Fmu611ca Frequency Modulated Upconverter Instruction Book

Transcript

FMU611CA FREQUENCY MODULATED UPCONVERTER INSTRUCTION BOOK IB6117-01 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 1.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION 2.0 SPECIFICATIONS 3.0 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION 4.0 INSTALLATION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS 5.0 TUNING PROCEDURES APPENDIX A 1.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION: The FMU611CA receives a composite stereo signal which is frequency modulated upon a subcarrier in the 4.5-8.5 MHz band and up-converts it to the 88-108 MHz FM broadcast band. The subcarrier may be transmitted by way of a microwave system or through a satellite transmission system. Ordinarily the subcarrier is carried along with a video signal. There may be several subcarriers above video, each carrying a stereo program. One FMU611CA is required for each subcarrier to be up-converted. The left and right channel of the stereo signal are multiplexed together at the transmitting end of the system so that only one subcarrier channel is required to transmit the entire stereo program. The multiplexing scheme is exactly the same as generally used to transmit stereo in the FM broadcast band. The left and right signals are added together to produce the "SUM" channel which is transmitted as the first 15 KHz of the base-band. The left and right signals are also subtracted from each other to produce the "DIFFERENCE" channel, witch is then amplitude modulated onto the 38 KHz carrier. This produces a double sideband, suppressed carrier signal occupying the base-band from 23-53 KHz. A pilot signal is also transmitted at 19 KHz which is required to demodulate the "DIFFERENCE" channel at the receiving end. This process of transmitting a stereo signal via microwave or satellite makes it possible to use only one subcarrier channel instead of two, and also greatly reduces the equipment cost in large distribution systems by requiring only one stereo modulator at the transmitting location instead of one stereo multiplexer at each receiving location. Since microwave, and especially satellite transmission systems inject significant levels of noise in to the transmission path, certain operating parameters must differ from that used in standard FM broadcasting. The deviation ratio is increased from +/-75 KHz to +/-120 KHz for the "SUM" channel. In addition to that, the deviation ratio of the "DIFFERNECE" channel is increased by an additional factor to compensate for the triangular distribution of noise in FM systems. The result is that the deviation of this system at 100% modulation will vary between +/-120 KHz and +/400 KHz depending on the stereo separation of the program material. This results in adaptive deviation in which the bandwidth occupied at any given moment is a function, not only of the percentage of modulation, but also of the degree of stereo separation. The combination of these two effects improves the stereo signal to noise ratio by 18 dB over that attainable when standard +/-75 KHz deviation is used. The FMU611CA RF output frequency is locked to a quartz crystal master oscillator via a Phase-Lock-Loop feedback control system. This PLL system contains programmable downcounters which are used to set the output to any standard frequency in the FM broadcast band. The output frequency may be incremented in 200 KHz steps from 88.1 MHz to 107.9 MHz. For the cable systems that have standard on even frequencies, a strap may be closed on the board which will cause the systems to increment in 200 KHz steps to even frequencies from 88.2 MHz to 107.8 MHz. A special filter is provided that will block "WHISTLES" that can be generated by non-linearity in the microwave or satellite transmission system. these non-linearities are defects in the transmission equipment such as microwave or satellite receivers. If any whistling type interference is noted being recieved in a high quality FM receiver connected to the FMU611CA, then switch the filter in and the whistle will no longer be heard. The systems may be operated in this manner with no perceivable effect on the program material. FMU611CAisb PAGE 1 OF 11 2.0 SPECIFICATIONS INPUT SPECIFICATION Frequency Range Level Impedance Connectors Deviation Channel Spacing 4.5-8.5 MHz (Fixed Specify) 20-300 mVp-p High Z Bridging (Loop-Through) F Type Coaxial (2) (Specify) 800 KHz (Minimum) OUTPUT Frequency Level Frequency Stability Spurious Output 2F Spurious Output 3F Spurious Output 2A-B, 2B-A* Deviation Audio Base-Band 88.1-107.9 MHz Agile (200 KHz steps) +25 to +45 dBmv (Adjustable) +/- 10 PPM (+/- 1 KHz) 56 dB Below Carrier 70 dB Below Carrier 60 dB Below Carrier +/-75 KHz (Broadcast Standard) 0 dBm (Unbalanced) * Where several FMU611CA outputs are linked in tandem to a single combiner input. 3.0 FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION: The subcarrier input band pass filter consists of L1-L4 VC1-VC3, which from a synchronously tuned band ass filter which may be tuned to any subcarrier frequency. Transistor Q1 couples the high impedance filter to the discriminator. The discriminator consists of U1 and associated components. This circuit has an AFC controlled discriminator that automatically centers the signals in the discriminator curve to assure long term low distortion operation and tracking of frequency drifts. The front panel received carrier indicator is also actuated by Q2 and Q3. The low pass filter, U2 (pins 1,2,3) and associated circuitry, cuts off at 75 KHz and ahs an 18 dB per octave ct-off rate. This ensures that the 53 KHz band width stereo signal, and any S.C.A at 67 KHz will be passed on the FM modulator, but high frequency noise and adjacent subcarrier frequencies will be blocked from modulating the FM modulator. The second half (pins 5,6,7,) of U2 is a level adjusting circuit with which the RF output modulation level is controlled. Potentiometer R37 controls output deviation. This is a factory adjustment and should not be changed in the field. The notch filter consists of three operational amplifiers in U3. These filters remove intermodulation products that can be generated in the microwave or satellite receivers or transmitters if those components are not as linear as they should be. There are six controls that set the performance of this filter. The exact setting of these potentiometers, (VR3-VR7) are very critical to proper operation and are factory set. The factory setting cannot be "improved upon" and therefore the controls should never be touched in the field. FMU611CAisb PAGE 2 OF 11 Base-band processing may vary according to the specific program service. Deviation control and shaping of the base-band frequency response are sued to optimize the performance of an upconverter for a particular program service. The factory will set these parameters to match the needs of specific program services. A base-band output is provided, that enables the composite stereo signal to e demodulated to individual left and right channels with suitable de-multiplexing equipment. A monaural signal (L+R) may also be derived from this output. The FM modulator consists of a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) Q5. Isolation stages Q6, Q7, and a Phase-Lock-loop (PLL) frequency control system, U5, U6, U7 and Q10. The VCO is frequency modulated by applying the stereo signal to the voltage variable capacitor D6. This frequency is the output frequency of the up-converter. Transistor Q7 isolates the VCO Q5 from the output stage and in turn the RF signal is further isolated by Q6 which drives U5, a 10:1 digital divider. The 10:1 divider U5 reduces the RF output frequency to the 8.81-10.79 MHz band. U6 is a PLL frequency synthesizer which compares the frequency of a 10.24 MHz crystal with the frequency output of the 10:1 divider U5. The actual comparison takes place at a frequency of exactly 10 KHz. To do this, the 10.24 MHz frequency is divided by 1024 in U6. The 8.81-10.79 MHz output of U5 is then divided by programmable dividers in U6 to exactly equal 10 KHz. For an output frequency of 93.7 MHz the programmable dividers would be set to divide by 937 while U5 divides by 10, producing a division leg 9370. Any frequency error on the part of the VCO Q5 would result in positive or negative pulses appearing on pin 4 of U6. These pulses would be integrated to produce a DC voltage proportional to the VCO frequency error. This voltage is applied to VCO Q5 in such a way as to correct the frequency error. This action would continue until the VCO and the reference frequency were phase locked. The lock condition is verified when the red LED is extinguished. When modulation is applied, the frequency of the VCO varies about the carrier frequency and the action of the PLL circuit insures that the long term average frequency is exactly the same as the at rest PLL frequency. The RF output stage Q7 enables the output level to be varied to the desired level by adjusting VR2, which is accessible as a screwdriver control through a hole in the front panel. The output directional coupler L15 enables several FMU611CA units to be cabled in tandem to a single input of the cable head-end combiner without generation of intermodulation products that could cause interference in the FM band. Voltage regulator U7 reduces the -21 to -28 volt input voltage to a highly regulated value to isolate outside influences. A second regulator, Q8, produces the -5 volts necessary to run U6 and U5. Voltage regulator Q4 produces the -12 volts to operate U1. 4.0 INSTALLATION AND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS: This section assumes that the FMU611CA is tuned to the desired subcarrier frequency and output RF frequency. If not, proceed to section 5.0 TUNING PROCEDURES. FMU611CAisb PAGE 3 OF 11 Remove the unit from the shipping container and inspect for shipping damage. The FMU611C is usually shipped already mounted in a PMS610 mounting panel with a power supply. If not, mount the unit into the PMS610 and connect the power supply daisy chain to power the unit. Plug in the power supply and observe that the red LED lights momentarily and then slowly extinguishes. This indicates that the RF output is locked on frequency. Connect an RG59U cable with an "F" connector between the "composite" output of the satellite receiver and the "Subcarrier Input" connector on the rear of the FMU611CA. When the satellite receiver is turned to a channel that contains a subcarrier at the frequency the FMU611CA is set for, the green LED on the front panel should come on. This indicates that the subcarrier is being received. Now connect a cable with an "F" connector between the "FM CHAN OUTPUT OUT" on the FMU611CA and the cable head-end combiner input. Adjust the RF output level to coordinate with the FM band levels standard for the cable system. Once the unit is properly installed and the red LED is out, the green LED is on, and the signal in the FM band is set to the correct level, the only operating instruction is to observe that the LED lights maintain this status to ensure that the subcarrier is being received and that the carrier is on frequency. 5.0 TUNING PROCEDURES: There is no requirement to "touch-up" the tuning of the subcarrier input circuitry and the factory strongly suggests that no adjustments be made except when there is a need to tune to a new subcarrier input channel frequency. In this case, we recommend that the unit be returned to the factory for retuning. If circumstances require that the retuning be done in the field, the following procedure may be used. TEST EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: A. FM Deviation Meter. B. RF Signal Generator. C. Oscilloscope. D. Distortion Analyzer. E. Audio Sine-wave Generator. TUNING OF THE BANDPASS FILTER: Connect to the RF generator set approximately 1 Vp-p at the required subcarrier frequency to J1 the "Subcarrier Input". Connect the scope probe to J2 "Subcarrier Output" and terminate with 75 Ohms. Then Adjust VC1 for the best null at center frequency. Next Adjust the FM the +/- 300 KHz deviation at 50 Hz. Calibrate the scope to 50 KHz per horizontal division (deviation and horizontal deflection derived from the audio generator. Adjust the horizontal position so that the desired subcarrier center frequency aligns with the center line of the oscilloscope. Connect the scope probe to C6 at the junction to R6. Adjust VC1, VC2, and VC3 for maximum amplitude and peak flatness throughout the range encompassed by the desired center frequency +/-65 KHz. (130 KHz "FLAT" pass-band). THIS COMPLETES THE BAND-PASS FILTER ALIGNMENT. FMU611CAisb PAGE 4 OF 11 TUNING THE DISCRIMINATOR: The discriminator is automatically fine-tuned to the subcarrier frequency. However, if the subcarrier frequency has been changed more than 1 MHz, it may be advantageous to optimize the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) by adjusting VC4. Connect the audio generator, set 1000 Hz, to the external input of the RF generator. Connect the FM output of the RF generator set to the desired subcarrier frequency to the RF input of the modulation meter. Next connect the demodulated audio output of the modulation meter to the audio input of the distortion analyzer. Then connect the output of the distortion analyzer to the vertical input of the oscilloscope. Connect the auxiliary output of the signal generator to the external trigger input of the oscilloscope. Adjust the 1000 Hz level to cause a subcarrier deviation of +/- 50 KHz as measured on the 100 KHz scale with a 3 KHz band-pass selected. Measure the THD of the audio oscillator FM generator combination. It should be less than 0.5%, if not do not attempt to reduce the FMU611CA demodulator distortion, as the adjustment may add distortion in an attempt to cancel that of the test equipment. If the THD of the test equipment measures better than 0.5%, connect the RF output of the FM generator, set to 30 mV to the subcarrier input of the FMU611CA. Terminate the subcarrier output with 75 Ohms. Connect the input to the distortion analyzer to C67. The audio level should measure within 3 dB of dBm (1.5 to 3 Vp-p). Adjust VC4 for minimum THD, it should be better than 0.7%. RF OUTPUT FREQUENCY CHANGE: The FMU611CA output RF frequency is controlled by a Phase-Lock-Loop (PLL) automatic frequency control system. As long as the average frequency of the FM modulated carrier is exactly equal to a reference frequency the red LED indicator will not light. there by indicating that the VCO is on frequency. To change frequency the following steps are completed: Look up the binary equivalent of the desired operating frequency in the instruction book Appendix "A". Set the code key switches located inside the top cover in accordance with the binary code. This sets the programmable dividers to the correct division. Tune L11 until the red LED extinguishes. Connect a field strength meter to the "FM CHAN OUTPUT" connector and terminate the "IN" connector. Tune VC5 and VC6 for maximum output. the output (with the RF output level control at maximum) should be +44 to +50 dBmv. (NOTE: reversing connections on the rear panel will reduce readings about 20 dB due to the directional coupler being reversed. OUTPUT DEVIATION: The output deviation must be +/-75 KHz at 100% modulation, but this deviation is controlled by the input deviation. Various program services differ in deviation of the subcarrier providing the service. There should be no attempt to adjust the deviation control unless the maximum subcarrier input deviation at 100% modulation is known and suitable test equipment is available. Spectrum analyzers may be used "in a pinch", but a deviation meter is preferable. If the deviation must be changed, due to retune of the subcarier frequency of adjusting to the performance specification of a different program service, the following steps will set deviation. DO NOT MAKE THESE CHANGES UNLESS ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY. Ordinary wear and tear, etc., on the equipment will not change the deviation to any measurable extent. FMU611CAisb PAGE 5 OF 11 Connect a subcarrier modulator to the FMU611CA. Set the deviation at 1 KHz of the modulator to the 100% level of the program service the unit is to be used on (obtain this information from the factor). Connect the RF output to the deviation meter and measure deviation. Adjust VR12 to obtain exactly +/-75 KHz. APPENDIX A: 6.0.9 SWITCH SETTING FOR ANY FREQUENCY 6.2.0 Use if desired frequency is not listed in the accompanying table. 6.2.1Note: Although the frequency setting switches may be programmed over a very wide range, the oscillator will only work within the range of frequencies originally specified, attempts to operate far outside the specified range will be without success unless other components are changed. 6.2.2 The sum of the open switch frequency increments is the output frequency. Refer to Table A-2 to determine the increments applicable. 6.2.3 Begin with all switches = to 0 (closed, rocker depressed). Starting with the most significant (largest) number, check to see if adding that frequency increment (see Table A-2) to the total will exceed the desired frequency. If so, leave that switch closed. If not, open that switch and add its frequency to the total. EXAMPLE: (Assume the increment for highest switch is 102.4 MHz). If 88.5 is the desired (target) frequency: SW10, 102.4 MHz, is over target: leave it closed. The total is still 0. SW9, 51.2 MHz, is under target: open it. The total is now 51.2. SW 8, 25.6 MHz, added to 51.2 is under target: open it. The total: 76.8. SW7, 12.8 MHz, if added to 76.8, it is over target: leave it closed. The Total is still 76.8. SW6, 6.4 MHz, added to 76.8, is under target: open it. Total 83.2. Continue through until the total is equal to the desired frequency: remaining switches, if any, remain closed. USE THE TUNING TABLE ON THE NEXT PAGE TO SET FREQUENCY FMU611CAisb PAGE 6 OF 11 APENDIX A: TUNING TABLE 10.240/8192/.0125 88-108 MHz BAND AN X INDICATES NUMBER SIDE OF ROCKER SWITCH IS UP. SET SWITCHES TO THE DISIRED FREQUENCY AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE INSTRUCTION BOOK. FREQUENCY MHz 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 88.6 88.7 88.8 88.9 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 89.4 89.5 89.6 89.7 89.8 89.9 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 90.7 90.8 90.9 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 91.5 91.6 91.7 91.8 91.9 FMU611CA 10 - 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8 7 6 X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - 5 4 3 2 1 X X - - X X - - X X - - X X X - - X X X - X X X - X X X - X X X X - X X X X X - X X X - X X X - X X X X - X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X X - - - X X - - X - - - X - - - X - X - - X - X - - X X - - X X - - X X X - - X X X - X - - - X - - - X - - X - X - - X - X - X - X - X - X - X X - X - X X 4 3 2 1 - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - PAGE 7 OF 11 AN X INDICATES NUMBER SIDE OF ROCKER SWITCH IS UP. SET SWITCHES TO THE DISIRED FREQUENCY AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE INSTRUCTION BOOK. FREQUENCY MHz 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 92.6 92.7 92.8 92.9 93.0 93.1 93.2 93.3 93.4 93.5 93.6 93.7 93.8 93.9 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 94.5 94.6 94.7 94.8 94.9 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 95.6 95.7 95.8 95.9 FMU611CAisb 10 - 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 65 4 3 2 1 - - X X - - - X X - - - X X - X - - X X - X - - X X X - - X X X - - X X X X - - X X X X - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - X - X - - - X - X - - X - X - - X - X - - X X - X - - X X - X - X - - X - X - - X - X - X - X - X - X - X - X X - X - X X - X - X X X - X - X X X - X X - - - X X - - - X X - - X - X X - - X - X X - X - X X - X - X X - X X - X X - X X - X X X - - X X X - - X X X - X - X X X - X - X X X X - X X X X - X X X X X - X X X X X 4 3 2 1 - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - PAGE 8 OF 11 AN X INDICATES NUMBER SIDE OF ROCKER SWITCH IS UP. SET SWITCHES TO THE DISIRED FREQUENCY AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE INSTRUCTION BOOK. FREQUENCY MHz 96.0 96.1 96.2 96.3 96.4 96.5 96.6 96.7 96.8 96.9 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 97.4 97.5 97.6 97.7 97.8 97.9 98.0 98.1 98.2 98.3 98.4 98.5 98.6 98.7 98.8 98.9 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 99.8 99.9 FMU611CAisb 10 - 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 54 32 1 4 3 2 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - - X - - - - - - - X X - - - - - X - - - - - - - X - X - - - - - X X - - - - - - X X X - - - - X - - - - - - X - - X - - - - X - X - - - - - X - X X - - - - X X - - - - - - X X - X - - - - X X X - - - - - X X X X - - - X - - - - - - X - - - X - - - X - - X - - - - X - - X X - - - X - X - - - - X - X X - - - X - X X - - - - X - X X X - - - X X - - - - - X X - X - - - X X - X - - - - X X - X X - - - X X X - - - - X X X - X - - - X X X X - - - - X X X X X - - X - - - - - - - X - - - - X - - X - - - X - - - X - - - X X - - X - - X - - - - X - - X - X - - X - - X X - - - X - - X X X - - - PAGE 9 OF 11 AN X INDICATES NUMBER SIDE OF ROCKER SWITCH IS UP. SET SWITCHES TO THE DISIRED FREQUENCY AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE INSTRUCTION BOOK. FREQUENCY MHz 100.0 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.4 100.5 100.6 100.7 100.8 100.9 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 101.5 101.6 101.7 101.8 101.9 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 102.5 102.6 102.7 102.8 102.9 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 103.4 103.5 103.6 103.7 103.8 103.9 FMU611CAisb 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - 8 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - 7 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - 6 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - 5 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X - 4 3 2 1 4 32 1 - X - - - - - - X - - X - - - X - X - - - - X - X X - - - X X - - - - - X X - X - - - X X X - - - - X X X X - - X - - - - - - X - - - X - - X - - X - - - X - - X X - - X - X - - - - X - X - X - - X - X X - - - X - X X X - - X X - - - - - X X - - X - - X X - X - - - X X - X X - - X X X - - - - X X X - X - - X X X X - - - X X X X X - - - - - - - - - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - - X X - - - - X - - - - - - X - X - - - - X X - - - - - X X X - - - X - - - - - - X - - X - - - X - X - - - - X - X X - - - X X - - - - X X - X - - - X X X - - - - X X X X - - - PAGE 10 OF 11 AN X INDICATES NUMBER SIDE OF ROCKER SWITCH IS UP. SET SWITCHES TO THE DISIRED FREQUENCY AND FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE INSTRUCTION BOOK. FREQUENCY MHz 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 104.5 104.6 104.7 104.8 104.9 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.4 105.5 105.6 105.7 105.8 105.9 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 106.5 106.6 106.7 106.8 106.9 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 107.5 107.6 107.7 107.8 107.9 108.0 FMU611CAisb 10 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 9 - 8765 4 - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - - - X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - - X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X - - -X X 3 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 2 1 - - - X - X X X X X X X - - - X - X X X X X X X - - - X - X X X X X X X - - - X - X X X X X X X - - - X - X X X X X X X - - 4 32 1 - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - X - - - - - - PAGE 11 OF 11