Flight Manual

Transcript

Flight Manual Contents How to Play Map Screen Changing the Map View Region Select Marketplace Playing Online Aircraft Icons 1 Checklists 12 Using Checklists Running a Checklist Checklist Options Types of Checklists 1 Rewards 13 Awards Unlocks Icons 3 Using the Mouse 4 Playing Offline Flying in Mouse Mode Flight Conditions Controller 5 Joystick 6 Mouse 6 Essential Keyboard Commands 7 Camera Views Heads-Up Display (HUD) The Eyepoint Turning Off the Heads-Up Display (HUD) Points of Interest (POI) Point of Interest Markers Point of Interest Arrows 8 9 10 10 10 14 Conditions in Free Flight Mode Conditions in Multiplayer Mode 14 14 The Hangar 15 Choosing an Aircraft Painting Your Aircraft Managing Fuel Downloading New Aircraft Waypoints 11 Skip to Waypoint Checkpoints 11 Mission Basics 16 Mission Screens 16 Mission Breakdown Pause Menu Mission Failed Menu Mission Debriefing Screen Loading Checkpoints Walk Around Mode 14 Flight Conditions Screen Weather Time of Day Season Game Controls Aircraft Controls 13 11 ii Job Board 18 Jobs 18 Challenges 19 Compare to Other Pilots Graphics 27 Vertical Sync Overall Graphics Settings Custom Settings 20 Gameplay 28 Flight Control Assistance Display Camera Aerocaches 21 21 Difficulty Rating Aerocache Hunts 22 22 Finding Aerocaches Acquiring Aerocaches 26 26 Options 27 20 Finding and Acquiring Aerocaches Text Chat Voice Chat Speaking with Other Players Career 20 Statistics Pilot Portrait Profile Roaming 25 25 Inviting Friends Selecting your Aircraft Exploring Different Areas An Introduction to Cargo Runs Pilot Profile Target Friends Locate Friends Online Audio 28 Game Controls 28 Aircraft Controls 28 Key Terms Free Flight Explore the Skies Select an Aircraft Customize Flight Conditions Practice Landing Earn Awards 23 23 Multiplayer 24 Quick Match Host a Session 24 24 Selecting a Session Type Locating Other Players Stats 25 iii 29 How to Play Map Screen Changing the Map View The directional arrows move the map one step in any cardinal direction. You can also move the map by simply clicking on the map and dragging. The zoom bar is used to increase or decrease the magnification of the map. Click the Plus Sign (+) to zoom in and the Minus Sign (-) to zoom out. You can also rotate the mouse wheel to zoom in or out. In regions with a large number of airstrips in a small area, zoom in to reveal additional airstrips that aren’t visible on the map when fully zoomed out. In areas with an especially dense concentration of airstrips, a numbered icon appears to indicate the presence of additional airstrips nearby. Region Select From the Map screen, you can also travel between regions to test your skills in a variety of environments. To travel to a different region, click the World icon in the upper left corner, then click the region you want to travel to. ln order to visit new regions, you must first purchase the Experience Pack for the region from the Marketplace. The Map screen is your first stop on the path to exciting adventures, challenging missions, and multiplayer fun. On the left side of the Map screen are the directional arrows, the zoom bar, and the Microsoft Flight Data Server icon. 1 Marketplace Playing Online Visit the Marketplace to view a variety of additional content, including new aircraft and Experience Packs featuring new locations. To view the current offers in the Marketplace, click the Marketplace icon on the main menu or the Map screen. In the Marketplace you can filter between aircraft types and experience packs to more conveniently peruse the available content. To purchase content, simply click the icon of the item you want to purchase, then click Purchase on the details screen to buy and download the item. The circle located below the directional arrows on the Map screen is the Microsoft Flight Data Server icon. It indicates whether your computer network is connected to the Microsoft Flight data server. If the icon is a solid circle, you are connected. If the icon is a circle with a line through it, you are playing offline. Aircraft Icons If you click the Free Flight icon, an aircraft icon will appear on the map in the current location of your aircraft. Drag this icon to any location on the map, and then click Fly in the Free Flight menu to start flying from that spot. Your aircraft flies in the direction your aircraft icon is pointing. To change your heading from the Map screen, rotate the ring around your aircraft icon. If you see a gray aircraft icon on the map, it means another player has joined the game. To fly near that player, drag your aircraft icon next to the gray icon, and then click Fly in the Free Flight menu. 2 Icons The Legend gives you information about all of the airports and runways on the map. Missions are more structured adventures that teach you game play basics and help to advance your career as a pilot. The Hangar is where you find your aircraft. It is also where you download new planes, change paint schemes, and fuel up. Challenges are tasks that test your agility and skill as pilot, from making a series of precise landings to collecting rings in a maze of obstacles. The Pilot Profile offers you a snapshot of your career as a pilot and your general progress throughout the game. Aerocache hunts send you out in search of objects hidden on the ground and in the air. Multiplayer mode allows you to fly with up to 15 other people. Fly in group formations, share tips and tricks with other players, or chat with friends as you explore the skies. Free Flight mode gives you the freedom to explore the skies at your own pace. Drag your aircraft to any location and let the adventure begin. The Marketplace gives you access to the latest content for Microsoft Flight, including experience packs featuring new terrain and a variety of aircraft to add to your livery. Flight Conditions, such as weather, wind, and time of day, can make a big difference in your flight experience. Change the conditions to face a whole new set of flying challenges. World allows you to travel between regions after purchasing new experience packs. The Load Free Flight option allows you pick up right where you left off in a saved Free Flight session. The Main Menu enables you to change your graphic and gameplay settings, connect to your Games for Windows® – LIVE account, or go to the Microsoft Flight website. 3 Using the Mouse Turning Move the mouse left or right to bank the wings (turn your aircraft). Make small movements with the mouse when banking. Moving too abruptly in any direction may cause you to lose control of your aircraft. The mouse is a multifunctional tool that can be used to fly your aircraft, look around the world, zoom in on objects, and manipulate the controls in the cockpit. Climbing and Descending Move the mouse forward to climb and move the mouse back to descend. If these default mouse controls feel reversed, you can invert the Y-axis so that you move the mouse back to climb and move the mouse forward to descend. Flying in Mouse Mode Use the mouse to control your aircraft as you turn, climb, and descend. The mouse also controls the throttle setting. To pause Mouse mode, press the Spacebar. To invert the Y-axis 1. Press Esc. 2. Click the Options button. 3. Click the Gameplay tab on the Options menu. 4. Select the Invert Mouse Pitch check box under Aircraft Controls. 5. Click the Accept button at the bottom of the screen. 6. Click Resume on the Pause menu to continue playing. Adjusting the Throttle Setting Rotate the mouse wheel to increase or decrease the throttle settings in Mouse mode. Tip: Before you pause Mouse mode, make sure your aircraft is flying straight and level at a high enough elevation. When you fly in Mouse mode, a small X icon appears in the center of the screen. It is controlled by the movement of the mouse, which in turn controls the aircraft. Alternate Controls In addition to Mouse mode, Microsoft Flight supports a number of other controls, including Xbox 360 Controller for Windows, joystick, and TrackIR. Tip: Position the pointer in the very center of the cross hair to fly straight and level. 4 Controller ] Rudder left ^ Rudder right < Return to map > Pause _ Decrease throttle ` Increase throttle LT RT LB RB Y Change camera view B Landing gear up/down L Pitch and roll (steering) A Brakes/menu navigation X Enter/exit aircraft s Raise flaps o Lower flaps 5 C Look around (press to recenter) Mouse Joystick Brakes Look around Trim nose up Mouse in-flight Descend Change camera view Increase/decrease throttle Trim nose down Turn right Descend Turn left Climb Turn left Turn right Rudder left/right Climb Mouse on Map Decrease throttle Increase throttle Raise flaps Drop object Move map Click and drag Position aircraft icon Right-click Zoom in/out Rotate wheel Mouse in Cockpit (Mouse mode paused) Lower flaps Landing gear up/down 6 Adjust cockpit control Click and drag Look around Right-click and drag Zoom in/out Rotate wheel Move eyepoint Click wheel button and drag Essential Keyboard Commands Game Controls Aircraft Controls General Gameplay Fly with Mouse (On/Off) Spacebar Pause Menu Esc Skip to Waypoint N Checklist (On/Off) Q Map M Text Chat T Voice Chat: All Tab Capture Screenshot* V Control Surfaces Aileron: Left Aileron: Right Elevator: Up Elevator: Down Rudder: Move Left Rudder: Move Right Stop and Go * Screenshots are stored in C:\Users\USERNAME\Pictures\Flight Throttle: Decrease Throttle: Increase Throttle: Maximum Throttle: Minimum Brakes: Both Brake: Right Brake: Left Landing Gear (Up/Down) On the Ground Walk Forward W Walk Backward S Walk Left A Walk Right D Aircraft (Enter/Exit) E O Door (Open/Close) Fuel F In the Cockpit Camera Views Camera: Next Camera: Chase View Camera: Cockpit Camera: Flyby Camera: Free Look Camera: Top-Down Camera: Reset Position Left Arrow Right Arrow Down Arrow Up Arrow A D Flaps: Decrease Flaps: Increase Mixture: Min Mixture: Decrease Mixture: Increase Mixture: Max Trim Down Trim Up Minimum Prop RPM Decrease Prop RPM Increase Prop RPM Maximum Prop RPM F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 Backspace 7 S or F2 W or F3 F4 F1 X C Z G F5 F6 Shift+F1 Shift+ F2 Shift+F3 Shift+F4 Shift+Up Arrow Shift+Down Arrow Ctrl+F1 Ctrl+F2 Ctrl+F3 Ctrl+F4 Camera Views Free Look (F11) Free Look is a panoramic view from the outside of the aircraft. This view can give you perspective on the location of your aircraft relative to geographic features, such as the ocean or mountain ranges. You don’t have to pause Mouse mode to use Free Look. Just right-click and drag to start looking around. To use Free Look, press F11. Real-world pilots are skilled at switching between viewpoints during a flight. While they mostly focus on the horizon, they must also scan the cockpit instruments and look down at the world below. There are five different camera views, each one providing you with a different experience. Some views show your aircraft and the surrounding world in a cinematic shot, while other views can help you achieve greater control of your aircraft. Top-Down View (F12) Top-Down view shows your aircraft from above, as if a camera is filming straight down. This view can help you get a better idea of your location relative to the world around you. Rotate the mouse wheel to zoom in or out on the terrain below. To use Top-Down view, press F12. Chase View (F8) Chase view shows your aircraft from behind, as if a trailing aircraft is filming your flight. This is a great view for overall control of the aircraft, but it does not show the cockpit. Use the Heads-Up Display to view your heading, altitude, speed, and fuel level. To use Chase view, press F8. Remote Control (R) Remote Control drops a camera when you press R, giving you a view of your aircraft from wherever you started Remote Control view. Make sure you keep your aircraft in sight in order to maintain control. Flyby View (F10) Flyby view gives you the cinematic experience of watching your aircraft fly past a stationary camera set in the air. From this view, you can take in-flight screenshots. To use Flyby view, press F10. Tip: Deluxe model aircraft come with a Cockpit View that closely simulates what pilots see in the real world. To activate Cockpit View in a Deluxe aircraft, press F9. 8 Heads-Up Display (HUD) The Heads-Up Display, located at the top of the screen, is where you will find information on your speed, throttle setting, heading, altitude, and fuel level. Speed Indicates your aircraft’s speed in nautical miles per hour, or knots. Heading Indicator Altimeter Indicates which direction the aircraft is flying. Each line on the heading indicator represents 5 degrees in a given direction. Displays your aircraft’s altitude in feet above sea level. Wind Speed and Direction Indicates the direction of the wind and its speed in nautical miles per hour. Throttle Setting Fuel Gauge Shows the current position of the aircraft’s throttle, which can range from 0% (idle) to 100 % (full throttle). Indicates the aircraft’s fuel level. 9 The Eyepoint Points of Interest (POI) The eyepoint is your position in the cockpit. Moving the eyepoint can give you a better view of the horizon, taxiway, or surrounding features, much like adjusting your seat or leaning to either side would in the real world. Missions and multiplayer sessions feature two directional cues called the Point of Interest marker and the Point of Interest arrow. Adjusting your position in the cockpit is especially helpful while taxiing, since it can give you a better view of the bends and turns on the taxiway. If you can anticipate turns, you can avoid making dangerous mistakes like braking too hard, turning too tightly, or driving off the taxiway. There are four types of POI markers. Point of Interest Markers • Objective markers are yellow, diamond-shaped markers that help you approximate a flight path to the mission objective. • Aerocache markers are yellow, hexagon-shaped markers that show you the location of an Aerocache. They are only visible once you fly close enough to an Aerocache to activate its marker. To move the eyepoint • Checklist markers are green markers that indicate instruments or controls related to your current checklist task. 1. Click the wheel button on your mouse. 2. Drag up, down, right, or left. • Multiplayer markers are blue markers that show you where other players are located. You can cycle through connected players using the [ and ] keys. To reset your view, press Backspace. Turning Off the Heads-Up Display (HUD) Point of Interest Arrows If you are an advanced flier, or wish to challenge yourself, turn off the HUD and use the cockpit instruments to guide your flight. Go to the Options menu, select the Gameplay tab, and clear the Heads-Up Display check box. POI arrows help guide you toward a POI marker. If you fly off course, the arrow stays fixed on the marker. Follow the arrow to continue on the path toward the mission objective. If you change any of the settings, be sure to press the Accept button before you exit the Options menu. Turning Off the POI Arrow You cannot turn off the POI arrow during missions, but you can turn it off during Aerocache hunts or while playing in Multiplayer mode. Tip: The cockpit instruments are only visible in Cockpit view. Remember that Cockpit view is only available with Deluxe model aircraft. To turn off the POI arrow 1. Go to the Main menu. 2. Click the Options button. 3. Select the Gameplay tab on the Options menu. 4. Select the check box next to Point of Interest under Display. 5. Click the Accept button to save your changes. 10 Waypoints Walk Around Mode Some missions contain waypoints, or fixed locations along the path to your final destination. Waypoints are placed on the runway and in the air, usually near a Point of Interest marker. Walk Around mode allows you to explore at ground level. In this mode, you can move the mouse in any direction to look around you. Walking to Aircraft Some missions require you to walk to your aircraft and board before takeoff. Press W to walk and press E to enter or exit the aircraft. You cannot enter or exit a moving aircraft. Skip to Waypoint The Skip to Waypoint function activates when a new leg of your mission begins. When the Skip to Waypoint pop-up appears on your screen, you can press N to skip ahead to the next waypoint. If you want to skip tasks like taxiing to a runway, this is a great time-saving feature. Walking to Aerocaches If an Aerocache is hidden on the ground, you may need to get out of the aircraft and walk to its location. Tip: Keep an eye on the fuel tank. When you activate the Skip to Waypoint feature, your aircraft burns the amount of fuel it would have taken to fly to that waypoint normally. If your fuel level is low, you may need to refuel as soon as you arrive at the next waypoint. Tip: To sprint in any direction, hold down Shift while pressing W, S, A, or D. Checkpoints All missions feature checkpoints. Checkpoints pop up when you complete a segment of a mission, marking your progress. In early missions, checkpoints appear after you accomplish simple tasks, such as taxiing or taking off. As you progress, checkpoints appear before challenging tasks, such as landing or performing a tight turn. If you are unable to complete the task successfully or crash your aircraft, you can load the last checkpoint instead of restarting the entire mission. Loading Checkpoints The Load Checkpoint button appears on the Pause menu and the Mission Fail screen. Click the Load Checkpoint button to return your aircraft to the last checkpoint you reached in the mission. Checkpoints cannot be saved. If you exit the mission, all checkpoints are cleared. 11 Checklists Try any of the following procedures to get a better view of the cockpit: • Press F9 to switch to Cockpit view. Pilots often review checklists before performing routine procedures to ensure that they do not miss crucial steps during each stage of a flight. Checklists also contain information specific to each aircraft, including approach speeds, cruise speeds, and throttle settings. • Right-click and drag the camera around. • Press the Spacebar to pause Mouse mode, and then rotate the mouse wheel to zoom in or out on the instrument panel. • Click the wheel button on your mouse, and drag the eyepoint in any direction. Manipulating the Cockpit Controls Many of the cockpit controls in an aircraft look similar. Checklists are designed to reduce the confusion this can create. A control will light up when a checklist procedure requires a setting change. Follow the green arrow to locate the control, and then click to make the adjustment. When you move one of the cockpit controls, it often affects another instrument. An arrow and checklist POI appear any time this happens. The arrow points to the control you need to move, and the POI indicates the additional instrument you need to monitor. Right-click and drag as you make your way down the checklist. To verify the settings of some instruments, you may need to pause Mouse mode and zoom in to see smaller numbers. When you perform a checklist on the runway, you do not need to pause Mouse mode. You can simply move the controls by dragging them in the appropriate direction. Tip: Checklists are only available in Deluxe model aircraft. Using Checklists When you perform a checklist in the air, it’s a good idea to pause Mouse mode before you move any controls. You can perform a checklist without pausing Mouse mode, but remember that any movement you make with the mouse will also affect the movement of the aircraft. Open checklists by pressing Q. Checklist procedures are called out in the order of operation. Each procedure is associated with a cockpit instrument or control that will stay lit until the task is completed. There are three keys to success when using a checklist: changing the camera view, manipulating the controls, and monitoring the cockpit instruments. Changing the Camera View Before you complete any of the checklist tasks, you must be able to see the cockpit instruments and controls. You will need to adjust the view in most aircraft to see controls located below or to the side of the instrument panel. Moving controls with the mouse while using an alternate controller such as a joystick has no effect on your aircraft’s movement. Monitoring the Cockpit Instruments Pilots must scan the instrument panel quickly and then return their focus to the horizon. Checklists can help you hone this skill while flying. 12 Running a Checklist Rewards Checklists can be performed at any time when you are in an aircraft. In Microsoft Flight, you earn awards and unlocks for honing your skills and logging flight hours. To run a checklist 1. Press Q. Awards 2. Press 1 for Normal Procedures, or press 2 for Abnormal Procedures. You earn Awards for accomplishing flight milestones, such as completing your first mission, landing at a certain number of airports, and transporting passengers. Unconventional gameplay can also earn you awards, so don’t be afraid to get creative and have some fun in the air. 3. Press the number key corresponding to the appropriate checklist. 4. Perform the tasks, or press 1 to automate the checklist. Checklist Options Unlocks The bottom of a checklist features a series of numbered options. These options allow you to choose how you want to perform each of the checklist items. The options are as follows: Unlocks, such as new paint schemes, are awarded when you complete tasks, such as earning certain amounts of Experience Points (XP) for jobs, completing landing challenges, or acquiring specific Aerocaches. • Automate Checklist—Automatically perform all checklist items. • Abort Checklist—Remove the checklist menu. Playing Offline • Next Item— Skip current item and move to the next item on the checklist. This option does not automate the current task. You do not need an Internet connection to play Microsoft Flight. However, to access the Boeing Stearman and associated missions and challenges, you must first sign in to Games for Windows - LIVE and sync your pilot profile with your Games for Windows - LIVE account. • Do It—Automatically perform the highlighted checklist item. Types of Checklists If you play offline, your game progress is saved and your Pilot Profile will synchronize the next time you sign in with your Games for Windows – LIVE profile and password. There are two types of checklists. Normal Procedures checklists walk you through everyday tasks, such as taking off, maintaining cruise speeds, and landing. Abnormal Procedures checklists guide you through a variety of in-flight emergencies. The following features are NOT available when you play offline: • Aerocache hunt • Message of the Day • Downloadable content • Text chat • Voice chat • Games for Windows – LIVE functionality • Multiplayer mode • Marketplace 13 • Profile updates Flight Conditions Enhance your experience while flying jobs and during Free Flight sessions by changing atmospheric conditions. Certain missions aren’t available in all Flight Conditions. If a mission is unavailable, try changing the conditions. A dialogue box on the Map screen contains a listing of the currently selected conditions. Season The season options are set to mimic real-world conditions in the area where you are flying. Changing the season usually affects the amount of daylight available. It may also affect certain climate factors. Conditions in Free Flight Mode Flight Conditions Screen In Free Flight mode, you can return to the Map screen at any time to change the Flight Conditions. Just select the conditions you want and click the Free Flight option. Changing conditions like the weather, time, or date can transform a routine mission into challenging adventure. To get started, go to the Map screen and click Flight Conditions in the Free Flight menu. The Flight Conditions screen does not include an Accept button. When you click one of the options, those conditions are set automatically. Conditions in Multiplayer Mode In Multiplayer mode, the host sets the Flight Conditions. All active players in the session fly in the same conditions. Weather Click any of the weather options on the Flight Conditions screen to view a brief description of the associated conditions. Tip: You cannot change Flight Conditions during a mission. If you want to change conditions, you must exit the mission, change the conditions, and restart the mission. Changing the weather can dramatically affect visibility and aircraft control. In conditions with heavy rain or clouds, it is more difficult to see, forcing you to rely on cockpit instruments. In high-wind conditions, the aircraft is more difficult to control. Time of Day Use the drop-down menus on the Flight Conditions screen to set your flight time, or select one of the four general time-of-day buttons: Dawn, Day, Dusk, or Night. Tip: You may be able to earn additional Experience Points (XP) for flying missions at night. 14 The Hangar The Hangar is a multipurpose facility where you can swap and repaint aircraft, fuel up, or download new planes. Painting Your Aircraft You can customize certain aircraft with a brand-new coat of paint. Choose an aircraft, and then click the Paint Schemes icon in the upperright corner of the screen. To save your changes, remember to click the Select Aircraft button before you leave the Hangar. Managing Fuel Before heading out on a mission or exploring the world in Free Flight, you can refuel in the Hangar. Click the Fuel icon in the upper-right corner of the screen, and then drag to the right to add fuel. If you want to lighten your fuel load, drag left. Adding fuel increases both the range (distance you can fly) and total weight of the aircraft. Dumping fuel reduces the range, but allows you to carry more cargo. However, you won’t know how much fuel to take on board until you actually pick up the cargo for a mission, so plan accordingly. Downloading New Aircraft To find out more about any new aircraft available in the Hangar, you can download a free preview. If you then decide you want to purchase the aircraft, click the Learn More button to view additional details about the aircraft, then click Purchase. Choosing an Aircraft When you enter the Hangar, your currently selected aircraft is displayed. If you want to switch to a different aircraft, click one of the aircraft images displayed at the bottom of the screen. Remember to note the type of aircraft you’re purchasing before you buy. Basic model aircraft don’t feature cockpit interactivity or checklists, while Deluxe models include both. Use the Details option in the upper-right corner of the screen to review and compare your available aircraft. You must be online to download new aircraft from Games for Windows – LIVE. Check the connection on the Microsoft Flight Data Server icon. 15 Mission Basics Missions are fun and challenging tasks that are also designed to teach you the basics of flying. Pause Menu Press Esc at any time during a mission to pause the game. From the Pause menu, you can select options to help you complete the mission, change your settings, exit the mission, or quit the game. Mission Screens There are four different screens you can encounter during a mission: the mission breakdown, the Pause menu, the Mission Failed menu, and the Mission Debriefing screen. Resume Return to the mission. Mission Breakdown Options Change the Gameplay, Graphics, or Audio settings. Before you begin a mission, you can click any of the items from the Mission list to view a breakdown of the basic mission details. Load Free Flight Exit the mission and resume any saved Free Flight session. Airport Name The airport name indicates where the mission begins. To learn more information about an airport, go to the Map screen, move the pointer over an Airport icon, and then click the icon to display more details. Restart Mission Restart the mission from the beginning. Load Checkpoint Restart the mission from the last successfully reached checkpoint. Aircraft Category Each aircraft type performs uniquely, making it more or less suitable for a given mission. Some aircraft are designed for water landings, while others are known for their agility. The most common types of aircraft available in Microsoft Flight are the Piston, Trainer, Fixed Wing, and STOL (Short Takeoff or Landing). Learn more information about each aircraft in the Hangar. Exit Mission Return to the Map screen. Quit Game End your Microsoft Flight session. Estimated Time The estimated time represents an average completion time for each mission. Estimates are based on use of the Skip to Waypoint feature. Tip: If you see a timer to the right of the Heading indicator, you’re flying a timed mission. You receive additional Experience Points (XP) for completing the mission quickly. 16 Mission Failed Menu Mission Debriefing Screen If you crash during a mission, or simply fail the mission objective, the Mission Failed menu appears with several options. Once you complete a mission, a breakdown of your accomplishments for that mission appears on the Mission Debriefing screen. Exit Mission Return to the Map screen. Experience Point Breakdown Experience Points you earn for completing the mission appear in the center of the screen. Compare the points you earned in each category to the total points available. If you would like to try for more points, you can fly the mission again later. However, to earn any Experience Points for flying a repeat mission, you must earn more points than on the previous attempt. Restart Mission Restart the mission from the beginning. Load Checkpoint Return to the mission from the last checkpoint you successfully reached before failing the mission. Accept Return to the Map screen. Play Again Restart the mission from the beginning and give up any XP or awards you earned during the previous attempt. You will not have the option of loading the last checkpoint. 17 Job Board If you are ready to pick up some professional work, click the Free Flight icon to display Airport icons on the map. Click one of them, and then click the Job Board button on the information panel. An Introduction to Cargo Runs Avoid overloading the aircraft during cargo runs. You should make sure you have enough fuel to fly the total distance, but that the total weight of the cargo and fuel does not exceed the maximum payload capacity of the aircraft. Jobs The Job Board lists a variety of different missions available at a particular airport. There are various factors that determine which missions you can fly, including the type of aircraft you own, the size of the airport, and the current Flight Conditions. To prepare for a cargo run 1. Click a cargo mission on the Job Board and review the details. 2. Make a note of the total weight of the cargo and the distance of the mission. Selecting your Aircraft 3. Click the Select Mission button. After selecting a mission from the Job Board, you must choose an aircraft from the Hangar. 4. Select an aircraft from the Hangar. 5. Review available aircraft details or download a new aircraft. 6. If necessary, click the Fuel icon and adjust the fuel level. You may need to download a new aircraft to complete certain missions. For example, if you want to transport cargo, you would need to select an aircraft with an appropriate maximum payload capacity. 7. When you’re ready, press the Start Mission button. Note: “$100 hamburger” is pilot slang for a short trip to a nearby airport for bite to eat. It is essentially an excuse for a quick flight, but some say the term originates from the cost of renting an aircraft, fueling up, and flying there and back. Exploring Different Areas If you download additional areas of the map, more opportunities open up on the Job Board. Rotate the wheel to zoom out and look for the Downloadable Content (DLC) icon. Click the icon to preview and purchase new content. 18 Challenges Challenges test your agility and proficiency as a pilot and refine your abilities in the cockpit. There are three types of challenges to choose from: landing challenges, challenge courses, and Gold Rush. Landing Challenges In a variety of increasingly difficult challenges, you can prove your ability to land an aircraft smoothly in less-than-ideal conditions. Challenge Courses Put your agility skills to the test as you navigate twisting paths. Perform aerobatics using a joystick or game pad to earn additional Experience Points while flying challenge courses. Gold Rush Fly over, around, and through scenic vistas in an attempt to collect as many rings as you can before the timer runs out. Fly Gold Rush challenges repeatedly to beat your own high score. To access challenges 1. Click the Activities icon on the Map screen. 2. Click Challenges. 3. Select a challenge. 4. Click Select Mission. 19 Career Your career begins with your first flight. Every time you fly a mission, complete a job, or fly in a Free Flight session, you become a better pilot. Profile Roaming Your Pilot Profile is stored on the Microsoft Flight data server. However, mission progress and challenge completions do not sync across computers. Pilot Profile Visit your Pilot Profile to view your career stats. Compare to Other Pilots Statistics You can compare your progress to the progress of other players by selecting the Multiplayer icon from the Map screen or by visiting the Microsoft Flight website. As soon as you begin flying, your progress is logged. A record is kept of information including how many times you have landed, how many flight hours you have logged, what kind of aircraft you like to fly, and the total distance you have flown. In Multiplayer mode, you can click a player’s name to view their statistics or view their aircraft in flight. Use this feature to locate a pilot with a similar style or a more advanced pilot who may show you some tricks of the trade. To view your flight statistics 1. Click the Pilot Profile icon on the Map screen. Visit the Microsoft Flight website to compare statistics with your friends. Log on to the website and select My Flight from the top menu, and then select Friends. Compare statistics by dragging the icons of your friends into the columns on the right side of the page. 2. Click the Career tab. 3. Review Flight Statistics and Experience Points data. Pilot Portrait From the Career tab, you can select a pilot portrait to represent you in the game. Tip: If you want to see how your selected portrait looks while piloting your aircraft, switch to Flyby view the next time you are up in the air. 20 Aerocaches Finding Aerocaches While you are out flying, keep your eyes peeled for hidden objects called Aerocaches. Aerocaches are represented by a spinning triangular icon. In an Aerocache hunt, you are given a hint about the general location of the Aerocache. An Internet search term is also provided, allowing you to do more research. Use the hint in conjunction with the Internet search to identify a more exact location for the Aerocache. To view a list of Aerocaches, click Activities on the Map screen, then click Aerocache Hunt. You can then filter available Aerocaches based on the region in which they’re located. Acquiring Aerocaches When you fly in the vicinity of an Aerocache, the Aerocache icon lights up, and a yellow Point of Interest arrow appears on the screen. Follow the POI arrow to locate the Aerocache. Once you locate the Aerocache, fly near it to acquire it. Tip: If an Aerocache is placed on an object, do not fly directly into the object. You will crash. Aerocaches are updated in the game by the Microsoft Flight data server, which means you must be playing online in order to see them. When you successfully acquire an Aerocache, a pop-up notification appears on the screen. After an Aerocache has been acquired, it no longer appears in the game. Finding and Acquiring Aerocaches You earn Experience Points for tracking down and acquiring Aerocaches. The total XP value of an Aerocache depends on various factors, including the surrounding terrain and how close you must fly to acquire it. Tip: Some Aerocaches are hidden at high altitudes. If you are having trouble acquiring an Aerocache, make sure you are flying the correct type of aircraft to reach the necessary altitude. There are a couple of ways to find Aerocaches in the game: You can happen upon them while flying, or you can actively search for them in Aerocache hunts. 21 Difficulty Rating Aerocaches are ranked in difficulty from 1 (least difficult) to 5 (most difficult). This rating system is based on several factors, including the Aerocache’s location and surrounding terrain. Difficulty is also based on the hint and search term provided. Some clues point you directly to the location of the Aerocache, while others are more vague. The final difficulty factor is how close you must fly to the Aerocache in order to acquire it. Aerocache Hunts If you want to search for Aerocaches, click Aerocache Hunt in the Activities section of the Map screen. Click any of the Aerocaches in the list for more details. To perform an Aerocache hunt 1. Click Activities, and then click Aerocache Hunt. 2. Select an Aerocache. 3. Read the hint. 4. Click the Begin Search button and review the search results. 5. Click the Start Hunt button. 6. When you’re ready, click the Take Off button to start flying. When you start a hunt, an Aerocache sensor appears in the upper-right corner of the screen. As you get closer to the Aerocache, the signal strengthens and the sensor fills with yellow. Tip: If you want to get closer to an Aerocache without flying, press Esc to display the Pause menu, and then press Map. Drag your aircraft icon in the direction of the Aerocache, and then click Fly in the Free Flight menu. If you have gotten closer to the Aerocache, the inner rings of the sensor should be highlighted in yellow. 22 Free Flight Free Flight mode allows you to shape your own adventure. Use this mode to explore the world, fly a variety of different aircraft, and test out your skills. Earn Awards Logging hours in Free Flight mode can earn you awards. To learn more about available awards, press the Pilot Profile icon on the Map screen, and then click the Awards tab. Select Free Flight from the Type dropdown menu, and then scroll down to view all of the awards you can earn in Free Flight mode. Explore the Skies Drag your aircraft icon to any area on the map and click Fly in the Free Flight menu to begin exploring. Click the ring surrounding your aircraft to rotate it in any direction. You can earn awards for hunting down Aerocaches and for accomplishing flight milestones like landing at 100 airports or accumulating 40 hours of total flight time. You can also click an Airport icon and choose to start from either in the air or on the ground. Tip: Did you know there is an award for landing at 100 airports in Alaska? Select an Aircraft Customize your Free Flight session by selecting an aircraft from the Hangar. Click the Hangar icon from the Map screen, review your aircraft options, and then click the Select Aircraft button. Before you exit the Hangar, be sure to check the fuel level of your aircraft and refuel if necessary. Customize Flight Conditions If you want to mix things up, change the Flight Conditions before you head out on your next Free Flight adventure. Press Flight Conditions in the Free Flight section, make your desired changes, and then select a location on the map to start your adventure. Practice Landing Landing is one of the most difficult skills for any pilot to master. Use Free Flight mode to practice landing. Tip: Practice landing at night. This will help you learn how to rely on instruments and runway lights. 23 Multiplayer If you want to fly with other players, take off in Multiplayer mode! Use Multiplayer mode to show off your aerobatic skills or demonstrate cool maneuvers. Gather a group and fly in formations, or invite a friend to go exploring. Quick Match Use the Quickmatch button to be matched up with any other players also currently looking for a match or hosting a public session. To get started, click the triple aircraft Multiplayer icon on the Map screen. Host a Session Use the Invite Friend button to locate other players, establish a session, and send game invites. During multiplayer sessions, an arrow appears next to the name of the host. The session host controls the following features: • Session type • Flight conditions • Kicking players from the session • Game invites Tip: You must be signed in to Games for Windows – LIVE in order to host or join a multiplayer session. Check your connection status by hovering your pointer over the Microsoft Flight Data Server icon on the Map screen. 24 Selecting a Session Type Player Statistics Panel From the Multiplayer panel, click the Settings button, and then select a Session Type from the drop-down menu. Click a player’s name from the Multiplayer panel to review that player’s flight statistics. Use this information to compare your own flight experience. There are three different types of sessions: There are three basic types of information available about other pilots: • Public sessions are open to all players, and anyone can invite players to join. • Quick Statistics—A quick tally of a player’s Experience Points, awards and achievements earned, and Aerocaches acquired. • Friends Only sessions allow friends to join uninvited. Anyone else may join by invite only. • LIVE Profile—Find out more about a player’s progress in Microsoft Flight and other Games for Windows – LIVE titles. • Private sessions are limited to only those players who are invited by the host. • Aircraft Information—Locate a player’s aircraft on the map or view the aircraft in the game. Locating Other Players From the Multiplayer panel, select any of the players listed in your session to view details on them, including the region they’re flying in and their type of craft. To fly with other players in a multiplayer session, you must all be in the same region. Target Aircraft Click the Target Player checkbox to enable a blue Point of Interest arrow when in flight. The arrow will point to the the location of that player’s aircraft any time you fly missions or enter Free Flight mode, making it easier to track and cooperate with other players on the map. Cycle through connected players in the multiplayer session by using the [ and ] keys. To join other players in your session, simply click a player’s name to view their details, then click View On Map. You can also click World from the Map screen, then click the name of the region other players are in to instantly travel there. To start flying once you’ve traveled to a region with other players, drag your aircraft near another player’s aircraft, then select Fly from the Free Flight menu. Locate Friends Online Select LIVE from the Main menu, and then press the Friends button to see who is playing online. Inviting Friends Want to see your friends fly? Once you’re connected, you can view a friend’s aircraft during a multiplayer session by clicking the player’s name, and then clicking View Aircraft. 25 To invite friends to join a multiplayer session Voice Chat 1. Click the Invite Friend button. If you have a headset with a microphone, you can talk to players in your multiplayer session. 2. Click the To: button to see a list of players and friends online. 3. Select players from the list. To set up voice chat 4. Type a message. 1. Go to the Main menu. 5. Press Enter to send the message. 2. Click the LIVE button. Tip: You can exit Multiplayer mode at any time by clicking the Leave Match button. 3. Click the Settings button. 4. Click the Voice button. 5. Choose a Voice Playback Device. Text Chat 6. Click the Voice Recording Device button. You can text chat with everyone in your multiplayer session or have a one-on-one conversation (whisper) with another player. 7. Adjust the Recording Volume and Voice Threshold. 8. Click Done. To chat with the group Speaking with Other Players 1. Press T on the keyboard. Once you set up voice chat, you can start a voice chat from the Games for Windows – LIVE screen or by clicking a player’s gamertag from the session list. 2. Type your message. 3. Press Enter to send. To whisper to a friend To set up a voice chat from the LIVE menu 1. Press T on the keyboard. 1. Click the Private Chat button. 2. Type /w or /whisper. 2. Select a Game Channel. 3. Type the player’s gamertag. If an active Game Channel does not exist, or if you want to create a new Game Channel, follow these additional steps 4. Type your message. 5. Press Enter to send. 1. Select an inactive Channel. 6. Type /r or /reply and then your response. 2. Invite players. If you do not follow step 6, your reply is sent to the entire group. 3. Click Send Message. Once players accept your invite to chat, click the Game Channel to start the conversation. Tip: The first time you send a whisper to a friend, enter steps 2, 3, and 4 on the same line. The line should look like this: /whisper gamertag message. Push-to-Chat Press the Tab key when you want to speak to other players in the Game Channel. 26 Options You can change Graphics, Gameplay, and Audio settings from the Options section of the Main menu. Remember to click the Accept button at the bottom of the screen to save your changes. Overall Graphics Settings Graphics Use the following hardware profiles as a jumping off point for determining which setting is right for you. There are three overall setting options to choose from, each designed to target a specific hardware profile to produce the best possible visual experience without compromising performance rates. Change the Graphics settings if you want to correct issues such as jagged-looking edges and low shadow quality. You can also adjust monitor resolution and screen size. • Low—Gaming laptop or a 5-year-old desktop • Medium—3-year-old desktop • High—New desktop Vertical Sync A “screen tear” occurs when the frame buffer is updated while the monitor is in the middle of refreshing. Turning on the Vertical Sync setting may help to reduce the appearance of screen tearing by setting the frame rate to be a fraction of the refresh rate of your monitor. Custom Settings Use the drop-down menu for each setting to customize your visual experience. This option gives you more control over visual elements, but it may cause a change in the overall balance between features. Tip: If you have a slower computer, do not turn on Vertical Sync. It may actually make the game render even slower frame rates. There are six basic Graphics settings: • Shadow Quality • Sharpness • Scenery Density • Scenery Quality • Texture Quality • Weather Quality Note: If the Overall Graphics setting is set to Custom, you have altered at least one of the default settings. 27 Gameplay Audio Customize the flight controls, display settings, and camera. Slide the volume control meters to adjust in-game sound effects, music, and dialog. Flight Control Assistance Game Controls • Increased Stability—Makes the aircraft easier to control during flight, with reduced tendencies to stall and spin. This sections lists keyboard commands for in-game actions such as changing camera views, pausing the game, walking, turning on checklists, moving the eyepoint, and skipping to waypoints. • Smooth Braking—Slows the aircraft at a safer rate to help prevent accidents. • Auto Mixture—Automatically adjusts the aircraft’s fuel mixture for optimal engine performance at higher altitudes. Aircraft Controls • Propeller Effects—Reduces the aerodynamic and rotation side effects of a spinning propeller. This section lists keyboard commands for aircraft-related actions such as raising the landing gear, applying rudder, increasing the throttle, leaning the mixture, and trimming the aircraft. Display Display or hide the following in-game features: • Heads-Up Display (HUD) • Dialog text • Point of Interest (POI) Note: You can hide the POI for Aerocache hunts and Multiplayer mode. However, you cannot hide the POI arrow for missions. Camera Invert camera controls to look down when pointing up or look up when pointing down, which is the reverse of traditional aircraft controls. 28 Key Terms Aerobatics Precision maneuvers, such as barrel rolls, loops, hammerhead stalls, spins, and Cuban eights. Often performed at airshows and competitions, many of these maneuvers are also part of a military pilot’s training and can be used in aerial combat. In fact, many basic aerobatic maneuvers evolved from air-combat tactics invented during World War I. Cruise Speed The average speed of an aircraft during straight-and-level flight at normal power settings. Drag The resistance of an object to movement through a fluid. With respect to aircraft, drag is one of the four fundamental forces in flight. It opposes thrust. There are two basic types of drag. Parasite drag is caused by friction. The airplane surface, antennas, landing gear, and other appendages all cause parasite drag, which increases in proportion to the square of the aircraft’s velocity. Induced drag is a byproduct of lift. At the tip of a wing, air moves from the high-pressure area below the wing to the low-pressure area above. The energy used to create these vortices manifests itself as induced drag, which increases as airspeed drops. “Aerobatics” is also defined in Federal Aviation Regulation 91.303, which describes restrictions on aerobatic flight. In that section, “aerobatic flight” means “any intentional maneuver involving an abrupt change in an aircraft’s attitude, an abnormal attitude, or abnormal acceleration, not necessary for normal flight.” Aerocache Objects hidden on the ground and in the air. Search out their location to earn Experience Points (XP). Elevator A movable control surface located on the horizontal stabilizer of an aircraft’s tail. Although its name implies that the elevator makes the airplane climb or descend, it actually controls only the aircraft’s pitch attitude, that is, the angle of the nose above or below the horizon. The pilot moves the elevator by applying forward pressure on the control to decrease pitch attitude and by applying back pressure to increase the pitch attitude. Ailerons Movable control surfaces, usually located near the wing tips, that control the rolling motion of an aircraft. The pilot deflects the ailerons by moving the control yoke or stick left and right. The ailerons move simultaneously in opposite directions. For example, when the pilot moves the yoke or stick left, the aileron on the left wing moves up, decreasing the lift on the left wing. At the same time, the right aileron moves down, increasing the lift on the right wing. The word derives from the French word aile, meaning “wing.” Fixed-Wing Aircraft An aircraft with stable wings that deflect air current to create lift. Ceiling The altitude at which an aircraft’s best rate of climb drops to 100 feet per minute under standard conditions. Flaps A hinged portion of an airplane’s wing, generally on the trailing edge, that can be lowered during takeoff and landing to increase the lift and drag of the wings. When partially extended, a flap adds lift by increasing the curvature of the wing. Because flaps extend into the oncoming air, they also increase drag, helping an aircraft descend steeply without building up speed. Often confused with ailerons, flaps are not the primary control surfaces of an airplane. Climb Out The portion of a flight between takeoff and the initial cruising altitude. 29 Flare To level off and establish the correct landing attitude just above the runway prior to landing. A pilot flares by applying back pressure to the control yoke or stick, which raises the nose of the aircraft. When done properly, the flare is a smooth, continuous transition from a nose-low, descending flight path to a nose-high attitude that almost stops the aircraft’s descent. Heading The direction in which the aircraft is pointed, usually in reference to magnetic north. Because wind pushes an airplane in flight, heading does not necessarily correspond to the aircraft’s path over the ground, that is, its track. For example, if you want to fly due east with respect to the ground and the wind is blowing from the north, you must turn the aircraft slightly into the wind to correct for drift. Gs A measurement of the load factor, or apparent gravity, experienced by an aircraft during flight. One G represents the force of gravity exerted on a body at rest. When an aircraft climbs, turns, or accelerates, positive G forces act upon it. When it descends or decelerates, negative G forces act upon it. Instrument Landing System (ILS) A system of navigation aids and approach lights that provide both horizontal and vertical guidance to aircraft approaching a runway. The ILS is the primary precision-approach system in use today around the world. A typical ILS includes a localizer and a glide slope, as well as outer, middle, and inner marker beacons. The localizer transmits a directional signal that provides left/right guidance. The glide slope is an electronic glide path that defines the proper descent angle to the runway. Marker beacons indicate distance from the runway. Glide Ratio Ratio of horizontal distance traveled per unit of descent. For example, a sailplane with a 60:1 glide ratio travels 60 meters forward for every 1 meter it descends. A typical single-engine aircraft has a glide ratio of about 10:1. Knots Nautical miles per hour. Abbreviation: kt, kts, or KTS. One nautical mile (nm or NM) measures 6,076 feet (1,852 meters). This distance is based on the length of one minute of arc of a great circle—an arc representing the shortest distance between two points on a globe. One knot equals about 1.15 statute miles per hour. Therefore, 100 knots equals about 115 mph (185 kilometers per hour), 150 knots equals about 172 mph (278 kilometers per hour), and 200 knots equals about 230 mph (370 kilometers per hour). All speeds filed on flight plans and for air traffic control purposes are in knots. Glide Speed (VBG) A V-speed indicating the optimal speed for gliding as far as possible with the engine off. Glide Slope The electronic approach path projected as part of an instrument landing system (ILS). Glide slope transmitters, located near the end of a runway, send out radio signals to form the proper descent path to the runway. The angle of the glide slope is usually set at about 3 degrees to the horizontal. Note “Knots” by definition assumes “per hour.” You should never state speed as “knots per hour.” Low Pass A brief, low altitude flyover. Pilots perform low passes to notify people on the ground they’re circling back for a landing. Jet fighter pilots often perform low pass flyovers during airshows to demonstrate aircraft control at extremely high speeds. GUMPS An acronym pilots use to remember a typical pre-landing checklist. GUMPS stands for Gas, Undercarriage, Mixture, Propeller, Seat Belts, and Switches. 30 Manifold Pressure Gauge An instrument that measures the air pressure in the intake manifold of a piston engine. Usually calibrated in inches of mercury, this instrument (really a barometer) is used in combination with the tachometer to set engine power. Most small training aircraft have only a tachometer. Aircraft with larger engines and aircraft with constant-speed propellers usually have manifold pressure gauges. Paint Scheme Exterior design and color, usually applied to the body, wings, and tail of the aircraft. Payload The total weight of passengers, fuel, and cargo an aircraft can carry. Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) A lighting system located beside the runway that visually guides the pilot onto the glide slope. There are four units, each containing two lights. Red lights indicate the aircraft is too low and white lights indicate the aircraft is too high. The proper glide slope is two white lights and two red lights. Master Switch Along with the mixture and propeller, the master switch controls the battery and the alternator, which comprise an aircraft’s electrical power system. Mixture Control A device for controlling the ratio between fuel and air entering an engine’s carburetor or fuel injection system. In most aircraft, the mixture control is a push-pull knob or lever marked in red, usually located to the right of the throttle. Rate of Climb The speed, usually measured in feet per minute, at which an aircraft is climbing. The term is sometimes stretched to include the rate of descent. The rate of climb is read on the vertical speed indicator (VSI). Because aircraft engines operate over a wide range of altitudes, the pilot must adjust the mixture to produce the most efficient fuel/air mixture as an airplane climbs into less dense air or descends into more dense air. A mixture that is too rich contains too much fuel for the existing conditions and causes the engine to run rough and lose power. A mixture that is too lean can cause an engine to overheat or can cause detonation—the sudden, explosive combustion of fuel within the cylinders. Rotation Speed (VR) A V-speed rating that indicates when to pull back on the controller to rotate the aircraft, causing it to lift off the runway during takeoff. Rudder A movable control surface usually mounted on the vertical stabilizer of the tail. The rudder moves the aircraft about its vertical, or yaw, axis. It does not, however, turn the airplane. It is used primarily to balance forces in turns and to counteract yawing motions induced by the propeller during flight. A pilot moves the rudder by applying pressure to the left or right rudder pedal. The pedals are mounted on the floor of the cockpit. In normal maneuvering, the pilot uses simultaneous aileron and rudder pressures to maintain balanced or coordinated flight. Nautical Mile A distance of about 6,076 feet (1,852 meters). The nautical mile is based on the length of one minute of arc of a great circle. In aviation, distances and speeds are measured in nautical miles (nm) and nautical miles per hour (knots). Stall Speed A V-speed rating that indicates the lowest possible airspeed needed to maintain even flight for any given altitude. In many aircraft, the airspeed indicator features a color-coded system that tells you the stall speed with the flaps retracted and with the flaps extended for landing. Nondirectional Radio Beacon A radio beacon that transmits nondirectional signals in the lowfrequency or medium-frequency band (190–535 kHz). Today it is used primarily for NDB nonprecision approaches and in conjunction with the outer marker component of an ILS. An automatic direction finder (ADF) points to these beacons. 31 Stick A tubular control in some aircraft, usually between the pilot’s knees, used to control the aircraft about its roll and pitch axis, ailerons, and elevator respectively (same function as a yoke). Trainer Aircraft A type of aircraft used in flight instruction. Trainers are often two-seaters with tandem controls and simplified instrument panels. Velocity Speeds (V-Speeds) A set of suggested velocity speed settings to optimize performance under a variety of different circumstances. Taildragger An aircraft that has its main wheels mounted ahead of the center of gravity and a small pivoting or steerable wheel supporting the aft fuselage. There is no nosewheel, as with tricycle-gear aircraft. Taildraggers were the norm during the early years of aviation and are sometimes referred to as conventional-gear aircraft. They are trickier to handle on the ground than tricycle-gear aircraft and require special training and skill. V1 Takeoff decision speed. The speed at which it may not be possible to stop the aircraft on the runway in case of a rejected takeoff (RTO). V2 Minimum takeoff safety speed for a multi-engine aircraft. The minimum safe flying speed should an engine fail immediately after takeoff. Takeoff Run The distance from the takeoff point to where the wheels lift off the runway. Pilots often fly into the direction of the wind to reduce the ground speed and distance needed to lift off the runway. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) A lighting system that indicates an aircraft’s position relative to the desired glide slope on a particular runway. This system uses two or three sets of lights on both sides of the runway to visually guide a pilot onto the glide slope. The pilot is on the glide slope if the first set of lights is white and the second red. The pilot is flying too high if both sets are white and flying too low if both sets are red. Throttle The cockpit control that most directly determines the power output of the engine. In a piston engine, the throttle actually controls the amount of air entering the carburetor or induction system. The carburetor, or fuel metering system, mixes the appropriate amount of fuel with the air to create a combustible mixture. When fully “open,” the throttle allows the maximum amount of air to enter the system to produce maximum power. When the throttle is “closed,” only a small amount of air enters the system and the engine produces minimum power. Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range (VOR) A ground-based radio transmitter that sends signals in 360 radials. Some of these radials define airways, but pilots can track any radial to fly a specific path over the ground. Touch-and-Go A landing operation where the pilot lands the aircraft on the runway and takes off again without coming to a full stop. Wingspan The distance from one wing tip to the other. Yaw Movement of an aircraft about its vertical axis, as when the nose turns left or right. Along with roll and pitch, yaw is one of an airplane’s three basic movements. The vertical stabilizer and rudder are designed to control yaw. Trim To adjust a movable tab on a control surface, usually the elevator, to relieve pressure on the flight controls. Trim is necessary because, as an aircraft changes speed, the amount of air flowing over the control surfaces varies. Without trim, a pilot would have to hold forward or back pressure on the yoke or column to maintain a specific airspeed or pitch attitude. Larger aircraft also have aileron and rudder trim. 32 Yoke The steering wheel-like control connected to the ailerons and elevator. A pilot turns the yoke to move the ailerons and bank the wings. The pilot moves the yoke forward and back to move the elevator, which lowers and raises the nose. Some airplanes have a stick or “joystick” instead of a control yoke. © 2012 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Bing, the Bing logo, Windows, Windows Live, the Windows logo, Xbox, and Xbox 360 are trademarks of the Microsoft group of companies. Anti-Grain Geometry - Version 2.3 Copyright © 2002-2005 Maxim Shemanarev (McSeem). Uses Autodesk® Scaleform® Copyright © 2012, Autodesk, Inc. FMOD EX Sound System Copyright © Firelight Technologies, 1994-2012. Uses Fork Particle Tool & SDK. Copyright © 2012 Fork Particle, Inc. Incorporates GeoBase® Canadian DEM, Minister of Natural Resources Canada. Uses Granny Animation. Copyright © 1999-2012 by RAD Game Tools. Uses Havok™: © Copyright 1999-2012. Havok.com Inc. (or its licensors). All Rights Reserved. See www.havok.com for details. Airport and Navigation data supplied by Jeppesen. Jpeg-6b - This software is based in part on the work of the Independent JPEG Group. libpng - Version 1.2.18 Copyright © 2000-2002 Glenn Randers-Pehrson. Lua - Version 5.1 Copyright © 1994–2011 Lua.org, PUC-Rio. Vector data supplied in part by NAVTEQ. NVIDIA Texture Tools Copyright © 1997-2008 NVIDIA Corporation. Uses Peter Uliciansky’s Extreme DXT Compression code Portions of this software utilize SpeedTree technology. © 2012 Interactive Data Visualization, Inc. All rights reserved. Squish - Version 1.3 Copyright © 2006 Simon Brown. TinyXML - Version 2.0 Original code (2.0 and earlier) copyright © 2000-2002 Lee Thomason (www. grinninglizard.com) Uses Xceed WPF Controls Copyright © 2011 Xceed Software Inc. Zlib - Version 1.2.3, Copyright © 1995-2005 Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler. The ICON Aircraft names, emblems, body designs and logos are trademarks and intellectual property of ICON Aircraft, Inc. and are used under license to Microsoft Corporation. The Maule aircraft names, emblems, body designs and logos are trademarks and intellectual property of Maule Air, Inc. and are used under license to Microsoft Corporation. The RV family of aircraft names, emblems, body designs and logos are trademarks and intellectual property of Van’s Aircraft, Inc. and are used under license to Microsoft Corporation. The Carbon Cub aircraft names, emblems, body designs and logos are trademarks and intellectual property of CubCrafters, Inc. and are used under license to Microsoft Corporation. To see credits for people who worked on this game, go to www.microsoft.com/games/mgsgamecatalog. X18-05986-03 33