Idc`s Worldwide Hard Disk Drive Taxonomy, 2016

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Taxonomy IDC's Worldwide Hard Disk Drive Taxonomy, 2016 John Rydning IDC'S WORLDWIDE HARD DISK DRIVE TAXONOMY FIGURE 1 Hard Disk Drive Primary Segments Source: IDC, 2016 HARD DISK DRIVE TAXONOMY CHANGES FOR 2016 Hard disk drives (HDDs) are data storage devices and a key data storage component used in servers, enterprise storage systems, PCs, consumer electronics (CE) devices, and other systems designed for storing large volumes of data or digitized content. Key attributes of HDDs include:  The use of rotating magnetically coated disks that are accessed via an actuator arm with read/write recording heads at the end of the arm for reading or writing data  Relatively fast random access to data (typically in milliseconds)  Mass storage capacity, in some cases up to several terabytes of capacity on one HDD device  Nonvolatile, meaning the HDD device will retain data when powered off (in contrast with volatile storage technologies such as DRAM, which discontinues storing 1s and 0s when powered off) April 2016, IDC #US41176416  Relatively low cost, on a price-per-gigabyte basis as compared with other data storage technologies (e.g., NAND, SSDs), yet generally higher cost than optical or tape storage  Relatively fast sequential data transfer rates (typically 1,000–2,200Mbps)  Standard interfaces with host systems The attributes of HDD storage devices have made HDDs commonplace in computer systems and some consumer electronics devices. IDC began tracking the shipments of video surveillance (VS) HDDs in 2015 and now includes VS HDDs as a new market segment within IDC's 2016 worldwide HDD taxonomy. The key attributes of HDDs also align very well with the storage requirements of video surveillance systems. In particular, on-premise VS systems deployed in homes and businesses need to cost effectively store growing volumes of raw video footage fed simultaneously from multiple VS cameras. The raw video footage must also be readily accessible at any time for review and analysis. VS systems are used to improve safety and security, to reduce theft, and to prevent vandalism. Many organizations are increasing the number of VS cameras feeding a VS system and are retaining the video footage for a longer period of time for analytical purposes. As a result of these dynamics, the storage capacity requirements of VS systems are growing and so is the need to rapidly write multiple streams of raw video footage simultaneously to the storage device. A few years ago, HDD suppliers began designing HDD devices specifically to address VS requirements, especially the need to support multiple streams of long, sequential data writes to HDD. TAXONOMY OVERVIEW Video surveillance is the newest primary HDD market segment in IDC's worldwide HDD taxonomy. Note that, prior to 2015, HDDs designed specifically for VS storage by the HDD suppliers were included in the client HDD segment. Details about each of the five primary HDD market segments are provided in the sections that follow. Enterprise The enterprise segment encompasses HDDs used in storage systems (includes external storage systems, hybrid flash arrays, and arrays with just a bunch of disks [JBODs]), in hyperscale cloud service provider infrastructure, in high-performance computers, in servers (internal storage to servers with three or more drives, and servers with only one or two mass storage devices), and in some workstations. Several types of servers are included in the enterprise market segment for HDDs, including density-optimized servers, rack-optimized servers, tower servers (typically low-end x86 servers), and server blades. Enterprise HDDs typically are used in tier 1, 2, and 3 storage tiers in an enterprise storage system, whereas solid state drives (SSDs) or NAND flash is used in tier 0. Generally, there are two types of HDDs used in enterprise storage applications: performanceoptimized HDDs and capacity-optimized HDDs:  Performance-optimized HDDs (typically 10,000rpm and 15,000rpm spin speed HDD products) are capable of performing the fastest random read/write speeds and data transfer rates obtainable from an HDD device for server and storage workloads. In addition, performanceoptimized HDDs are designed to provide high reliability when mounted in an array (in a server ©2016 IDC #US41176416 2 or storage rack), are in use and available 24 x 7, and have very low unrecoverable bit error rates. Performance-optimized HDDs typically are used in the tier 1 layer in an enterprise storage system.  Capacity-optimized HDDs (typically ≤7,200rpm spin speed HDD products) are designed to perform random read/write speeds and data transfer rates that are slower than performanceoptimized HDDs yet are capable of tolerating rotational vibration induced by adjacently mounted drives in an array (in a server or storage rack). The trade-off for relatively lower capacity-optimized HDD performance (as compared with a performance-optimized HDD) is a lower price per gigabyte and in some instances lower reliability specifications. Capacityoptimized HDDs typically are used in tier 2 and tier 3 layers of an enterprise storage system, although scale-out architectures and self-built systems may leverage capacity-optimized HDDs for what traditionally may have been the tier 1 layer in a server or an external storage system. Client The client segment includes HDDs that are used for mass storage in desktop and portable PCs, personal storage (PS) devices, and entry-level storage (ELS) systems. Definitions of PS and ELS devices are provided in the Definitions section. Consumer Electronics HDDs are a key mass storage device used in consumer electronics (CE) products for storing digitized video, audio, and/or games. The secondary market segments for CE include set-top boxes/personal video recorders (e.g., TiVo consoles), game consoles (e.g., Xbox and PlayStation), in-dash automotive entertainment and navigation systems, and high-end digital audio systems (including jukeboxes and/or karaoke machines). Video Surveillance Generally, VS HDDs are designed for 24 x 7 digital video recording usage. However, other types of HDDs may be used in certain VS systems such as large, custom VS systems using a high number of VS cameras (casinos, banks, cities, military facilities, etc.). For large VS systems, relatively higher-cost enterprise HDDs (the same type of HDD used for enterprise datacenter storage applications) may be incorporated into a custom-designed VS storage system instead. Also, very low-end VS systems aimed at homeowners with only a few VS cameras may be equipped with client HDDs designed primarily for PC applications. It is very difficult to track how many enterprise or client HDDs are ultimately used in a VS system. In other words, the HDD shipments (actual and forecast) reflected in the VS HDD segment may not capture all HDDs used in VS systems. Nevertheless, IDC believes the number of enterprise and client HDDs used for VS applications represent a relatively small percentage of the unit shipments in those HDD segments. Industrial and Commercial HDDs are used in a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. Examples include computer controlled industrial equipment and multifunction printers (MFPs). ©2016 IDC #US41176416 3 DEFINITIONS The HDD industry has standardized form factors defined for HDD products. Based on these industrystandard HDD form factors, IDC has developed standardized HDD product segments. Note that IDC's quarterly worldwide HDD shipment and revenue data is reported by HDD product segments rather than HDD market segments. The standard HDD product segments, including industry-standard form factor physical dimensions (stated as width x length x height) in millimeters, are:  Mobile 1.8in. compute is a single- or dual-disk 54.0 x 71.0 x 8.0mm mobile storage device designed primarily for PC applications. The mobile 1.8in. compute HDD typically uses 48mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 4,200rpm or 5,400rpm spin speed, and has a SATA interface. The mobile 1.8in. compute HDD was also available in a thinner, 5.0mm zheight version. Mobile 1.8in. HDDs reached end of life in 4Q12.  Mobile 1.8in. CE is a single- or dual-disk 54.0 x 71.0 x 8.0mm mobile storage device designed primarily for CE applications. The mobile 1.8in. CE HDD typically uses 48mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 3,600rpm or 4,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA or a PATA interface. The mobile 1.8in. CE HDD was also available in a thinner, 5.0mm z-height version. Mobile 1.8in. HDDs reached end of life in 4Q15.  Mobile 2.5in. compute is a single- or multiple-disk 70.0 x 100.0 x 7.0mm mobile storage device designed primarily for portable PC and PS applications. The mobile 2.5in. compute HDD typically uses 65mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 5,400rpm or 7,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA interface. The mobile 2.5in. compute HDD is also available in a thinner, single-disk 5.0mm z-height version and thicker 9.5mm, 12.5mm, and 15.0mm z-height versions capable of holding more disks inside the drive, although the thickest mobile 2.5in. compute HDD used for PCs is currently 9.5mm. The 12.0mm and 15mm z-height mobile 2.5in. compute HDDs are generally used in PS devices. Mobile 2.5in. compute drives are currently available in capacities from 320GB to 3.0TB.  Mobile 2.5in. CE is a single- or multiple-disk 70.0 x 100.0 x 7.0mm mobile storage device designed primarily for CE applications. The mobile 2.5in. CE HDD typically uses 65mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 4,200rpm or 5,400rpm spin speed, and has a SATA interface. The mobile 2.5in. CE HDD is also available in a thicker 9.5mm z-height version. Mobile 2.5in. CE drives are currently available in capacities from 80GB to 1.0TB.  Desktop 3.5in. compute is a single- or multiple-disk 102.0 x 147.0 x 26.0mm stationary storage device designed primarily for desktop PC and PS applications. The desktop 3.5in. compute HDD typically uses 95mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 5,400rpm or 7,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA interface. The desktop 3.5in. compute HDD is also available in a thinner, single-disk 20.0mm z-height version. Desktop 3.5in. compute drives are currently available in capacities from 500GB to 8.0TB.  Desktop 3.5in. CE is a single- or multiple-disk 102.0 x 147.0 x 26.0mm stationary storage device designed primarily for PVRs/set-top boxes and some digital audio devices. The desktop 3.5in. CE HDD typically uses 95mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 5,400rpm or 7,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA interface. The desktop 3.5in CE HDD is also available in a thinner, single-disk 20.0mm z-height version. Desktop 3.5in. CE drives are currently available in capacities from 500GB to 6.0TB.  Desktop 3.5in. video surveillance is a single- or multiple-disk 102.0 x 147.0 x 26.0mm stationary storage device designed primarily for video surveillance applications. The desktop 3.5in. compute HDD typically uses 95mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 5,400rpm or 7,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA interface. The desktop 3.5in, video ©2016 IDC #US41176416 4 surveillance HDD is also available in a thinner, single-disk 20.0mm z-height version. Desktop 3.5in. video surveillance drives are currently available in capacities from 500GB to 8.0TB.  Capacity-optimized 2.5in. is a multiple-disk 70.0 x 100.0 x 15.0mm enterprise-class storage device designed primarily for servers and storage systems. The capacity-optimized 2.5in. HDD typically uses 65mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 7,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA or SAS interface. Capacity-optimized 2.5in. HDDs are currently available in capacities from 500GB to 2.0TB.  Capacity-optimized 3.5in. is a single- or multiple-disk 102.0 x 147.0 x 26.0mm enterprise-class storage device designed primarily for servers and storage systems. The capacity-optimized 3.5in. HDD typically uses 95mm diameter disks inside the drive, operates at a 7,200rpm spin speed, and has a SATA or SAS interface. Some versions of capacity-optimized HDDs have a slower, <7,200rpm spin speed to reduce power consumption. Some versions also use a sealed helium design where the cavity of the drive is filled with helium and sealed to improve drive performance and to reduce power consumption. Capacity-optimized 3.5in. HDDs are currently available in capacities from 1TB to 10.0TB.  Performance-optimized 2.5in. is a single- or multiple-disk 70.0 x 100.0 x 15.0mm enterpriseclass storage device designed primarily for servers and storage systems. The performanceoptimized 2.5in. HDD is available in one of two spin speeds: 10,000rpm or 15,000rpm with a SAS interface. The 10,000rpm performance-optimized HDD typically uses 65mm diameter disks inside the drive; the 15,000rpm performance-optimized HDD typically uses 54mm diameter disks inside the drive. Performance-optimized 2.5in. HDDs currently are available in capacities from 147GB to 1.8TB.  Performance-optimized 3.5in. is a single- or multiple-disk 102.0 x 147.0 x 26.0mm enterpriseclass storage device designed primarily for servers and storage systems. The performanceoptimized 3.5in. HDD was available in one of two spin speeds: 10,000rpm or 15,000rpm with either a SAS or Fibre Channel interface. The 10,000rpm performance-optimized HDD typically used 84.0mm diameter disks inside the drive; the 15,000rpm performance-optimized HDD typically used 70mm diameter disks inside the drive. The highest-capacity performanceoptimized 3.5in. HDD was 600GB. Performance-optimized 3.5in. HDDs reached end of life in 1Q16. Additional key definitions:  Areal density. Areal density (AD) is a measurement of HDD recording density calculated by multiplying tracks per inch (tpi) by bits per inch (bpi), usually denoted in gigabits per square inch (Gb/sq. in.).  Average sales price or average unit price. Average unit price (AUP) is the midyear average OEM/distributor price estimate paid for quantity (1,000+) contracts.  Density-optimized server. Density-optimized servers are designed for large-scale datacenter environments where parallelized workloads are prevalent. This form factor serves the unique needs of these datacenters with streamlined system designs that focus on performance, energy efficiency, and density.  Desktop PC. Desktop PCs are stationary, AC-powered (no batteries) computing devices. They are not designed to be moved frequently or used on the go. Input is typically via a nonintegrated keyboard first; touch-enabled display may be a secondary input method. This category includes the all-in-one, desktop workstation, tower, small desktop, and ultrasmall desktop categories. ©2016 IDC #US41176416 5  Hard disk drives. Hard disk drives (HDDs) are mechanical storage devices that store data digitally on rotating magnetic media. These are single- or multiple-platter magnetic data storage devices with industry-standard form factors of 3.5, 2.5, 1.8, 1.0, and 0.85in.  Hybrid flash array (HFA). An HFA is defined as an external storage system that can (but does not necessarily) use a mix of SSDs and HDDs to meet performance and capacity requirements. Many vendors offer their HFAs in all-flash or mixed flash and HDD configurations. IDC counts both the flash and HDD-based value of HFAs in our HFA category, regardless of whether they are all-flash or mixed configurations.  Enterprise storage systems. IDC defines an enterprise storage system as a set of storage elements, including controllers, cables, and (in some instances) a host bus adapter associated with three or more mass storage devices (hard disk drives [HDDs] or solid state drives [SSDs]) with the exception of entry-level business storage (see entry-level storage definition). A system is used to support the processing, management, and storage of digital data. It may be located outside of or within an application server.  Entry-level storage. Entry-level storage is external direct, Ethernet, or iSCSI attached storage products integrated with three or more SATA drives and having an average selling value (ASV) up to $15,000. These products are aimed specifically at SOHO, ROBO, and SMB customers that have limited IT knowledge and budget but still face similar storage and data protection challenges and requirements as an enterprise customer, just on a smaller scale.  External storage. External storage encompasses all disk storage systems outside of the server enclosure. This category includes just a bunch of disks (JBODs) and massive array of disks (MAID) storage systems, as well as network-attached storage (NAS) and storage area network (SAN) system solutions.  Fibre Channel (FC). Fibre Channel is a standardized high-speed connectivity interface used to connect HDDs to a host system. The Fibre Channel interface at the storage device level has largely been supplanted by Serial Attached SCSI (SAS).  Internal storage. Internal storage includes disk storage systems enclosed within servers that contain three or more disk drives.  Just a bunch of disks. Just a bunch of disks is a storage system that does not contain any data redundancy levels.  Low-end servers. Low-end servers typically sell in price bands under $25,000 and have only one or two disk drives for storage. These include server blades with the storage device directly attached to the server blade.  Nonvolatile memory. Nonvolatile memory (NVM) is a storage technology device that retains its memory for 1s or 0s when power is removed. Materials that retain bistable states exist in NVM devices.  Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe). PCIe is a standardized high-speed connectivity interface between the device and the PCI bus. The PCIe link between two devices can consist of anywhere from 1 to 32 lanes. PCIe is slowly gaining adoption for SSDs and may in the future replace the SATA interface for some HDDs used in PCs or other host systems.  Personal computer (PC). A PC is a general-purpose, single-user machine that is microprocessor based, is capable of supporting attached peripherals, and can be programmed in a high-level language. There are now a range of products that might meet this criteria, but a PC must fit into one of two categories — desktop or portable.  Personal storage devices. IDC defines a personal storage device as an external, direct (e.g., USB, FireWire), Ethernet (e.g., wireless), or iSCSI attached solution that integrates one or two SATA drives (HDD or SSDs), and sells for less than $15,000. Generally, these products will ©2016 IDC #US41176416 6 encompass storage products that are used by individuals, are typically attached to a PC, and are used in a home or for personal capacity and have some advanced features like media streaming or sharing and backup. Note that personal storage devices may also be attached to PVRs and game consoles.  Portable PC. A portable PC is a portable, battery-powered computing device with a nonremovable keyboard. These PCs are designed to be moved frequently and used in a mobile environment. Input is typically keyboard and mouse first; touch-enabled display may be an alternate input method. Designs are generally clamshell, slider, or twister, but other designs are not automatically excluded. This category includes the traditional notebook, ultraslim notebook, convertible notebook, mobile workstation, and mini notebook categories. Note that, currently, detachable keyboard tablets are not included in the portable PC category.  Rack-optimized servers. A rack-optimized server is a single server that is primarily designed to fit within the standard 19in.-wide IT racks. The server height is measured in terms of "U rating," where each U equals 1.72in. An individual rack-optimized server consists of processors, memory, disk storage, and any bundled operating system, database, and networking software.  Redundant array of independent disks (RAID). RAID storage architecture encompasses all storage systems shipped with RAID capability. IDC categorizes RAID as either internal (HDDs/SSDs and RAID controller are contained within a server) or external (HDDs/SSDs and RAID controller are located within an external storage cabinet).  Self-build systems/hyperscale datacenter infrastructure. A self-build system/hyperscale datacenter infrastructure is a large server and storage solution built by hyperscale cloud service providers or data content delivery companies using proprietary architectures.  Serial ATA (SATA). SATA is a standardized interface protocol used to connect HDDs to a host system. The SATA interface is used in desktop and portable PCs, some servers and enterprise storage systems, consumer electronics devices, and video surveillance systems. The fastest standard SATA transfer speed at the device level is currently 6Gbps.  Serial Attached SCSI (SAS). SAS is a standardized point-to-point serial interface protocol used to connect HDDs to a host system, typically in a server or an external storage system, and that uses the standardized SCSI command set. The SCSI protocol and commands provide more capabilities than a SATA interface, including dual ports (allowing for multiport input/output) and features that ensure data transfer reliability. The fastest standard SAS transfer speed at the device level is currently 12Gbps. Note that the physical SAS connectors on a storage device backplane also accept SATA interconnect HDDs.  Server. IDC defines a server system as a multiuser computing device that accesses and delivers services via a network. The server and the applications that run on it are typically shared by multiple users. Unlike a client device, a server does not usually have a user interface that is intended for human-machine interaction. A typical server system entails one or more processors, a motherboard, memory, internal disk or flash storage, a bundled operating system, power supply units, and network interfaces.  Server blades. Blade platforms are designed as modular server systems, with a server blade being an inclusive computing system that includes processors, memory, and associated electronics on a single motherboard.  Small Computer System Interface (SCSI). The SCSI protocol defines an extensive set of commands and the electrical interface between HDDs, SSDs, tape, or optical storage devices and the host system.  Solid state drive (SSD). SSDs are semiconductor-based storage devices that behave as a virtual HDD and appear to the host device as a mass storage device. The SSD form factor ©2016 IDC #US41176416 7 may be similar to a standard HDD form factor, enabling the SSD, in many cases, to be a dropin replacement for an HDD. SSDs are connected to the host device, including servers or SANs, via standard interfaces such as parallel SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI, Fibre Channel (FC), PCIe, and parallel and serial ATA interfaces or plug directly into Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus express slots via a module form factor.  Solid state hard drive (SSHD). An SSHD combines an HDD with NAND flash in a single storage device that is presented to the host system as one storage device. The NAND flash on the SSHD is used primarily to cache frequently accessed data on the storage device to improve (or reduce) HDD latency, and to provide faster data retrieval and data transfer rates from the storage device to the host system. Typically, an HDD supplier's proprietary algorithm in the HDD firmware is used to identify and cache the most frequently accessed data.  Storage tiers. IDC generally describes storage tiers within storage system architectures as follows:  Tier 0 storage is a transaction-intense tier that typically is populated with solid state storage.  Tier 1 storage does not necessarily need the performance of solid state but requires more performance and reliability than is available from capacity-optimized drives. This tier is typically populated with 10,000rpm and/or 15,000rpm SCSI/SAS/FC (performanceoptimized) HDDs.  Tier 2 storage is focused on keeping massive amounts of less frequently accessed data online (or "nearline" for some storage applications). This tier typically is populated with capacity-optimized drives.  Tier 3 storage and below: Different tiered storage strategies exist after tier 2. Some companies may utilize massive array of independent disks (MAID) or some other technology that integrates spin down/spin slower HDD technology, and other companies may simply integrate a removable storage technology, such as tape, optical, or removable HDDs.  Tower server. A tower server is a single server with a pedestal form factor consisting of processors, memory, disk storage, and any bundled operating system, database, and networking software. Towers include large Unix and mainframe systems, in addition to x86 pedestal servers.  Volatile memory (VM). Volatile memory is a storage technology device that retains its memory for 1s or 0s only when power is applied. In a typical volatile memory device, each storage cell is visited many times each second and is asked what it was supposed to remember. It is then reminded to remember what it was remembering before it forgets altogether. This reminding process is called "refreshing" the memory and requires power. Without the refresh process, the device will forget what it was storing. DRAM and SDRAM are two common types of volatile cross-point array memory devices.  Workstations. Traditional workstations typically have Unix or OpenVMS operating systems and are aimed at various applications emphasizing technical, graphics, and networked business/professional application segments. Traditional workstations can have one to five internal HDDs. ©2016 IDC #US41176416 8 RELATED MARKETS  Solid state drives, storage mechanisms: solid state  Personal computers (PC)  Enterprise storage systems  Servers LEARN MORE Related Research  Worldwide 4Q15 HDD Shipment Results and Four-Quarter Forecast Update (IDC #US41022116, February 2016)  Worldwide HDD and SSD 2016 Top 10 Predictions (IDC #US40978316, February 2016)  Worldwide Hard Disk Drive Forecast Update, 2015–2019 (IDC #US40635615, December 2015) Synopsis This IDC study defines and provides a framework for the worldwide hard disk drive market. "The HDD industry continues to support a wide variety of market applications that require relatively low-cost, random-access, high-capacity storage devices," according to John Rydning, IDC's research vice president for Worldwide Hard Disk Drives. "Various HDD market applications and use cases are continuously evolving, thus requiring HDD suppliers to steadily innovate and bring to market new HDD technologies and products — sometimes in new HDD form factors — to address changing storage performance, reliability, and cost requirements." ©2016 IDC #US41176416 9 About IDC International Data Corporation (IDC) is the premier global provider of market intelligence, advisory services, and events for the information technology, telecommunications and consumer technology markets. IDC helps IT professionals, business executives, and the investment community make factbased decisions on technology purchases and business strategy. More than 1,100 IDC analysts provide global, regional, and local expertise on technology and industry opportunities and trends in over 110 countries worldwide. For 50 years, IDC has provided strategic insights to help our clients achieve their key business objectives. IDC is a subsidiary of IDG, the world's leading technology media, research, and events company. Global Headquarters 5 Speen Street Framingham, MA 01701 USA 508.872.8200 Twitter: @IDC idc-community.com www.idc.com Copyright Notice This IDC research document was published as part of an IDC continuous intelligence service, providing written research, analyst interactions, telebriefings, and conferences. Visit www.idc.com to learn more about IDC subscription and consulting services. To view a list of IDC offices worldwide, visit www.idc.com/offices. 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