Exhaust Gas Cleaning For Small Wood Fired Appliances

Transcript

Exhaust gas cleaning for small wood fired appliances recent progress and field test results • Introduction • initial Situation • R&D-Project • Results • Conclusion Kamin Ionisationselektrode Isolator Lüfter Steuergerät Ofen 230V www.minipab.ch IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 1 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Introduction TV report SF1 DRS, MTW 7. Okt. 2004 IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 2 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Particles ! Effects of PM10 concentrations in ambient air? • WHO – report 1999 (F/CH/A): 3300 premature deaths in Switzerland, economic costs ~6.6 Mrd. CHF • medical studies: pulmonar and cardio-vascular diseases, cancer human immune systems reacts to bigger particles • smell • neighbourhood problems Recent european studies and directives IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 3 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Sources of PM10 pollution human activities •Industry •Traffic •Residential heating natural sources •sandstorms •Wild fires •Vulcano eruptions •Polls IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 4 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Example: Sidney Holzfeuerungen Industrie IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 5 Holzfeuerungen Industrie MiniPab V. Schmatloch Examples: Austria, Germany IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 6 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Example Switzerland „…the annual limit for PM10 of 20 µg/m3 is exceeded by 50% in the Rue Dr César-Roux.“ (BUWAL Magazin Umwelt 4/2004) NABEL-Messstation Bern daily averages IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 7 MiniPab V. Schmatloch 150 Zunahme bei Cheminée & Cheminéeöfen Background wood furnaces, such as stoves or fireplaces are increasingly popular 100 50 Endenergie lt. Schweiz. Holzenergiestatistik Juni 2003 1998 = 100% 1996 1998 2000 2002 Jahr small automatic appliances 50-300kW. autom. Holzfeuerungen 50-300kW fireplaces, stoves, etc. Cheminée und Öfen 4000 550000 ausserhalb HVB 3500 3000 500000 innerhalb HVB Total 50-300kW 2500 2000 450000 1500 1000 400000 500 350000 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 (Swiss „Holzenergiestatistik“ Cat. 15) IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 8 0 1988 2004 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 (Swiss „Holzenergiestatistik“ Cat. 12&13) MiniPab V. Schmatloch Dust Emissions in Switzerland small wood fired furnaces / tail pipe emissions road traffic 2400 t 2500 KHF 10 / Jahresemissionen PM 2200 jährliche Staubemissionen / t Situation at the beginning 2000 1800 Diesel 1600 1400 2000 1500 1000 500 0 1200 1995 KHF 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1994 Kleinholzfeuerungen (<70 kW) Auspuffemissionen Straßenverkehr BUWAL 255+ Diesel-Auspuffemissionen Straßenverkehr BUWAL Bericht 355 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Jahr IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 9 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Verkehr Background •Situation at the beginning of the project: Activities in sectors traffic and industry Promotion of renewable sources of energy increase of wood combustion increasing realisation of emission PM10 problem Æ Development of a solution for small heating appliances IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 10 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Basic Principle of an ESP Ionisation Kollision Elektrode Korona IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 11 MiniPab V. Schmatloch construction • straight wire • single holder • air flow flue gas IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 12 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Corona at the electrode IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 13 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Corona at the electrode IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 14 MiniPab V. Schmatloch IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 15 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Obective flue pipe Kamin •low cost Ionisationselektrode electrode Isolator insulator •small size fan Lüfter •easy handling Steuergerät control unit Ofen furnace •low maintenance •reasonable efficiency IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 16 230V MiniPab V. Schmatloch Power Supply & Control Furnace IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 17 MiniPab V. Schmatloch CFD-Calculations IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 18 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Experimental setup O2 CO Kamin Staubmessung NO ESP VOC Tp Verdünnung 0.815 IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 19 DMA Kessel MiniPab 137 CPC V. Schmatloch Electrical Characteristics Elektrode 5, Messungen vom 17.5.2001 0.5 2000 1800 DC DC 3 Ion Iion I/ mA / mA 2 1400 0.3 0.2 0.1 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Iion Iion 0.0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 UU / kV ion /kV Ion 2 4 2000 0.8 1600 8 10 0.3 0.4 0.5 DC fit 0.6 2 efficiency Abscheidewirkung 3 Partikeloberfläche / (µm /cm ) 1800 6 P /W P/W 0.4 0.2 0.0 1400 1200 1000 800 particle surface area / µm2/cm3 1600 Partikeloberfläche / (µm /cm ) 0.4 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 18.05.2001 14:16:20 6 8 0.0 P/W 0.2 IIon / mA P/W IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 20 0.1 Iion / mA MiniPab V. Schmatloch Electrode 5, continuous operation, pellet boiler 2.0x10 0 Tag 62.00 0 . 1 0 7 0:00 0 Tag 63 .00 0 . 2 0 0:00 0 Tag 46.00 0 . 3 0 0:00 15.5 Rauchrohrabscheider 15.0 14.5 Konzentration / cm -3 14.0 1.5x10 7 UIon 13.5 13.0 12.5 1.0x10 U/kV 12.0 7 IIon 11.5 11.0 5.0x10 10.5 6 0 43200 86400 129600 172800 216000 10.0 259200 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 I/µA 50 40 30 20 10 0 Zeit / s IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 21 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber results Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien, Drahtelektrode 160 tapered steel straight tungsten 140 current / µA 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 voltage / kV 20 Townsend relation I = k · U ·(U-Uo) IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 22 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber results 20 20 10 10 number concentration Partikelkonzentration 3 cm3 in Mio. in Partikel 106/cmpro 0 0 Filter ein 25 ESP on Filter ein ESP on 20 15 10 η=1-9.1/20.5 ~55% 5 ∆T ∆T η=1-4.5/20.5 Staubmessung Kamin Uion/ kV ESP time response when switching on and off ~78% 0 0 500 1000 Zeit / s IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 23 MiniPab 1500 Tp V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber results Collection efficiency vs. particle size Abscheidegrad in Abhängigkeit des Partikeldurchmessers 100 Zwei Elektroden bei verschiedenen Spannungen 90 η/% 80 70 Elektrode l=25cm (0.3/0.1) 13.08.2003 15kV 20kV 14.08.2003 20kV 60 Messung FP138s6 & FP148s1 Elektrode 25cm ∅=0.3/0.1mm geätzt Messung FP148s2 Elektrode 30cm ∅=0.3/0.08mm geätzt Elektrode l=30cm (0.3/0.08) 14.08.2003 15kV 20kV alle Messungen an MP4 (ca. 3.8m hinter Ionisator) 50 15 VFS137/22.08.2003 IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 24 100 900 dp/nm MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber results Effect of electrode diameter 100 90 Abscheidergrad [%] efficiency /% 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 20 16 14 12 10 kV kV kV kV kV 0 0,1 0,3 0,5 Durchm esser diameter / mm[m m ] IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 25 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber results Effect of electrode length( d = 0.1mm ) 100 90 η/% 80 70 20kV 16kV 14kV 12kV 10kV 60 50 200 400 1000 LElektrode / mm IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 26 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber results Effect of flue gas velocity 100 90 80 16 kV η/% 70 60 11 kV 50 40 30 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 -1 37 / 27.01.2004 17:33 vAbgas/ ms η=100·(1- Cnach/Cvor) IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 27 MiniPab Deutsch-Eq.: 1−η ~ exp(-VTE·A/Q) V. Schmatloch Field Tests fireplace stove IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 28 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Field tests IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 29 MiniPab V. Schmatloch Field tests 2001/02 : stove, ~50% efficiency 2003: fireplace und stove, ~70% / 55% efficiency 2004: log wood boiler, ~55% efficiency 2004: fireplace ~65% efficiency experience under real life conditions setup not yet optimised short collection area efficiency ~55%, deterioration ~5% after long operation log wood boiler: Feb.-April 2004, 138h, ~2m/s, to 600°C fireplace: Feb.-April 2004, 1600h, 530kg wood, to 500°C IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 30 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber Field tests IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 31 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber Field tests: Finished fireplace installation Experience with setup und operation • comfort • functionality • design • reliabilty • maintenance IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 32 MiniPab V. Schmatloch ESP construction for small automatic appliances IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 33 MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber Costs of the MiniPab system Operation estimated price 1000 to 1500 Euro power consumption active: 10W stand-by: 0 - 2W no consumables production costs of some key components power supply: 100 € case: 100.- € ESP module: 100.- € (incl. insulator & electrode) IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 34 potentially reduced interval for chimney sweeper MiniPab V. Schmatloch MiniPab – Miniature Particle Absorber www.minipab.ch www.minipab.com Conclusions 9 Particle trap for small wood fired furnaces (single room) 9 good collection efficiency 9 cost effective 9 successful, real-life tests ƒ preparation for series production ƒ field test, pilot installations ƒ small series The projects have been funded by BUWAL und BFE. IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 35 MiniPab V. Schmatloch www.minipab.ch www.minipab.com Outlook Objective: Reduction of Particle Emissions Æ Diesel wieder unterbieten! Adaptions for use in different types of appliances Æ small automatic appliances Æ boilers Introduction of additional aftertreatment elements Æ reduction of NOx, Smell Die Projekte wurden durch finanzielle Unterstützung durch BUWAL und BFE ermöglicht. IEA-Workshop 18.3.2005 / Folie 36 MiniPab V. Schmatloch