves Strictly no consumption of any food or drinks Adopt clean as you go work procedures Observe all cleaning procedures for spillages Never dispose any biological product as common waste Never pour by products down the sewage Use the fumehood when making reagents 5.2 Blood Collection It is mandatory that individuals read through and understand all safety aspects of blood drawing prior to attempting such a procedure. NOTE: All blood drawing is done by trained physiologists with experimental experience over a number of years of practice in a number of research projects. 5.2.1 Personnel    Only trained personnel are allowed to perform blood collection Students must never perform blood collection without a supervisor Maintain professionalism 5.2.2 Attire     Safety glasses Latex gloves Covered shoes Lab coats 25 | P a g e 5.3 Blood sampling 5.3.1 Materials Ensure these items are prepared prior to sampling.         Alcohol swabs Tissue paper / cotton buds Lancets and lithium heparin coated microvettes (Capillary blood technique) Needles, catheter, collection tubes (Venapuncture technique) Absorbent mats Band aids Sharps disposal bins Biohazard waste bags and bins 5.3.2 Guidelines to Blood Drawing Phlebotomist should be current on methods and guidelines. A separate document on the WHO guidelines on blood drawing is made available in the biochemistry laboratory for referral when in doubt or refer at website http://www.who.int/injection_safety/job_aids/en/index.html 5.3.3 Blood Spillages     Spray area with neat Viraclean disinfecting solution Wearing gloves, wipe area clean with tissue Repeat if necessary Dispose gloves and tissue in biohazard bag 26 | P a g e 5.3.4 Infection prevention and contamination control practices Table 1 DO DO wash your hands thoroughly with antibacteria soap before and after performing blood collection DO change gloves between participants DO change lancets between participants DO disinfect skin site allocated for puncture DO discard any sharps into sharps bin immediately after use DO NOT DO NOT forget to wash your hands DO NOT reuse gloves between participants DO NOT reuse lancets more than once DO NOT touch puncture site after disinfection DO NOT leave sharps lying around DO NOT throw sharps into any other waste collection point DO seal the sharps bin with a tamper proof DO NOT leave sharps bin open lid when finished DO fill the sharps bin to ¾ full DO NOT overfill the sharps bin DO throw all biological waste into DO NOT leave biological waste lying appropriate biohazard bags around DO NOT throw any medium of biological waste into normal refuse collection bins DO place all collection tubes in a proper DO NOT leave any collection tubes lying rack before and after use around *adapted from WHO’s guide to best phlebotomy practices 27 | P a g e 5.4 Labelling and Storage Storage of whole blood or blood components will be in freezers. Labelling will done with the principal investigators way of indentifying the samples and unlabelled blood will be noted and the laboratory technician may indicate to the principal investigator to label the blood. This is to ensure proper storage. To prevent frost bite or cold burns, cryo gloves must be worn.     All tubes must be capped and labelled properly Whenever space is allowed on tube, the following may be followed but labelling can be also can be done with the principal investigators own discretion of labelling according to their data  Name or ID number of participant  Name or ID of researcher  Date of sample  Type of medium Collate all tubes into a cryobox before storage in freezer Label cryobox with  Name of researcher  Date of collection  Research project number 5.4.1 Freezer power supply The freezers are currently drawing electrical power from an independent source indicated by a red switch. In the event of a power failure, switch to a different power point indicated by a white switch. In the meantime, call FCC at 6790 3000 for immediate rectification. If both sources of power are not available, draw from external sources along the corridor and call FCC. During building shutdowns, approach DED for power arrangements. Current building office in charge is Mr Lim Tow Seng Tel: 6790 3662. Note: No stored blood can be discarded without the permission of the principal investigator. If the PI has left the position of faculty, then the senior physiologist or the physiologist helming the lab with the discourse from other physiologists will be make the final decision of whether to discard the stored blood. 28 | P a g e 5.5 Blood transportation Blood collection may at times be done outdoors or need to be transported to other laboratories for testing. As the blood tubes need to be secured and maintained at a low temperature, these guidelines should be applied.    Blood tubes must be securely capped and placed in holders before transportation in containers Containers should be made of hard plastic, sturdy and can be carried with a handle e.g. ice coolers Polystyrene ice boxes are not recommended 29 | P a g e 5.6 Biohazardous materials Currently, the biochemistry laboratory in PESS does not operate a full array of classical chemistry dealing with highly reactive inorganic and organic compounds. The role of the biochemistry laboratory is primarily to support the analysis of blood physiological markers. Within limitations of equipment, space and safety considerations, the laboratory may expand to include such forms of activity provided substantial safety measures have been explored. Using potential hazardous chemicals must first be sought with approval from laboratory in charge with regard to housing, activity required, treatment in spillages, safety precautions and requirements of work area, in compliance with NEA’s regulations. Most work done in the laboratory utilizes chemical reagents that are constituted from dry powder using ready-made buffers or distilled water. Current scope of physiological markers analysis include       Lactate Glucose Cholesterol Triglyceride High density lipoprotein Low density lipoprotein Other future scopes of blood work may include one step DNA nucleic acid isolation for storage. This is not currently being practiced until further projects with grants are funded Safety data sheets (SDS) of all chemical and biological reagents are supplied and are readily available in the laboratory. In the event of additional tests apart from the current list, approval must be given by laboratory in charge and SDS must be obtained from vendor prior to operation. 5.6.1 Reagent reconstitution As reagents are often in the form of dry crystals or powder, inhalation of these are a concern and can cause irritation to the epithelial lining of the air passage. Exposure to skin can cause rashes and blisters. In light of such hazards, all chemical reconstitution are to be done in the fume hood with the sash down. DO NOT TURN ON THE FAN BLOWER when dealing with particulates. 30 | P a g e 5.6.2 Blood separation, plasma/ serum extraction In addition to using whole blood medium for analysis, serum or plasma mediums are required for some equipment. Separation of blood components will be done in the fume cupboard with the FAN BLOWER TURNED ON. If preferred, the centrifuge can be located within the fume cupboard. 5.6.3 Movement and transport of chemicals Movement of liquid chemicals stored in bottles within the laboratory should be held with one hand holding the neck and the other supporting the base. Heavy and big containers should be transported on trolleys. Lifting of such heavy items onto trolleys should be done in appropriate manners or assisted by another to prevent injuries. If items are to be transported out of laboratory, place items in a biohazard bag and fastened so as to provide containment in the event of an accident. Dry chemicals that are brought in by vendors are to be in a sealed bag. Check for expiry dates and/or broken seals. Deliveries of chemicals are to be done in the cargo lift at basement 3 (Biomechanics Lab) so as to minimise movement along corridors where human traffic is heavy. 31 | P a g e 5.7 Equipment 5.7.1 Whole blood or component analyzers Reflotron, Cobas III, YSI 2300, Accutrend portable analyzer Blood analyzers are used to test human physiological markers, e.g., cholesterol, lactate, glucose. Cross contamination or exposure to human samples is a high possibility if steps are not taken to minimize the risk. The number of tests available are varied and require different types of preparation. The basic technical ability demanded is proficiency in pipetting techniques. A detailed step by step instruction booklet is provided. Nevertheless, always ask when in doubt. General Precautionary Measures            Users must log in their usage for accountability Always work in an uncluttered work space Plan a work flow Use appropriate medium (blood/plasma/serum) Check if parameters of interest require special preparation Keep samples labelled and properly ordered in a holder Work with an absorbent mat and a biohazard waste bag Dispose all biological consumables accordingly Avoid long continuous hours which might compromise safety awareness as well as joint injuries Take regular breaks All reagents and samples must not be left open when not using 32 | P a g e 5.7.1.1          Prepare all strips and samples before starting tests Always plan a direction of tests so minimal wastage is achieved Do not force strip into chamber Do not bend the strip Do not reuse strips Keep strips away from magnetized items Always cap bottle after taking out strips Ensure all strips are removed from test chamber after usage Dispose strips in biohazard bags 5.7.1.2                  Cobas III Ensure waste bottle is empty Ensure water bottle is full Do not use tap water, only TYPE II de-ionized water is used Do not place any object on top of the Cobas, the moving head will be jammed Ensure correct reagent bottles are used for required tests Ensure reagent bottles are put in the correct place in the disc Ensure test cuvette numbers are sufficient Ensure height of sampling tubes or cups do not exceed 100mm Ensure all red flagged items are dealt with before proceeding Dispose cuvettes, sampling tubes or cups, used reagent tubes into biohazard bags Dispose liquid waste products accordingly (see 5.7 Disposal of reagent waste products) Log out and perform end shift procedures when done 5.7.1.3  Reflotron YSI 2300 Sport Analyzer Ensure waste bottle is empty Ensure buffer solution is at least half full Perform QC before testing of samples When sampling, wait for stylus to stop before putting into sample cup Do not force sample cup into the stylus, it will bend Dispose of liquid waste products accordingly (see 5.7 Disposal of reagent waste products 5.7.1.4 Accutrend portable analyzer 33 | P a g e      5.7.2         pH Meter Work with gloves and absorbent mat Ensure test samples are secure in holder Ensure no air bubbles in electrode Clean spills immediately Clean electrodes head with Kim Wipes, avoid tissue Wash electrode with distilled water between tests and after tests Always maintain electrode in vertical position Place back irrigation cap after use 5.7.3        Vortex mixer Ensure shaking head is securely attached Reduce speed to zero initially when using Do not use near solvents or flammable liquids Shake all liquids while capped Check surrounding areas have no breakable elements (e.g., glass) Do not operate mixer near the edge of the table Never leave vortex mixer while it is in automatic running mode 5.7.4       Ensure that the lot number displayed for particular test coincides to strip bottle Dispose strips into biohazard waste Do not pull out strips with cover closed Clean blood stains immediately with alcohol swabs Remove batteries if unit is not to be used for more than a month Centrifuge Always work on a flat table top Do not operate centrifuge at an angle Always counter balance with equal weighted tubes when performing task NEVER open the centrifuge while it is still spinning, wait till it comes to a complete stop Always ensure tubes and centrifuge slots are of the appropriate size If tubes fall into the slots, use tweezers to remove from the slots 5.7.4.1  Breakage of glass tubes If breakage of tubes occurs while in operation 34 | P a g e          5.7.5              Water baths Only use demineralised water Water level must be between 10mm and 50mm from the edge of the tub Do not allow water level to drop more than 50mm from the edge of tub When opening lid at high temperatures, do so from the side wearing appropriate gloves Allow water to cool down to room temperature before draining Dry inside of water bath with absorbent towels To display “HOT SURFACE” when in use 5.7.6  Leave centrifuge close for 30 mins before opening to allow aerosol to settle Display “DO NOT OPEN” sign Wear masks Never handle with bear hands Use tweezers to dispose sharps into sharps bin Remove whole rotor frame Spray neat disinfectant (Viraclean) on whole rotor frame Allow 10 mins before washing with water Place on absorbent mat to dry before fixing back Magnetic heating stirrers Do not touch plate with barehands Do not use plastic beakers on heating plate Only use glass beakers Turn speed to zero initially and increase to required speed Do not remove magnetic bead by hand, use the bar To display “HOT SURFACE” when in use Adjust temperature and stirrer speed to zero after use and turn off 35 | P a g e 5.7.7 Fume cupboards Activities most used for: Reagent making from powder source, decanting liquid waste into containers         Do not turn on fan if using dry powder chemicals Turn on unit when working with liquid reagents Do not work with head inside Do not place open bottles to close to the opening edge Sash must be down to minimal height when working Do not clutter work space inside Strip of tissue be placed on the bottom of sash to indicate air flow Work with absorbent mat to contain spillage 5.7.8 Pipettes There are different pipettes that are appropriate for different volumes required. Choose the correct pipette suitable for that specific volume.       Be familiar with pipetting techniques Knowledge of two stopping points in a pipette Dispose all tips into biohazard bags Use other hand as a mount to stabilise dominant hand if needed Never reuse tips for different solutions Never point pipettes at anyone 5.7.9      Glassware Never handle glassware with wet hands or glove Always place glassware on a flat dry surface All filled bottles must be labelled Do not place glassware close to the edge of the table Dispose all broken glassware into sharps bin 36 | P a g e 5.8 Waste Disposal 5.8.1 Reagent waste products Analyzers that have a buffer or electrolyte reagent system will generate liquid waste that is siphoned out into a waste bottle after reaction with the biological sample. This is classified as medical waste by-product. To dispose of this medical waste, while wearing gloves, pour the liquid waste into the designated collection bottle labelled specific equipment in the fume cupboard. NEVER MIX THE LIQUID WASTE. Cap and tighten the bottle when done and place back in the corner in the fume cupboard. When ¾ full, arrange for the specialised waste management companies to properly dispose off at its plant. NEVER POUR MEDICAL WASTE AWAY INTO THE SEWAGE SYSTEM, IT IS A CHARGEABLE OFFENCE! 5.8.2 Blood collection tubes Plastic microvettes would be disposed off as biohazard waste. Ensure all tubes are capped before disposal. Glass tubes would be disposed off as biohazard waste. If glass tubes are found to be cracked or leaking, put the tubes in a biohazard bag before placing in the sharps bin. 5.8.3 Pipette tips, blood strips, cuvettes, sampling cups These items would be considered as biohazardous and to be disposed off appropriately into biohazard waste bins. 5.8.4 Biohazard waste bags Choose the appropriate bag size for the session to reduce wastage. All bags must be tied up and disposed off in the red biohazard collection bin at the end of the day. The red bin is not meant for individual pieces of biohazard waste. Waste must be collated and tied up in a biohazard bag prior to collection. 5.8.5 Sharps containers 37 | P a g e Only sharps are to be collected in these containers. Sharps are defined as such material that could potentially pierce or cut the skin if handled by hand, for example, needles and lancets. These containers must be available when working with sharps. 5.8.6 Collection bins There are two types of collection bins in the biochemistry laboratory. One which is for biological waste and the other for sharps. This is to prevent puncturing of the skin. Each collecting bin is labelled respectively and waste bags must be tied up and sharp containers closed up before dumping into these collection bins. 5.8.7 Disposal and Treatment of biohazard waste and sharps bin All waste material classified as such must NEVER be mixed with common rubbish. These are only to be removed by designated licensed waste treatment plants. A list of licensed hazardous and toxic waste management companies can be found at http://app2.nea.gov.sg/topics_toxicwaste.aspx Or an internet search using key words: NEA waste collectors Current vendor for PESS’s biohazard waste disposal is SembCorp Environment Pte Ltd. As PESS does not regularly deal with biohazard waste, clearance of such is on an ad-hoc basis. Contact person in charge of PESS’s account is as follows: Miss Toh Chai Sai Sembcorp Environment Pte Ltd 12 Tuas Avenue 18 DID : (65) 6868 5280 FAX : (65) 6862 1468 5.8.7.1 Route and Method of Collection Biohazard waste disposal personnel should avoid travelling along corridors of heavy human traffic. Collection of such waste should be by the cargo lift located at basement 3 (Biomechanics Lab). Personnel collecting the waste should transport such items only in a lidded biohazard container. Safety gloves are mandatory. 6. Fire Safety 38 | P a g e PESS laboratories do not deal with naked flames. However, there are considerable amount of electrical appliances that could pose as a hazard if ever a malfunction. All laboratories are equipped with dry powder fire extinguishers that are suitable for flammable liquids, gases and electrical fires. Custodian and maintenance of these fire extinguishers lies with DED. 6.1 Fire Fighting 6.1.1 Small Fires In the event that a small fire breaks out due to mechanical malfunction and is contained and localised within that equipment space, locate and use the fire extinguisher to put the fire out. If fire cannot be contained, vacate immediately and break the fire glass alarm. 6.1.2 Fires due to Explosion Vacate the area immediately and break the nearest fire alarm glass. If possible locate the nearest safe emergency phone and notify of fire emergency. 6.2 Fire Extinguishers * To use the fire extinguishers, apply P.A.S.S P - Pull out the safety device of the fire extinguisher. A - Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire. S -Squeeze the top lever of the fire extinguisher. S -Sweep the discharge over the entire area of the fire * adapted from NSSE’s Safety Operating Procedures (Version: Draft 7) Section 6.4 6.3 Evacuation Procedures * 6.3.1 Sounding of Alarm When the 1st stage alarm is activated 39 | P a g e       Remain calm and alert Wait for further instructions through the Public Address System (PA System) If it is a false alarm, there will be a message via the PA system to inform occupants that it is a false alarm If there is an outbreak of fire, the 2nd stage alarm, a continuous ringing, will sound in the affected building(s), Listen to the announcement via the PA system for all floors to commence evacuation All students are to follow the instructions of Fire Evacuation Wardens and leave by staircases in an orderly manner to the assembly area 40 | P a g e 6.3.2 Evacuation Areas The assembly area of PE block is at carpark 5. Picture below shows the Fire Escape Staircases to the assembly area *adapted from NIE CRISIS RESPONSE PLAN FOR STUDENT TEACHERS http://teachers.nie.edu.sg/portal/page/portal/TeacherPortal/ContentDetails?paramMainTab =6¶mNodes=648 41 | P a g e ANNEX A 42 | P a g e Annex A Physiology Laboratory PHYSICAL EDUCATIONS & SPORTS SCIENCE INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR LABORATORIES Laboratory technicians must do daily inspection for labs/sports facilities. Monthly inspection checklist is to be signed and filed. Periodic inspection (once every 3 months by Deputy Head/PESS and respective supervisors) will be carried out under PESS Workplace Health and Safety Charter. Status during Inspection: □ occupied □ unoccupied General Postings and Policies Essential info on safety poster and signs visible Emergency phone numbers posted Ensure signages are all visible and still readable General Emergency/Safety Equipment Fire extinguishers present, inspected AED and First Aid box, checked Emergency door exits clear and not blocked Floors are clear and aisles, hallways and exits are not blocked Emergency doors are unlocked during office hours and during night time usage Emergency evacuation plans are posted at all premises Proper attire in lab Electrical Safety and Equipment Check Extension cords as permanent wiring in good condition Electrical cords in good condition Outlets/ plugs tested/ acceptable Cables not laid across walking path-ways Equipment and machines are clean and working properly SOPs pasted and updated for machines in labs All power sockets are switched off for all machines unless necessary General Safety and Housekeeping Labs/facilities are clear and free from clutter at all times Food, drinks (except water & isotonic drinks) and cosmetics not permitted in labs/facilities Sharps managed properly (Broken glass, Sharps box & needles) Biohazard waste managed properly Removal of hazard items on playing area of in labs Consumables replenished Doors locked after office hours Windows are closed Emergency Exit is clear Lights off after office hours Prevention of trespasses via checks of student or staff ID □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A □ N.A □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A 43 | P a g e Checklist Daily checklist done (at beginning and end of day) Monthly check list to be signed and kept in files □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. General Comments: (Make note of particular safety issues. Unique hazards may require special precautions. Also to indicate time frame for implementation of corrective actions) Checked by: A/P Govindasamy Balasekaran Deputy Head, PESS PESS Safety Officer Dated: Asst Prof Chow Jia Yi Assistant Head, PESS Dated: 44 | P a g e Annex A Biochemistry Laboratory PHYSICAL EDUCATIONS & SPORTS SCIENCE INSPECTION CHECKLIST FOR LABORATORIES Laboratory technicians must do daily inspection for labs/sports facilities. Monthly inspection checklist is to be signed and filed. Periodic inspection (once every 3 months by Deputy Head/PESS and respective supervisors) will be carried out under PESS Workplace Health and Safety Charter. Status during Inspection: □ occupied □ unoccupied General Postings and Policies Essential info on safety poster and signs visible Emergency phone numbers posted Ensure signages are all visible and still readable General Emergency/Safety Equipment Fire extinguishers present, inspected AED and First Aid box, checked Emergency door exits clear and not blocked Floors are clear and aisles, hallways and exits are not blocked Emergency doors are unlocked during office hours and during night time usage Emergency evacuation plans are posted at all premises Proper attire in lab Electrical Safety and Equipment Check Extension cords as permanent wiring in good condition Electrical cords in good condition Outlets/ plugs tested/ acceptable Cables not laid across walking path-ways Equipment and machines are clean and working properly SOPs pasted and updated for machines in labs All power sockets are switched off for all machines unless necessary General Safety and Housekeeping Labs/facilities are clear and free from clutter at all times Food, drinks (except water & isotonic drinks) and cosmetics not permitted in labs/facilities Sharps managed properly (Broken glass, Sharps box & needles) Biohazard waste managed properly Removal of hazard items on working area in labs Consumables replenished Doors locked after office hours Windows are closed Emergency Exit is clear Lights off after office hours Prevention of trespasses via checks of student or staff ID □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A □ N.A □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ Yes □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ No □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A. □ N.A 45 | P a g e Checklist Daily checklist done (at beginning and end of day) Monthly check list to be signed and kept in files □ Yes □ No □ N.A. □ Yes □ No □ N.A. General Comments: (Make note of particular safety issues. Unique hazards may require special precautions. Also to indicate time frame for implementation of corrective actions) Checked by: A/P Govindasamy Balasekaran Deputy Head, PESS PESS Safety Officer Dated: Asst Prof Chow Jia Yi Assistant Head, PESS Dated: 46 | P a g e ANNEX B 47 | P a g e Annex B RISK MATRIX 5 4 3 2 1 Workplace Safety Workplace Health Environment Fire Damage Downtime Incurred Fatality, single or multiple Acute Poisoning, Failure of Major Bodily Functions Spills to Outside Campus More Than $10 million damages More than 1 year for full reinstatement Permanent Body Injury or Loss of Use Infection with No Known Cure Infection outside confines of Campus Injury requiring 30 days of hospitalization and/or medical leave Moderate exposure, Reversible injury to Bodily Functions on prolong recovery Spills to Outside Building More Than $1 million damages More than 3 months for full reinstatement Temporary Body Injury or Loss of Use Infection with Known Cure but extensive treatment Infection outside confines of Building affecting neighboring buildings but within Campus Injury requiring 10 days of hospitalization and/or medical leave Mild exposure, Reversible injury to Bodily Functions with less than 1 month recovery Spills to Outside Laboratory/Room More Than $100k damages More than 1 month for full reinstatement Temporary Body Injury or Loss of Use Infection with Known Cure but extensive treatment Infection outside confines of workplace but within laboratory only Injury requiring maximum of 3 days of medical leave only Very Mild exposure, Reversible injury to Bodily Functions with less than 3 days recovery Spills to Outside Workplace but within laboratory More Than $10k damages More than 5 days for full reinstatement Temporary Body Injury or Loss of Use Infection with Known Cure but treatment needed Infection outside confines of Laboratory but within building only First aid treatment only Very Mild exposure, Reversible injury to Bodily Functions with less than 3 days recovery Spills within Workplace only Less than $10k damages No significant downtime No or superficial injury No Exposure No Infection or infection with no effects Critical Very Serious Serious Marginal Negligible SEVERITY TABLE 48 | P a g e Annex B Likelihood of Occurrence/Exposure Criteria Frequent (5) Likely to occur many times per year Moderate (4) Likely to occur once per year Occasional (3) Might occur once in three years Remote (2) Might occur once in five years Unlikely (1) Might occur once in ten years LIKELIHOOD TABLE 49 | P a g e PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCE INVENTORY OF ACTIVITIES ANNEX B No. Process/Location: Work Activities Common undergraduate modules:     Exercise Physiology Lab 1 05-02-02 Year 1: APA104, ABA106 Year 2: DPA200, APA231, ABA207 Year 3: APA 331, SS3101, IPE3004 Year 4: Activities:        Handling of treadmill Handling of cycle ergometers Handling of metabolic carts Blood work Physiological tests Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Kinanthropometry Laboratory activities are extended to research students, final year projects, in-service courses and any short courses when necessary. 50 | P a g e NATURAL SCIENCES AND SCIENCE EDUCATION ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM Process/Location: Exercise Physiology 05-02-02 ANNEX B Conducted by: (Names, designations, date) Darren Lim Approved by: (Names, designations, date) Asst Prof Chow Jia Yi Last Review Date: August 2011 Next Review Date: August 2014 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 1c. 1d. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk 2a. 3. Risk Control 2b. Existing Risk Control Seve (if any) -rity 2c. Likelihood 2d. Risk Level 3a. 3b. Additional Risk Control Follow up by (name, designatio n & date) Handling of: Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Safety harness for subject, disengage treadmill on falling Tripping and falling 1 Treadmill operation (Motorised) Sudden acceleration / deceleration High speed running belt Injuries to upper and / or lower limbs Foot getting caught in belt (observers) Briefing participants on safety precautions Emergency stop button 2 Proper equipment training and supervision for user Covered shoes only Observing students are advised not to stand around perimeter of moving belt 2 4 User will be supervised until competency is agreed by supervisor Principal Investigator / Instructor/ Lab technician 51 | P a g e 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 2 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 1c. 1d. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk Treadmill operation Acceleration rod (Non-motorised) Calibration weight Physical injuries from losing balance 3. Risk Control 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 3a. 3b. Existing Risk Control Seve (if any) -rity Likelihood Risk Level Additional Risk Control Follow up by (name, designatio n & date) Familiarisation must be conducted for participants 1 2 2 Emergency stop button Selection of subjects Principal Investigator / Instructor/ Lab technician Two persons to do calibration 3 Cycle ergometer Dropping of loading weights High speed spinning wheel All subjects must wear covered footwear, Foot or toe injuries Friction burns User properly briefed and trained 1 2 2 No standing in front of bike Close supervision of users to shut off gas cylinders after calibration 4 Gas calibration Gas cylinders leakage Leakage Cylinders must be kept upright and in a well ventilated place 2 2 4 Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff. Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff. Principal Investigator / Instructor/ Lab technician Principal Investigator / Instructor/ Lab technician Signage No heat source 5 Oxygen consumption measurement Exchange of biological fluids Transmission of disease Soaking and thorough disinfecting of face masks, breathing tubes and mouth piece 1 1 2 Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Principal Investigator / Instructor/ Lab technician 52 | P a g e 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 6 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 1c. Hazard 1d. Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk Giddiness Physiological stress tests Over exertion 2a. 3. Risk Control 2b. Existing Risk Control Seve (if any) -rity 2c. Likelihood 2d. Risk Level Subjects are briefed on pre test preparation (eg no food) Nausea 2 2 4 Proper warm up 3a. 3b. Additional Risk Control Follow up by (name, designation & date) Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Sprains Muscle pulls Unwell subjects are advised from doing tests Labcoats, gloves and covered shoes at all times Cross contamination Transmission of disease Strict adherence and training of techniques (e.g., alcohol swabs, change of gloves) 2 1 2 Only trained phlebotomist to perform venapuncture 7 Blood work Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician WHO guidelines available for referral Students are supervised at all times User will be supervised until cleared by supervisor Proper screening of participants Low blood pressure Fainting 2 First aider present 1 2 Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician 53 | P a g e 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 1c. 1d. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk 3. Risk Control 2a. 2b. Existing Risk Control Seve (if any) -rity 2c. 2d. 3a. 3b. Likelihood Risk Level Additional Risk Control Follow up by (name, designation & date) Lead curtains Pregnant ladies 8 Door closed when scanning Miscarriage X-Ray (DEXA) Pace makers BP monitoring Mercury leakage 9 (Manual) Vacate room when scan is operating 2 1 2 ECG test Electrodes Poisoning (inhalation and skin contact) Proper handling of equipment 1 1 1 Mercury spillage kit Allergies Users are briefed and trained on equipment handling 2 1 2 User will be supervised until cleared by supervisor Hypoallergenic electrodes are used Height displacement test Users are briefed on proper techniques Landing awkwardly Sprains 1 Injured participants are prohibited Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Electrodes are one time usage 11 Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Subjects are screened first for preconditions Wires are kept out of the way 10 NEA approved room specificatio ns 1 1 Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician 54 | P a g e 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 12 1b. Work Activity Skin fold calipers 2. Risk Evaluation 1c. 1d. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk Clipping of skin Bruising 2a. 3. Risk Control 2b. Existing Risk Control Seve (if any) -rity Users are briefed on proper techniques 1 2c. Likelihood 1 2d. Risk Level 1 3a. 3b. Additional Risk Control Follow up by (name, designation & date) Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician 55 | P a g e PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS SCIENCE INVENTORY OF ACTIVITIES No. Process/Location: Work Activities Common undergraduate modules:     1 Biochemistry Lab 05-02-03 Year 1: APA104, ABA106 Year 2: DPA200, APA231, ABA207 Year 3: APA 331, SS3101, IPE3004 Year 4: Activities:  Handling of chemicals  Handling of lab equipments  Heating of chemicals  Movement of chemicals Laboratory activities are extended to research students, final year projects, in-service courses and any short courses when necessary. 56 | P a g e NATURAL SCIENCES AND SCIENCE EDUCATION ACTIVITY-BASED RISK ASSESSMENT FORM Process/Location: Biochemistry Lab 05-02-03 Annex B Conducted by: (Names, designations, date) Darren Lim Approved by: (Names, designations, date) Asst Prof Chow Jia Yi Last Review Date: August 2011 Next Review Date: August 2014 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 3. Risk Control 1c. 1d. 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 3a. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk Existing Risk Control (if any) Seve -rity Likelihood Risk Level Additional Risk Control 3b. Follow up by (name, designation & date) Handling of: Read SDS before handling any chemical and follow the safety precaution stated. 1 Reagents (powder/ solid form) Excessive inhalation of dusts. Irritation to respiratory system. Wear lab coat, gloves and safety goggles & covered shoes at all time. Eye/skin burns & irritation. Work in fume hood Lab facilitated with eye wash 2 1 2 Only performed by trained personnel Principle Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Lab Safety Briefing. 57 | P a g e 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 3. Risk Control 1c. 1d. 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 3a. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk Existing Risk Control (if any) Seve -rity Likelihood Risk Level Additional Risk Control Wear gloves, lab coats, protective goggles at all times 2 Reagents (Liquid, buffer) Spillage Mild skin irritation SDS briefing of chemicals and safety 2 1 2 Signage Contact with skin Flushing of skin if contacted 3b. Follow up by (name, designation & date) Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Only performed by trained phlebotomist 3 Sharps Cuts Two personnel must be present (one to puncture, one to assist) Glass tubes Bruising Screening of participants well being Capillary tubes Fainting Lab coats, protective gear, gloves must be worn by both personnel at all times Needles Infection Blood collection Item list in print 2 1 2 WHO guidelines for referral Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Lab safety briefing To cap needles when done Ice 4 Blood storage and retrieval Glass collection tubes Cold burns and cuts Cross contamination Freezer defrosted twice per year to prevent ice built up along edges Proper storage and labelling Cryo gloves must be worn 1 1 1 Freezer shelves labeled with name Principal Investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Proper labeling and storage 58 | P a g e 1. Hazard Identification 1a. No. 1b. Work Activity 2. Risk Evaluation 3. Risk Control 1c. 1d. 2a. 2b. 2c. 2d. 3a. Hazard Possible Accident / Ill Health & Persons-at-Risk Existing Risk Control (if any) Seve -rity Likelihood Risk Level Additional Risk Control 4 Dispose in sharps container 2 Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff. 4 Not for boiling liquids 3b. Follow up by (name, designation & date) Lab coats, protective gear and gloves to be worn 6 Centrifugation Collection tubes breakage Cuts and pricks Cross contamination Training of equipment 2 2 Lab safety briefing Principal investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Cleaning of centrifuge with disinfectant Wear lab coat, protective gloves, safety goggles and covered footwear. 7 Glassware Breakage of glassware. Cuts. Skin contact with chemical. Dispose all broken glass into the separate sharps container before diposal in sharps collection bin provided. 1 2 Signage 8 Heating Heating surface Burns, blisters Observe proper usage of equipment 2 2 Principal investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Lab briefing Glass breakage 9 Blood agitation Vortex machine vibration Damaging equipment Not to put any glass ware close when working with vortex 1 2 2 Principal investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician Caution & reminder to all users by lecturers or lab staff. Principal investigator/ Instructor/ Lab technician 59 | P a g e ANNEX C 60 | P a g e Annex C INCIDENT REPORTING SOP FOR PESS 1 This SOP is to ensure that all staff know the protocol for reporting workplace accidents and carry out appropriate investigations to reduce any potential workplace risks. 2 Incident is to be reported and investigated by using the procedure stated below:- When an Accident occurs… Scenario What to Do Further Actions Minor injury which does not  Informs PESS first aiders  Person at scene to require the attention of who will render first aid submit Incident medical practitioner. assistance (if necessary) Reporting Form to Head/PESS and Deputy Head/PESS within 24 hours  Copy of incident reporting form to be submitted to Rehana for filing. Serious injury which requires the attention of medical practitioner during office hours. Serious injury which requires the attention of medical practitioner after officer hours  Whoever is at the workplace notifies NIE Security for assistance and to call ambulance if necessary or send the injured to any clinics or hospitals if necessary.  Concurrently informs PESS first aiders who will render first aid assistance (if necessary)  Informs Safety Officer (Deputy Head, PESS) ASAP  Whoever is at the workplace notifies NIE Security for assistance and to call ambulance or send the injured to any clinics or hospitals.  Informs Safety Officer (Deputy Head, PESS) ASAP  Person at scene to submit Incident Reporting Form to Head/PESS and Deputy Head/PESS within 24 hours.  Copy of incident reporting form to be submitted to Rehana for filing and she will report to further authorities.  Person at scene to submit Incident Reporting Form to Head/PESS and Deputy Head/PESS by next working day.  Copy of incident reporting form to be submitted to Rehana for filing and she will report to further authorities. 61 | P a g e Scenario Injured is unconscious during office hours Injured is unconscious after office hours When an Accident occurs… What to Do Further Actions  Whoever is at the  Head/PESS to inform workplace notifies NIE Director, NIE, Security for assistance immediately and to call ambulance.  Person at scene to  Concurrently informs submit Incident PESS first aiders who will Reporting Form to render first aid assistance Head/PESS and Deputy (if necessary) Head/PESS within 24 hours  Informs Head/PESS & Safety Officer (Deputy  Copy of incident Head, PESS) reporting form to be immediately submitted to Rehana for filing and she will report to further authorities.  Whoever is at the workplace notifies NIE Security immediately for assistance and to call for ambulance  Informs Head/PESS & Safety Officer (Deputy Head, PESS) immediately  Head/PESS to inform Director, NIE, ASAP  Person at scene to submit Incident Reporting Form to Head/PESS and Deputy Head/PESS by next working day.  Copy of incident reporting form to be submitted to Rehana for filing and she will report to further authorities. NIE Security – 6790 3999 IMPORTANT NOTE The following accidents will require submission of the incident reporting form to OFA. An Investigation Report also needs to be submitted within a week from submission of the incident report. MOM requires these accidents to be reported to them under the WSH Act:  The injured is granted > 3 days of medical leave  The injured is admitted to hospital for at least 24 hours  Any work related fatality  Dangerous occurrences (near misses where no bodily harm resulted)  Occupational disease Please refer to Investigation Report Operation Chart on details of who to fill up the investigation report. 62 | P a g e Annex C PESS Incident Report Form Date: ___________________ Reporter’s Particular Name & Staff/Student Card No. Designation & Dept/AG Contact Number Email Signature of Reporter Injured’s Particulars Name & Staff/Student Card No. Designation & Dept/AG Contact Number Email Details of incident: Date of occurrence: _______________ Time: _______________ (Before / During / After Class / Training Session / Recreation)* Location: ________________________ Description of incident: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Description of injury (if any): ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ * Please circle accordingly 63 | P a g e Immediate action or steps taken at time of incident: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Assessment of Incident – state root cause of incident: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Follow-up action or steps taken: ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________ Seen & Endorsed by: A/P John Wang Head, PESS A/P Govindasamy Balasekaran Deputy Head, PESS PESS Safety Officer Date: Date: Delivery of form: PESS staff to deliver the form immediately to OFA after Head & Deputy Head/PESS signatures. Name & Signature of PESS staff handling over form (Indicate if Rehana, Ashley, Erny or David) Name & Signature of OFA staff receiving form (Indicate name & designation of OFA staff) Date: Date: Time Time: 64 | P a g e