Green Jobs In Asia : Achievements, Strategies And Potentials

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Green Jobs in Asia: Achievements, Strategies and Potentials Rainer Quitzow, Wu Libo and Klaus Jacob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able of Contents Foreword BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( C Introduction(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( D ( E2F&8+$=&6(#%3(?+'*8+*'&(-G(+<&("&H-'+( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( I 1. Economic Transformation, Energy Use and Environmental Degradation in Asia .................... 7 ( !B!( E=&'=$&.;("&6-*'8&J$%+&%6$=&(3&=&5-H>&%+($%(:6$#((BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB(( K ( !BL( ?+#@&6(-G(&8-%->$8(+'#%6G-'>#+$-%(#%3(+<&('&5-8#+$-%(-G(H'-3*8+$-%(#%3(H-55*+$-%(8&%+'&6; ( ( +<&(G5M$%@(@&&6&(H#'#3$@>( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( N ( !BC( 1$%O$%@($%3*6+'$#5(3&=&5-H>&%+(+-(+'&%36($%('&6-*'8&(8-%6*>H+$-%(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( !! ( ( P%&'@M(*6&(#%3(QEL(&>$66$-%6((BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( !! ( ( R#+&'$#5(*6&(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( !C ( !BS( T<&('-5&(-G(8-*%+'MJ6H&8$G$8(3&=&5-H>&%+(>-3&56((BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( !S 2. Towards Green Growth: Strategies and Drivers ......................................................................... 17 ( LB!( :(U'$&G(-=&'=$&.(-G(H-5$8$&6(+-(H'->-+&(@'&&%(@'-.+<((BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( !V ( LBL( 9'&&%(@'-.+<(#6(#(6+'#+&@M(G-'(#++#$%$%@(+&8<%-5-@$8#5(5&'6<$H(#%3(6*6+#$%$%@(&WH-'+J ( ( 5&3(@'-.+<( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( LX ( LBC( "&%&.#25&(&%&'@$&6(#%3(&%&'@M(&GG$8$&%8M(#6($%6+'*>&%+6(+-(&%<#%8&(&%&'@M(6&8*'$+M(BBBBBBB( LX ( LBS( P8-%->$8(H-+&%+$#56(#%3(#=#$5#2$5$+M(-G(%#+*'#5('&6-*'8&(<&5H(6<#H&('&%&.#25&(&%&'@M( ( ( H-5$8M(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( LL ( LBD( Y$68#5($%8&%+$=&6(G-'(@'&&%(@'-.+<(6+'#+&@$&6( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( LD ( LBI( Z[%+&'%#+$-%#5\(Q5$>#+&(H-5$8M(#6(#(3'$=&'(-G(@'&&%(@'-.+<(6+'#+&@$&6(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( LI ( LBK( [%+&'%#+$-%#5(85$>#+&(G$%#%8&(#6(#%($%8&%+$=&(G-'(@'&&%(@'-.+<(6+'#+&@$&6( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( LK ( LBV( 9'&&%(@'-.+<(#6(#(3'$=&'(-G(+'#3$+$-%#5(&%=$'-%>&%+#5(H-5$8M]( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( LN 3. Emerging Green Industries and Green Jobs in Asia ................................................................... 30 ( CB!( A'-@'&66(+-.#'36(>*'$%@(+<&($>H#8+(-G(@'&&%($%3*6+'$&6(#%3(@'&&%(F-26( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CX ( CBL( 9'&&%($%3*6+'$&6(#%3(@'&&%(F-26($%(#6$#( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( C! 4. Conclusions and Policy Implications ........................................................................................... 35 ( SB!( P%6*'$%@(+<&($%+&@'#+$-%(-G(+'#3$+$-%#5(&%=$'-%>&%+#5(H-5$8M($%(@'&&%(@'-.+<(6+'#+&@$&6(BBBBB( CD ( SBL( ?+'&%@+<&%$%@(+<&($%6+$+*+$-%#5(G'#>&.-'O(G-'(&%=$'-%>&%+#5(H'-+&8+$-%(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CI ( SBC( 1&=&'#@$%@(G$68#5($%8&%+$=&6(G-'(@'&&%(@'-.+<(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CK ( SBS( R*'$%@(H'-@'&66(+-.#'36(#(@'&&%(&8-%->M( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CK ( SBD( P%#25$%@(3->&6+$8(>#'O&+6(G-'(Z8-6+J&GG&8+$=&\(&%=$'-%>&%+#5($%%-=#+$-%6(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CV ( SBI( ?*HH-'+$%@(3&8&%+(@'&&%(F-26(#%3(#(F*6+(+'#%6$+$-%(+-(6*6+#$%#2$5$+M(BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CN ( SBK( P%+'M(H-$%+6(G-'($%+&'%#+$-%#5(3$#5-@*&( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( CN ( Figures Y$@*'&(!B(T<&(-=&'5-#3$%@('#+&(-G(&8-5-@$8#5(G--+H'$%+(+-(2$-8#H#8$+M($%(@5-2#5('&@$-%6($%(LXXI(BBBBBBBBBBBB( V Y$@*'&(LB(A'&>#+*'&(3&#+<6(G'->(AR!X(#$'(H-55*+$-%(ZH&'(>$55$-%($%<#2$+#%+6\( BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB( V Y$@*'&(CB(P%&'@M(*6&($%(6&5&8+&3(:6$#%(8-*%+'$&6(ZO@(-$5(&^*$=#5&%+(H&'(_?(`(!XXX(Z8-%6+#%+(LXXD(AAA\(( !! 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$%3*6+'$#5( @'#3$&%+( 6<$G+( 2&+.&&%( %#+$-%6( $6( #88->H#%$&3( 2M( +<&( $%+&'%#5( #3F*6+>&%+( -G( +<&( $%3*6+'$#5( 6+'*8+*'&/( 3&>-%6+'#+$%@( #( 8&'+#$%( 3&@'&&( -G( 6$>$5#'$+M( #8'-66( +<&( >&%+$-%&3( 8-*%+'$&6B( T<&( +'#%6G-'>#+$-%(8#%(2&(3$=$3&3($%+-(+<'&&(6+#@&6B(T<&(2#6$8(H'-8&66(8#%(2&(3&68'$2&3(#6(G-55-.6; Stage 1: Export-oriented strategy;( ?&$,$%@( +<&( -HH-'+*%$+M( -G( &8-%->$8( +'#%6$+$-%( $%( 0&6+&'%( 8-*%+'$&6( -'( >-'&( 3&=&5-H&3( :6$#%( &8-%->$&6/( 5#2-*'J$%+&%6$=&( $%3*6+'$&6( #'&( +'#%6G&''&3( +-( +<&( 5&66( 3&=&5-H&3(:6$#%(8-*%+'$&6(.$+<(>-'&(#2*%3#%+(#%3(5&66(&WH&%6$=&(5#2-*'('&6-*'8&6B(a*'$%@(+<$6(6+#@&/(+<&( 5#2-*'J$%+&%6$=&(5$@<+($%3*6+'M/(#6(+<&(8-'&($%3*6+'M/('#H$35M($%8'&6($+6(H'-H-'+$-%(-G(>#%*G#8+*'$%@($%(+<&( &8-%->MB Stage 2: Heavy industry strategy;(a*'$%@(+<&(6&8-%3(6+#@&/($%(-'3&'(+-(8-%6-5$3#+&(+<&(&8-%->$8( 2#6$6/( +<&( @'#3*#55M( 8#+8<$%@J*H( &8-%->$&6( H*+( >-'&( &>H<#6$6( -%( +<&( 8#H$+#5J$%+&%6$=&( -'( '&6-*'8&( $%+&%6$=&( <&#=M( $%3*6+'M/( .<$5&( '&>#$%$%@( G#$+&3(#6(+<&(6<#'&(-G(<&#=M($%3*6+'M($%8'&6(=$6JpJ=$6(5$@<+($%3*6+'MB Stage 3: Science and technology oriented strategy;(l&W+/($%3*6+'$#5(*H@'#3$%@(#%3($%8'$%@(+<&( 6<#'&( -G( =#5*&J#33&3( $%( +<&( H'-3*8+$-%( H'-8&66( 2&8->&6( #( O&M( 8-%8&'%B( :6( #( 6-5*+$-%/( >-'&( G-8*6( $6( H5#8&3( -%( +<&( +&8<%-5-@MJ$%+&%6$=&( #%3( O%-.5&3@&J$%+&%6$=&( $%3*6+'$&6B( A#'#55&5( +-( +<$6/( #( 8-%6$3&'#25&( 3&=&5-H>&%+(-G(+<&(+&'+$#'M($%3*6+'M(+#O&6(H5#8&B ?-(G#'/(+<&(G$'6+(#%3(6&8-%3(+$&'(&8-%->$&6(-G(+<&(Y5M$%@(9&&6&(A#'#3$@>/(%#>&5M(7#H#%/(4-'&#/( ?$%@#H-'&/(h-%@(4-%@/(T#$.#%/(<#=&(#5>-6+(8->H5&+&3(+<&(+'#%6G-'>#+$-%(-G(+<&$'($%3*6+'$#5(6+'*8+*'&(#%3( <#=&('<&3(+<&(>#+*'&(6+#@&B(T#25&(!(3&68'$2&6(<-.(+<$6(2#6$8(+'#%6G-'>#+$-%(H'-8&66(<#6(+#O&%(H5#8&($%( +<&(4-'&#%(8-%+&W+B N "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Table 1: Industrial structure adjustment in the Republic of South Korea !"#$%& '()$& *%+(,&-.#%.$/0& 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'&@#'3$%@(+<&(=#'$#+$-%($%(&%&'@M(*6&(#%3(H-55*+$-%(+'&%36(#8'-66(+<&(8-*%+'$&6B(:+(+<&(6#>&(+$>&/(#(%*>2&'( -G(3&=$#+$-%6(G'->(+<&(&WH&8+&3(H#++&'%(#'&($3&%+$G$&3B(0<$5&(+<&(G-8*6(-G(+<&(#%#5M6$6($6(-%(+<&(6&5&8+&3( 8-*%+'$&6/(#(%*>2&'(-G(-+<&'($>H-'+#%+('&@$-%#5(&8-%->$&6(#'&(#56-(8-%6$3&'&3B !X "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 1.3 Linking industrial development to trends in resource consumption Energy use and C02 emissions :6($%3$8#+&3($%(Y$@*'&(c[[($%(+<&(#%%&W/(+<&(&%&'@M($%+&%6$+M(-G(&8-%->$8(#8+$=$+$&6(ZH'&6&%+&3(#6( &%&'@M(*6&(H&'(9aA\(3-&6(2'-#35M(8-''&6H-%3(+-(+<&(3$GG&'&%+(+$&'6(-*+5$%&3(#2-=&/(.$+<(7#H#%(#%3(+<&( :6$#%(T$@&'6(Z?$%@#H-'&/(h-%@(4-%@/(?-*+<(4-'&#\(3&>-%6+'#+$%@(#>-%@(+<&(5-.&6+(&%&'@M($%+&%6$+$&6/( &6H&8$#55M($%(+<&(VX6(#%3(NX6B(T<&(6<#'H5M(3&8'$%@(&%&'@M($%+&%6$+M($%(Q<$%#('&G5&8+6($+j6(#2-=&(#=&'#@&( @'-.+<($%(9aAB(Q-%=&'6&5M/(*%+$5(+<&(5#+&(!NNX6/(c$&+%#>(#%3([%3$#(5#@@&3(2&<$%3(+<&('&>#$%$%@(8-*%+'$&6( 2-+<($%(+&'>6(-G(9aA(H&'(*%$+(-G(&%&'@M(*6&(#%3(9aA(H&'(8#H$+#B(R&#%.<$5&(+<&(:?P:l(8-*%+'$&6('&>#$%&3( 6$+*#+&3(2&+.&&%(+<&(T$@&'(&8-%->$&6(#%3(+<&(G-*'+<(+$&'(&8-%->$&6/(#6(.-*53(2&(&WH&8+&3B(h-.&=&'/( 6$%8&(+<&(+*'%(-G(+<&(8&%+*'M(+<&(3M%#>$8(<#6(8<#%@&3(>#'O&35M(.$+<(#(%*>2&'(-G(+<&(>$335&(#%3(5-.&'( $%8->&(8-*%+'$&6(3&H#'+$%@(G'->(+<&(&WH&8+&3(H#++&'%(Z6&&(Y$@*'&(C\B([+($6($>H-'+#%+(+-(-26&'=&(%-+(-%5M( 8*''&%+(5&=&56(-G(&%&'@M($%+&%6$+M(2*+(+<&(=#'$-*6(+'#F&8+-'$&6(+#O&%(2M(+<&(3$GG&'&%+(8-*%+'$&6B Figure 3 : Energy use in selected Asian countries (kg oil equivalent per US $ 1000) (constant 2005 PPP) !$
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Towards Green Growth: Strategies and Drivers a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rief overview of policies to promote green growth :>-%@( +<&( 6&5&8+&3( 8-*%+'$&6/( 4-'&#( <#6( 2&&%( #+( +<&( G-'&G'-%+( -G( 3&=&5-H$%@( #( @'&&%( @'-.+<( 6+'#+&@M/(.<$8<(8-''&6H-%36(+-($+6(5&'6<$H(H-6$+$-%($%(+&'>6(-G(&8-%->$8(3&=&5-H>&%+(#%3(+&8<%-5-@$8#5( 6-H<$6+$8#+$-%B([+(<#6(%-+(-%5M(5#*%8<&3($+6(l#+$-%#5(?+'#+&@M(G-'(9'&&%(9'-.+<(G-'(LXXN(+-(LXDX(#%3($+6( 8-''&6H-%3$%@(Y$=&(n&#'(A5#%(G-'(9'&&%(9'-.+<(ZLXXN(g(LX!C\/(2*+($+(<#6(2&&%($%6+'*>&%+#5(#+(H'->-+$%@( +<&( 3$68*66$-%( -%( @'&&%( @'-.+<( #+( +<&( $%+&'%#+$-%#5( 5&=&5B( [+( <#6( 5#*%8<&3( +<&( 95-2#5( 9'&&%( 9'-.+<( [%6+$+*+&( .$+<( +<&( H#'+$8$H#+$-%( #%3( 6*HH-'+( -G( #( 3$=&'6&( 6&+( -G( @-=&'%>&%+#5( #%3( %-%J@-=&'%>&%+#5( 6+#O&<-53&'6/(#%3($+(<#6(H5#M&3(#%($>H-'+#%+('-5&(#+(+<&('&@$-%#5(#%3(@5-2#5(5&=&5($%(&6+#25$6<$%@(=#'$-*6( >*5+$5#+&'#5($%$+$#+$=&6(-%(@'&&%(@'-.+-%@( +<&( -+<&'( 6&5&8+&3( 8-*%+'$&6/( -%5M( c$&+%#>( #%3( [%3-%&6$#( <#=&( 5#*%8<&3( 3&3$8#+&3( %#+$-%#5( @'&&%( @'-.+<( 6+'#+&@$&6B( [%( 2-+<( 8#6&6/( +<&6&( #'&( 85-6&5M( #5$@%&3( .$+<( +<&( 8-*%+'$&6j( 85$>#+&( 8<#%@&(6+'#+&@$&6(#%3(#'&(8--'3$%#+&3(2M(+<&('&5#+&3($%6+$+*+$-%#5(#''#%@&>&%+6/($B&B(c$&+%#>j6(l#+$-%#5( Q->>$++&&(-%(Q5$>#+&(Q<#%@&(#%3([%3-%&6$#j6(l#+$-%#5(Q-*%8$5(-%(Q5$>#+&(Q<#%@&B([%(4-'&#/(.<$8<(<#6( %-+(8'&#+&3(#(6&H#'#+&(85$>#+&(6+'#+&@M(-'(8-*%8$5/(+<&(6+'#+&@M($6(-=&'6&&%(2M(+<&(A'&6$3&%+$#5(Q->>$++&&( -%(9'&&%(9'-.+#+&(8<#%@&(#'&(G*55M( $%+&@'#+&3( $%+-( +<&( 8-*%+'Mj6( @'&&%( @'-.+<( 6+'#+&@MB( T<&( '&>#$%$%@( 8-*%+'$&6( <#=&( #55( 8'&#+&3( 85$>#+&( 8<#%@&(6+'#+&@$&6(-'(H'-@'#>6B(R-'&-=&'/(.$+<(+<&(&W8&H+$-%(-G(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6(#55(+<&(6&5&8+&3(8-*%+'$&6( <#=&( G-'>*5#+&3( &>$66$-%( '&3*8+$-%( -'( -+<&'( 85$>#+&( 8<#%@&J'&5#+&3( +#'@&+6B( T<&6&( >#$%5M( '&G&'( +-( '&3*8+$-%6($%(&%&'@M($%+&%6$+M(-'(&>$66$-%('&3*8+$-%6($%('&G&'&%8&(+-(#(2*6$%&66J#6J*6*#5(ZU:_\(68&%#'$-B( E%5M(c$&+%#>(<#6(8->>$++&3(+-(#(%&+('&3*8+$-%(-G(@'&&%<-*6&(@#6(&>$66$-%6(Z6&&(T#25&(L\B Table 2: Climate change-related targets in the selected countries !"#$%& '$(#%& )*+,%& '$(*$,-#%& ! ! ! ! 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a&=&5-H>&%+(A5#%(G-'("&%&.#25&(P%&'@M/(H*25$6<&3(2M(+<&(l#+$-%#5( P%&'@M(:3>$%$6+'#+$-%/($6(&>2&33&3($%(+<&(H5#%%$%@(H'-8&66(G-'(+<&(!L+<(Y$=&Jn&#'(A5#%(A&'$-3B(?$>$5#'5M/( +<&(T<#$(&%&'@M(>$%$6+'M(<#6(3&=&5-H&3($+6(:5+&'%#+$=&(P%&'@M(a&=&5-H>&%+(A5#%/(#%3(+<&("&%&.#25&(P%&'@M( R#%#@&>&%+(U*'&#*(.$+<$%(+<&(Y$5$H$%-(a&H#'+>&%+(-G(P%&'@M($6(-=&'6&&$%@(#(l#+$-%#5("&%&.#25&(P%&'@M( A'-@'#>B([%(4-'&#/(+<&(R$%$6+'M(-G(4%-.5&3@&(P8-%->M($6('&6H-%6$25&(G-'(+<&(C'3(U#6$8(A5#%(G-'(l&.(#%3( "&%&.#25&(P%&'@M(T&8<%-5-@M(a&=&5-H>&%+(#%3(_6#@&ba$6+'$2*+$-%B(c$&+%#>(#%3([%3-%&6$#(3-(%-+(<#=&(#( 8*''&%+(6+'#+&@M(G-'('&%&.#25&(&%&'@M(3&=&5-H>&%+B([%(c$&+%#>/(#(3'#G+(l#+$-%#5(R#6+&'(A5#%(G-'("&%&.#25&( P%&'@M(.#6(3&=&5-H&3($%(LXXN/(2*+(<#6(%-+(2&&%(#HH'-=&3(2M(+<&(A'$>&(R$%$6+&'B :6(+<&(G$@*'&6($%(T#25&(C($%3$8#+&/(+<&'&($6(#(6$@%$G$8#%+(3&@'&&(-G(=#'$#+$-%(#8'-66(+<&(8-*%+'$&6/(2-+<( $%(+&'>6(-G(H'-@'&66(#%3(+#'@&+6B(?$>$5#'5M/(+<&(6<#'&(-G(3$GG&'&%+('&%&.#25&(6-*'8&6(3$GG&'6(G'->(8-*%+'M(+-( 8-*%+'M/(#(H-$%+(.<$8<($6(+#O&%(*H(2&5-.B Table 3: Overview of Renewable Energy Policies and Status  ŚŝŶĂ /ŶĚŝĂ /ŶĚŽŶĞƐŝĂ dŚĂŝůĂŶĚ sŝĞƚŶĂŵ WŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ <ŽƌĞĂ ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞŶĞƌŐLJWŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞŶĞƌŐLJ ^ƚƌĂƚĞŐLJͬWůĂŶ &ĞĞĚͲŝŶdĂƌŝĨĨ н н  н    н н н н  н  YƵŽƚĂƐLJƐƚĞŵ ;ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐZW^Ϳ ŽŵƉĞƚŝƚŝǀĞ ďŝĚĚŝŶŐ KƚŚĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚ ŝŶĐĞŶƚŝǀĞƐ ŝŽĨƵĞůDĂŶĚĂƚĞ н н н   н н  н н   н  н н н н н н н н н н н  н н ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞŶĞƌŐLJ^ŚĂƌĞƐŝŶůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJDŝdžĂŶĚŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐdĂƌŐĞƚƐ ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞƐŚĂƌĞ ŝŶŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚ ĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJŝŶϮϬϬϵ ;ĞdžĐů͘ŚLJĚƌŽͿΎ ^ŚĂƌĞŽĨŚLJĚƌŽŝŶ ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ ŝŶϮϬϬϵΎ ZĞŶĞǁĂďůĞdĂƌŐĞƚ ;ŝŶĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŽŶͿΎΎ >ĂƌŐĞƐƚƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨ Z;ĞdžĐů͘ŚLJĚƌŽͿ ϰ͕ϳй ϳ͕Ϭй ϯ͕ϲй ϭ͕ϳй Ϭ͕ϭй ϭϮ͕ϴй ϭ͕ϯй Ϯϭ͕ϴй ϮϬ͕ϵй ϭϰ͕ϵй ϳ͕ϰй ϯϲ͕Ϯй Ϯϭ͕ϭй Ϯ͕Ϭй ϯϬйďLJϮϬϭϱ ;ŶŽŶͲĨŽƐƐŝůͿн ϭϬйďLJ ϮϬϭϮ ϭϱйďLJ ϮϬϮϱ ϭϭйďLJ ϮϬϭϭ͖ϭϰй ďLJϮϬϮϮ ϱйďLJ ϮϬϮϬ ϰϬйďLJϮϬϮϬ ϲйďLJ ϮϬϮϬнн tŝŶĚ tŝŶĚ 'ĞŽͲ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ŝŽŵĂƐƐ tŝŶĚ 'ĞŽͲ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů tŝŶĚ !"#$%&'"()"*+,"-$./"Ŭ͘džƉƌĞƐƐĞĚĂƐƐŚĂƌĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽƵŶƚƌLJ͛ƐƚŽƚĂůŐĞŶĞƌĂƚŝŶŐĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJ͘ΎΎhŶůĞƐƐŽƚŚĞƌǁŝƐĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚ͕ďĂƐĞĚ ()"012"34"56(7$6"8/$/9%"0&:(;/"3<43"=01234>"3<43?@"A$;B&/%"C$D"E$;D"F)"%.(:&>"&@B@"C$D"F).69'&"(;"&G.69'&"HD';(":(I&;@" J"8/$/&"*(9).F6"KHF/&"L$:&;"()"1)&;BD"L(6F.D"=8/$/&"*(9).F6"(-"/H&"L0*>"3<43?M"JJ"L;&%F'&)/F$6"*(CCF%%F()"()"5;&&)"5;(I/H" =3<&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 2.2 Green growth as a 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T<#$5#%3/(LX!L/(HB!\B(:6(#(G*'+<&'(2&%&G$+/($+(8$+&6('&3*8+$-%6($%(@'&&%<-*6&(@#6(&>$66$-%6B(h-.&=&'/($+(#56-( &>H<#6$,&6( +<&( =-5*%+#'M( %#+*'&( -G( +<$6( $%$+$#+$=&( #%3( *%3&'5$%&6( +<#+( T<#$5#%3( $6( %-+( M&+( 6*2F&8+( +-( #%M( -25$@#+$-%6(+-(5$>$+(+<&(H'-3*8+$-%(-G(@'&&%<-*6&6(@#6&6B([%(4-'&#/(85$>#+&(8<#%@&(>$+$@#+$-%(+#O&6(-%(#( >-'&(8&%+'#5('-5&($%($+6(@'&&%(@'-.+<(6+'#+&@MB(l&=&'+<&5&66/(&%&'@M($%3&H&%3&%8&($6(#56-(8$+&3(#6(-%&(-G( +<'&&(8-'&(6+'#+&@M(-2F&8+$=&6B [%( Q<$%#/( &%&'@M( 6&8*'$+M( 8-%8&'%6( >#M( <#=&( H5#M&3( #( 5&66( H'->$%&%+( '-5&( $%( 3'$=$%@( '&%&.#25&( &%&'@M( 3&=&5-H>&%+B( :6( #'@*&3( #2-=&/( '&%&.#25&( &%&'@M( H-5$8M( $6( 85-6&5M( #5$@%&3( .$+<( +<&( 8-*%+'Mj6( $%3*6+'$#5(H-5$8M(@-#56B(R-'&-=&'/(*%+$5(+<&(5#+&(!NNX6/(&%&'@M(6&8*'$+M(H-5$8M(.#6(>#$%5M(#(G-'&$@%(H-5$8M( 8-%8&'%/(#$>&3(#+(6&8*'$%@(#88&66(+-(G-'&$@%(G-66$5(G*&5('&6&'=&6/(>-6+($>H-'+#%+5M(-$5B(h-.&=&'/(U-M3(ZLX!L\( L! "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 #'@*&6/(+<#+(-=&'(+<&(H#6+(+&%(M&#'6('&8*''$%@(25#8O-*+6/('&6*5+$%@(G'->(8-#5(6<-'+#@&6(#+(+<&(5-8#5(5&=&5/( <#=&('#$6&3(#.#'&%&66(#2-*+(+<&($%<&'&%+('$6O6(-G(#%(&%&'@M($%+&%6$=&(3&=&5-H>&%+(>-3&5B(T<$6(<#6(@$=&%( '$6&(+-(#>2$+$-*6(+#'@&+6(+-('&3*8&(&%&'@M($%+&%6$+MB(T<&(!!+<(Y$=&(n&#'(A5#%(6&+(+<&(@-#5(-G('&3*8$%@(&%&'@M( $%+&%6$+M(-G(&8-%->$8(#8+$=$+$&6(2M(LXk/(G-55-.&3( 2M( #( !Ik( +#'@&+( $%( +<&( 8*''&%+( Y$=&Jn&#'( A5#%B( T<&6&( +#'@&+6( #'&( H*'6*&3( .$+<( #( =#'$&+M( -G( $%6+'*>&%+6/( $%85*3$%@( &%&'@M( $%+&%6$+M( +#'@&+6( G-'( 5#'@&( $%3*6+'$#5( &%+&'H'$6&6/('&3*8+$-%(-G(G-66$5(G*&5(6*26$3$&6/(%&.(+#W&6(#%3(+#'$G6(-%(&%&'@MJ$%+&%6$=&(H'-3*8+6(#%3(<$@<&'( &5&8+'$8$+M(H'$8&6(G-'(&%&'@MJ$%+&%6$=&($%3*6+'$&6(ZU-M3/(LX!L\B 2.4 Economic potentials and availability of natural resource help shape renewable energy policy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a&=&5-H>&%+( A5#%(Z:PaA\(G-'(LX!L(+-(LXL!/(+<&(@-=&'%>&%+(+#'@&+6(L(90(-G(6-5#'(&%&'@M(#%3(-%5M(!/L(90(-G(.$%3(&%&'@M( Z9-=&'%>&%+(-G(T<#$5#%3/(LX!L\B(9$=&%(6$>$5#'(3&=&5-H>&%+(H-+&%+$#5(G-'(2-+<(&%&'@M(6-*'8&6/(#(G-8*6(-%( .$%3/(+<&(>-'&(>#+*'&(#%3(8-6+J&GG&8+$=&(+&8<%-5-@M(-H+$-%/(>$@<+(2&(&WH&8+&3B(T<&(G-8*6(-%(6-5#'(&%&'@M( >#M/(+<&'&G-'&/(2&(&WH5#$%&3(+<&(&W$6+&%8&(-G(#%(&>&'@&%+(6-5#'(>-3*5&(>#%*G#8+*'$%@($%3*6+'M/($%85*3$%@( H'-3*8+$-%( 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$%8'$%@( 25&%3$%@( >#%3#+&6( G-'( 2$-3$&6&5( #%3( 2$-&+<#%-5/(8*''&%+5M(6+#%3$%@(#+(Lk(ZUL\(#%3(!Xk(ZP!X\/(G-'(3$&6&5(#%3(@#6-5$%&/('&6H&8+$=&5MB(:33$+$-%#55M/( $+(-GG&'6(#(%*>2&'(-G(+#W(&W&>H+$-%6(#%3(&%3-'6&6(H'$-'$+M(G$%#%8$%@(G-'(2$-G*&5(H'-3*8&'6B([%3-%&6$#($6( #56-(6&&O$%@(+-(&WH5-$+($+6(H-+&%+$#5($%(2$-G*&5(H'-3*8+$-%/(#5+<-*@<(H-5$8$&6(#'&(5&66(8-%6$6+&%+B(U5&%3$%@( >#%3#+&6(.&'&(5-.&'&3(#G+&'(+<&$'($%+'-3*8+$-%(#%3(#'&(5&66(#>2$+$-*6(+<#%($%(T<#$5#%3(#%3(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6B( T<&M(6+#%3(#+(L/Dk(G-'(2$-3$&6&5(#%3(Ck(G-'(2$-&+<#%-5(Z:6$#%([%6+$+*+&(-G(T&8<%-5-@M/(LX!L\B(T<$6(>#M(2&( LL "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 '&5#+&3(+-(+<&('&5#+$=&5M(#2*%3#%+(6*HH5M(-G(G-66$5(G*&5('&6-*'8&6/(.<$8<('&>#$%(6*26$3$,&3(2M(+<&(@-=&'%>&%+B( l&=&'+<&5&66/([%3-%&6$#/(5$O&(T<#$5#%3/($6(#>-%@(+<&(+-H(+&%(2$-G*&5(H'-3*8&'6(@5-2#55MB Figure 6 : Installed capacity of renewable energy by source, 2011   ?-*'8&(;([%+&'%#+$-%#5(P%&'@M(:@&%8M(ZLX!!\ LC "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Figure 7 : Renewable energy potential by 2030 in selected Asian countries   ?-*'8&(;([%+&'%#+$-%#5(P%&'@M(:@&%8M(ZLX!!\ LS "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 U-+<([%3-%&6$#(#%3(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6(<#=&(#56-(6<-.%(#(6+'-%@(8->>$+>&%+(+-(+<&(&WH5-$+#+$-%(-G( +<&$'(@&-+<&'>#5('&6-*'8&6/(8-''&6H-%3$%@(+-(+<&($>H-'+#%+(H-+&%+$#5(G-'(+<$6(&%&'@M(6-*'8&($%(2-+<(+<&6&( 8-*%+'$&6B([%3-%&6$#(<#6(#%(&6+$>#+&3(LK(90(-G(@&-+<&'>#5(H-+&%+$#5/(.<$8<(#>-*%+6(+-(#HH'-W$>#+&5M( SXk(-G(+<&(@5-2#5('&6-*'8&6(Z0-'53(U#%O/(LX!!/(HB(L\/(.<$5&($%(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6(&WH&'+6(2&5$&=&(+<#+(#5>-6+( S/D(90(-G(@&-+<&'>#5('&6-*'8&6(#'&(#=#$5#25&B(T<&(Y$5$H$%-(&GG-'+6(3#+&(2#8O(+-(+<&(!NKX6(#%3(@&-+<&'>#5( &%&'@M(H'-3*8+$-%(8*''&%+5M(6+#%36(#+(#5>-6+(L(90/(H5#8$%@($+(6&8-%3(-%5M(+-(+<&(_?(Z0-'53(U#%O(m(:*6:[a/( 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?O$55( ZU[?\( +#O&6( #( 2'-#3&'( 3&G$%$+$-%/( $%85*3$%@( #>-%@( -+<&'( +<$%@6(%*85&#'(&%&'@M(#%3(8#'2-%(G$%#%8&(Za&H#'+>&%+(-G(U*6$%&66([%%-=#+$-%(#%3(?O$556/(LX!L\B(_6$%@(+<$6( 2'-#3(3&G$%$+$-%/($+(&6+$>#+&6(+<&(.-'53(>#'O&+(G-'(1QP9?(#+(dC/C(+'$55$-%($%(LX!Xb!!(-'(#HH'-W$>#+&5M(Vk( -G(@5-2#5(9aAB(Y-'(+<&(_4/(6#5&6(#'&(&6+$>#+&3(#+(d!LL(2$55$-%/(.<$8<(+'#%65#+&6($%+-(85-6&(+-(-%&(>$55$-%( 1QP9?(F-26B( 3.2 Green industries and green jobs in Asia T<&(_4j6(6+*3M(#56-(H'-=$3&6('&@$-%#5(#%3(8-*%+'MJ5&=&5(&6+$>#+&6(-G(1QP9?(6#5&6B(:88-'3$%@(+-( +<&6&(&6+$>#+&6/(:6$#%(8-*%+'$&6('&H'&6&%+(CVk(-G(+<&(.-'53(>#'O&+/(+<*6(@&%&'#+$%@(+<&(5#'@&6+(6<#'&( -G(@5-2#5(1QP9?(6#5&6(Z6&&(Y$@*'&(V;(?<#'&(-G(1-.JQ#'2-%(P%=$'-%>&%+#5(9--36(#%3(?&'=$8&6(?#5&6(2M( "&@$-%\B(Q<$%#(.$+<(!C/!k(#%3([%3$#(.$+<(I/Lk(-G(+<&(@5-2#5(>#'O&+(#'&('#%O&3(L%3(#%3(S+<($%(+&'>6(-G( -=&'#55(6#5&6B(?-*+<(4-'&#(Z!S+<\/([%3-%&6$#(Z!D+<\/(T<#$5#%3(ZLX+<\/(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6(ZLD+<\(#%3(c$&+%#>(ZCC'3\( #'&(#56-(#>-%@(+<&(+-H(DX(8-*%+'$&6(Z6&&(+#25&([($%(+<&(:%%&W\B(T<&(1QP9?(6&8+-'(#6(6<#'&(-G(%#+$-%#5( 9aA($%(+<&(6&5&8+&3(8-*%+'$&6($6(&^*#5(+-(-'(#2-=&(+<&(.-'53(#=&'#@&/('#%@$%@(G'->(Vk($%(4-'&#(+-(L!k( $%(c$&+%#>B Figure 8 : Share of low-carbon environmental goods and services sales by region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`!X!(2$55$-%($%(LX!!B(T<$6($6(G-55-.&3(2M(:6$#(.$+<(_?`VD(2$55$-%B(T<&(2*5O(-G(+<$6($%=&6+>&%+(.&%+( +-(Q<$%#(#%3([%3$#B(Q<$%#/(.<$8<('&H'&6&%+6(+<&(5#'@&6+(6$%@5&(8-*%+'M(G-'(@'&&%($%=&6+>&%+/(#88-*%+&3( G-'(_?`DL(2$55$-%(#%3([%3$#(G-'(_?`!L(2$55$-%($%($%=&6+>&%+B(T<&('&>#$%$%@(8-*%+'$&6($%(:6$#(#55(#88-*%+&3( G-'(_?`!(2$55$-%(Z[%3-%&6$#\(-'(5&66($%(#%%*#5($%=&6+>&%+(Z6&&(Y$@*'&(!Xo([%=&6+(4-'&#/(LX!Co(_lPA(&+(#5B( LX!L\B( P>H5-M>&%+( 3#+#( <#6( 2&&%( &6+$>#+&3( G-'( +<&( '&%&.#25&( &%&'@M( 6&8+-'( .$+<( #( G-8*6( -%( .$%3( #%3( 6-5#'( &%&'@M( $%( Q<$%#/( [%3$#( #%3( 4-'&#( #6( .&55( #6( +<&( 2$-G*&5( 6&8+-'( $%( #( %*>2&'( -G( +<&( 6&5&8+&3( 8-*%+'$&6B(0$+<(Q<$%#j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lL!/(LX!L\B(T<&(0-'53.#+8<('&H-'+(&6+$>#+&3(&>H5-M>&%+( $%(+<&(&WH-'+J-'$&%+&3(Ac(6&8+-'(#+(VL/XXX($%(LXXK(ZA#%(&+(#5B/(LX!!/(HB(!C\B(:88-'3$%@(+-(#%([P:('&H-'+/( &>H5-M>&%+($%(+<&(Ac(6&8+-'(<#3(@'-.%(+-(#HH'-W$>#+&5M(DXX/XXX($%(LX!!/(.<$8<($6(>-'&(+<#%(9&'>#%M/( +<&(_?:/(7#H#%(#%3([+#5M(8->2$%&3(Z6&&(T#25&(S\B Figure 9 : Global new investment in renewable energy by region (2011, US$ billion)  ?-*'8&(;(_lPA(&+(#5BZLX!L\ CL "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Figure 10 : Total VC/PE, public markets and asset finance investment in renewable energy in non-OECD Asia excluding China and India (2011, US$ billion)  ?-*'8&(;(_lPA(&+(#5BZLX!L\ Table 4: Estimated employment in the PV sector in selected countries, 2011  ?-*'8&(;(_lPA(&+(#5BZLX!L\ CC "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Y*'+<&'(&>H5-M>&%+(&6+$>#+&6(G-'(8-*%+'$&6(.$+<(>#F-'('&%&.#25&(&%&'@M(6&8+-'6(#'&(-GG&'&3(2M( _lPAj6(9'&&%(7-26('&H-'+(G-'(+<&(M&#'(LXXI(Z6&&(T#25&(D\B(T<&('&H-'+(&6+$>#+&6(+<#+([%3$#j6(.$%3(&%&'@M( 6&8+-'/(6+#%3$%@(#+(#HH'-W$>#+&5M(I(90(#+(+<&(+$>&/(<#3(@&%&'#+&3(!X/XXX(F-26(Z_lPA(&+(#5B/(LXXV/(HBK\B( [%( R#'8<( LX!C/( 8*>*5#+$=&( 8#H#8$+M( 6+--3( #+( !N( 90( ZR$%$6+'M( -G( l&.( #%3( "&%&.#25&( P%&'@M/( LX!C\B( Y$%#55M/([%=&6+(4-'&#(ZLX!C\(&6+$>#+&3(+<#+(>#%*G#8+*'$%@(8->H#%$&6($%(4-'&#j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j6(2$-G*&5(6&8+-'(&>H5-M6(!!D/XXX/(G-55-.&3(2M(T<#$5#%3( .$+<(L!/XXX(#%3(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6(.$+<(!N/XXX(F-26($%(+<&(6&8+-'B(:88-'3$%@(+-(+<&(>-3&5/(Q<$%#(#%3(4-'&#( 3-(%-+(<#=&(#(6$@%$G$8#%+(%*>2&'(-G(F-26($%(+<&(6&8+-'B(T<&('&>#$%$%@(8-*%+'$&6(#'&(%-+(8-%6$3&'&3($%(+<&( 6+*3Mj6(8#58*5#+$-%6B [%(8-%85*6$-%/(&=$3&%8&(-%(@'&&%($%3*6+'$&6(#%3(@'&&%(&>H5-M>&%+(@5-2#55M(#%3($%(+<&('&@$-%($6( 6+$55('#+<&'($%8->H5&+&B(P6+$>#+&6(-G(@'&&%(F-26(#'&(<$@<5M(3&H&%3&%+(-%(+<&(H#'+$8*5#'(>&+<-3-5-@M(#%3( #66*>H+$-%6(+<#+(#'&(>#3&/(5$%@(+-(6+'-%@(=#'$#+$-%6($%('&6*5+6(Z_lQ?a/(LX!!o(_H#3H-'+#%+(+-(3&=&5-H(>-'&('-2*6+(>&+<-3-5-@$&6(#%3(8-55&8+(8-''&6H-%3$%@( 3#+#( +-( &%#25&( 8->H#'$6-%6( #8'-66( 8-*%+'$&6B( R-'&-=&'/( +-( &%#25&( #( >&#%$%@G*5( #%#5M6$6( -G( &8-%->$8( $>H#8+6/( &6+$>#+&6( -G( F-2( 8'&#+$-%( $%( &>&'@$%@( 6&8+-'6( #6( .&55( #6( '&5#+&3( '&3*8+$-%6( $%( &>H5-M>&%+( $%( 6&8+-'6(+<#+(#'&(2&$%@(3$6H5#8&3(2M(@'&&%($%3*6+'$&6(.-*53(2&(%&&3&3B(?*8<(G$@*'&6(>$@<+(6&'=&(#6($%H*+6( G-'(+<&(3&=&5-H>&%+(-G(6-8$#55M(6*6+#$%#25&(@'&&%(@'-.+<(6+'#+&@$&6B( Table 5: Estimated employment in the renewable energy sector, selected countries and world, 2006 ( CS "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 ?-*'8&(;(_lPA(&+(#5BZLXXV\ 4. Conclusions and Policy Implications a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nsuring the integration of traditional environmental policy in green growth strategies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g( .$55( #56-( 2'$%@( $>H-'+#%+( &8-%->$8( 2&%&G$+6B( [%( #( '&8&%+( '&H-'+( H*25$6<&3( F-$%+5M( 2M( +<&( 0-'53( U#%O(#%3(+<&(a&=&5-H>&%+("&6&#'8<(Q&%+&'(-G(Q<$%#j6(?+#+&(Q-*%8$5(ZLX!L\/(+<&(&%=$'-%>&%+#5(8-6+6( -G(&%=$'-%>&%+#5(3&@'#3#+$-%(#>-*%+(+-(#5>-6+(Nk(-G(@'-66(%#+$-%#5($%8->&($%(Q<$%#(#%3([%3$#(Z6&&( Y$@*'&(!!\B CD "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Figure 11 : The Costs of Environmental Degradation in Selected Countries  ?-*'8&(;(0-'53(U#%O(#%3(a&=&5-H>&%+("&6&#'8<(Q&%+&'(-G(+<&(?+#+&(Q-*%8$5(ZLX!L\ ( :%($>H-'+#%+(&%+'M(H-$%+(G-'(#8<$&=$%@(&%=$'-%>&%+#5($>H'-=&>&%+6(>$@<+(2&(+-($%+&@'#+&(#( +'#3$+$-%#5(&%=$'-%>&%+#5(H-5$8M(#@&%3#(>-'&(#8+$=&5M(.$+<(+<&(85$>#+&(8<#%@&(#@&%3#B(:(H'->$6$%@( &W#>H5&($6(+<&(c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trengthening the institutional framework for environmental protection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pJ=$6(-+<&'(6&8+-'#5(>$%$6+'$&6B( T-(3#+&/($+($6(%-+(85&#'/(<-.&=&'/(+-(.<#+(&W+&%+(+<$6(<#6(#56-(6+'&%@+<&%&3(+<&(2'-#3&'(&%=$'-%>&%+#5( #@&%3#(-'(.<&+<&'(85$>#+&(H-5$8M(<#6($%(G#8+(G*'+<&'(>#'@$%#5$,&3(&%=$'-%>&%+#5($66*&6(.$+<$%(&%=$'-%>&%+( >$%$6+'$&6( +<&>6&5=&6B( l&=&'+<&5&66/( +<&( $%8'$%@( $%G5*&%8&( -G( &%=$'-%>&%+( >$%$6+'$&6( '&H'&6&%+6( #( H-+&%+$#5(-HH-'+*%$+M(G-'(H'->-+$%@(#(2'-#3&'(@'&&%(@'-.+<(#@&%3#/(.<&'&(85$>#+&(8<#%@&(-2F&8+$=&6( #'&( $%+&@'#+&3( .$+<( -+<&'( &%=$'-%>&%+#5( $66*&6B( T-( &WH5-$+( +<$6( H-+&%+$#5/( #HH'-#8<&6( G-'( 5&=&'#@$%@( +<&( $%8'&3( H-5$+$8#5( 85-*+( -G( &%=$'-%>&%+( >$%$6+'$&6( +-( H'->-+&( #( 2'-#3&'( #@&%3#( -G( &%=$'-%>&%+#5( H'-+&8+$-%(#%3(@'&&%(@'-.+<(>$@<+(2&(&WH5-'&3B( 4.3 Leveraging fiscal incentives for green growth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c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easuring progress towards a green economy T<&( 3&=&5-H>&%+( -G( 8'&3$25&( #66&66>&%+( +--56( G-'( &=#5*#+$%@( +<&( &8-%->$8( $>H#8+6( -G( @'&&%( @'-.+<(6+'#+&@$&6(>-'&(2'-#35M($6(&^*#55M($>H-'+#%+(G-'(H'-=$3$%@(+<&>(.$+<(+<&(%&&3&3(5&@$+$>#8MB(9'&&%( $%3*6+'$&6/(G$'>6(#%3(F-26(#'&(6+$55(H--'5M('&H'&6&%+&3($%(6+#%3#'3(%#+$-%#5(#88-*%+6B(9'&&%(+&8<%-5-@$&6( 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between Asia and the world  ?-*'8&(;(:66-8$#+$-%(-G(:8#3&>$&6(-G(?8$&%8&6($%(:6$#(ZLX!!/(HBIN\ S! "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Figure III : Domestic material consumption per capita in the Asia-Pacific region and the world  ?-*'8&(;(_lPA(ZLX!!/(HBLI\ ( Figure IV : Domestic material consumption in Asia and the world  ?-*'8&(;(_lP?Q:A(&+(#5B/(ZLX!L/(HBLI\ SL "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Figure V : GDP per capita of selected Asian countries (current US$) ?-*'8&(;(0-'53(a&=&5-H>&%+([%3$8#+-'6/(0-'53(U#%O Figure VI : GDP per capita of selected low and middle income countries (current US$)  (((((((?-*'8&(;(0-'53(a&=&5-H>&%+([%3$8#+-'6/(0-'53(U#%O SC "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Figure VII : Energy intensity in selected Asian countries (constant 2005 PPP US$ per kg of oil equivalent)  ?-*'8&;(0-'53(a&=&5-H>&%+([%3$8#+-'6/(0-'53(U#%O Figure VIII : Per capita CO2 emissions  ?-*'8&(;(0-'53(a&=&5-H>&%+([%3$8#+-'6/(0-'53(U#%O SS "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 Table I: Global value of LCEGS in £million by top 50 countries for 2010/11  ?-*'8&(;(a&H#'+>&%+(-G(U*6$%&66([%%-=#+$-%(#%3(?O$556(ZLX!L\ SD "#$%&'()*$+,-./(0*(1$2-(#%3(45#*6(7#8-2 9'&&%(7-26($%(:6$#;(:8<$&=&>&%+6/(?+'#+&@$&6(#%3(A-+&%+$#56 References :APQ( P%&'@M( 0-'O$%@( 9'-*HB( ZLX!X\B( :( ?+*3M( -G( P>H5-M>&%+( EHH-'+*%$+$&6( G'->( U$-G*&5( A'-3*8+$-%( $%( :APQ( P8-%->$&6B(?$%@#H-'&;(:6$#JA#8$G$8(P8-%->$8(Q--H&'#+$-%(?&8'&+#'$#+B :6$#%(a&=&5-H>&%+(U#%OB(ZLX!L\B(T#O$%@(+<&("$@<+("-#3(+-([%85*6$=&(9'-.+<;([%3*6+'$#5(_H@'#3$%@(#%3(a$=&'6$G$8#+$-%( $%(+<&(A<$5$HH$%&6B(R#%$5#;(:6$#%(a&=&5-H>&%+(U#%OB :6$#%([%6+$+*+&(-G(T&8<%-5-@MB(ZLX!L\B(U$-G*&56($%(+<&(:?P:lB(U#%@O-O;(1-.(P>$66$-%(a&=&5-H>&%+(?+'#+&@$&6(Y-'*>/( !NJL!(?&H+&>2&'(LX!LB 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