Innehåll - Sociologidagarna 2016

Transcript

10–12 MARS ABSTRACTS Innehåll 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd "Vikten av att vilja - framställningar av vräkningshotade föräldrar i socialtjänstens akter" sid 9 9 Stina Fernqvist Reducing unemployment? (Re)examining the role of labour market policies 11 Daniel Fredriksson Good Governance – what we think it is and what we really measure. 12 Björn Halleröd, Hans Ekbrand, David Gordon The long arm of social inequality: Effects of education/occupation on the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease2. Ekonomisk sociologi 13 Caroline Hasselgren, Björn Halleröd Conditional representation – gendered experiences of combining work and family among local politicians 15 Ingemar Johansson Sevä, Ida Öun "Work is life, you know, and without it, there's nothing but fear and insecurity" 16 Ola Sjöberg Perceived employability for non-native employees: The (in)significance of institutional context 17 Ylva Wallinder Family policies and fertility: Analyzing the link between family policy institutions and fertility rates in 33 countries 1995-2010 18 Katharina Wesolowski, Tommy Ferrarini 2. Ekonomisk Sociologi Making the Cut: Trust Production in the Swedish Pork and Beef Production Chain 19 19 Jonas Bååth Coping with the environment: contingency and the paradox of technology in rural capitalism 21 Alexander Dobeson Football's Economization as an Unintended Consequence - How the the Passing Game accidentally commercialized Football 22 Dominik Döllinger Structural and material conditions for peasant class formation in Mozambique 23 Kajsa Johansson An economic sociology of durable goods Sebastian Kohl Innehåll 25 2 "Exchange, Value and Money – Georg Simmels Relevance for the New Economic Sociology 26 Erik Ljungar Analyser sociologer publicerar 27 Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen, Erika Willander Exchanging Perspectives – Revisiting Economic Action 28 Tobias Olofsson The financialization of everyday life in Swedish financial education programs 30 Jane Pettersson 3. Religion, etnicitet, migration Children and youth with war experiences in institutional care. A sociological study of young immigrants’ stigma and social comparisons 31 31 Goran Basic Religion, etnicitet och nationell identitet i svenska ledartexter 1976-2010 32 Mia Lövheim ”Interreligiösa gruppers samarbete med kommuner i Sverige” 33 Magdalena Nordin Religion efter migration: En analys av SOM-undersökningen till utlandssvenskar 34 Erika Willander 4. Litteratursociologi Hur väljer aspirerande författare och förlag varandra? 35 35 Henrik Fürst ”Skönlitteratur som källa till sociologisk kunskap: Exemplet Nazityskland” 36 Torsten Pettersson 5. Sociologisk teori Vem är teori? Sociologisk teori ur ett normkritiskt perspektiv 38 38 Kalle Berggren Institutions. Some questions and comments 39 Carl-Göran Heidegren Hur man blir en bortglömd svensk filosof: Folke Leander i sociologisk belysning 40 Henrik Lundberg Capitalism, Cooperation, and Competition in the Light of Current Debates 41 Vessela Misheva Hur formar teorier tolkningar av pedagogiska fenomen och händelser? Henrik Nilsson Innehåll 42 3 "Simmel och Durkheim: Sociologi som perspektiv eller som vetenskap?" 44 Anders Ramsay "Frihetshistoria eller frihet som rätt?" 45 Anders Ramsay What do we do with norms - break, conform, understand or explain? 46 Peter Sohlberg "Nymaterialismen och det sociala som ontologisk kategori" 47 Sebastian Svenberg Skjerhveim, Scheler and the understanding of social meaning 49 Sverre Wide "On Wendy Brown’s account of Neoliberalism: revisiting the Critique of Modern Political Forms in Hegel and Marx" 50 Carl Wilén Lifestyle migration and hidden Western and middle class centredness of reflexivity 51 Maarja Saar 6. Urbansociologi Outlining the foundations for a study on the gentrification of Sundbybergs stad 52 52 Christoffer Berg Teoretisk förklaringsmodell för en fallstudie av svensk bostadsområdesförnyelse 54 Ove Ericsson Mellan Plattan och Svampen 56 Mats Franzén "Fokus Förort: betydelsen av plats och ungas berättelser om livet i en mediebevakad stadsdel" 57 Carolin Valizadeh 7. Sociologisk kriminologi "School future orientation climate and its relation to adolescent delinquency, alcohol use, and internalizing symptoms" 58 58 Susanne Alm, Sara Brolin Låftman Omhändertagna barn och ungdomar med krigserfarenheter. En sociologisk studie av unga invandrares stigman och sociala jämförelser 59 Goran Basic Emotionssociologi 60 The emotion work of judicial objectivity 60 8. Stina Bergman Blix, Åsa Wettergren Innehåll 4 Doing loyalty: subtle dramas in emotional courtrooms 61 Lisa Flower Emotions and Globalization. Towards a Research Agend 62 Jochen Kleres Känsloarbete i en trosbaserad organisation 63 Lisa Salmonsson 9. Kritiska Studier och intersektionalitet Media-ating practices: tracing the development of (un)sustainable consumption through media 64 64 Tullia Jack Anti-Muslim Violence and the Possibility of Justice 65 Marta Kolankiewicz En polis som alla andra. Konstruktioner av kön och yrkesidentitet 66 Louise Löfqvist 'Rejecting second class citizenship: Swedish disabled people claim ‘Full Participation. Now'' 67 Marie Sépulchre 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser Enacting citizenship: examining the trajectories in citizenship policies in the Czech Republic and Estonia Post-1990 68 68 Lia Antoniou Feds everywhere: Risk and risk-mitigation in Anonymous chat rooms 71 Philip Creswell Anarkistiska ungdomsrörelser kring millenieskiftet 72 Hedvig Ekerwald Mobilizing hope and fear, mitigating guilt? Environmental movement strategic emotion management in response to climate change 73 Jochen Kleres, Åsa Wettergren Olika regimer, samma ledarskap - Om det lokala maktfältets logik på landsbygden i Moçambique 74 Magnus Persson, Kajsa Johansson "Women’s Participation in the Public Sphere in Egypt" 75 Imad Rasan Welfare Reforms and Protest Mobilization in Sweden 77 Katrin Uba, Anders Westholm Pride parade mobilizing in seven European countries and Mexico Mattias Wahlström Innehåll 78 5 Fyra vågor av utvärdering över den atlantiska världen 1960-2015 79 Evert Vedung Radical left-libertarian protests in Sweden and Denmark 2002–2014 80 Magnus Wennerhag, Jan Jämte, Måns Lundstedt 11. Kultursociologi Playing cultural heritage: constructing video games as museum culture 81 81 Lina Eklund International retirement migration: Linguistic environments, problems and strategies 83 Per Gustafson Living like a king? Rural upper class lifestyles 84 Tora Holmberg “Rejecting digital technology in the age of cool capitalism” 85 Magdalena Kania-Lundholm The Worth of Green: a sociology of art approach on the process of greenification in urban settings 87 María Langa An imagined culinary community: On gender and class in “Sweden – the new culinary nation” 89 Nicklas Neuman Understanding the Girl Child Breast Ironing in Cameroon: A Sociological Analysis of the Determinants of the Practice 90 Christian Nounkeu Tatchou Posthuman Postmortem Postcards: Space and Place in Condolence Cards for Bereaved Pet Owners 91 David Redmalm 12. Utbildningssociologi The Legacy of the 1990s for the Swedish Academic profession 92 92 Ola Agevall, Gunnar Olofsson Mål eller medel? Om utbildningens roll och syfte ur ett policy- och elevperspektiv 93 Majsa Allelin Changes in access to higher education in the Nordic countries 1985-2010 – a comparative perspective 94 Emil Bertilsson, Tobias Dalberg Det svenska högskolefältet. Struktur och förändringar, 1977 till 2009 Mikael Börjesson, Emil Bertilsson, Tobias Dalberg Innehåll 96 6 Social field and market – upper secondary education and the emerging educational market in the Stockholm region 98 Håkan Forsberg Den nya folkhögskolegruppen i Riksdagen: Folkhögskolan som samtida bildningsväg för svenska riksdagsledamöter 100 Charlotte Fridolfsson, Henrik Nordvall, Erik Nylander At the Apex of Educational Capital - The Space of Secondary Education in the University Town of Uppsala 102 Ida Lidegran "IB schools – the definition of symbolic capital at stake" 103 Mikael Palme, Josef Dahlberg Solida och bräckliga utbildningskontrakt - Utbildningsförlopp på en ämneslärarutbildning 104 Magnus Persson Familj och nära relationer 106 "Precarious labour: European au pairs in Sweden" 106 13. Terese Anving, Sara Eldén Ofridstid. Fäders våld, staten och den separerande familjen" /"Times of trouble. Fathers' violence, the state, and the separating family 107 Linnéa Bruno Close personal relationships, children and the family: changing the background 109 Daniela Cutas New ways of doing the ‘good’ and gender equal family: Parents employing nannies and au-pairs in Sweden. 111 Sara Eldén, Terese Anving A tablet app for data collection and children talking ”daddy, daddy, child” 112 Stina Ericsson Sånt som mammor gör: Aspekter av moderskap i sjukskrivningsinteraktion 115 Marie Flinkfeldt Fantomrelationer i singellitteraturen 116 Andreas Henriksson Living Together: Intimate spaces and embodied rhythm in collective housing 117 Maria Törnqvist Time on leave, timing of preschool - The role of parental leave use for preschool start in Sweden 118 Ida Viklund, Ann-Zofie Duvander 14. Innehåll Arbete, organisation och profession 120 7 “Subcontracted migrant workers – precarious labour in a flexible labour market?” 120 Rasmus Ahlstrand Relationer och organisationer 122 Göran Ahrne "'Det strama fyrkantiga staketet' En intervjustudie med domare, advokater och tolkar om konstruktionen av tolken och tolkningsprocessen i domstol" 123 Gunilla Carstensen Organization of volunteers in disaster response 124 Roine Johansson An analytical model for studies of boundary work: The case of Swedish secondary teacher’s use of Facebook as work tool 125 Marcus Persson, Elin Thunman Sociala medier och diskretion inom polisen 128 Bertil Rolandsson Imagined independence among Swedish professional labour migrants 129 Ylva Walliinder The dilemma in communicating empowerment at the workplace 130 Linda Weidenstedt 15. Miljö- och risksociologi Studying the New Politics of Consumption 131 131 Magnus Boström, Michele Micheletti, Peter Oosterveer The metamorphosis of the monarch butterfly. A study of the (re)framing of a species worthy of protection. 132 Karin Gustafsson ‘Democratizing science’ and ‘deliberative democracy’–a deliberative systems approach to global environmental governance 133 Rolf Lidskog, Monika Persson Bouncing at the boundary: IPBES and the possibilities of a third knowledge space 134 Erik Löfmarck, Rolf Lidskog Elusive risks in discourses about cesarean section: A doing risk analysis 135 Anna Olofsson What’s missing from Ostrom? Combining design principles with plural rationality 136 Benedict Singleton Socialpsykologi 137 "Mångfacetterad osäkerhet" 137 16. Johan Alfonsson Innehåll 8 Tankefiguren arv/miljö som felkonstruktion 138 Lars-Erik Berg Våldsbejakande islamism och radikalisering i en svensk kontext 139 Sara Johansson ”De dödas betydelse för interaktion och identitetskonstruktion” 141 Annika Jonsson Videoinspelning av naturligt förekommande interaktion 142 Kristin Wiksell 17. Innehåll Namnregister 143 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd "Vikten av att vilja - framställningar av vräkningshotade föräldrar i socialtjänstens akter" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Stina Fernqvist Uppsala Universitet Institutet för bostadsoch urbanforskning [email protected] Ett flertal studier har pekat på vikten av en stabil boendesituation för barn och utifrån ett gradvis utökat barnperspektiv i hanteringen av välfärdsfrågor i Sverige utfärdade dåvarande regeringen 2010 en "nollvision", som innebar att inga barn skulle vräkas. Detta visade sig vara juridiskt omöjligt att åstadkomma med nuvarande lagstiftning, men vid sidan av detta efterfrågades även en kunskapsutveckling i frågan samt förslag på eventuella åtgärder för att minska antalet vräkningar av barn. Tidigare forskning rörande ekonomisk utsatthet i välfärdsstaten i mer generella termer, och rörande fattiga familjer i synnerhet, har visat att fattigdom kan vara starkt kopplad till diskurser rörande moral bristande skötsamhet och självdisciplin. Samtidigt har ett flertal studier visat att personer med kognitiva svårigheter, vilket här inkluderar intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, ofta lever i ekonomisk utsatthet och att dessa funktionsvariationer kan orsaka stora problem i relation till ekonomin. Bland dessa personer finns naturligtvis många föräldrar men frågan om funktionsvariation har sällan lyfts i relation till barns ekonomiska utsatthet eller vräkningar av barnfamiljer. Studien som presentationen utgår från syftar till att undersöka ärenden där barnfamiljer hotas av vräkning, och mer specifikt studera framställningen av föräldrarna. Teoretiskt inspireras arbetet av tidigare forskning om styrningspraktiker (governmentality) i vid mening, med fokus på konstruktionen av klienten inom det sociala arbetets praktik. I ett senare skede av studien intervjuas även socialsekreterare som i sin roll som "gräsrotsbyråkrater" (se Lipsky 1980) utgör en viktig del av denna process. Det empiriska materialet utgörs här av ett fyrtiotal anonymiserade socialtjänstakter inhämtade från fyra svenska kommuner av varierande storlek. Akterna utgörs av utredningar och journalutdrag rörande försörjningsstöd till barnfamiljer där risk för vräkning framkommer. Materialet är föremål för en kvalitativ analys där fokus ligger på: 1) hur den ekonomiska utsattheten som lett fram till vräkningsrisken begripliggörs inom de institutionella ramar som socialtjänstens arbete kan sägas vara en del av, 2) på vilket sätt ekonomisk skötsamhet artikuleras i relation till föräldraansvar samt 3) om, eller hur, funktionsvariationer explicit länkas till ekonomiska svårigheter, då detta bör påverka möjligheter till rätt stöd. Det handlar således inte om en kartläggning av hur många av klienterna som de facto har en diagnos, utan hur texten i akterna förhåller sig till förklaringsmodeller i relation till fattigdom där en 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 10 misstänkt eller diagnosticerad funktionsnedsättning kan göra den ekonomiskt utsatta situationen mer legitim och klienten därmed mer förtjänt av samhällets stöd. Analysen är ännu preliminär, men pekar på att funktionsvariationerna och de ekonomiska svårigheterna ligger som två olika spår i akterna, som inte alltid kopplas samman. Därtill framkommer ett flertal exempel på hur klientens vilja till skötsamhet formuleras som positivt, oavsett vad klienten faktiskt åstadkommer i form av t.ex. aktivering på arbetsmarknaden. Denna förväntade förmåga till god självpresentation, vilken också påtalats inom senare års arbetslivsforskning, kan också problematiseras i relation till studiens frågeställningar då klienter som inte lever upp till detta kan gå miste om adekvat stöd. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 11 Reducing unemployment? (Re)examining the role of labour market policies Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Daniel Fredriksson Stockholms universitet SOFI [email protected] This paper analyses the long and short-term relationship between labour market policies and aggregate civilian unemployment rates in 19 welfare states 1985-2012. Spending on three different types of active labour market policy (ALMP) and two key aspects of unemployment insurance, often defined as passive labour market policy, is analyzed. Unemployment insurance is usually considered to increase unemployment if it is too generous, but not always, as it may also sustain aggregate demand. The ALMP spending categories under scrutiny are public employment services (PES), training programs, and job creation programs. While evidence is mixed, these three expenditure types are assumed to reduce unemployment by influencing key aspects of the labour market (job matching, human capital investment, and demand stimulation, respectively). They are also assumed to offset potential negative effects of generous unemployment insurance. Both passive and active policies have been extensively studied, with mixed results, in relation to aggregate unemployment. However, most studies only take short-term effects into account. The main contribution of this paper is to investigate if the effects of labour market policies differ between the long and short term. There are theoretical reasons to believe, especially for active policies, that effects differ when also considering long term effects. Training programs, for example, are more likely to reduce unemployment over the long term since human capital accumulation involve active participation in a program before taking up employment. Direct job creation, on the other hand, are likely to have positive short term effects since the unemployed immediately enter employment. Through pooled mean group regression (a variant of time-series cross-sectional analysis), the study finds that of the three active policy types, expenditure on training programs are associated with lower unemployment rates over the long-term, whereas direct job creation are associated with lower unemployment on the short term. For PES, effects were inconclusive. In terms of passive policies, no substantial effects of unemployment insurance were found. By taking both long-term and short-term effects into account, we thus gain a better understanding of the dynamics of labour market policy. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 12 Good Governance – what we think it is and what we really measure. Namn Lärosäte Institution Björn Halleröd GU Hans Ekbrand GU David Gordon Bristol University Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap School of Policy Studies E-post Abstract The so-called institutional revolution within social science is closely related to the use of a broad range of governance indicators provided by a variety of organizations. However, it is from a theoretical perspective often far from clear what these indicators are supposed to measure, which also makes it hard to draw concise policy conclusion. We use a structural equation (SEM) approach to analyze a broad range of governance indicators and we draw the following conclusions. Exiting indicators cannot in a straightforward application distinguish theoretically derived aspect of governance. They are mainly measuring one single latent factor, a factor we at this stage label as quality of government (QoG). However, QoG appears not to be measuring a unique feature but is more realistically to be interpreted as an approximation of GDP per capita. Because we use SEM we have been able to modeling the error terms and extracting a residual latent factor. The residual factor captures the degree of democratization and existence of liberal human rights net of QoG. The residual factor makes it possible to analyze if democratization and liberal rights impact on for example living conditions, access to education et cetera net of QoG (which is to be interpreted net of general economic development). Our preliminary analysis shows that democratization and liberal rights are unrelated to the existence of basic social rights. Hence, the analysis supports earlier findings that indicate that democratic values and institutions per se have little impact on policy outcomes and peoples’ living conditions. Our results strongly advice against analyses that uses different indicators of governance in order to determine what aspects that are most important given a certain outcome. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 13 The long arm of social inequality: Effects of education/occupation on the incidence and prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Caroline Hasselgren Björn Halleröd Göteborgs Universitet Göteborgs Universitet Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] [email protected] This paper is part of my PhD project, which, on an overarching level, aims at examining how various social and psychological risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) relate to each other and by extension to their genetic equivalents. The purpose of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it aims to examine the possible effects of occupation based socioeconomic status (SES) and education on the prevalence of AD. Secondly, the study aims to explore whether SES/education are related to age of dementia onset (i.e. incidence) and duration of survival after diagnosis. Further, special attention is paid to potential interaction effects between SES/education and a well-established genetic risk factor for AD - the APOE ε4 allele. The present study targets these issues in relation to two of the longitudinal Gothenburg Population Studies, the H70 Birth Cohort Study and the Prospective Populations Study on Women (PPSW). The main reason for conducting separate analyses for prevalence and incidence/survival can be traced back to a longstanding debate regarding age-variations of the well-established relationship between SES/education and health. In this debate, two main strands can be distinguished. While some scholars propose that aging seems to work as a leveler of difference, others suggest that health disparities between e.g. different educational/occupational groups tend to amplify with the passage of time. In the latter case, increasing health disparities have often been explained in terms of cumulative (dis)advantage (or CAD), which can be defined as the accumulation of risk (or advantage) within and between different life-domains over the life-course. Regarding the opposite idea, i.e. that of health disparities converging over time, one suggested explanation is that the health decline associated with aging is postponed for high SES individuals. Simply put, it has been argued that the morbidity of these individuals is compressed to a shorter period of time during which they “catch up” to those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. However, a more common explanation for the proposed levelling of differences is non-random mortality selection. In short, the concept refers to the result of e.g. less educated individuals experiencing higher mortality rates in young age, which results in the remaining sample becoming more “robust” over time. This phenomenon has also been denoted cohort inversion and could ultimately change cohorts so that the association between for example SES and health diminishes over time. Accordingly, avoiding to address these issues might lead to misconceptions regarding the impact of social inequality on health in old age. As stated above, the theory of cumulative (dis)advantage and the idea of “aging as a leveler” have often been regarded as competing, partly due to the fact that many studies are based on cross-sectional data 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 14 i.e. such that is not suitable for exploring time-varying relationships. More research based on longitudinal data is thus needed. This is especially true since there are studies indicating that these phenomena, rather than being mutually exclusive, seem to be operate in tandem. More specifically, this means that compositional cohort changes might lead to a levelling of differences on the aggregate level, whereas on the individual ditto, CAD mechanisms are still at play. Consequently, cumulative disadvantage could potentially be looked upon as the precursor of mortality selection, and hence of the observed “leveling”. Aside from the fact that many have argued that there is a need for further inquiry on how the link between SES/education and health varies over time and what methodological challenges this might pose, we argue that this is of particular relevance for studies of AD for three main reasons. Firstly, on a more general level, Alzheimer’s disease is known to be the most common form of dementia and hitherto this severe condition lacks effective prevention, treatment and cure. Secondly, AD chiefly affects individuals above the age of 65, which implies that there is a need to explore whether cohort composition is time dependent in any sense, and, if so, how this could affect the study of risk factors for such a clearly age-related disease. Lastly, the causes of sporadic AD (accounts for 98-99 per cent of all cases) are heterogeneous. Besides the well-known genetic risk factor of the APOE ε4 allele, a range of social factors has been suggested to contribute to disease onset, including low occupation based SES and low education. This implies that AD, like most diseases, has a social gradient, which in turn actualizes the possibility of social inequality inducing cohort compositional changes over time. Similar changes could possibly also occur as a result of genetic differences. Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele have proven to be more at risk for developing other conditions besides AD, e.g. cardiovascular diseases, which further means that they risk dying at younger ages. Accordingly, with the passage of time, surviving carriers of the APOE ε4 could potentially be more “robust” compared to their counterparts, considering the mortality-selection-hypothesis presented above. An advantage with the population studies used in this paper is that they entail data on social conditions as well as clinical health and genome. A possible contribution of the present study is therefore that it simultaneously examines the possibility of social as well as genetic effects on dementia prevalence/incidence, while at the same time exploring possible time-variations of the relationship between health and SES. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 15 Conditional representation – gendered experiences of combining work and family among local politicians Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ingemar Johansson Sevä Ida Öun Umeå universitet Umeå universitet Sociologi [email protected] Sociologi [email protected] Sweden is often considered to be a frontrunner with regard to gender equality. During the last decades the Swedish welfare state has developed towards a dual-earner model, providing policies with the aim to support the reconciliation between work and family life for parents of young children. This model has been successful when it comes to women’s integration on the labour market and the political sphere. In recent years, the share of women in Swedish local politics has increased and now amount to an average level of 40 per cent. While the underrepresentation of specific social groups in local politics, such as women, the low-educated, young, and immigrants is well documented, aspects not directly related to social categorization have not been sufficiently analyzed in previous research. A potential factor affecting representation – the possibility to combine political work with family life – has been studied to some extent among national politicians, but not at the local level. In general, we know surprisingly little about experiences of combining work and family among local politicians in Sweden. Experiences of conflicting demands between political work and family life may influence the recruitment into politics, and thus the representativeness of the local political elite. In this paper, our aim is (a) to map the working and living conditions experienced by local politicians in Sweden, with a particular focus on gender, age, and party affiliation; (b) to examine to what extent demands from work and family affect work-family conflict; and (c) to contrast the findings concerning local politicians with findings from a representative sample of the general Swedish population. In order to invesitigate this, we use unique survey data from 2014 (n~7000) covering local politicians, and a representative sample of the Swedish population. Our preliminary results show that female and male local politicians report very similar high demands from their political work. For example, the mean weekly working hours among full time politicians is around 60 hours for both men and women, while the corresponding figure among part time politicians is about 42 hours. As to the question concerning the possibility to combine the political work with family responsibilities, local politicians overall experience lower work-family conflict than the public. Interestingly, gender is less important as a predictor for work-family conflict among local politicians, while age have a stronger effect than among the general public. Given the fact that young women are a heavily underrepresented group in politics we tentatively see our results as an indication that local politics still is a highly selected arena even in dual-earner Sweden, and that possibilities to combine political work with family life is an imprortant factor to consider when discussing political representation. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 16 "Work is life, you know, and without it, there's nothing but fear and insecurity" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ola Sjöberg Stockholms universitet SOFI [email protected] Recent evidence suggest that the generosity of unemployment benefit are positively related to both overall self-assessed health and decreasing health inequalities between educational groups. That unemployment benefits may have positive effects on the health of unemployed is not surprising. However, a more surprising finding is that also the health and well-being of employed individuals seems to be positively related to the generosity of unemployment benefits. This is a genuine puzzle: why should the generosity of unemployment benefits matter for people with jobs? This paper argues that this puzzle may, at least in part, be understood against the background of individual vulnerability (the ex-ante risk that a household or individual will fall into poverty if becoming unemployed) and job insecurity. The central argument of this paper is that state-legislated unemployment benefit schemes – what may be termed collective resources - may play a pivotal role in decreasing individual vulnerability and therefore also mediate the relationship between job insecurity and self-assessed health. Since collective resources in the form of unemployment benefits probably is more important for lower-educated individuals who often lack individual resources, this theoretical framework also provides a (partial) explanation of why the generosity of unemployment benefit schemes is related to decreasing health inequalities between educational groups. The empirical analyses, using two waves of European Quality of Life Survey, is largely supportive of this theoretical framework. The generosity of unemployment benefits tend to be most important for the subjective health of employed individuals who, in addition to experiencing job insecurity, also lack individual economic resources. This effect is, furthermore, more pronounced for low-educated individuals. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 17 Perceived employability for non-native employees: The (in)significance of institutional context Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ylva Wallinder Göteborgs Universitet Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] Half a century ago, Europe consisted of different national labour markets. Today, the whole European Union is one big labour market due to the right of free movement of goods and workforce inside the economic community. Nonetheless, the de facto transnational labour market mobility is rather low. This is rather surprising, as transnational mobility is considered an opportunity to broaden work-related experience and to improve employability. The EU even actively promotes the mobility paradigm as a part of the wider discourse on employability: European policymakers and politicians encourage citizens to actively look for employment. This is referred to as “active solidarity” or “active employment”, meaning that the individual herself is responsible for her ongoing employment. This article examines how perceived employability differs between natives and non-native employees. The study compares data from the European Social Survey (ESS) collected in 2004 and 2010, reflecting different economic situations and different work-related cross-national mobility patterns. In order to identify the impact of both individual and contextual factors on perceived employability, the data is analysed by means of multi-level modeling. The results indicate that non-native employees experience a smaller possibility to match individual qualifications with open positions compared to natives. Further, non-native employees are less dependent on welfare state conditions, instead they rely more on their individual qualifications for their perceived employability. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 18 Family policies and fertility: Analyzing the link between family policy institutions and fertility rates in 33 countries 1995-2010 Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Katharina Wesolowski Tommy Ferrarini Stockholms universitet Stockholms universitet Institutet för social forskning Institutet för social forskning [email protected] This study analyzes the link between family-policy institutions and fertility changes in 33 countries 1995 to 2010 using new institutional data. We use newly collected data on family-policy legislation covering not only the frequently analyzed old OECD member countries, but also including new EU member countries as well as Russia and Ukraine. In order to evaluate the link between family policy and fertility, pooled time-series cross-section regression analyses are used with the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) as outcome variable and Gross Domestic Product (GDP), female labor force participation, and unemployment rates as control variables. The results show that more extensive gender-egalitarian family policies, and female employment are linked to higher fertility, while policies supporting traditional family patterns or the degree of economic development produce no statistically significant results. Analyses of the interaction between earner-carer support and female paid work indicate that the impact of introducing more gender-egalitarian policies would be stronger in countries with lower levels of female labor force participation. Regressions with differenced data support ideas of earner-carer support being linked to increases in total fertility. Thus, the results lend support the argument that work-family reconciliation policies might be a way to increase fertility rates of a country. 1. Socialpolitik och välfärd 2. Ekonomisk sociologi Making the Cut: Trust Production in the Swedish Pork and Beef Production Chain Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Jonas Bååth Uppsala Sociologi [email protected] In meat production some meats are better than others. The process of valuing cuts, here beef and pork, involves to attribute values to qualities through more or less institutionalised repertoires. These repertoires, e.g. assessing fattiness, differentiate cuts from each other. Through studying Swedish pig and cattle farmers, slaughterhouse workers, meat retailers and others involved in the meat production chain, I ask the question what is a good cut in the Swedish meat production? By asking this question investigate of how consumers and production chain actors become meaningful in the production of cuts in Swedish meat production – from farm to grocery store. Approaching the question of good cuts, three groups of findings become relevant. These are drawn from in-depth interviews with 40 interview persons and one month of participant observation conducted during 2014-15. Analysing these, I combine Georg Simmel’s theory of value attribution, with Anne Swidler’s conception of culture as repertoires. These are contextualised using Mary Douglas distinction between clean and polluted, and the insight that markets are actively organised as found in Karl Polanyi’s and Ferdinand Braudel’s respective works. Doing this analysis I found (1) the important values that are attributed to the cuts’ qualities, e.g. fattiness, size, or bones. These are mapped out and put in relation to each other through (2) the valuation repertoires, e.g. the assessment of colour or thickness of a cut. These repertories are in (3) wechselwirkung between actor and production. Repertories of valuation are thus shaped in relation to ideas of purity and pollution, e.g. ‘pink’ as a polluted category for beef cuts. Also, the active organisation of exchange throughout the production chain means that different institutions actively uphold certain regimes, e.g. the production of defined cuts and how they must look. The main findings are that a good cut is a cut that a) can be trusted by downstream actors, and b) facilitates production stability, i.e. a trustworthy chain. The conclusions from this analysis are that a good cut is assessed in relation to an abstract idea about an ignorant consumer, with the wrong idea about meat. Thus, consumer trust is hard to attain while keeping the internal production chain trust 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 20 intact. Also, the actors’ activities in the production chain influence these values, putting the meat in wechselwirkung with labour processes, and (to some extent) the lebensführung of the actors. 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 21 Coping with the environment: contingency and the paradox of technology in rural capitalism Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Alexander Dobeson Uppsala Unviversity Department of Sociology alexander.dobeson@s oc.uu.se How do economic actors cope with an ever-changing environment? And what are the consequences for contemporary rural capitalism? Knightian uncertainty has become one of the defining concepts of New Economic Sociology: while the future remains uncertain, economic actors rely on robust cognitive frames and devices for reducing calculable risk in markets. What has been neglected so far, however, is the impact of exogenous, that is non-market environments such as ‘ecology’ and ‘technology’, which are of particular importance for natural resource-based economies such as agriculture and fisheries. For this reason, this paper highlights the role of what I call environmental contingency as most profound problem in rural networks of production. Based on a case study from the Icelandic coastal fisheries, three basic coping strategies are presented as responses to the problem of environmental contingency: a) tinkering accounts; b) technological hybridisation and c) redefining boundaries. While these strategies allow for flexible adaption to an everchanging environment, they also point at the paradox of technology, as technology itself propels new economic problems by ignoring the complexity of the environment, leading to an endless cycle of investments and intensification. Keywords: Knightian uncertainty, contingency, sociology of markets, economic coping, technology, rural capitalism, fisheries 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 22 Football's Economization as an Unintended Consequence - How the the Passing Game accidentally commercialized Football Namn Lärosäte Dominik Döllinger Uppsala Universitet Institution E-post [email protected] In my paper I first want to show that the economization of football is by no means a recent development but, contrary to the picture that is painted by many football romantics and commentators, has its roots already in the late 19th century. Secondly, I want to introduce the invention of the passing game as a crucial and necessary condition for football's economization and commercialization process. Modern football was invented in Victorian England by the industrial upper middle class. However, by the end of the 19th century it was the working class that gradually came to dominate the game on and off the pitch. The new working class audiences were considerably bigger than the previous ones and made football into a spectator sport that was big enough to create economic profits. This was a consequence of the working class teams beginning to dominate the upper class teams on the pitch by inventing the passing game as a new and superior playing style in order to cope with their physical disadvantages. The passing game, then, led to working class teams engaging in regular practice in order to develop the necessary technical and tactical skills to play and improve this new way of playing. Eventually, being a football player became so time consuming that teams began to hire and pay talented players and enabled them to play football for a living. All of this was met with disapproval by the upper class inventors of the game, who founded football on a strong amateur and Gentleman ideology, including values of disinterestedness and playing only for the sake of playing and not for financial gain. Consequently, they tried to oppose these developments but eventually lost the ‘class struggle for football’ when professionalism was finally legalized by the Football Association (FA) in 1885 and subsequent efforts to bring the amateur ideology back failed. At the beginning of the 20th century football and the economic field had finally become bedfellows and their love affair continues until today up top the point where, as recent research has shown, economic capital can buy Championships. I aim to outline that the general economization of football, that has increased ever since, in fact, began with the working class passing the ball to each other, i.e. on the pitch itself. Within a short period of time football games began to attract huge audiences on a regular basis. What is more is that football games created an utopia where the working class dominated the upper class, an utopia that could be sold perfectly to a working class with increasing incomes and more time for leisure activities than ever before. Previous research has so far neither explicated nor utilized this connection between the invention of the passing game, i.e. the practice level, and football's economization and professionalization, let alone drawn theoretical conclusions. In explicating this connection, I want to shed new light on the economization process of football in general and show how changes on the practice level have led to unintended long-term structural consequences for the history football as a whole. 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 23 Structural and material conditions for peasant class formation in Mozambique Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Kajsa Johansson Linnéuniversitetet Samhällsstudier [email protected] The paper examines how the composition of the livelihoods of the Mozambican peasantry, including its relations to the Market and the State, hampers peasant class formation. While recognising peasants’ constant struggles, or class practices, it examines the material conditions impeding the transformation of these class practices into class struggles. It argues that one major, although not exclusive, constraining factor is that the peasantry has, and has had, no fixed object or conflict for their organisation; there is no stable conflict in which they are involved as a class. The paper suggests that the unpredictable, variable and indistinct relations between the peasants and the State and the Market respectively (and sometimes jointly) further complicate the formation of a peasant class since they lead to an equally unpredictable, variable and indistinct class structure. The paper aims to make a contribution to the on-going discussion, so far mainly at macro-level, among scholars of critical political economy, underlining the need to identify a social base to question the current (economic) development model in Mozambique, being described as porous and extractive. The paper places the processes of social change and struggles in the rural areas at the centre, analysing conditions in present time and history hampers mobilisation and collective struggle. Through the rural focus, with the peasants as political subjects, it opposes to the substantial body of contemporary research, as well as practice including NGOs and donor agencies, tending to exclude the rural poor as well as other marginalised groups as political actors, turning them into mere target groups or receivers of ideas or projects defined by the urban elite. The peasantry has since Independence in 1975 constituted the majority of Mozambique’s population with around 75 per cent living in the countryside. Their social and economic conditions have in many regards remained the same during the last forty years in terms of key aspects such as size of the machamba (field), productivity, market access and lack of extension services. The rural majority in Mozambique has seen little or no benefits of the substantial economic growth that has taken place during the last decades, and poverty indicators show stagnated poverty levels, deepening poverty gaps and increased inequalities. Statistics also show how changes in terms of getting above the poverty line are not resilient but unstable and insecure with people moving above easily falling below shortly after. Despite the fact that the main economic activity among the majority of the population is peasant agriculture, it has since Independence never been at the heart of economic policy, which has, on the contrary, been dominated by large-scale projects, be them state farms during socialist time or, as presently, large-scale extractive industries and plantation agriculture. Peasants are also largely excluded 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 24 from spheres of formal political influence, including local as well a national processes of formulation of policies for rural development and agriculture. Peasants’ organisations in Mozambique, represented by the national peasants’ union UNAC, mobilise a fairly small share of the total number of peasants and permanent peasant collective actions are rare. Around 80 000 peasants are formally members of UNAC, but the union claims to represent all peasants. The paper benefits from recently carried out fieldwork (in 2015 and 2016) in Niassa province in northern Mozambique, inspired by ethnographic approaches and the extended case method. The empirical material consists of life histories with peasants, traditional and religious local leaders; interviews with peasants’ associations, focus groups of associated and non-associated peasants; observations as well as interviews with government representatives at different levels. In terms of analytical framework, the paper applies Olin Wright’s model for class-analysis and scholarly work on proletarianisation in a contemporary Southern Africa context complements and contextualises Olin Wright’s framework. At a broader level, situating the paper in the on-going PhD project of understanding peasant mobilisation in Mozambique since Independence, the case is placed within the framework of Karl Polanyi’s Great. From Polanyi the paper also uses the analysis of land as a fictitious commodity, something that may come to play a key role in the analysis of a possible contemporary class formation. 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 25 An economic sociology of durable goods Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Sebastian Kohl Uppsala Universitet Uppsala Universitet [email protected] The article argues for the importance of an often neglected distinction of economic goods and markets in sociology, the distinction between durable and non-durable goods. It offers the first existing review of good and market classifications found in the literature in order to argue that durable/non-durable is a new enriching category. Then the implication of the category for empirical research are spelt out: durable goods, whose consumption takes more than an instantaneous time period, are divided into a primary and secondary market, the primary market from new production is relatively small, in its production there is often a considerable lag and often credit accompanies its acquisition, both features making these markets highly cyclical and their changes slow and long-term. These markets also allow for different forms of ownership: direct or cooperative ownership or renting. The age of products often negatively correlates with the social status of their holders – older goods trickle down. The purpose of introducing such a category is to unify research in market sociology across various markets and goods and to offer a framework for comparisons. Such usefulness is demonstrated throughout the article by illustrating the case of durable goods in three very different kinds of markets: the housing, timber and the labor market. The article thus makes a contribution to the emerging field of comparative economic sociology which goes beyond the study of individual markets. 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 26 "Exchange, Value and Money – Georg Simmels Relevance for the New Economic Sociology Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Erik Ljungar Högskolan i Borås Sektionen för arbetsliv och välfärd [email protected] Exchange, Value and Money – Georg Simmels Relevance for the New Economic Sociology Georg Simmel is one of the founders of sociology. In this article emphasis will be put on Simmles view on economic relationships in society, and how these “market interactions” tend to interact with society in large. Simmel argues that the social relation is the foundation of society, i.e. his sociology goes under the name sociological relationism . In his book Sociology (1908) he shows how society and its institutions is formed by a series of relational phenomena, such as super- and subordination, conflict and exchange. In the case of exchange Simmel emphasizes that economic exchange is the purest form, characterized by its distinctive objectivity. Simmel has even developed a theory of value. He claims that economic values arise in interaction between people. Ultimately, it is the value that a product has for individuals or "subjects" which is the foundation of value and even prices on the market. But as people interact common or shared values tend to occur , or what Simmel calls objective values. Perhaps the most distinctive object given such an objective value is money. However, it is not only the exchange of goods or services among humans that are formal or "objective"; a sort of “monetary relationship” permeates throughout all of modern society. I argue that Simmel is one of the neglected contributors to economic sociology, but even to economics. His theory of value has many resemblances with the subjective value theory in neoclassical theory, but its relational approach gives a deeper understanding how in fact values occur, not only in the economic sphere, but even in other spheres in society such as art, politics, religion etc. Keywords: Simmel, Relationism, Exchange, Value, Money 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 27 Analyser sociologer publicerar Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ilkka Henrik Mäkinen Erika Willander Uppsala Universitet Analysenheten Sociologen [email protected] Svenska kyrkan [email protected] Textböcker i sociologisk metodologi beskriver ofta sociologiska analyser som en kombination av kvantitativa och kvalitativa ansatser. Populariteten för dessa ansatser kan dock variera över tid och en viss ansats kan vara mer eller mindre gångbar vid publikation i vetenskapliga tidskrifter. Följande presentation redogör för en kartläggning av de 20 högst rankade sociologiska tidskrifterna mellan åren 1994-2014 och besvarar frågorna: Vilka metoder används i tidskrifterna? Sker det en förändring över tid bland de metoder som används? Resultaten visar att en kvantitativ ansats är betydligt vanligare än en kvalitativ ansats i de topprankade tidskrifterna. Detta mönster är också stabilt över tidsperioden. Bland de kvantitativa metoderna är regressionsanalyser vanligast och nära två tredjedelar av de kartlagda artiklarna med kvantitativ ansats redovisade resultat från regressionsanalyser. I ett undervisningssammanhang understryker resultaten vikten av att sociologistudenter lär sig både kvantitativa och kvalitativa analytiska ansatser. 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 28 Exchanging Perspectives – Revisiting Economic Action Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Tobias Olofsson Uppsala Universitet Sociologiska Institutionen [email protected] Why do we buy the things we buy? This abstract refers to a paper which asks questions regarding the very core act of consumption, namely the assessment of and participation in exchanges. It is therefore not a paper regarding consumer society, the culture of consumption, or the games of market participation as phenomena in themselves. Instead the paper focuses on consumption at its very basic act, the exchange of A:s for B:s. This does not, however, imply that the paper disregards or is ignorant of the importance of the cultural and structural settings, nor of their importance in facilitating, influencing or guiding economic action. Instead the paper seeks to put forward a proposal for a perspective in which the structural and cultural influences on the act of exchange are analyzed from the very act itself, rather than perceiving exchange as a consequence of structure and cultural settings. Moreover the paper is a proposal to return to the foundations of economic sociology, revisiting the works of economist Vilfredo Pareto (1909). The paper thereby provides a perspective in which economic action is treated as a social fact in itself and not, as in some later perspectives, an integral part of larger social phenomena – cf. (Baudrillard, 2012) and (Bauman et al., 2004). Furthermore the paper will put forward a proposal for an inquiry in which the model sketched out below is tested in relation to actor’s participation in online auctions. Online auction services such as Ebay or the Swedish Tradera facilitate peer-to-peer auctions where different actors post offers of exchange which other actors place bids on. The different participants interact with the screen which mediates the offers of exchange as well as provide information on the ratings (provided by participants in earlier exchanges) of different buyers and sellers. This makes for an interesting case to gain further insights into consumers’ choice of whether or not to participate in an exchange as it enables inquiries at different temporal points of economic action, and economic acts – cf. (Schütz, 1962). What the paper proposes is that the model below is tested through an inquiry into consumers’ choice of whether or not to conduct the economic action of participating in an exchange, and the reason for doing this is to seek further insights into the economic actions of consumers within the space of online auctions, as well as contributing to the greater knowledge regarding the (economic) sociology of consumption. In constructing the model the paper draws on the works of Pareto (1909), Simmel (2011), Schütz (1962, 2002), Weber (1978) and Polanyi (2011), but also on contemporary insights into economic sociology from scholars such as Granovetter (1985), Aspers (2009, 2011a, 2011b), Knorr-Cetina (2003), and Hedström (2005). This means that the atomized perspective on economic action put forward by Pareto is supplemented by Simmel’s sociological understanding of exchanges, Weber’s, Schütz’s and Polanyi’s respective conceptualizations of rationality, and Schütz’s concepts of horizons of meaning and purpose at hand. Furthermore the paper draws on Granovetter’s insights into the importance of social networks in social and economic action, Asper’s work on markets, Knorr-Cetina’s 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 29 research on scopic markets, and Hedström’s conceptualization of social action through the use of DBOtheory. Combining the theoretical and empirical insights accounted for above, the paper proposes a hypothetical model in which economic action in the form of exchange (Y) is understood to be the outcome of the interplaying factors of the agent’s purpose at hand (X1), access to information upon which evaluations of exchanges are based (X2), and the rationales of market participation (X3). Using this model in empirical research would then, the paper proposes, enable the posing of questions regarding how the situatedness of the actor, the market and the exchange can be traced from the outcome of an actor’s assessment of different offers of exchange. To accomplish this the model draws on work from different fields (i.e. sociology, economic sociology, phenomenology, and neo classical economics) in trying to account for different insights into economic action. Bibliography Aspers, P. (2009) Knowledge and valuation in markets. Theory and Society. 38 (2), 111–131. Aspers, P. (2011a) Markets. Economy and society. Cambridge; Malden, MA: Polity. Aspers, P. (2011b) Markets, Evaluations and Rankings. Historical Social Research/Historische Sozialforschung. 19–33. Baudrillard, J. (2012) The consumer society: myths and structures. Theory, culture & society. Reprinted. Los Angeles, Calif.: SAGE. Bauman, Z. et al. (2004) Att tänka sociologiskt. Göteborg: Korpen. Granovetter, M. (1985) Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology. 91 (3), 481–510. Hedström, P. (2005) Dissecting the social: on the principles of analytical sociology. Cambridge, UK. ; New York: Cambridge University Press. Knorr Cetina, K. (2003) From Pipes to Scopes: The Flow Architecture of Financial Markets. Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory. 4 (2), 7–23. Pareto, V. (1909) Manuel D’Économie Politique. Paris: V. Giard & E. Brière. Polanyi, K. (2011) ‘The Economy as Instituted Process’, in Mark Granovetter & Richard Swedberg (eds.) The Sociology of Economic Life. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Schütz, A. (1962) Collected papers. 1, The problem of social reality. Maurice Natanson (ed.). The Hague: M. Nijhoff. Schütz, A. (2002) Den sociala världens fenomenologi. Göteborg: Daidalos. Simmel, G. (2011) Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms. University of Chicago Press. Weber, M. (1978) Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. Guenther Roth & Claus Wittich (eds.). New York: Univ. of California Press. 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 30 The financialization of everyday life in Swedish financial education programs Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Jane Pettersson GBG universitet Institutionen för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework where financialization and emotions in finance perspectives are combined to identify potentially fruitful analytical concepts that allow me to understand Swedish financial education. The paper is part of my recently initiated PhD thesis where financial education and its fostering of financial subjects is studied as a phenomenon on both micro and macro levels. At the micro level education enacts overarching discourses and cultural notions of financial markets and its opportunities and dangers together with the social and emotional work of disciplining the subject. I suggest that combining theories of financialization and sociology of emotions is crucial in understanding how the micro level of interaction is linked to the macro level. The last couple of years, concern have been raised by government and financial experts about the growing household debts in Sweden and its threat to national economic stability and household’s solvency. Financial education is recommended as one of the remedies to private over-indebtness. In 2010 the Financial Supervisory Authority was commissioned to "strengthen the position of consumers on the financial market” through public education. This resulted in several education programs addressed toward the public and “risk groups” aiming at raising financial literacy, changing attitudes to personal finances, and strengthening the will to act on financial matters. Financial education programs are also initiated by private actors, which in contrast, teach people how to take advantage of new possibilities to create a richer life. While the state educational programs shame, blame and in paradox wants to protect the subject, the private ditto primarily boosts the subject’s self-confidence and pride. Combining theories of financialization and sociology of emotions the paper suggests how these and other ambivalences in financial education can be conceptualized. Keywords: Financialization, emotions, financial education, Sweden 2. Ekonomisk sociologi 3. Religion, etnicitet, migration Children and youth with war experiences in institutional care. A sociological study of young immigrants’ stigma and social comparisons Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Goran Basic Linnaeus University Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Pedagogy [email protected] In war situations civilians are often direct targets of – and sometimes even participants – acts of war. Children and youth who have escaped war have directly or indirectly been involved in the war and as a result of this they will probably be affected over a large part or the rest of their life. Psychologist refer for example to survivors of war suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, recurring nightmares, emotional blunting, and re-experience of traumatic moments. The purpose of the study is to analyze narratives of children and youth that have experienced war, taken refuge in Sweden, and taken into custody and placed in institutions. The theoretical perspective is determined from an ethno-methodological influenced interactionism. Special attention will be given to the social comparisons and stories about stigma and victimization, which are expressed in the interviews. Material of the study is gathered through qualitative oriented interviews with 20 children and youngsters in institutional care with war experience. 3. Religion, etnicitet, migration 32 Religion, etnicitet och nationell identitet i svenska ledartexter 19762010 Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Mia Lövheim Uppsala universitet Teologiska institutionen [email protected] Frågan om religionens återkomst i den offentliga sfären har debatterats mycket både i akademiska och politiska sammanhang det senaste decenniet, men ännu finns få empiriska studier som undersökt om och hur detta äger rum. Detta paper presenterar resultaten från forskningsprojektet Religionens återkomst?! En studie av religion och modernitet med svensk dagspress som typfall , som analyserat om religion som ämne ökat eller minskat i svenska ledartexter under de senaste trettio åren, och hur religion som ämne behandlas i relation till centrala värden i det svenska opinionsklimatet som jämlikhet, demokrati och välfärd. Vårt paper kommer att fokusera på relationen mellan religion, etnicitet och nationell identitet förändrats under perioden, utifrån en kombination av kvantitativ innehållsanalys och kvalitativ diskursanalys av ett urval av texter. 3. Religion, etnicitet, migration 33 ”Interreligiösa gruppers samarbete med kommuner i Sverige” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Magdalena Nordin Lunds universitet CTR [email protected] Sverige är ett land som utmärks av en långt gången av sekularisering. Landet har även under en lång tid präglats av sekularism, dvs. ställningstagandet att religion och politik ska hållas åtskilda. Det sekulära idealet har emellertid under senare tid kommit att utmanas av den ökade religiösa pluralism som uppstått i Sverige som en följd av migration. Utmaningarna blir särskilt tydliga på ett lokalt plan där den religiösa pluralismen får direkta praktiska konsekvenser. I den här presentationen kommer detta att exemplifieras med hur interreligiösa grupper samarbetar med kommuner i Sverige. Jag kommer att visa hur samarbetet ser ut, vilka problem som aktualiseras i samarbetet och hur det sekulära idealet kringgås genom kommunernas samarbete med interreligiösa grupper. 3. Religion, etnicitet, migration 34 Religion efter migration: En analys av SOM-undersökningen till utlandssvenskar Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Erika Willander Analysenheten Svenska kyrkan [email protected] Den här presentationen handlar om religiositet bland svenskar som bor utomlands och behandlar frågan om utlandssvenskar är mer eller mindre religiösa än svenskar boende i Sverige. Frågan motiveras av tidigare forsknings antaganden om att religiositeten borde förändras och antingen förstärkas eller försvagas till följd av migration. Antaganden om förändring av religiositet efter migration har dock främst undersökts genom fallstudier av en eller flera religiösa grupper i ett land. Till skillnad från dessa studier bidrar den första Samhälle Opinion Medier (SOM) undersökningen till utlandssvenskar (genomförd under hösten 2014) med kunskap om ett lands diaspora spridd över stora delar av världen. Analysen visade att utlandssvenskar deltar i gudstjänst/religiöst möte i något högre utsträckning än svenskar boende i Sverige. Samtidigt tror en lägre andel av utlandssvenskarna på Gud än i Sverige. En fördjupad analys visade att bland de utlandssvenskarna som tror på Gud är det vanligare att vara religiöst praktiserande än bland motsvarande grupp i Sverige. Utlandssvenskarna som bor i regioner av världen där religiös praktik är vanligare var dessutom mer utövande än utlandssvenskar bosatta i mindre religiösa regioner. Resultaten tolkas i termer av det är mindre vanligt att vara religiös om man som svensk bor utomlands och att religiositet kan ta sig andra uttryck jämfört med boende i Sverige. 3. Religion, etnicitet, migration 4. Litteratursociologi Hur väljer aspirerande författare och förlag varandra? Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Henrik Fürst Uppsala universitet Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] I mitt avhandlingsarbete undersöker jag hur man blir en skönlitterär debutant på ett förlag, vilket förutsätter att författare och förlag väljer varandra. För att bli en skönlitterär debutant hos ett förlag behöver den aspirerande författaren resonera kring och rättfärdiga vilket förlag den ska skicka sitt manuskript till. Förlagen måste å sin tur resonera och rättfärdiga sitt beslut att anta ett visst manuskript. En skönlitterär debut kan bara bli till om förlag och författare väljer varandra genom författarens manuskript. För att undersöka detta har 73 intervjuer med författare och förlag analyserats, där författare resonerar kring sitt manuskript och förlag och hur förlag resonerar kring författare och manuskript. Analysen visar att förlag och författare resonerar kring och rättfärdigar sina beslut om att välja varandra via institutionaliserade standards för att kategorisera och därför ge värde och utvärdera varandra. Detta innefattar att hitta jämförelseobjekt (som liknande böcker), att hänvisa till känsla (som läsupplevelse och känsla för projektet), förlagens eller författarens identitet och dess status samt ekonomiska och organisatoriska begränsningar och möjligheter. 4. Litteratursociologi 36 ”Skönlitteratur som källa till sociologisk kunskap: Exemplet Nazityskland” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Torsten Pettersson Uppsala universitet Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen [email protected] Frågan om hur skönlitteraturen kan belysa människans beteende i sociala sammanhang är i sig lika gammal som Aristoteles Poetik (c. 335 f.Kr.) På 1960-talet fick emellertid idén att litteratur kan användas som sociologisk kunskapskälla förnyad aktualitet genom artikelsamlingen Sociology through Literature: An Introductory Reader (red. Lewis A. Coser, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1963). Ett väsentligt nyare bidrag inom denna forskningsinriktning är Helmut Kuzmics och Gerald Mozetičs Literatur als Soziologie: Zum Verhältnis von literarischer und gesellschaftlicher Wirklichkeit (Konstanz 2008), med både teoretisk diskussion och utförliga exempel på hur insikter i makt, auktoritet och familjebildning kan utvinnas ur romaner av bl.a. Thomas Mann och Robert Musil. En mångfald av kortare exempelanalyser erbjuds på svenska av Sociologi genom litteratur: Skönlitteraturens möjligheter och samhällsvetenskapens begränsning (red. Christofer Edling och Jens Rydgren, Lund 2015). I denna anda diskuterar detta föredrag ytterligare ett exempelfall, möjligheten att använda skönlitteratur för att bättre förstå: 1/ nazismens framväxt; 2/ ledande nazisters drivkrafter och personlighetsutveckling; 3/ typer av antidemokratiska personer som kan generaliseras utöver specifika historiska fall. Den historiska forskningen kring Nazityskland är enorm men har konstaterats ha en lucka: Historians ought to know about life and why people do what they do and especially why they’re capable of doing those gruesome horrible things. That’s an area that historians have not wanted to go to; they don’t want to go into the bowel of the beast. (Klaus Fischer, författare till Nazi Germany: A New History, i “Nazisternas evangelier”, SVT24 18/1 2015) På denna punkt kan däremot väsentlig förståelse utvinnas ur romaner såsom Robert Merles La Mort est mon métier (1952; ”Döden är mitt yrke”) om Auschwitzkommendanten Rudolf Höβ; Carl-Henning Wijkmarks Jägarna på Karinhall (1972) om Hermann Göring; Eric-Emmanuel Schmitts La Part de l’autre (2003; ung. ”Den andras sida”) om Adolf Hitler; och Jonathan Littells Les Bienveillantes (2006; De välvilliga, övers. Cecilia Franklin 2008) om en fiktionell men representativ SS-officer. 4. Litteratursociologi 37 Dessa författare har med Fischers ord verkligen gått in i bestens buk genom sina närgångna skildringar av markant antidemokratiska och destruktiva personligheter. Till det ansluter sig fiktionslitteraturens förmåga att skildra personligheter på ett sätt som ingen typ av konventionellt källmaterial kommer åt: genom detaljerad social interaktion, t.ex. i dialogform, och genom att romanpersoners själsliv ses inifrån som en pågående process. Föredraget diskuterar villkoren för en sådan förståelse av de drivande nazistiska personligheterna genom litteratur. Det tar bland annat upp: 1/ Fiktionskontraktet, den kulturella konvention genom vilken författaren meddelar läsaren: ”jag berättar något för dig som vi båda vet inte är bokstavligen sant”. I underhållningslitteratur kan denna epistemologiska ambitionssänkning vara den enda relevanta markeringen. Men i mer anspråksfull skönlitteratur gäller även en ambitionshöjning: ”som läsare av denna uppdiktade berättelse kommer du trots allt att lära dig något om verkligheten, kanske något synnerligen väsentligt”. 2/ Betydelsen av verklighetselement såsom dokumentärt korrekta angivelser av historiska förhållanden och händelser. 3/ Betydelsen av ”representativitet”: konventionen att läsaren inbjuds att se det uppdiktade enskilda fallet som typiskt för en grupp människor i verkligheten. För nazismens del innebär det att romanerna utöver enskilda personer kan belysa typer av antidemokratiska personer som kan återfinnas även i andra samhällen och i andra tidsperioder. 4/ ”Det empatiska erbjudandet”: den identifikatoriska närhet mellan läsaren och en romanperson som uppammas av fiktionens möjlighet att anlägga ett inifrånperspektiv på personens tankar och känslor. 5/ ”Det empatiska risktagandet”: problemet att en förståelse AV, i betydelsen ”inträngande identifikatorisk insikt i handlingarnas bevekelsegrunder”, riskerar att glida över i en förståelse FÖR, i betydelsen ”smygande partiell acceptans av moraliskt oacceptabla handlingar”. 4. Litteratursociologi 5. Sociologisk teori Vem är teori? Sociologisk teori ur ett normkritiskt perspektiv Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Kalle Berggren Uppsala universitet Sociologisk institutionen [email protected] Sociologisk teori tenderar ofta att presenteras och läras ut som en historia om vita män och deras tänkande. Samtidigt visar aktuell forskning om sociologins historia, och om kanonprocesser i humanistisk och samhällsvetenskaplig forskning mer generellt, att denna historieskrivning är långt ifrån självklar. Med utgångspunkt i en genuskartläggning av undervisning i sociologisk teori som genomförts vid Sociologiska institutionen, Uppsala universitet, diskuterar jag här aktuell forskning om kanonkritiska perspektiv på sociologisk teori samt vilka utmaningar ett normkritiskt pedagogiskt perspektiv ställer den traditionella undervisningen i sociologisk teori inför. 5. Sociologisk teori 39 Institutions. Some questions and comments Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Carl-Göran Heidegren Lunds universitet Sociologi [email protected] Institutions can be said to be the backbone of the social, thus they are no doubt of major importance to sociology. For example Émile Durkheim laid down: ”Sociology can be defined as the science of institutions, of their genesis and of their functioning.” Another important author, Talcott Parsons, conceived of ”institutions as the theoretical focus of sociological science”. At the same time, however, the concept of institution is one of the most puzzling concepts in sociology. In my text I will raise a number of questions concerning institutional theory and also comment on them. I will primarily relate to American and German sources. This is motivated already by the fact that the American and German discussions of institutions tend to live separate lives, with little or no connection between them. 5. Sociologisk teori 40 Hur man blir en bortglömd svensk filosof: Folke Leander i sociologisk belysning Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Henrik Lundberg Göteborgs universitet Institutionen för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] Under efterkrigstiden gick den anglosaxiska analytiska filosofin segrande fram inom svensk universitetsfilosofi. Denna typ av filosofi var i princip allenarådande inom universitetsfilosofin från och med mitten av 1940-talet till 1960-talets slut. Denna dominans innebar att tänkande som rimmade illa med den analytiska filosofins ideal kom att marginaliseras. I denna artikel visar jag utifrån Patrick Baerts s.k. positioneringsteori hur filosofen Folke Leander (1910-1981), trots initialt goda förutsättningar att göra karriär, misslyckades i att positionera sig som en för samtiden relevant filosof. I artikeln argumenteras det för att Leanders misslyckande framförallt har sitt upphov i att han försökte introducera ett kulturellt kapital, den amerikanska humanismen, som inte det inte fanns något utrymme för i akademin eller i det svenska samhället under tidig efterkrigstid. I artikeln konrasteras Leanders felslagna positioneringar med Ingemar Hedenius framgångsrika strategi. 5. Sociologisk teori 41 Capitalism, Cooperation, and Competition in the Light of Current Debates Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Vessela Misheva Uppsala Universitet Sociologiska Instutitionen [email protected] Competition is perhaps the most distinctive feature of capitalism as a political-economic system, while alienation might well be the most prominent consequence of the application of the principle of competition to all human relationships and in all spheres of social life. This paper intends to weave together theoretical strands adapted from alienation theory, the theory of cooperation, and symbolic interactionism that are relevant to the current debate concerning the character and value of capitalism. I argue that it is necessary to elaborate a new sociological framework, which includes social psychology and makes possible a deeper examination and more precise estimation of capitalism’s sociopsychological costs, in order to reconsider it. The discussion addresses the differences between the principle of competition and its counterpart – cooperation -in social interaction, in respect to their social and socio-psychological functions and in terms of personal development and organizational life. The negative consequences of subordinating everyday organizational and private life to either of these principles are examined in respect to their inappropriate application and the encroachment of one upon the other. The discussion challenges the taken-for-granted notions that only the principle of competition is compatible with the dynamic of the modern capitalist world, that only it is capable of generating social change, and that it has replaced, and even excluded, the principle of cooperation in all the social domains where it previously resided. 5. Sociologisk teori 42 Hur formar teorier tolkningar av pedagogiska fenomen och händelser? Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Henrik Nilsson Linnéuniversitetet Utbildningsvetenskap [email protected] Hur formar teorier tolkningar av pedagogiska fenomen och händelser? Föreliggande paper baserar sig på den teoretiska analys som jag gjorde av ett antal etnografiska artiklar om den mångkulturella skolan och dess praktik (Nilsson, 2015). Detta paper tar sitt empiriska avstamp i tolkningen av en av dessa artiklar. Det teoretiska intresset uppkom efter att jag gjort en forskningsöversikt av pedagogisk och sociologisk forskning som intresserar sig för mångkulturella skolor. Jag fascinerades över att forskare kunde dra tämligen divergerande slutsatser om liknande mångkulturella utbildningsfenomen. Min förhoppning är att inleda en diskussion om hur vi kan förstå hur teorier används för att expandera kunskaper. Vägen fram till förklaringar till händelser och fenomen är enligt (Hempel, 1948) s 135) meningen med vetenskap. Processen kan liknas vid en expansion av beskrivningar av vad som händer till varför det händer. Teoretisk kan vi förstå teori och empiri som olika typer av språkliga tecken: symboliska och indexerande (Peirce, 1998). Enligt Peirce använder vi språkliga tecken på olika sätt. Indexerande tecken pekar direkt tillbaka på verkligheten. I forskning handlar det om beskrivningar av ett fenomen och händelser. Indexerande tecken förstår vi utan några ytterligare förklaringar vad de refererar till. Men forskare nöjer sig sällan med att presentera beskrivningar utan ger sig också i kast med att expandera beskrivande kunskaper till tolkningar och förklaringar till det som får det sociala livet att röra på sig. Geertz (2000, s 9) förklarar att indexerande tecken ord endast gör bakgrundsinformation "antydd" (min kursivering). Ytan bärs upp av bakgrundsinformationen som vi inte kan komma åt genom att endast studera empiri. Tolkning och slutsatser Författaren till artikeln som jag analysert frågar sig varför mångkulturella skolor ägnar sig åt identitetsarbete och återinför olika typer av ritualer i skolvardagen. Jag ska här väldigt kort berätta vad som händer i artikeln från början till slut. I artikelns inledning påstås med en beskrivande stil att "Friskolereformen, skolval och konkurrens mellan skolor har öppnat upp för en marknad där pedagogiska identiteter och koncept blivit produkter som säljs på en nationell och internationell marknad" (Lunneblad, 2010. s 25). Ett orsaksförhållande fastslås redan här mellan å ena sidan friskolereform, skolval och konkurrens och å andra sidan en marknad med pedagogiska identiteter som blivit produkter som saluförs. Så här långt in i artikeln har inte någon data som emanerat ur den empiriska undersökningen presenterats utan i huvudsak relationella symboliska tecken vars stil gör att 5. Sociologisk teori 43 det som beskrivs uppfattas just som beskrivningar av verkligheten.Först efter inledningen presenteras data som är indexerande. Författaren rapporterar att områdeschefen beskriver en skola med ett problematiskt elevunderlag och en "problematisk självbild" (ibid. s 30). Skolledningen uppfattar att bostadsområdet är oroligt. Det förekommer också "rån" och mängder av riskfaktorer (ibid. s 36). Skolledningen strävar med hjälp av Monroe-modellen (en skolförbättringsmodell) efter "tydlighet och medvetenhet" (ibid. s 31). Vidare använder skolledningen sig "av elevernas identifikation med stadsdelen, släkten och familjen för att...skapa en tillhörighet med skolan". Tolkningen av varför dessa händelser äger rum menar författaren sker är för "att skapa en [skol]identitet som är framgångsrik" (ibid. s 32). Skapandet av en framgångsrik skola härleds i nästa steg ur en mytologisk diskurs som syftar till att skyla ekonomiska skillnader och sociala orättvisor (ibid. s 39). Representationer som refererar direkt till något i verkligheten och abstrakta representationer som refererar till varandra (marknad, konkurrens, fetisch, produkt) bildar tillsammans en verklighet. Utifrån författarens slutsatserna kritiseras förbättringsarbetet för att inte förbättra elevernas förutsättningar. Omedvetet döljer lärare och skolledningen en djupt ojämlik social verklighet. Frågan är om de kan motiveras medvetet eller omedvetet av andra strukturer än den som ramar in analysen av data i artikeln. Frågan är om det är möjligt att tänka sig olika tolkningar. Kan ett och samma fenomen eller händelse formas av både solidariska och kapitalistiska strukturer? Kan skolans arbete med att koppla samman elevernas identitet till bostadsområde och familj vara ett sätt att stärka självförtroende och i en förlängning lärandet? Eftersom sammanvävningen av teoretiska tecken som representerar en värld där sådant inte kan förekomma är det mycket svårt att argumentera för detta eftersom metateorin som används avkräver ontologisk överensstämmelse mellan teorier. Referenser Becker, H. S. (2008). Tricks of the trade : yrkesknep för samhällsvetare (1. uppl. ed.). Malmö: Liber. Geertz, C. (2000). Thick Description: Toward an interpretive theroy of culture. In C. Geertz (Ed.), The interpretation of cultures : selected essays (pp. ix, 470 s.). New York: Basic Books. Hempel, C. G. O., Carl G. (1948). Studies in the Logic of Explanation. Philosophy of Science, 15( 2), 135-175. Larsson, S. (2005). Om kvalitet i kvalitativa studier. Nordisk Pedagogik, 25(1), 16-35. Merton, R. K. (1987). Three fragments from a sociologist's notebooks: Establishing the phenomenon, specified ignorance, and strategic reserach materials. Annual Review Sociology, 13, 1-29. Nilsson, H. (2015). Kultur och utbildning – en tolkning av två grundskolors mångkulturella kontexter. Växjö. Peirce, P. E. P. E., P. . (1998). The Essential Peirce, Volume 2 : Selected Philosophical Writings (18931913). . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Reed, I. A. (2011). Interpretation and Social Knowledge. On the use of theory in the human sciences. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. 5. Sociologisk teori 44 "Simmel och Durkheim: Sociologi som perspektiv eller som vetenskap?" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Anders Ramsay HiD Utbildning, hälsa och samhälle [email protected] Georg Simmel och Emile Durkheim står för två sociologiska inriktningar som knappast kan vara längre från varandra men som haft omfattande betydelse för sociologins fortsatta utveckling. Båda arbetade för att etablera sociologin som akademisk disciplin, med olika resultat. Simmel arbetade ensam, skrev essäistiskt, skenbart osystematiskt och utan omedelbara akademiska framgångar. Ändå efterlämnade han ett arv som vidareförts i de mest skilda riktningar, från livsfilosofi och socialpsykologi till kultursociologi, bytesteori och västerländsk marxism. Durkheim byggde upp en krets av medarbetare och lärjungar, förordade en strängt vetenskaplig sociologi och var osannolikt framgångsrik. Hans arv återfinns främst i sociologi, antropologi och pedagogik. Under ett kort ögonblick fann de båda varandra och inledde ett samarbete. I första numret av Dukheims L’Année finns ett bidrag av Simmel. Därefter bryts samarbetet och Durkheim hade efter det inget gott att säga om Simmel, som å sin sida aldrig mer nämner Durkheims namn. Historien är relativt okänd och omtalas sällan i läroböcker. Med utgivningen av Simmels samlade verk, som nu är avlutad, är det möjligt att få en viss insikt i denna historia. I detta paper vill jag försöka utröna vad som förde dem samman och vad som skilde dem åt, samt diskutera vad som förenar och skiljer deras ansatser. 5. Sociologisk teori 45 "Frihetshistoria eller frihet som rätt?" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Anders Ramsay Högskolan Dalarna Utbildning, hälsa och samhälle [email protected] Jag vill diskutera två nyare försök som genom att gå tillbaka till Hegel försöker ge frihetsbegreppet en central plats i den kritiska samhällsteorin. Axel Honneth menar i Recht der Freiheit (2013) att den individuella friheten är det centrala värde som ytterst garanteras av det moderna samhällets institutioner. Habermas, Rawls och andra samtida politiska tänkare utgår från ett kantianskt frihetsbegrepp som förbigår hur friheten också är förverkligad i samhällets institutioner. Genom att gripa tillbaka på Hegels rättsfilosofi visar han på begränsningarna i de negativa och reflexiva frihetsbegreppen, för att i stället förespråka ett socialt frihetsbegrepp. Ett problem hos Honneth är att ekonomin uteslutande betraktas som en sfär för frihet. Andreas Arndt förespråkar, bl. a. i Geschichte und Freiheitsbewusstsein. Zur Dialektik der Freiheit bei Hegel und Marx (2015), en ny hegelmarxism, som i stället för att se alienation eller förtingligande som förbindelselänken menar att Marx fortsätter Hegels begrepp om frihetshistorien. Till skillnad från Honneth håller Arndt med Marx fast vid att Marx gentemot Hegel visade att för människorna i kapitalismen innebär ekonomin en förlust i frihet. Som en skärningspunkt mellan Honneth och Arndt vill jag framhålla kritiken mot strikt individualistiska frihetsbegrepp och fatt de försöker visa på ett frihetsbegrepp med allas frihet som betingelse för den individuella friheten. 5. Sociologisk teori 46 What do we do with norms - break, conform, understand or explain? Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Peter Sohlberg NTNU SVT-Fak [email protected] Disposition and overview Summary: The manuscript to be submitted is an exposition and critical assessment of the concept of norm. The basic strategy of the paper is not an “ontological identification” of an assumed and convergent essence of the concept, but rather an inventory of how the concept is used and what theoretical and cognitive functions it fulfills in different contexts. The text begins with a discussion of the problem of reification of the concept of norm, where it is stated that the consequences of such reification would be that norms would be treated as deterministic causal powers, empirically observable in a naïve realist meaning. The text continues with a genealogical presentation of the concept, taking as it basis a preliminary definition where a distinction is made between descriptive and “normative norms”, i.e. social norms. Two dimensions of the norm concept will be particularly discussed. One dimension has to do with the relationship between social and theoretical constructions, and the other dimension relates to the norm concept’s position in vocabularies of action and vocabularies of systems respectively. In the concluding discussion focus is on the diverse functions that the norm concept fulfills in various contexts. Genealogy- the renaissance of a concept: The genealogy takes it starting point with some examples of virtues in the ancient tradition. Though these virtues are discussed analytically from an essential perspective, e.g. in the Platonic tradition, they do not seem to be abstracted to a common concept, equivalent with the abstract notion of norm. From a social science point of view, an extremely important theoretical move is when the concept of norm becomes abstracted to an “umbrella concept”, including a variety of normative and socially enforced actions. This conceptualization opens up for the system-theoretical embeddedness of the norm concept, which has been its primary theoretical position. Durkheim’s conception of norms is briefly described and the transition to the major normative tradition, i.e. functional tradition is presented and discussed. The rather dominant normative and primarily idealist tradition in classic sociology, represented e.g. by Talcott Parsons, met its critique and antithesis in a tradition based on an opposing ontological standpoint, i.e. the materialist ontology represented by the Marxist tradition. The critique from the materialist point of view of basing an understanding of social systems and society on a normative ground is elaborated. In the concluding section of the genealogical exposition, the “renaissance” and differentiation of the norm-concept is discussed from various perspectives, e.g. from social psychological, analytical and postmodern traditions. This differentiation and “re-localization” of norms from an abstract system-perspective in the functionalist tradition to various contexts, where structure (at least programmatically) is considered as a matter of interaction, opens up for the view of the concept of norm being an interactive concept. 5. Sociologisk teori 47 Norm as an interactive concept: Norm as a concept has an interesting form of duality, depending on it being an interactive concept in Ian Hacking’s sense. The idea of interactivity is elaborated and its implications for social science discussed, with particular focus on norms. Norms in different forms of construction work: One implication of the interactivity of the normconcept is an interesting ambiguity and a dynamic grey-zone between theoretical and social constructions. These two kinds of construction-work are problematized in relation to norms and the importance for social science self-understanding discussed. Norms embedded in different vocabularies: A criticism is formulated of a piecemeal and atomistic understanding of norms, opening up for a discussion of different types of construction work in a social science perspective. The idea of “theoretical vocabulary” is introduced as a methodological device for conceptual analysis, avoiding over-systematizing of conceptual relations, but still taking in account conceptual interrelatedness. Related in an asymmetrical and fuzzy way to the dimension of social and theoretical construction work are two frameworks for normative reasoning, i.e. a framework for systemtheoretical localization of norms (mainly the functionalist tradition) and an actor-framework (e.g. interactionist traditions). The ambiguity in the system-concept is discussed and applied to the distinction between actor- and system-frameworks. Conceptual spaces for the norm concept in these frameworks are sketched, i.e. the theoretical dimensions and neighboring concepts for respective framework identified. The conflicts and tensions between the system- and actor approaches are presented and the issue of regarding them as complimentary perspectives is discussed . Conclusion: In the concluding section, criteria for the assessment of concepts will be discussed and arguments for the pragmatic identification of the function of the concept (i.e. what do we do with a concept) will be elaborated, contrasting this with an assessment on ontological basis (i.e. an understanding of what the concept essentially “is”). A list of social, cognitive and theoretical functions of the norm concept is presented and discussed, i.e. an elaboration of the question "what do we do with norms?". 5. Sociologisk teori 48 "Nymaterialismen och det sociala som ontologisk kategori" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Sebastian Svenberg Örebro universitet Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap [email protected] Nymaterialism och den objektorienterade ontologin har satt fokus på materialitetens roll i sociologisk teori och meta-teori. Detta har också kallats för den materiella vändningen, vilket är att förstå i kontrast till en tidigare språklig eller kulturell vändning. Det är dock också rimligt att förknippa en sådan vändning med kritiken av det sociala som ontologisk kategori. I sociologin är Bruno Latour en av företrädarna för tingens och teknikens aktualitet. Latours perspektiv präglas bland annat av en ansats att upplösa dualismen subjekt/objekt. Vad som dock också är centralt för Latours ”platta ontologi” är en stark kritik av hur sociologin på olika sätt förutsatt och utgått ifrån det sociala eller sociala strukturer som ontologiskt giltig kategori. Den här texten undersöker och diskuterar Latour och nymaterialismens ontologiskt orienterade kritik av det sociala. Jag kommer först att presentera ett antal argument för hur det sociala kan anses utgöra en relativt autonom ontologisk nivå och således i ett sådant perspektiv bör vara en meta-teoretisk utgångspunkt inom sociologisk teori. Jag kommer efter detta att göra en genomgång av Latours ifrågasättande av det sociala som en sådan kategori. Centralt är de grunder på vilka Latour och närliggande teori avser upplösa kategorierna subjekt/objekt, samt hur Latours ontologi utesluter antaganden om emergenta egenskaper. Avslutningsvis presenterar jag 4 grunder på vilka det sociala som kategori blir ifrågasatt av nymaterialistisk teori i allmänhet och Latour i synnerhet. Detta leder fram till ett antal frågor om hur förutsättningarna för det sociala kan förändras, samt om möjligheten för en samtidig stabilitet och föränderlighet av det sociala som ontologisk kategori. 5. Sociologisk teori 49 Skjerhveim, Scheler and the understanding of social meaning Namn Lärosäte Institution Sverre Wide Högskolan Dalarna Akademin utbildning, hälsa och samhälle E-post Hans Skjervheim was one of the most influential philosophers of social science in the Scandinavian countries during the 20th century, taking and establishing a firmly anti-positivist stand recognized also in the international debate. This paper contributes to the understanding of one of his central meta-scientific distinctions – between the participant and the observer – by relating it to surprisingly similar distinctions found in the works of Max Scheler. It is well-known that Skjervheim studied Scheler, but the latter’s direct (and unacknowledged) influence on Skjervheim’s central distinction has not been noticed. Through a detailed examination of similarities as well as differences between Skjervheim and Scheler an interpretation of Skjervheim is reached, which renders, so the paper argues, some contemporary criticism of Skjervheim invalid. Thus, this paper argues both historically concerning the development of the history of Scandinavian philosophy of social science, and systematically concerning the nature of social understanding. Keywords: Positivism, hermeneutics, understanding, social science 5. Sociologisk teori 50 "On Wendy Brown’s account of Neoliberalism: revisiting the Critique of Modern Political Forms in Hegel and Marx" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Carl Wilén Göteborgs universitet Inst. för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] This paper examines Wendy Brown’s work on neoliberalism in "Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism’s Stealth Revolution" in relation to the critique of modern political forms in Marx and Hegel. The reason for revisiting the work of Hegel and Marx is twofold. First: Wendy Brown’s account of neoliberalism relies on a reading of Marx’s early critique of Hegel’s "Philosophy of Right". The paper argues that this is welcome but limited, since Marx early critique itself carries on a number of restraints inherited from Hegel. Second: in order to investigate these limits, a reading of the early Marx will be undertaken in relation to a reading Hegel and in relation to later alterations of the critique of right in "Grundrisse" and "Capital". By investigating these two elements, the paper argues for the importance of Hegel and Marx’s respective critiques of right in relation to neoliberalism at the one hand, and the importance of the politico-juridical insights in the writings of Hegel, the early Marx and – particularly – the later Marx at the other hand. Keywords: Wendy Brown, Friedrich Hegel, Karl Marx, the critique of right, state, civil society, liberal political categories. 5. Sociologisk teori 51 Lifestyle migration and hidden Western and middle class centredness of reflexivity Maarja Saar Lifestyle migration, a form of migration motivated primarily by the prospect of immaterial benefits, such as a more fulfilling and authentic life at the destination, has received increasing scholarly attention in recent years. LSM, it is argued, differs from more traditional forms of migration in that the migrating individuals question their own identity through reflexivity, and employ the process of migration as a means to change themselves. Hitherto, lifestyle migration research has treated this form of migration as a phenomenon limited to Western middle-class individuals. This article suggests that there is a probleem built in the way reflexivity is defined by lifestyle migration scholars. Namely, by connecting the meaning of reflexivity with middle class protest against modern values, reflexive migration is bound to be connected with certain societies and classes. The wider question this article aadresses is- Is there a way to define reflexivity and reflexive migration in particular in a more class sensitive manner? The author suggests to distinguish between three kinds of reflexivity: teleological, structural and identitarian reflexivity. In addition, using interviews with highly skilled Estonian migrants, the article not only illustrates how Eastern European migration can be regarded as increasingly reflexive, but also challenges an unspoken class bias. 5. Sociologisk teori 6. Urbansociologi Outlining the foundations for a study on the gentrification of Sundbybergs stad Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Christoffer Berg Uppsala Universitet Sociologiska Institutionen [email protected] January 2016 This abstract aims to briefly present a social phenomenon which I just recently (December 2015) proposed as a potential object of inquiry for my Ph. D. research project. Observations generated from a combination of myself conducting my personal life in the region of Stockholm, and orienting my professional life towards social issues of urban life, suggest that the recent and ongoing processes of gentrification (as the mutual enforcement of a place as both a real estate market and a cultural market) in the municipality of Sundbyberg may prove an interesting case for a sociological analysis. Let me shortly expand on the reasons why. Industrial heritage. From its establishment in the mid-late 19:th century, Sundbyberg has been characterized by its industrial occupations and factories. Up to the 1960’s, around two thirds of the inhabitants had their occupation within industry and craftsmanship. Along with this it has been a site for political and symbolical strivings of Socialdemokratiska Arbetarpartiet, under the parole of Folkhemmet. (Söderlind 1995) In the context of this historicity, the turn towards a postindustrial economy is well apparent in how prior industrial buildings now functions as seemingly “authentic” sites for consumption, appealing to new types of urban clienteles. What, then, becomes the conceived and perceived changes in place, its atmosphere and identity? Duality of essence. With the county’s only consequently accomplished stone town with grid streets outside the inner city of Stockholm, Sundbyberg is in appearance as well as per definition a town in its own right. At the same time its suburban embeddedness makes it deeply dependent on the spatial, political, economic and social landscape of Stockholm. This unique duality of both independence and interdependence makes an interesting starting point for addressing a politics of place. (Rossi & Vanolo 2012) 6. Urbansociologi 53 Spatial togetherness – social togetherness? With a population of 44.000 whilst also being the smallest municipality in Sweden, Sundbyberg is densely populated and will be even more so the forthcoming years. Although not withholding an impressive geographical scope, Sundbyberg contains built environments that genuinely differ from each other in terms of their social life and functions. I am especially interested in – alongside Centrala Sundbyberg (the stone town) – Duvbo (area of small, self-owned houses) and Hallonbergen (planned with functionalistic ideals as part of the so called “miljonprogrammet”) for exactly this reason: as to see how these places are, on the one hand, discursively identified and invested in by the municipality (and relating actors) as parts of the overall regeneration of Sundbyberg, and on the other hand lived and perceived by their residents. (A temporal aspect may be added to the above in that Sundbybergs stad recently initialized the process of siting the railway underground, along with plans of reconstructing the area around the station) My contextualization of the case draws on the critical perspectives of Henri Lefevbre (1991) and David Harvey (1989), and the hitherto outlined research questions strives to capture both the conceived and “visioned” Sundbyberg, and the directly lived and perceived. Still I have yet to find out the angels and perspectives that may give this proposed study the edge and focus it needs, and my hope is to further develop its foundation by gathering feedback from fellow scholars and colleagues during the spring 2016. When participating at Sociologidagarna in Mars, I have hopefully come a little step further with this early idea. References HARVEY, DAVID (1989). ”FROM MANAGERIALISM TO ENTREPRENEURIALISM: THE TRANSFORMATION IN URBAN GOVERNANCE IN LATE CAPITALISM”, IN GEOGR. ANN. 71 B (1) LEFEBVRE, HENRI (1991). THE PRODUCTION OF SPACE. OXFORD: BASIL BLACKWELL ROSSI, UGO & VANOLO, ALBERTO (2012). URBAN POLITICAL GEOGRAPHIES: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE, LONDON : SAGE SÖDERLIND, EVA (1995). SUNDBYBERG: OM HUS OCH MILJÖER FRÅN BRONSÅLDER TILL NUTID, SUNDBYBERG : SUNDBYBERGS STAD 6. Urbansociologi 54 Teoretisk förklaringsmodell för en fallstudie av svensk bostadsområdesförnyelse Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ove Ericsson Högskolan i Gävle Sociologi, Uppsala [email protected] Teoretisk förklaringsmodell för en fallstudie av svensk bostadsområdesförnyelse Ove Ericsson Sociologiska institutionen, Uppsala Universitet och Akademin för teknik och miljö, Högskolan i Gävle E-post: [email protected] (abstract) Mitt konferensbidrag är ett utkast till ett teoretiskt avsnitt i en kommande avhandling. Jag har där valt att analysera en ombyggnad av ett svenskt bostadsområde ursprungligen uppfört under det s.k. miljonprogrammet och med de problem som sådana områden ofta utsatts för. Den fysiska och sociala förnyelsen, var båda extremt omfattande. Jag har kommit fram till att vilja göra ett försök att genomföra mitt arbete inom ramen för den kritiska realismen. En undersökning med utgångspunkt från kritisk realism börjar med att man abstraherar ut de grundläggande egenskaperna hos sitt studieobjekt. För en studie av en ombyggnad av ett visst bostadsområde fokuseras först den byggda miljön som sådan. De aspekter som lyfts fram är de ”nödvändiga” sociala relationer som utgör grundläggande förutsättningar för de handlingar som kan utföras av de centrala aktörerna kring objektet. Ett sådant kluster av sociala relationer utgör en social struktur. Vid bostadsbebyggelse talar man om en bostadsförsörjningsstruktur. De nödvändiga sociala relationerna är här följande: - Äganderättsrelationer för mark och byggnader - Låne- och kreditrelationer för bostadsinvesteringar 6. Urbansociologi 55 - Arbetsmarknads- och sociala välfärdsrelationer vid bostadskonsumtion Utöver dessa relationer med aktörer är staten i dess olika skepnader en viktig förutsättning för handlande kring byggd miljö. (Lawson 2003 Critical realism and housing research) I mitt empiriska material har jag identifierat fyra huvudinriktningar som jag prövar att analysera. Det är de lokala turerna kring den fysiska ombyggnaden inom bostadsföretaget och kommunen (ägarrelationen) och material från länsbostadsnämnden (låne- och kreditrelationen samt en tvärkommunal evakueringsgrupp där boendeinflytande och kvarboendefrågor behandlats (arbete/välfärdsrelationen). Vid ombyggnaden medförde de sociala relationerna mellan den aktuella kommunen och en stor kulturellt avvikande invandrargrupp viktiga sociala mekanismer som också påverkade utfallet av processen. 6. Urbansociologi 56 Mellan Plattan och Svampen Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Mats Franzén Uppsala universitet IBF [email protected] Bidraget avser introduktionskapitlet till en tänkt bok med titeln Mellan Plattan och Svampen. Föremålet för boken är Stockholms centrumområde som plats. Ansatsen är relationell (fältteoretisk): centrumområdet förstås som en figuration (Elias) som utspelas mellan två noder: Sergels torg och Stureplan. Spelet förstås sedan som en fråga om platsens politik. I introduktionen behandlas framförallt själva problemet (vad spelet handlar om), hur platsbegreppet ska förstås, samt vad som kan avses med platsens politik. 6. Urbansociologi 57 "Fokus Förort: betydelsen av plats och ungas berättelser om livet i en mediebevakad stadsdel" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Carolin Valizadeh Linnéuniversitetet Institutionen för samhällsstudier [email protected] Förorten är en plats som länge har varit i fokus för såväl medial uppmärksamhet som politiska insatser och akademiska undersökningar. De olika berättelserna om förorten har ofta det gemensamt att de utgår från förorten som ett problem. I ett pågående avhandlingsprojekt ger jag röst åt förortens unga invånare för att få en fördjupad kunskap om vad platsen betyder för dem. Jag utgår från en förståelse av plats som en praktisk och diskursiv konstruktion, som också har betydelse för det sociala liv som utspelar sig där (Gieryn 2000). Med hjälp av begrepp som platstillhörighet (place attachment) och platsidentitet (place identity) undersöker jag unga invånares relation till en ”socialt utsatt” stadsdel i utkanten av en svensk storstad. Internationellt efterfrågas studier som kan bidra till en förståelse för de processer genom vilka platstillhörighet formas, utvecklas och vidmakthålls (Cross 2015). Min avsikt är att möta denna efterfrågan med en etnografisk studie där jag i sällskap av min hund observerar stadsdelen till fots, för att sedan utöka mitt material med walk alongs och intervjuer med stadsdelens unga invånare. 6. Urbansociologi 7. Sociologisk kriminologi "School future orientation climate and its relation to adolescent delinquency, alcohol use, and internalizing symptoms" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Susanne Alm Stockholms universitet Stockholms universitet SOFI [email protected] CHESS [email protected] Sara Brolin Låftman Background: From previous research it is well known that adolescents’ thoughts and feelings about their future are related to the risk of delinquency, alcohol use as well as health. However, as we know, the actions of adolescents are to a substantial degree shaped in interaction with peers and in early adolescence individuals spend a substantial amount of the day at school, in interaction with classmates. Despite this, there is an almost complete lack of studies exploring to what extent the school climate in terms of thoughts and feelings about the future can influence individual adolescents. Aim: The aim of the current study is to investigate whether school future orientation climate measured at the school class level is related to delinquency, alcohol use and internalizing symptoms at the student level, among a sample of Swedish adolescents aged 14-15 years. Data and method: The data used come from the Swedish part of the Youth in Europe (YES!) study which is part of the project Children of Immigrants – Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries (CILS4EU). In the present paper, we use data from the first wave, collected among 8th grade students (ages 14-15 years) in 2010/11. The analyses were based on 4,267-4,506 students distributed over 251 school classes and 129 schools. The method used was multilevel modelling (linear probability models and linear regression analysis). Results: Preliminary results show that in school classes in which a high proportion of students had a positive future orientation, the risk of both delinquency and alcohol use at the student level was lower, also when adjusting for individual future orientation and for individual- and class-level socioeconomic conditions. In addition, a high school class proportion of students with a positive future orientation was associated with fewer internalizing symptoms, also when controlling for individual future orientation and socioeconomic conditions at the individual- and the school class-level. Discussion: The surrounding school class, in terms of the general school future orientation climate, seems to play a role for individual outcomes in terms of risk behaviours and of mental health. 7. Sociologisk kriminologi 59 Omhändertagna barn och ungdomar med krigserfarenheter. En sociologisk studie av unga invandrares stigman och sociala jämförelser Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Goran Basic Linnaeus University Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Pedagogy [email protected] I krigssituationer är civila inte sällan en direkt måltavla för – och ibland rentav deltagare i – krigshandlingar. Barn och ungdomar som flytt från krig har direkt eller indirekt varit involverade i kriget och som resultat av detta blir de sannolikt påverkade under en stor del eller resten av sitt liv. Psykologer refererar t ex till att överlevande efter ett krig lider av posttraumatisk stress (PTSD), depressioner, återkommande mardrömmar, känslomässig avtrubbning och återupplevelser av traumatiska ögonblick. Syftet med studien att analysera berättelser av barn och ungdomar som har upplevt ett krig, tagit sin tillflykt till Sverige samt omhändertagits och placerats på institutioner. Mina specifika frågeställningar är: (1) Hur beskriver intervjupersonerna sin tillvaro i hemlandet under kriget? (2) Hur beskriver intervjupersonerna sin tillvaro på institutionen i Sverige efter kriget? (3) Hur beskriver intervjupersonerna det svenska samhällets bemötande? Det teoretiska perspektivet utgörs av en etnometodologiskt influerad interaktionism. En särskild uppmärksamhet kommer att ägnat åt de sociala jämförelser samt tal om stigma och offerskap, som uttrycks i intervjuerna. Studiens material samlas in genom kvalitativt orienterade intervjuer med 20 omhändertagna barn och ungdomar med krigserfarenheter. Det finns få studier som behandlar berättelser av barn och ungdomar som har upplevt ett krig, tagit sin tillflykt till Sverige samt omhändertagits och placerats på institutioner. Mycket är fortfarande okänt och därför bör undersökas. Denna studie kan fylla kunskapsluckor genom att undersöka detaljer om krigs- och efterkrigstid samt hur moraliseringar fungerar efter en viss tidsdistans. Dessutom kan kunskap som produceras inom ramen av denna studie bli användbar för verksamma praktiker vid olika myndigheter, landsting/regioner, kommuner och aktörer i det civila samhället som bemöter överlevande från likartade historiska situationer. 7. Sociologisk kriminologi 8. Emotionssociologi The emotion work of judicial objectivity Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Stina Bergman Blix Åsa Wettergren Stockholms universitet Göteborgs universitetet Sociologiska institutionen Institutionen för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] [email protected] The preliminary investigation in the Swedish court process is inquisitorial, but the trial is accusatorial, opening up for ambivalence with regards to objectivity. In spite of this, an idea of law as objective in the positivist sense, as well as unemotional, lingers. In contrast, we argue that emotions are necessary for the efficient performance of the legal process and that sustaining objectivity relies on skilled professional emotion work such as: 1) Reorientation of emotion; 2) Ritual and encoded distance; 3) Balancing of emotional display; 4) Aesthetic pleasure/pride in judicial simplicity and procedural correctness. The data consists of qualitative interviews and observations, including shadowing, at four Swedish district courts and corresponding prosecution offices. For both the judge and the prosecutor objectivity is vital, but in different ways. The emotion work underlying successful objective performance of the judge includes balanced attunement with the situated interactions in court and; tacit collaboration with prosecutors and defense lawyers to uphold an impartial presentation and to gain decision material. The prosecutors, on the other hand, takes pride in maintaining objectivity in spite of being partial, fostering the ability to switch back and forth between believing that the defendant should be sentenced and admitting that the evidence is not enough. S/he juggles contradictory organisational and legal demands; is attentive to and covers for the defendant’s rights during trial; and represents the objective party when both defendant and injured party resist prosecution. Finally, the prosecutor often goes to court with her/his colleagues’ cases requiring delicacy when the evidence turns out weak. The prosecutor’s objectivity can in these cases rely on the tacit understanding of the judge to pick up signals that a defendant ought to be acquitted/sentenced more mildly than pleaded. 8. Emotionssociologi 61 Doing loyalty: subtle dramas in emotional courtrooms Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Lisa Flower Lunds University Sociology [email protected] The courtroom work of defence lawyers has received surprisingly little sociological attention leading to the question: how do defence lawyers represent their client beyond the hard paragraphs of the law? By studying this phenomenon in a context where the scope for expressive gestures is limited, it is possible to gain a greater understanding into the often subtle ways in which legal teamwork is performed. Furthermore, the underlying emotional regime will become discernible. This article draws on ethnographic field notes from courtrooms in Sweden to explore how defence lawyers who have taken an oath to loyally represent clients, do this using (1) little dramatic productions, (2) little dramatic reductions, and (3) direction of teammates. These strategies involve the use of props and the body in order to perform vicarious face saving practices necessary to maintain professional face, teamface and to manage face threats. In these ways, defence lawyers are able to construct or undermine facts using nonverbal communication and emotion management. Each of these strategies reproduce and reinforce the emotional regime of the courtroom. The findings thus show how defence lawyers not only represent their clients juridically but also interactionally. 8. Emotionssociologi 62 Emotions and Globalization. Towards a Research Agend Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Jochen Kleres Göteborgs Universitet Institut för Sociologi och Arbetsvetenskape [email protected] While social research on emotions has been an ever expanding field in recent years, encompassing an increasing number of scholarly disciplines and specialized subfields under such labels as the emotional or affective turn, emotional aspects of globalization—another vibrant topic for many years—have by and large not received much focal scholarly interest to date. Existing pertinent research in this field remains scant and focuses on specialized aspects. Overall, bits of existing research remain disparate and unintegrated. Given this disjointed situation it is timely to draw existing research together having different findings bear on each other and advance new perspectives on the emotional dimensions of globalization. Based on this, the present paper will develop a research agenda that proposes possible perspectives on emotions and globalization and identifies fields of interest for future research. 8. Emotionssociologi 63 Känsloarbete i en trosbaserad organisation Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Lisa Salmonsson Stockholms universitet Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] Kyrkoarbetare som yrkesgrupp kan ses som en typ av socialarbetare. Skillnaden är att de träffar människor när de gifter sig och när de låter döpa sina barn men också de som begraver sina döda. När det kommer till känsloarbete så är denna grupp därför intressant att studera. I detta papper utgår jag från en studie som gjordes under 2015 där jag besökte 12 olika Stockholmsförsamlingar och genomförde fokusgrupper med anställda kring deras arbete mot segregation i samhället. Totalt intervjuades 56 kyrkoarbetare i dessa fokusgrupper och bland dem fanns samtliga yrkeskategorier med. Diakoner och präster var representera i alla grupper och utöver detta så fanns där administratörer, pedagoger, ungdomsledare, musiker och trädgårdsarbetare. Något som jag insåg var att dessa grupper inte bara blev en plats där jag kunde få information om hur de jobbade mot segregation. De blev också grupper där man fick möjlighet att uttrycka frustration och ilska över samhället i stort. Fokusgruppsintervjuerna som metod möjliggjorde också att jag fick tillgång till hur känslorna bemöttes av andra i gruppen. I detta paper försöker jag undersöka vad det är i fokusgruppen som möjliggör detta och på vilket sätt fokusgruppen kan vara en intressant metod när man vill komma åt ut känslor uttrycks och bemöts i grupp. 8. Emotionssociologi 9. Kritiska Studier och intersektionalitet Media-ating practices: tracing the development of (un)sustainable consumption through media Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Tullia Jack PhD Lund University [email protected] In a rapidly globalising society we are coming to expect the same resource-intensive conditions all over the world. Cleanliness is one example that has seen a global synchronisation in accepted ways of doing at an increasing level over the last hundred years (Vigarello, 1988; Ashenburg, 2007; Shove, 2003). One can easily find daily-showering people, domestic vacuum cleaners and tumble-dried sheets —amongst other evidence of accelerating cleanliness — the world over. Expecting similar cleanliness conditions regardless of location has particular implications for not only energy consumption, but also water, chemicals and raw materials used in to attain changing cleanliness conventions, resources that are already inequitably distributed. Understanding how these changes arise is imperative to planning equitable resource distribution. As a first step in critically exploring expectations creep, I collected representations of cleanliness from popular magazines over the last three decades. I scanned three widely read women’s magazines from Australia and Sweden; four issues each from 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2015, a total of 144 magazines, which provided thousands of pages of cleanliness editorial and advertising. While magazine content may show an idealised moment from various cleanliness practices, and have particular agendas, the creators themselves are immersed in their cultural context and therefor must at least echo social normality. The magazines show a general acceleration in the quantity of cleanliness related content; they also show an increasing emphasis on beautiful and glamorous people. That cleanliness representations have changed more or less in sync across the countries is interesting in and of itself. Refracting this data through time-use and domestic energy and water consumption further allows a consideration of the possible effects between media and changing conventions. Australia and Sweden are two quite different countries in terms of resource availability, but even so representations of cleanliness are alarmingly similar. Their similarities and occasional differences suggest that one element in the social construction and global acceleration of cleanliness practices is media. Ashenburg K. (2007) The Dirt on Clean : an Unsanitized History, New York: North Point Press. Shove E. (2003) Comfort, Cleanliness and Convenience London: Berg. Vigarello G. (1988) Concepts of cleanliness : changing attitudes in France since the Middle Ages, Cambridge ; New York : Paris :: Cambridge University Press ; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme. 9. Kritiska studier och intersektionalitet 65 Anti-Muslim Violence and the Possibility of Justice Namn Lärosäte Marta Kolankiewicz Lunds universitet Institution E-post The paper draws on my PhD thesis and is concerned with the ways in which justice is dispensed in Swedish courts in cases concerning anti-Muslim violence. Based on material accessed through the Swedish National Board for Crime Prevention and classified as Islamophobic hate crimes, the judicial treatment of cases that may involve racism is analysed. An aim is to explore how different laws against racism in the Swedish legal system, most importantly the penalty enhancement provision for crimes motivated by racism, work in practice. Through an in-depth analysis of a couple cases—of a mosque fire, of insulting emails and of attacks on taxi drivers—the paper explores a particular type of silence around the possible racist nature of these acts. The main argument is that the courts’ understanding of motive, subject, language and injury, and their definition of racism, make it difficult to notice a racist dimension of these acts of violence and therefore to redress a type of harm entailed by racism. Focusing on obstacles inherent in the workings of the judiciary and in the ways truth is established, the limits of resorting to law in search of justice in cases involving racism are discussed. By bringing in a counter-example, a case in which the focus of the judgement is on the racist nature of the acts on trial, an attempt is made to expand the understanding of the judiciary and make the agency of those involved in cases, and in particular the discretion of the judges, visible. In this way, a more dynamic model of the law is proposed, in which laws, rather than being predefined in a self-contained legal system, are steadily made through acts of interpretation taking place in courts. Theoretically, the paper is located in an intersection between sociology of racism and sociology of social justice. In particular, the question of how racism and law influence each other is explored. For one, the development of Swedish legislation against racism is analysed as embedded in particular social dynamics related to racism as shameful. These dynamics lead to the passing of progressive laws, at the same time as the existence of racism may be denied. For another, the paper examines how acts of racist violence take on new forms to avoid the accusation of racism. Drawing on feminist and critical debates on social justice, this paper explores the limits and potential of using law in the struggle against racism. 9. Kritiska studier och intersektionalitet 66 En polis som alla andra. Konstruktioner av kön och yrkesidentitet Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Louise Löfqvist Linnéuniversitetet Inst. för samhällsstudier [email protected] Under snart hundra år har svensk polismakt på olika sätt värnat kvinnlig representation i yrkeskåren. I olika policydokument och publika uttalanden lyfts gärna värdet av en diversifierad poliskår, med avseende inte bara på kön utan även andra ”olikheter”. Jämställdhetsretoriken som periodvis fått en framträdande roll fokuserar legitimitet men också nytta (Ekström, 2012). Som utgångspunkt och språngbräda för texten ligger den diskurs och politiska praktik som positionerar kvinnliga poliser som en resurs i kraft av könstillhörighet. I bakgrunden finns också en historia av diskriminering, kvinnor i minoritetsposition, ett yrke och en organisation präglad av idéer och praktiker som vi kan förstå i termer av maskulinitet. Den här texten behandlar, utifrån intervjuer med poliser och polisanställda, något som kan ses som reaktion på denna positionering, och på den position som kvinnor haft, och fortfarande innehar som en minoritet och avvikare inom yrkeskåren. Ambitionen är tvådelad, för det första är avsikten att testa användbarheten och bärkraften i Beverly Skeggs begrepp disidentifikation (Skeggs, 1997) på intervjumaterialet. Det andra syftet hänger ihop med avhandlingens vidare ambition att undersöka tolkningar av jämställdhet och kön i relation till arbetet som polis, och de betydelser som kön får i berättelser om polisyrket och arbete inom polisen. Som material används intervjuer genomförda under perioden 2009-2013 med män och kvinnor som arbetar som poliser på olika platser runt om i landet. Materialet är en del av den data som insamlats för mitt avhandlingsprojekt och som även innefattar texter från facklig press, polisens interna dokument och statliga utredningar. Analysen visar olika sätt att hantera positionen Kvinnlig polis och det är en av dessa som diskuteras närmare i föreliggande text. Det handlar om ett mönster i materialet som kommit att begripliggöras som disidentifikation och det är den del av analysen som utvecklas i den här texten. Det handlar om en ovilja att uppfattas som annorlunda eller särskiljas, något som blir extra betydelsetyngt givet polisens kollegiala organisationskultur och uniforma institutionella struktur. Men det handlar också om en disidentifikation med det just det som uppfattas som feminint. Resonemanget i föreliggande text utgör en del av min doktorsavhandling om polis, kön och jämställdhet. Detta kapitel kommer att ställas upp jämte resultat som visar en stark uppslutning kring jämställdhetsretorik men även hur genusnormer och jämställdhetsproblem ändå existerar på sätt som ger upphov till specifika strategier för att göra femininitet och samtidigt hävda polisiär duglighet och tillhörighet. 9. Kritiska studier och intersektionalitet 67 'Rejecting second class citizenship: Swedish disabled people claim ‘Full Participation. Now'' Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Marie Sépulchre Uppsala Universitet Sociologiska Institutionen [email protected] This paper investigates how citizenship is continuously being imagined, reworked and negotiated in different societal arenas and how people claim their right to participate in society and to be recognised as a valuable member of their society. The study focuses on the case of disabled people in Sweden who feel that they are considered as second class citizens and claim their right to full citizenship. In his lecture about Citizenship and Social Class, T.H. Marshall noted that ‘there is no universal principle that determines what those [i.e. citizenship] rights and duties shall be, but societies in which citizenship is a developing institution create an image of an ideal citizenship against which achievement can be measured and towards which aspiration can be directed’. The ideal of citizenship is not neutral, however, and various feminist scholars have called attention to the fact that citizenship tends to be tailored to the situation of able-bodied, adult, heterosexual and full-time employed males. As a consequence, people who do not fit this template find themselves in a position of ‘second class citizens’. The empirical analysis is grounded on an online blog called ‘Fulldelaktighet.nu’ which was created five months prior to the federal elections of 2010 in Sweden. The blog’s aim was to get the politicians’ attention to the issue of full citizenship for persons with disabilities and the analysis shows how citizenship for disabled people is being (re-)imagined by bloggers who point at discriminatory practices at political, community and personal level. The analysis also shows how citizenship is negotiated by the bloggers who imagine citizenship in various – and sometimes contradictory – ways. Finally, the analysis indicates that the ideal of citizenship found in the blog posts not only develops in relation to the political arena but also in relation to everyday activities and experiences. 9. Kritiska studier och intersektionalitet 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser Enacting citizenship: examining the trajectories in citizenship policies in the Czech Republic and Estonia Post-1990 Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Lia Antoniou N/A N/A [email protected] While much scholarly ink has been spilt on citizenship, most works have largely charted citizenship’s contestability, demise, renaissance and reformulation in liberal democratic states with established migrant populations. This is unsurprising as it is these states which most needed to develop the rules, conditions and institutions to incorporate migrants, with the subsequent implications for citizenship widely discussed (e.g. Aleinikoff 2001, Joppke 2010). Less investigated, however, are citizenship transitions in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, with few exceptions (e.g. Bauböck 2009). The historical, political and institutional conditions and legacies associated with communist rule and its demise, as well as still low levels of immigration, explain why (even) scholars with a CEE focus have prioritised other questions. Nonetheless, this group of liberal democracies become especially interesting sites for inquiry given a number of theoretical and normative assumptions, and empirical claims, frequently seen in the broader citizenship literature. On the theoretical and normative fronts, much has been made of the distinction between ‘ethnic’ (or ‘Eastern’) and ‘civic’ (or ‘Western’) nationalism (Kohn 1945), and the impacts on citizenship conceptions (Brubaker 1992) and citizenship as object (Koning 2011), as well as on how non-members are incorporated into nation-state societies. These constructs continue to feature strongly in citizenship studies, indicating their enduring analytical, descriptive and explanatory value (Antoniou and Andersson 2016), despite also being increasingly contested (Brubaker 2004, Kymlicka 1999). The dichotomy seemingly also sheds light on the institutional path-dependency seen in this policy field. On the empirical front, it is now claimed that convergence in citizenship policies across liberal democratic states is the new norm, either in like policy approaches (Joppke 2007), or in moves in the same policy direction (Koopmans et al. 2005). The convergence claim however is based largely on data collected from Western European liberal democracies, thus reviewing if it empirically resonates in CEE countries is of interest and value; all the more so given that the cited factors – e.g. Europeanisation, liberal norms and values (Adamson et al. 2011, Joppke 2007) – at the centre of recent policy shifts are equally applicable and relevant for CEE countries. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 69 In light of these claims and assumptions, this paper considers citizenship developments in the Czech Republic and Estonia post-1990. Both countries share a similar experience of communist rule, democratisation after 1990 –motivating the start date of the period under consideration as it reflects their initiation into liberal democratic statehood – and membership of the EU from 2004 onwards. Further, both countries have a common historical statehood experience of federalism, with ramifications for citizenship conceptions and for citizenship proper in the post-1990 context. The paper draws on developments in statutory legislation, principally citizenship acts. It then focuses on citizenship developments in ‘law in statute’ – acts of state – rather than ‘law in action’ – interpretation of acts by specific state officials. While consideration of the latter is no doubt of interest, it does not to the same extent shed light on how states proper conceive of citizenship, and how they reformulate it over time, if indeed they do. By generating three categories for investigation – essentialized citizenship, jus domicile and earned citizenship – relating to differing aspects of citizenship legalisation, the paper comparatively maps legislative developments over time. The findings suggest that differing aspects of citizenship policy, and by extension national citizenship regimes, often function in an uneven and, at times, contradictory manner. Further, policy articulations as to who is deemed an ‘authentic’ member of the ‘national community’ have significant implications for the provisos under which membership is extended to resident non-members, i.e. those legally residing in the nation-state but holders of another state citizenship, principally through birth. This provides credence to the continuing value of the categories of ethnic and civic in elucidating states’ self-understandings as membership, status and identity communities, and for policy continuity. However, while like moves can be seen in the two cases in line with the more general trends, differing appraisals of the (recent) past and their current context may explain the still diverging policy trajectories, and why one case (Estonia) is more prone to policy breaks than the other (the Czech Republic). Adamson, F. et al. 2011 "The Limits of the Liberal State" Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37(6) Aleinikoff, A.T. & D. Klusmeyer (ed) 2001 Citizenship Today Washington DC: Carnegie Antoniou, L. & H.E. Andersson 2016 Rights and Citizenship in Transition Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Bauböck, R. et al. (ed) 2009 Citizenship Policies in the New Europe Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Brubaker, R. 1992 Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany Cambridge, MA: Harvard Brubaker, R. 2004 Ethnicity without Groups Cambridge, MA: Harvard Joppke, C. 2007 "Transformation of Immigrant Integration" World Politics 59(2) Joppke, C. 2010 Citizenship and Immigration Cambridge: Polity Kohn, H. 1945 The Idea of Nationalism New York: Macmillan Koning, E.A. 2011 "Ethnic and Civic Dealings with Newcomers" Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(11) Koopmans, R. et al. (ed) 2005 Contested Citizenship Minneapolis: University of Minnesota 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 70 Kymlicka, W. 1999 "Misunderstanding Nationalism." In Theorizing Nationalism R. Beiner (ed) Albany: State University of New York 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 71 Feds everywhere: Risk and risk-mitigation in Anonymous chat rooms Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Philip Creswell Uppsala universitet Sociologi [email protected] Activism online is often presented as thin, low-cost engagement, accomplished by clicking Like on Facebook or using Twitter hashtags to express political opinions. Some activists, however, use the Internet differently, making political statements using methods that are illegal or legally questionable. Anonymous—a network of activists, hackers, and provocateurs—is arguably the most well-known of such actors. Participation in Anonymous actions can carry personal risks, as activists associated with Anonymous have faced legal consequences—from fines to imprisonment—in several countries. Using material generated from participant observation in Anonymous chat rooms, I analyze which risks of participation are publicly identified, how they are discussed, and the individual and collective strategies of risk-mitigation. This analysis makes a unique contribution by investigating a case that suggests that the subjective experience of risk is acknowledged and accounted for by activists online. I suggest that this has consequences for how researchers should approach political engagement online and the study of high-risk activism in the digital age. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 72 Anarkistiska ungdomsrörelser kring millenieskiftet Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Hedvig Ekerwald Uppsala universitet Sociologiska insts. [email protected] Ungdomar ockuperade Gamla BB i Linköping i mars 2000. Huset hade stått tomt länge och ockupationen bröts med stor våldsamhet inom något dygn. För mitt forskningsprojekt för FAS (numera Forte) intervjuade fil lic Magdalena Czaplicka sju av ockupanterna. Jag har följt upp anarkismen sedan dess med bland annat studier av göteborgskravallerna 14-16 juni 2001 och upploppen vid rivningen av Ungeren, ungdomshuset på Jagtvej 69 i Nörrebro, Köpenhamn 5-6 mars 2007. Studierna sätts in i den breda teoribildning som vuxit fram kring sociala rörelser, särskilt den del som står nära emotionssociologin (James M. Jasper och Francesca Polletta m fl). Nu ska studierna resultera i en bok och jag skulle vilja få diskutera planen för boken med Arbetsgruppen Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 73 Mobilizing hope and fear, mitigating guilt? Environmental movement strategic emotion management in response to climate change Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Jochen Kleres Göteborgs universitet Göteborgs universitet Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] Åsa Wettergren [email protected] In what sense is the management of fear and hope a driving force in the consciousness raising and mobilization against climate change? What is the role and nature of guilt in this context? Climate change has prompted the partial institutionalization of the environmental movement at global and national levels during the past two decades. In some cases whole nations, like Denmark, adopt a consensus-based reformative “green growth” concept maintaining the possibility to mitigate, adapt to, and possibly halt climate change within the framework of the neoliberal agenda. Other countries, like Sweden, have seen the emergence of new radical environmental activism demanding profound socioeconomic changes. Based on interviews and website material from environmental movement groups and NGO’s in Denmark, Sweden, as well as on participant observations and interviews at the UNFCCC meetings COP (Conference of the parties) 19, COP 20, and COP21, COY (Conference of the Youth) 10 and COY 11, we analyse the role and function of fear, hope and guilt in movement mobilization and action. Fear signals danger to the subject’s physical or social status. Fear may be both paralyzing and action-instigating. Guilt has equally ambivalent consequences. It may either inspire efforts to compensate for one’s harmful action or lead to a defensive or ashamed retreat. Hope signals the expectation or presumption that one’s status will improve in the future. Hope appears to be the decisive element that determines the power of fear and guilt. It may keep fear and guilt at a distance to the extent that the self-preserving function of fear and guilt dissipates. In the environmental movement, activists work on balancing fear, guilt and hope both inwards, to make action meaningful, and outwards, to mobilize and raise public and political consciousness. Fear, guilt and hope seem to be differently blended in these different orientations. Sometimes the balancing of fear, guilt and hope contradicts instrumental reason and we can speak of an ironic disposition, that, it has been argued, is a necessary philosophical foundation for environmental activism. Key words: fear, guilt, hope, mobilization, climate change 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 74 Olika regimer, samma ledarskap - Om det lokala maktfältets logik på landsbygden i Moçambique Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Magnus Persson Linnéuniversitetet [email protected] Kajsa Johansson Linnéuniversitetet Institutionen för samhällsstudier Institutionen för samhällsstudier [email protected] Artikeln syftar till att undersöka det lokala maktfältets logik på landsbygden i Moçambique under tre olika historiska maktregimer (kolonialism, marxism och kapitalism). Vi avser visa hur lokal makt legitimeras och reproduceras när yttre förutsättningar och maktstrukturer utmanas och förändras. I centrum står régulosystemet, ett system med rötter i förkoloniala maktstrukturer där lokala ledare, régulos, åtnjuter makt som förefaller legitimerad på succession och religiösa traditioner. Genom Pierre Bourdieus uppfattning om hur innehav av symboliskt kapital producerar och reproducerar maktpositioner på ett socialt fält försöker vi förstå hur liknande lokala maktstrukturer, under skilda tidsperioder i Moçambiques historia, bygger på samma logik, samt hur maktstrukturer endast kan reproduceras så länge de tillerkänner det traditionella symboliska kapitalet värde. Kontrollen över régulos var ett viktigt redskap för den portugisiska kolonialmakten maktutövning i Moçambique. Régulos var kolonialmaktens förlängda arm och spelade en nyckelroll i den ekonomiska ackumulationen, exempelvis i tvångsodling av bomull. Kolonialmakten gav régulon formell makt utifrån legalitet, samtidigt som han åtnjöt legitimitet hos lokalbefolkningen utifrån kunskap och tradition. Vid självständigheten 1975 förbjöd den marxistiska befrielserörelsen Frelimo régulos. Även religiösa ledare och praktiker, centrala i régulos legitimitetsskapande, förbjöds. Befolkningen fortsatte emellertid att praktisera religion och régulos behöll makt i det fördolda. Detta innebar ett tyst men utbrett motstånd mot Frelimos modernistiska politik. Missnöjet utnyttjades som mobiliseringsgrund då gerillan Renamo, med stöd från Sydafrika och Rhodesia, i slutet av 1970-talet inledde ett destabiliseringskrig. Vid fredsavtalet 1992 togs steg för att åter erkänna régulosystemet, vilket fullföljdes i reformer under 00-talet. Régulos är åter en del i den formella kapitalistiska maktordningen och med ett symbolsystem som på många sätt påminner om det koloniala. De är således återigen legitimerade av befolkningen och legaliserade av staten. Studiens empiriska material består av livsberättelser med régulos samt observationer. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 75 "Women’s Participation in the Public Sphere in Egypt" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Imad Rasan PhD student sociologiska institutionen Lund [email protected] Women’s Participation in the Public Sphere in Egypt Since the 2011 uprising in Egypt women have been on the frontlines of demonstrations and involved in all levels of protest. Behind this fascinating image of women’s participation, in protests alongside men emerges a delightful narrative of women’s activities that led women to dominate the scene in a series of ongoing demonstrations. Many questions have been asked, particularly in the mainstream media, concerning this image. For example, where did these women come from and what led to their intense participation in the protests? Why do they extensively converge in the streets at this moment? What backgrounds do these women have? How were they able to so openly and fervently participate within the public spheres? And what did they express desire for, and which was also manifested in the mainstream expression of protesters? The purpose of this study is to understand the process through which women came to participate in different kinds of counter-public spheres, in order to create space for their expression. It aims to clarify how these women were able to intensively and extensively enter into the counter-public spheres and illuminate the factors that were behind the participation and mass participation of women, particularly women activists, in the counter-public sphere; those who attempted to discuss, argue and debate various sociopolitical questions and articulate their demands and needs for change. It revolves around investigating the factors that ground the engagement of women towards adopting a more active role in their participation in the public spheres. For instance, through mobilizing, encouraging, inspiring and motivating women to participate in the Islamic, as well as in the secular public spheres, in addition to other ways, such as finding non-hierarchal organizations to aid and establish their activities through the use of alternative social media or by means of utilizing the changes in the power structure as the latter was impacted by the emergence of social media in recent years. Furthermore, the study will inquire how women activists were able to participate in certain counterpublic spheres and not in other ones. In other words, how the process of exclusion and inclusion functioned to allow for the participation or exclusion of some women in some public spheres. For instance, women have been excluded from some public places through the exposure of sexual harassment and by forcefully minimizing their presence. Women have participated in oppositional public spheres by applying various kinds of alternative media, such as social media, or by using other innovative strategies in the streets, where protests took place, such as the use of graffiti as a way of expressing their opinions about society as well as women’s issues. The research questions of this study are the following: Firstly: How did Egyptian women, as social, cultural and political activists, intensively and extensively participate in the Islamic, as well as in the secular, public spheres in Egypt in period from 2008 to 2013? Because women have had little access to the political process and to state power and they participate less in formal politics according to statistics collected by United Nations and World Bank. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 76 Secondly: How could these women activists participate, intensively and extensively, in specific public spheres while they were simultaneously excluded from other public spheres in this period? Evidently, these women activists have their own demands as women and demands for the society in general, e.g. need for change. Women activists in Egypt have spearheaded civic rights, democracy and human rights movements in the context of their women’s rights efforts. This study will examine empirical data - textual, visual and interviews - obtained from a limited period, i.e. from 2008 to 2013, in order to address the time before and after the change of the Egyptian regime in 2011. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 77 Welfare Reforms and Protest Mobilization in Sweden Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Katrin Uba Uppsala universitet Uppsala universitet Statsvetenskapliga inst. [email protected] Anders Westholm Statsvetenskapliga Political reforms, particularly measures that reduce the scope of the welfare state, are potentially an important cause of political protest in Western European countries. As far as Sweden is concerned, there has not been any clear tendency to punish the incumbent coalition, which has adopted and implemented policies of welfare state retrenchment. On the other hand, new political forces have mobilized both in the early 1990s and in the end of the 2000s. As Sweden is often seen as a country with open political opportunity structures, which favour less confrontational protest strategies, one would not expect retrenchment policies to be met by waves of public disruption. On the other hand, the Swedish political arena has changed since the last economic crisis in the 1990s and one might expect that reactions to welfare state retrenchment during the late 2000s are different from those in the early 1990s. We investigate these trends in citizens’ reactions to welfare state reforms by means of a new large data set covering protest events in Sweden during the period 1980–2011. For the first time, we are in a position to systematically examine how changes in socio-economic conditions (grievances), political opportunity structure (elections and governing parties), as well as particular economic reforms affect the mobilization of protests in Sweden. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 78 Pride parade mobilizing in seven European countries and Mexico Namn Lärosäte Mattias Wahlström Göteborgs Universitet Institution E-post All over the world, Pride parades are the most visible manifestations of the LGBT movement. While their character vary greatly depending on their political context – some largely resembling street parties, other political demonstrations – there is arguably still a political aspect to most (if not all) of them. Organizers of Pride parades can have somewhat different agendas which is, inter alia, reflected in how they mobilize participants and whom they seek to mobilize. This paper explores the relationship between the political context, Pride organizers’ mobilizing strategies, and the way Pride parade participants are mobilized. The study compares Pride parades in seven European countries (the Czech Republic, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK) and Mexico. The results are based on interviews with Pride organizers and LGBT activists from the respective countries, as well as survey data from 10 Pride parades. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 79 Fyra vågor av utvärdering över den atlantiska världen 1960-2015 Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Evert Vedung Uppsala universitet Inst f bostads- och urbanforskning [email protected] Four Waves of Evaluation The Diffusion of Evaluation throughout the Atlantic World 1960-2015 Evert Vedung Evaluation is an incredibly popular governance recipe. Yet, the development since 1960 has not been straight toward more and more evalu¬ation. Every evaluation form has been heavily criticized and lost much of its support in favor of new forms which have been equally highly praised. Yet also these new forms have been attacked and lost their support in favor of other fads. Intrigu¬ingly, against all odds some earlier forms have gained new momentum and come back slightly changed and in different linguistic guises. The whole thing can be likened to ocean waves that are roaring in and subsiding, roar-ing in and subsiding. Four are the evaluation waves which have swept across the Atlantic world and particularly some countries of the Atlantic world such as Sweden. 1) the Scientific Wave 2) the Dialogical Wave 3) the New Public Management NPM (Neo-Liberal Wave), and 4) the Evidence-Based Wave. In subsid¬ing each wave has left behind a layer of sedi¬ment. In due time, the evaluation landscape has come to consist of layers upon layers of sediment. The paper will elaborate on the contents of the four waves The paper will discuss appropriate metaphors to capture the developments: waves, trees, generations. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 80 The paper will raise questions about possible fifth waves Radical left-libertarian protests in Sweden and Denmark 2002–2014 Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Magnus Wennerhag Jan Jämte Södertörns högskola Örebro universitet [email protected] Måns Lundstedt Södertörns högskola Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper Institutionen för humaniora, utbildningsoch samhällsvetenskap Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper [email protected] [email protected] Radical left-libertarian movements are often regarded as seeking ways to accomplish social and political change primarily outside the framework of institutionalized politics. Previous research, however, has paid little or no attention to the question of these activists’ actual involvement in protests making claims towards institutionalized politics. Such a tendency has led researchers to disregard the importance of institutional processes for these types of political actors. This paper therefore explores whether, and to what extent, radical left-libertarian groups – anarchists, autonomists, anarcho-syndicalists, and libertarian socialists – actually stage protests targeted at various governmental levels, or other actors connected with institutionalized politics. Furthermore, we scrutinize what political issues radical left-libertarian groups stage protests around, and what types of political actors they co-operate with in staging protests. The empirical basis for the analysis is a protest event dataset for Denmark and Sweden, covering around 2,500 protest events announced in the movement’s own media during the period 2002–2014. 10. Politisk sociologi och sociala rörelser 11. Kultursociologi Playing cultural heritage: constructing video games as museum culture Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Lina Eklund Stockholms universitet Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] As digital games are finding their place in our contemporary world, museums are dealing with how to preserve games as part of a digital, cultural heritage, and exhibit them for future generations. In the last few years we have seen a rapid increase in interest from museums and other cultural institutions to work with and exhibit video games, e.g. at the Smithsonian art museum in the US. Yet, cultural institutions are still struggling with how to exhibit games (Barwick et al. 2011). This study explores this awakened interest in video games in the cultural institutional context of museums and what this means for our understanding of games as cultural heritage. I explore the exhibition of games by investigating the travelling exhibition GameOn 2.0 exhibited at the National Museum of Science and Technology (TM) in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2014 and the exhibition Women in game development at the Museum for Art and Digital Entertainment (MADE) in Oakland, U.S., during 2015. The study contextualizes and analyses these two case studies in order to understand how video games are being constructed as cultural heritage in two different exhibition and museum contexts. I draw on observations of the exhibits and the organizations which put them on, as well as the knowledge and experiences from staff working in these exhibits in order to critically explore what role games can play in museums. Research on digital games and museums has largely focused on material aspects of conservation; issues such as intellectual property rights (Barwick et al. 2011), hardware failure (Lowood et al. 2009) and emulation (Van der Hoeven et al 2007). A study concerned with the exhibition of games showed how varying motivations and aims underlying game exhibitions can produce very different experiences and how games can promote a more active museum visitor (Stuckney 2010). Research has shown that museums and other institutions often praise “the original experience” of playing on original hardware (Swalwell 2013). In other words, the material cultural heritage has been the focus. However, games are both tangible digital objects as well as intangible. Intangible cultural heritage can be seen as “the culture that people practice as part of their daily lives” (Kurin 2004: 67). Looking at games as both object, the games and hardware they are played on, as well as immaterial, the practises of play and actions of people engaged with games, allows us to see not only the games themselves but the social and cultural significance of games. In this way video games can offer insights into the everyday structure of the social world along with the role of digital technology in contemporary life. The study shows how while in size, institutional context and aim the two exhibits examined here are each other’s opposites, at the same time the same underlying understanding on how to exhibit and work with games is present. The most important factor being the playability of games on original 11. Kultursociologi 82 hardware. For TM, games are an interloper, a still new and uncertain cultural object they do not know how to deal with. GameOn, in the context of TM, portrays games as consumer objects for children and youth, disconnected from any cultural or social context or as sources of nostalgia for parents and grandparents visiting with children. For MADE games are works of art, to be revered and honoured and games are the very reason the museum exist. MADE sees games as situated in culture, yet, a subculture rather than general culture. Games become fetishized identity objects revered for themselves. The exhibits struggle with intangible aspects of video games and only focus on the material aspects. Both institutions display a sense of urgency and desire to save these digital and physical objects, yet they are less concerned with video games as immaterial culture; although some efforts are present. The study highlights how the struggle in exhibition to define what games and game history are is also a struggle over gaming’s present, or what video games are and their role in contemporary society. By choosing which objects to display, how to display them and what meaning to give in the context of the exhibition museum staff has control over the museum experience (Hooper-Greenhill 1992). Thus by designing game exhibits, museums define and shape what video gaming is and how it should be understood. When looking at the establishing of digital gaming as cultural heritage these institutions' versions of what games are comes to life. Here, children’s consumer culture, objects for invoking nostalgia or as fetishized identity objects. These views of games offer some and limit other opportunities for dealing with games in a critical manner through exhibits. Finally, the study shows how games as cultural objects in these two institutional contexts are presented in two very different lights which has consequences for our understanding of games as both culture and entertainment and furthermore the role of video games in museums. References: Barwick, Dearnley, & Muir, 2011. “Playing Games With Cultural Heritage: A Comparative Case Study Analysis of the Current Status of Digital Game Preservation.” Games & Culture 6(4):373–90 Hooper-Greenhill, 1992. Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge. Heritage. New York: Routledge Lowood, et al. 2009. “Before It’s Too Late: Preserving Games across the Industry/academia Divide.” In DiGRA 2009 Brunel University, London Stuckney, 2010. Play on Display: The Exhibition of Videogames in the Museum. PhD Thesis. Swinburne University of Technology Swalwell, 2013. “Moving on from the Original Experience: Games History, Preservation and Presentation.” In Proceedings of DiGRA 2009: Breaking New Ground. Atlanta, U.S Van der Hoeven, Lohman, & Verdegem. 2007. “Emulation for Digital Preservation in Practice: The Results.” Int. Journal of Digital Curation 2(2):123–32 11. Kultursociologi 83 International retirement migration: Linguistic environments, problems and strategies Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Per Gustafson Uppsala universitet IBF [email protected] International retirement migration has emerged as a significant form of migration, as growing numbers of retirees from the Western world have moved to new home places in search for an improved quality of life. From a social science perspective, retirement migration is interesting on both an individual and a societal level. It reflects important current trends of individualization, mobility, positive ageing, lifestyle migration and transnationalism. These issues also have a linguistic dimension. When people move to another country, where the common language differs from their native language, this creates a multilingual situation that requires adaptation of some kind. After a brief introduction to the general phenomenon of international retirement migration, this paper (1) outlines a number of conceptual and theoretical issues in relation to international mobility, social inclusion and language use in the context of retirement migration, and (2) provides a focused review and analysis of previous empirical research that highlights the linguistic environments that emerge in conjunction with largescale retirement migration, the language problems experienced by migrants retirees, and a range of potential strategies for linguistic adaptation. The text is an early draft of the initial parts of a report to an EU/FP7 project - MIME (Mobility and Inclusion in Multilingual Europe). 11. Kultursociologi 84 Living like a king? Rural upper class lifestyles Namn Lärosäte Institution Tora Holmberg Uppsala universitet Sociologiska institutionen E-post If you consider the commitment in terms of investments and work, would you like to live in a castle, or another major estate? How come that in an era of individualization, some people spend their whole lives caring for an inherited estate and family tradition, sometimes with comparatively small monetary rewards, in order to pass it on to the future generations? Using an ethnographic approach, including interviews and popular culture data, this project concerns upper class rural housing from an intersectional approach, where gender, generation, and class are considered. The manor and its emplaced family traditions and expectations, seems to act upon their owner and make them behave in ways that are in accordance with inherited lifestyles, while negotiating with changing conditions and ideals. Thus, when analyzing narratives on housing choices , homing practices and lifestyles, the interaction of human/non-human actors seems to be an important dimension to consider, if one wishes to make sense of the attraction and influence that the manor and its land is said to exercise. Thus, cultural sociological theory regarding lifestyle, kin and practice is combined with a material-semiotic, human/non-human approach to place-making. 11. Kultursociologi 85 “Rejecting digital technology in the age of cool capitalism” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Magdalena KaniaLundholm Uppsala Universitet Sociologiska Institutionen [email protected] This paper asks what it means to be a non-user in the society where network digital technologies (ICTs), including increasingly present social media, permeate all spheres of social life. More specifically, the paper explores the notion of ICTs non-use and refusal in the context of “cool capitalism”, defined as “incorporation of disaffection into capitalism itself” which constitutes the front region of neoliberal culture (McGuigan, 2009). The concept of “cool capitalism” refers to the cultural aspects of the current dominant, post-Fordist model of capitalism and can be understood as transition from the mid-twentieth century organized capitalism (ibid.). The paper argues that the transition from the organized capitalism to the global neoliberal capitalism can be also understood in terms of the changing role of technology in the society. The previously dominant industrial technology was mainly legitimized by instrumental rationality and technical reason (Habermas, 1970) and was at the center of social planning, control and progress. However, the rise of digital, networked technologies marked the emergence of the “new spirit of capitalism” and the “connexionist world” (Boltanski and Chiapello, 2005). That shift also put technology at the center of individual empowerment and emancipation. The transition from organized capitalism and industrial technology towards global neoliberal capitalism and networked technology means also shifting logics of the relationship between humans and technology. While the industrial period can be described in terms of utilitarian “man versus machine” logic, the latest one is marked by the networked logic with flattened and non-hierarchical distinction between humans and technology (Fisher, 2010). In this context, technology receives an important status framed by the techno-rational and techno-deterministic discourse supporting an understanding of technology not only as beneficial, but also inevitable and desired. Moreover, among the emerging individual models of achievement, especially for the youth, is the “neoliberal self” combining entrepreneurial spirit with consumer sovereignty (McGuigan, 2014). Consequently, in the context of continuously expanding digital society, the non-use and/or refusal of networked technologies are mostly perceived as deficit, lack, exclusion and/or problem to fix. These issues are reflected across the variety of public discourses including the debate on the so-called “digital divide”, ICTs policies attempting to tackle the divide as well as in the growing body of research focusing on the beneficiary aspects of networked technologies. This paper aims to contribute to the relatively small but growing body of research that makes an attempt to understand “non-usage” not as a problem or deficit but rather as an inherent element of the 11. Kultursociologi 86 process of mapping and understanding of (dis)engagement with ICTs as part of the reality in the digital age. Both ICTs use and non-use are systematically related as part of the “cultural milieu” where “technology is a site for social and cultural performance in more ways than simply its use, but rather how patterns of adoption, choices and orientation around technologies manifest cultural issues” (Satchell&Dourish, 2009:14). Thus, digital technologies can be understood as cultural objects and their (non)use as a cultural phenomenon as well. Consequently, if we problematize the techno-deterministic, over optimistic view on digitization and networked technologies where digitization of society equals efficiency, development and progress, we might consider non-usage not as necessarily as deficiency but rather an alternative use, resistance, contribution or even an elitist stance (voluntary non-usage). Hence, the paper argues that ICTs non-use and refusal are more than just a position outside of society. In some cases ICTs rejection and refusal might mean resistance, but in the context of “cool capitalism” even that resistance and disaffection might be incorporated. Therefore instead of inclusion / exclusion we should rather talk of different levels of (dis)engagement and also acknowledge the possibility of exploitation. In other words, nonusers are not outside but part of information society. If we understand non-usage in this way, then refusal of technology does not only depend on individual motivations and structural constraints but also the meanings given to ICTs as such. Instead of looking for reasons for refusal we need to consider ICTs non-use and refusal as legitimate practices within neoliberal culture that to some extent incorporate resistance understood as forms of conspicuous non-consumption but are not limited to it (cf. PortwoodStacer, 2012). Finally, the paper concludes that a critical perspective on social media and networked society offers an understanding that the effect of digital technologies on society depends to a large extent on how these technologies are (non)used. Keywords: ICTs non-use, cool capitalism, neoliberal self, networked society, technological determinism, ocial media References Boltanski, L. Chiapello, E. (2005). The New Spirit of Capitalism, London: Verso Fisher, E. (2010). Media and capitalism in digital age. The Spirit of Networks, London: Palgrave Habermas, J. (1970). “Technology and Science as “Ideology”, in: Toward a Rational Society, Boston: Beacon Press McGuigan, J. (2009). Cool Capitalism, London: Pluto Press McGuigan,J. (2014). “The Neoliberal Self”, Culture Unbound (6): 223-240 Portwood-Stacer L (2012) “Media refusal and conspicuous non-consumption: The performative and political dimensions of Facebook abstention”. New Media & Society (5): 1-17 Satchell C, Dourish, P. (2009) “Beyond the user: use and non-use in HCI”, in: Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the Australian Computer-Human Interaction Special Interest Group, Nov. 2327, Melbourne, Australia [doi>10.1145/1738826.1738829 11. Kultursociologi 87 The Worth of Green: a sociology of art approach on the process of greenification in urban settings Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post María Langa Uppsala University Department of Sociology [email protected] No matter its variants as more or less official projects of professional urban landscaping chasing the image of an imagined utopian city, community gardens in disenfranchised marginal neighborhoods, roof-top gardens greenifying sky views, clandestine over-night appropriation of spaces for gardening or works of art disrupting with greenery the city´s skyline, practices of urban gardening and greenery articulate a very similar set of core elements that negotiate metropolitan public space with narratives of nature. Bending, cracking and re-inventing or even destroying to utterly transform the city´s landscape these spaces are appropriated through gardening. Pavement, metal and concrete are intertwined with stemming branches, tender green leaves, flowers, grass… even fruits and vegetables; the citizen´s performing of the “green” city is creative and constantly re-creative. Growth is given a new perspective and the everyday lives of citizens is socially and materially modified through creative interventions. But this formal or informal, legal or clandestine, planned or spontaneous active “greenification” of the city is intertwined with broader processes, governmental endeavors to achieve or present cities as sustainable and more eco-friendly and the spur of a new “green fashion” commodifying and configuring a more or less specific desirable aesthetic character to environmental-conscious living and life styles. From architecture and urban planning to private gardening, passing through community gardens and green guerrillas, the concern to make cities “greener” has rooted and spread in the past 30 years. Urban ecology´s practices and visions refer to “green worth”, a new configuration of common spaces which first emerged through the environmental critiques of the 1970´s related to meanings of health, vitality and sustainability (Blok & Meilvang, 2015). This green worth, seems to imply an actual worth to green on different shapes and modes of transforming the city through gardening. Therefore, in this context, when I refer to these efforts to make the city “greener”, I literally mean “greener”; this is why I refer to this phenomena as “greenification” or use the verb form “greenify”. This way we can set it apart from the green metaphor as sustainability, ecological or environmentally friendly products, lifestyles, buildings, houses, enterprises, companies, ways of life. However, these meanings are partly translated in certain initiatives as actually “greenifying” the grey Metropolis. 11. Kultursociologi 88 The present paper aims to approach the phenomena of green urban activism from a sociology of art perspective, thus articulating aesthetics, urban and cultural sociology theories. I propose to take urban gardening and greenery in its non-governmental forms to address this topic to investigate the role of aesthetics in new practices of gardening in cities, in order to account for the concrete work of aesthetic factors in social life (de la Fuente, 2007). In this sense, my paper aims to contribute on a theoretical level to deepen our knowledge about the networks constructing and establishing aesthetic judgements and their interplay in everyday social life. I argue that the re-interpretation of public space through greenery in the city can be approached from a sociology of art perspective, tracing the networks that contribute to producing the new expressions of greenery in the city, making them the way they currently are. The relevance of the work of greenery´s aesthetic factors in the city is twofold. On the one hand, the importance of perceptual experience for citizen´s lives and social interactions in the Metropolis (Simmel, 2010). On the other, the new spur of this phenomena in connection to ecological contestation and a broader governmental support from the end of the 1990´s and early 2000´s (Zukin, 2010). The multiplicity of greenery and urban gardening practices and the heterogeneous and disperse actors that engage in these activities makes it hard to both define a group and geographical location to study them. It also renders the category of activism, at the very least, debatable in relation to them. However, I have decided to use the concept to designate a broader social phenomenon of ecological contestation in cities and so framing urban gardening practices in a network of meanings that intertwine with environmental claims. The heterogeneity and diffused nature of gardening endeavors in urban settings bares badly with defining them as groups. However, that does not mean there is no collective action to be analyzed. Just as the people who understand artist-specific conventions, who can hardly be called a group, they are, in a sense, engaged in a joint effort and connected through different networks (Becker, 2011). This paper will, in short, attempt to further define them and argue for a sociology of art approach to this phenomena. -Reference List Becker, H. S. (2011). Art worlds (25th anniversary ed., updated and expanded, [Nachdr.]). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. Blok, A., & Meilvang, M. L. (2015). Picturing Urban Green Attachments: Civic Activists Moving between Familiar and Public Engagements in the City. Sociology, 49(1), 19–37. http://doi.org/10.1177/0038038514532038 de la Fuente, E. (2007). The `New Sociology of Art’: Putting Art Back into Social Science Approaches to the Arts. Cultural Sociology, 1(3), 409–425. http://doi.org/10.1177/1749975507084601 Simmel, G., & Levine, D. N. (2010). On individuality and social forms: selected writings (Nachdr.). Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. Zukin, S. (2010). Naked city: the death and life of authentic urban places. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. 11. Kultursociologi 89 An imagined culinary community: On gender and class in “Sweden – the new culinary nation” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Nicklas Neuman Uppsala universitet Institutionen för kostvetenskap [email protected] This paper critically analyses how a Swedish culinary identity is produced and how this production intersects with gender and class. The analysis builds on observational data and texts published online by actors with a mission to promote Swedish food culture. A nation is an “imagined community” (Anderson, [1983] 2006). It is indeed a community, but of a very particular form due to its comprehensiveness that inevitably makes it impossible for all of its members to be able to know about each other and to interact. This incomprehensible size results in nation-building practices connecting people—culturally and geographically distant from each other—to imagine common concerns and values; public stories are produced that construct shared stories in the minds of people. Feminists have further shown how national identity productions are profoundly intertwined with symbolic constructions of femininity and masculinity, and on functions allocated to men and women for the good of the nation. Last but not least, the particular production of national culinary excellence is also a story of class, deriving from gastronomic legacies of the pre-Revolution French aristocracy and post-Revolution bourgeoisie. During a time in which Swedish politicians have used explicitly nationalist statements with tremendous caution—because of a general fear to be interpreted as flirting with the nationalist party—food have seemed to persist as a safe space to celebrate national pride. “Sweden – the new culinary nation” is a political vision aiming to promote Sweden as a country of culinary excellence, with the long-term purposes of creating more jobs, increasing revenues for people in all the food and hospitality industries (whether urban or rural) and stimulating economic growth. My analysis shows how this promoted image builds on assumptions of Swedish traditions and authenticity and that the culinary nation of Sweden is a country in which all people, as part of an imagined culinary community, are equally important. The top chefs and the leading restaurants might be the spearhead, but the conveyed message is that “we are all in it together” and everybody, from near and far, are welcome to enjoy our tremendous food culture. However, it is this rhetoric of a seemingly inclusive and democratized political vision that I will discuss and argue to be profoundly gendered and classed. 11. Kultursociologi 90 Understanding the Girl Child Breast Ironing in Cameroon: A Sociological Analysis of the Determinants of the Practice Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Christian Nounkeu Tatchou Ph.D applicant Ph.D applicant [email protected] One (1) girl child out of four (4) in Cameroon is victim of breast ironing. A survey carried out by the German agency for international cooperation revealed that 6 million girls aged between 8 and 12 years old have undergone breast ironing in 2007. It is a practice whereby mothers use a variety of hot objects like grinding stones or pestles to flatten the breasts of their daughters with the aim of slowing their development. It is believed among women in Cameroon that a girl with little or no breasts is less sexually attractive to men. Consequently, she will avoid being raped or involved in any sexual intercourse leading to early pregnancies. By ironing the breasts of their daughters to avoid men sexual assaults, the mothers want to make sure the girls will properly complete their education and secure a professional carrier. However, breast ironing is a very painful and harmful body mutilation with damaging consequences for the girl child. It was acknowledged by the United Nations (U.N) in a report published on the 10th of February 2009, as a “harmful practice impending the enjoyment of women’s’ rights”. But, what are the sociological determinants for understanding why and how a selfpain infliction has been thought, constructed and integrated as a way for elevating female status? And how efficient is the practice, with respect to its intended purpose? In this article, I investigate these two questions, using qualitative interviews with performers and victims of breast ironing in Cameroon. Keywords: Breast ironing, social emancipation, the girl child, male dominance. 11. Kultursociologi 91 Posthuman Postmortem Postcards: Space and Place in Condolence Cards for Bereaved Pet Owners Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post David Redmalm Uppsala universitet Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] There is a place where the rainbow always shines, where kittens and puppies fly around with angel wings, and where pet rats feast on endless quantities of cheese: it is the world depicted on condolence cards for bereaved pet keepers. What do these cards and their imagined realm tell us about humans’ view of other animals—and of themselves? Drawing on Judith Butler’s writing on grief and bereavement, this paper analyzes condolence cards for humans who have lost a non-human companion. Butler argues that grief has specific characteristics and that norms restrict the allocation of grief by impeding the ascription of one or more of these characteristics. This normative framework thus allows for some human or human-like lives to be grieved, while other lives are rendered ‘lose-able’. To send a condolence card is thus not only to recognize someone’s pain, but to recognize this pain in a specific way, contributing to such a shared normative framework, and to a differential allocation of grievability. In consequence, pet condolence cards show what is possible and acceptable when it comes to the display of grief across species borders, and what is not. While many themes in condolence cards for companion animals resemble ‘human’ condolence cards, these cards also challenge non-human animals’ status as grievable: companion animals are recurrently represented as replaceable, the loss is sometimes framed as predictable or in other ways manageable, and the many objectifying depictions of non-human bodies in the cards suggest a lack of embodied empathy with non-human animals. On the one hand, the cards’ double-sided rhetoric opens up for problematic representations of the loss of companion animals which risk belittling or rejecting the grief for a lost companion animal. On the other, some cards also challenge the hierarchical human/animal distinction, emphasizing non-human animals’ status as kin, in spite of the difference in kind. Thus, the fantasy place constructed by the cards’ imagery corresponds to a utopian space, however tension-filled and indefinitely articulated, in which the differential allocation of grievability is disrupted and ‘the human’ and ‘the animal’ is re-imagined. This is a space of heedless sentimentality and anthropocentric fantasies, but also a space where two taboos are challenged: the taboos around death and around the grief for lost pets. The paper concludes by suggesting that condolence cards for bereaved pet owners tend to give nonhuman animals the status of ‘werewolves’, using Giorgio Agamben’s term for beings existing in the liminal space between grievable and lose-able. Because the cards represent companion animals as being simultaneously grievable and ungrievable—as human and non-human—they accentuate the werewolf status of these beings and the problematic distinction between human and animal. The cards that succeed in recognizing the grief for a ‘werewolf’, the paper argues, pose a serious challenge to the differential allocation of grievability and the anthropocentric politics of kin and kind. 11. Kultursociologi 12. Utbildningssociologi The Legacy of the 1990s for the Swedish Academic profession Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ola Agevall Gunnar Olofsson Linnéuniversitetet Linnéuniversitetet Sociala studier Sociala studier [email protected] [email protected] The Legacy of the 1990s for the Swedish Academic profession Ola Agevall & Gunnar Olofsson The early were years of economic recession, accompanied by rising unemployment, the widespread ascendance of new forms and techniques of governance, and politically enforced restrictions on public spending. At the same time the early 1990s made knowledge society a common trope, and the global university enrolment ratio rose steeply. The two changes are interlinked –expansion of higher education bolstered youth unemployment, a knowledge economy was held up as a model for western societies This paper examines how the combination of recession and university expansion was accommodated in one specific setting. The Swedish university teachers were subjected to the same changes in the forms and techniques of governance as other Swedish professions. But the higher education sector was reformed during a period of a sector-specific abundance. Two resource-shocks hit the system. One derived from an increased flow of research funding, the other from the rapidly increasing number of students. We argue that this timing and modality in introducing new forms of governance in the Swedish universities (1) postponed the perception of adverse effects on the profession, (2) aligned with, accentuated and altered the structure of an internally differentiated but formally unified university system, (3) created specific groups of beneficiaries at different poles of the system – and that, thereby, (4) an incentive-based institutional framework was worked into the tissue of the professional body, meeting little resistance. This was accompanied and underlined by the shift in the composition of the administrative staff from support functions (secretaries etc.) to agents of control and governance. 12. Utbildningssociologi 93 Mål eller medel? Om utbildningens roll och syfte ur ett policy- och elevperspektiv Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Majsa Allelin Göteborgs universitet Institutionen för socialt arbete [email protected] Från att ha haft ett av världens mest jämlika skolsystem har Sverige idag gjort sig lika internationellt känd för att vara en nyliberal pionjär inom utbildningsväsendet. Detta skifte har inneburit såväl form- som innehållsmässiga förändringar av skolan, där genomgående drag har varit decentraliseringar och ansvarsförskjutningar liksom tydligare målstyrning. Parallellt med dessa förändringar har klyftorna mellan de elever som når kunskapsmålen och de som inte gör det ökat, en skiktning som främst är socio-ekonomiskt villkorad. Utifrån denna bakgrund är studiens syfte att förklara och förstå varför elever förväntas ta ansvar för sin skolgång och hur denna förhandling av ansvar manifesterar sig i en skolvardag. Studien bygger på deltagande observationer och intervjuer med elever i årskurs nio under vårterminen 2015. Som en del av ovanstående syftesformulering fokuserar detta paper mer specifikt på utbildningens aktuella roll ur ett policy- och elevperspektiv. Observationerna visar att eleverna till stora delar resonerar i linje med de nya uppdrag skolan står inför, om än utifrån en delvis osäker position där ett sökande efter att hitta rätt utbildningsstrategi står i huvudfokus. 12. Utbildningssociologi 94 Changes in access to higher education in the Nordic countries 19852010 – a comparative perspective Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Emil Bertilsson Uppsala universitet Uppsala universitet Utbildnings- och kultursociologi (SEC) Utbildnings- och kultursociologi (SEC) [email protected] Tobias Dalberg [email protected] In the international literature on access to higher education, the Nordic countries often stand out as being the ones where social background matters the least, and the Nordic countries/Scandinavia is often being characterized by more or less the same educational patterns of access to education (Blanden, 2013; Breen & Jonsson, 2005; Erikson & Jonsson, 1996; Shavit & Blossfeld, 1993). Additionally, the international mobility literature have traditionally been referred to Sweden as a proxy for the Nordic countries in comparative studies (Erikson, Goldthorpe, & Portocarero, 1982; Erikson & Jonsson, 1996). So, while the Nordic countries have served as an important comparator in international studies of inequality of educational opportunity, there has been a lack of literature comparing the Nordic countries with each other. This paper adds to these studies by comparing access to higher education by social background in the Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden 1985-2010. This is the first comparative paper on access to higher education in all four major Nordic countries, where we make use of unique administrative data in all four countries. Such a comparison is important for a number of reasons; most importantly, qualitative differences in the Nordic welfare state models may affect the structure and organization of higher education systems leading to possible differences in educational attainment for different social groups. In our comparison, we want to focus specifically on a) whether privileged groups have been able to maintain an advantage in access to higher education, and b) on gendered access patterns, i.e. whether women are more mobile than men. These two questions are at the core of most research in inequality of educational opportunity. First a large body of the mobility and immobility literature have focused specifically on the ability of privileged groups to keep an edge in the race for educational qualifications, and how this had led to de facto monopolizations of not only upper levels of the educational system, but also, as the education system has expanded, of particular tracks or sections within educational levels (cf. Bourdieu 1996). We want to examine to what extend this is the case in the Nordic countries, and if the countries differ from each other in important ways, e.g. if access in some Nordic countries is more open than others, and if this can be viewed in relation to the state and the education system. Second we want to focus specifically on gender differences in access to higher education. The Nordic countries have traditionally had wide ranging gender equity policies, and a very high frequency of women in the workforce. These women have also gained qualifications and skills on par with men, even surpassing them at the higher education level. As an example, in the parent generation, mothers were just as often the higher educated parent as men in 2010 in Denmark. Generally, the upper tertiary level is much more selective than the lower tertiary level. In all countries, we find moves towards less inequality in access to the lower and upper tertiary higher education levels in tandem with the expansion of the higher education system. We also find that daughters account for 12. Utbildningssociologi 95 the major part of the reduction in inequality in higher education access. These general trends however, cover up significant differences between fields: for some, primary professional fields (especially health), access remains highly, or even increasingly, unequal across the period investigated. Despite expansion and overall moves towards equalization, privileged families still keep a competitive advantage in access to particular prestigious or lucrative fields. References Blanden, J. (2013). Cross-country Rankings in Intergenerational Mobility: A Comparison of Approaches from Economics and Sociology. Journal of Economic Surveys, 27(1), 38-73. Breen, R., & Jonsson, J. O. (2005). Inequality of Opportunity in Comparative Perspective: Recent Research on Educational Attainment and Social Mobility. Annual Review of Sociology, 31(1), 223-243 Bourdieu, P. (1996). The state nobility: Elite schools in the field of power. Cambridge: Polity Press. Erikson, R., Goldthorpe, J. H., & Portocarero, L. (1982). Social fluidity in industrial nations: England, France and Sweden. The British Journal of Sociology, 33(1), 1-34. Erikson, R., & Jonsson, J. O. (1996). Can education be equalized? : the Swedish case in comparative perspective. Boulder, Colo.; Oxford: Westview Press. Shavit, Y., & Blossfeld, H.-P. (1993). Persistent inequality : Changing educational attainment in thirteen countries. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 12. Utbildningssociologi 96 Det svenska högskolefältet. Struktur och förändringar, 1977 till 2009 Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Mikael Börjesson Uppsala universitet Uppsala universitet Uppsala universitet EDU [email protected] EDU [email protected] EDU [email protected] Emil Bertilsson Tobias Dalberg Det svenska högskolefältet, analyserat med hjälp av enkel korrespondensanalys utifrån uppgifter om studenternas sociala ursprung och kön och de utbildningar och lärosäten som de studerar vid, uppvisar en förvånansvärt stabil grundstruktur med två principiella dimensioner. Längs den första, vågräta axeln, skiljs en männens och en kvinnornas högskola med en könsblandad zon däremellan ut. Den andra, lodräta, axeln, orienteras framför allt av studenternas nedärvda tillgångar och bildar en hierarki med de mer dominerande och resursrika klasserna uppåt och dominerade och tillbakasatta klasser nedåt. När vi rör oss uppåt i rummet ökar volymen av utbildningskapital som studenternas föräldrar besitter. Likaså, men inte lika tydligt, ökar också de ekonomiska resurserna i föräldrahemmet, längs den andra axeln. Föräldrarnas tillgångar sammanfaller också med studenternas egna förvärvade utbildningstillgångar. Höga gymnasiebetyg och höga högskoleprovspoäng placerar sig högt i rummet, medan låga gymnasiebetyg och högskoleprovspoäng hamnar i rummets nedre del. De första två dimensionerna sammantagna bildar en triangulär struktur, där skillnaderna mellan könen varierar med social klass och klassfraktion. Könsskillnaderna är som störst inom arbetarklassen för att minska i den sociala strukturens övre skikt. Framför allt bildningsborgerskapets söner och döttrar möts på samma utbildningar. I detta triangulära rum positionerar sig de olika vetenskapsområdena olika. Längs den första, vågräta, axeln står medicin, vård, omsorg och utbildning vid den kvinnliga polen mot teknik och naturvetenskap vid den manliga polen med humaniora och samhällsvetenskap däremellan i en mer könsneutral position. På en mer detaljerad nivå, där enskilda utbildningar kan särskiljas, utmärker sig läkarutbildningar med den mest socialt sett dominerande rekryteringen, längst upp i triangelns topp, där samtliga sex läkarprogram finns samlade. Strax därunder finns juristprogrammet, konstnärliga yrkesutbildningar, samt andra längre professionsutbildningar som psykologutbildning och tandläkarutbildning. Särskiljande för dessa är att de har högt söktryck och kräver höga gymnasiebetyg eller högskoleprovspoäng för antagning. Inom det tekniska området kan vi se en tydlig social skiktning mellan de längre civilingenjörsutbildningarna och de kortare ingenjörsutbildningarna. Dessa utbildningar rymmer dessutom en könsmässig spännvid mellan mansdominerande utbildningar inom el, maskin och data och mer kvinnligt orienterade utbildningar inom kemi och samhällsbyggnad. Rummet rymmer även skillnader mellan lärosätestyper. Längs den könsmässiga, vågräta, axeln står vårdhögskolor och konstnärliga högskolor mot tekniska lärosäten, vilket följer den ämnesmässiga logiken. Den stora skillnaden finns dock längs den andra, sociala, axeln, där de större, traditionella universiteten framför 12. Utbildningssociologi 97 allt rekryterar ur den övre medelklassen och medelklassen, medan de nyare och mindre högskolorna har en överrepresentation av studenter från arbetarklasshem och lägre medelklasshem. Sådan ser grundstrukturen ut och denna är påfallande stabil över tid. Det som framför allt ändrat sig över åren är att kvinnorna ökat sina andelar. Detta har inte haft någon inverkan på grundstrukturen och den triangulära formen, men strukturen har vridits sig något. De manligt dominerade utbildningarna har blivit mer aparta och fått en ökad betydelse för rummets konstruktion. Till detta kan läggas vissa enskilda områdens och utbildningars förflyttningar. Exempelvis har lärarutbildningarna flyttat sina positioner i rummet och blivit mer koncentrerad i det nedre vänstra hörnet, dominerat av kvinnor från arbetarklassen. I andra delen av rummet finns tecken på att läkarutbildningarna blivit än mer exklusiva i sin rekrytering. 12. Utbildningssociologi 98 Social field and market – upper secondary education and the emerging educational market in the Stockholm region Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Håkan Forsberg Uppsala universitet EDU [email protected] The transformation of Swedish upper secondary education that followed in the wake of the education reforms in the beginning of the 1990s, introducing free school choice and the right to run schools commercially with funding through a voucher system, offers an opportunity to analyze the relation between social space, education as a social field and an emerging educational market. In the Stockholm region, political as well as demographic conditions (a population of approximately 2.2 million with high geographic density) worked in favor of the formation of a previously unknown educational market. In 2008, approximately 25.000 new students, each one representing a school voucher with an average value of more or less 7000 Euros per year entered into upper secondary education, choosing between approximately 800 unique educations (study programs in combination with school) at 209 different schools. The economic value of the new entrants came near 175 million Euros per year. A correspondence analysis (CA) of all pupils attending all upper secondary educations in the Stockholm area in 2006-08, with Euclidean clustering as an additional analytic instrument, reveals that the social structure of the field of upper secondary education is not affected by the market-oriented reforms but maintains the basic polarities found before their implementation. Separating between girls and boys pertaining to 32 social groups with different volume and composition of assets, the analysis identifies three basic polarities – a first one between educations with either predominately female or male recruitment, a second one between educations recruiting students from social groups with particularly strong cultural and economic assets and those receiving students from groups with few resources, and a third one, considerably weaker statistically, separating educations characterized by a particularly strong recruitment from either cultural or economic fractions of the middle and upper middle classes. Through Euclidean clustering 9 clusters of educations can be identified: – the educations of the particularly wealthy fractions of the upper middle class, those of the well-established upper-middle class possessing strong cultural and economic capital, those of the cultural fractions of the middle and upper middle classes, those of middle class girls, those of lower middle class boys, those of technicians, those of working class boys, those of immigrants, and, finally, educations of working class girls. The CA of the space of upper secondary educations laid the basis for an analysis of upper secondary schools’ relation to the emerging school market. A combination of interviews with school principals in both municipal and private (independent) schools occupying particular positions in the space, an investigation of how schools’ exactly used the funding obtained through the voucher system and a review of their marketing strategies, reveals that schools in the increasingly harsh competition for 12. Utbildningssociologi 99 students adopt strategies in relation to the educational market that mirror the positions they occupy in the social field of upper secondary education. The analysis shows that the educational market created by the introduction of free school choice on the basis of a voucher system, combined with the right to establish independent, most often commercially run schools, adapted to the social structure of the field of upper secondary education, reproducing and possibly even strengthening its existing social polarities. The elite pole in the field, serving the educational needs of the fractions pertaining to either the wealthy or the culturally rich upper middle class, is less affected by the appearances of the market, while the most dominated pole is most exposed to market mechanisms turning education into a mass-produced commodity. In addition to the cultural, economic and social assets that particular social groups can employ in the competition for education, the embodied form of these capitals, habitus, plays a crucial role in shaping their relation to the educational market. The remoteness from openly visible market mechanisms that characterizes the elite pole of the space corresponds to a belief, typical for the well-educated, in education as pure, sacred area. This stands in contrast to the imposed or desired acceptance, typical for the dominated pole, of blurring the boundaries between education and assumed or anticipated values offered by the educational market, such as coaching, future job success, personal interests (for example in animalkeeping or hair-dressing), adventures or sports. 12. Utbildningssociologi 100 Den nya folkhögskolegruppen i Riksdagen: Folkhögskolan som samtida bildningsväg för svenska riksdagsledamöter Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Charlotte Fridolfsson Linköpings Universitet [email protected] Henrik Nordvall Linköpings Universitet Erik Nylander Linköpings Universitet Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling (IEI) Institutionen för beteendeveteskap och lärande (IBL) Institutionen för beteendeveteskap och lärande (IBL) [email protected] [email protected] Svenska politikers bildningsvägar har ofta betraktas som egenartade i internationella jämförelser. I likhet med den politiska eliten i Norge tycks den politiska eliten i Sverige ha relativt beskedliga utbildningsmeriter jämfört med andra länder (Gaxie & Godmer, 2007, Lie Andersen, 2014). I många andra utvecklade länder karaktäriseras inträdet till den politiska eliten av mycket specifika utbildningsval och strängt selekterade bildningsvägar. Detta förhållande gäller exempelvis Frankrike med sina grandes écoles (Bourdieu, 1996), USA där en prestigefylld utbildning i juridik från Ive League-skola visat sig betydelsefull (Kutz & Simon, 2007) och i Singapore vars politiker ofta utbildats i ekonomi vid något topprankat universitet (Ye & Nylander, 2015). I Storbritannien har det t.o.m. myntats ett samhällsvetenskapligt begrepp för att beskriva hur den politiska eliten tenderar att härstamma från särskilda skolor det s.k. ”Oxbridge-fenomenet” (Norris & Lovenduski, 1995). I tidigare forskning om de svenska riksdagsledamöternas bildningsbakgrund har folkbildningen och dess institutioner lyfts fram som särskilt viktiga för den partipolitiska skolningen. I synnerhet har folkhögskolorna haft en central betydelse. Vid skolformens introduktion i Sverige under 1800-talets senare hälft var folkhögskolorna en viktig bildningsväg för bondeklassens representanter i politiska församlingar. Också för arbetarrörelsen fick folkhögskolor och studiecirklar en central betydelse för skolningen av fackliga och politiska ledare under det tidiga 1900-talet (Arvidson, 1985, Larsson, 2013). Att detta kom att avspegla sig även på högsta politiska nivå visar Helldéns studie där den så kallade ”folkhögskolegruppen” i riksdagen uppmärksammas (Helldén, 1968). Helldén visar att av samtliga riksdagsmän 1967 (då 380 till antalet) hade 74 ledamöter folkhögskoleutbildning, varav hela 22 ledamöter gått på arbetarrörelsefolkhögskolan Brunnsvik. Folkhögskoleeleverna återfanns i samtliga partier, utom VPK. Klart störst var antalet inom Socialdemokraterna (42) och Centerpartiet (22). I en enkätstudie genomförd tio år senare indikerade en likande nivåer, där 23 procent av riksdagsledamöterna angav folkhögskolestudier (Andersson & Lönnström 1982). Det har förflutit drygt fyra decennier sedan studierna om folkhögskolegruppen genomfördes. Närvaron av en särskild grupp riksdagsledamöter av skiftande partitillhörighet med folkhögskolebakgrund har dock återkommande aktualiserats inom folkbildningsdebatt. Några aktuella empiriska studier av dess 12. Utbildningssociologi 101 existens saknas, men det finns indikationer på en minskad konsekreringsmakt för folkhögskolorna under 1980-talet (Sundqvist 1990). Denna föreställda grupp, populärt benämnd ”folkhögskolepartiet”, har också lyfts fram som en möjlig faktor bakom det relativt omfattande stöd som ges till folkbildningen i Sverige. Den breda politiska legitimitet som länge funnits i riksdagen om folkbildningspolitiken skulle då delvis kunna förstås mot bakgrund av att en stor andel riksdagsledamöter har personliga erfarenheter därifrån (Berntsson, 2003). Men i vilken utsträckning denna länk förekommer idag är okänt. Folkhögskolestudier redovisas normalt inte som en särskild kategori vid genomlysning av riksdagsledamöters utbildningsbakgrund (se t.ex. Holmberg & Esaiasson 1988; SCB, 2009). Syftet med denna undersökning är att ta reda på hur det förhåller sig med riksdagsledamöternas folkhögskolestudier och huruvida det alltjämt går att lokalisera en folkhögskolegrupp och vad som i så fall karaktäriserar folkhögskolans samtida roll som bildningsväg för riksdagsledamöter. I vår presentation använder vi oss av SCB-data på riksdagsledamöter från valen 2010 och 2014. Till vår hjälp har vi ny statistik från Folkhögskoleregistret som möjliggör en genomlysning av riksdagsledamöters folkhögskoledeltagande fr o m 1998. Resultaten visar att det alltjämt tycks finnas en nära relation mellan folkhögskolan och de politiska företrädarna i riksdagen. Minst en fjärdedel av ledamöterna har deltagit i folkhögskolornas kursverksamhet. I likhet med tidigare studier visar det sig att några av de totalt 150 skolorna tydligt utmärker sig som centrala passager. Partiskillnaderna är dock stora och folkhögskolorna verkar framförallt begagnas av ledamöter från S, följt av V och Mp. Centerpartiet, som i tidigare forskning visat haft en hög grad av folkhögskoledeltagare, har nu den fjärde högsta andelen bland sina ledamöter. Undersökningen visar vidare att deltagandets karaktär tycks ha förändrats över tid. Framförallt är det genom folkhögskolornas kortkursverksamhet som dagens riksdagsledamöter kommit i kontakt med utbildningsformen. Andelen riksdagsledamöter som gått längre utbildningar tycks ha minskat jämfört med tidigare undersökningar. Kortkurserna, vars inriktning analyserats utifrån kursnamn, framstår dock som integrerade i både facklig och politisk verksamhet. Undersökningen visar också att de skolor som utmärker sig som centrala passager för riksdagsledamöter skiljer sig åt när det gäller partikoppling. Emedan vissa folkhögskolor uppvisar en entydig partikoppling, exempelvis Viskadalen, tyckas andra skolor ha karaktären av partiöverskridande plantskola, som i fallet Färnebo och Medlefors. En jämförelse görs också mellan riksdagsledamöternas övriga formella utbildningsmeriter och benägenhet att delta på folkhögskola. Jämförelsen visar att folkhögskolan är en utbildningsinstitution som involverar både riksdagsledamöter med och de utan akademisk utbildning. Sammantaget framstår folkhögskolan alltjämt som en central utbildningsinstitution i den svenska demokratin när det gäller utbildning av politiska ledare, även om dess betydelse varierar påtagligt mellan olika partier. Skolformen tycks emellertid inte längre utgöra någon alternativ bildningsväg för politiker utan högskoleutbildning. Istället framstår folkhögskolorna som en bildningsarena och en mötesplats med stark närhet till partier och rörelsers egen verksamhet. 12. Utbildningssociologi 102 At the Apex of Educational Capital - The Space of Secondary Education in the University Town of Uppsala Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ida Lidegran Uppsala universitet EDU [email protected] The focus of this paper is on how educational capital is distributed, accumulated and produced in upper secondary schools in the municipality of Uppsala, a city with one of the strongest concentrations of cultural and educational capital in the country. Our main concern is to understand different dimensions of educational capital in a context where it is extremely crucial for the social reproduction of the dominant groups. Specific multiple correspondence analysis, a method in the family of Geometric Data Analysis, is employed on a questionnaire distributed to pupils (N=596) in a selection of programmes preparatory for higher education in Uppsala. The variables which have been used for the construction of the educational space are related to both inherited and acquired educational capital including habits and attitudes related to school work, school subjects, teaching, teachers, grading, and future educational investments. This implies that we for instance relate the actual resources of the pupils in the form of grades to more subjective appreciations of certain subjects, how interesting and difficult they are perceived, and preferences of a good teacher and valued teaching, on the one hand, and to inherited resources indicated by the occupation and educational background of the parents, on the other hand. Of specific interest is to examine the distribution of educational programs and the schools as structuring factors in the space of the individual pupils and we demonstrate that the traditional läroverk and the national science programme provide the largest concentration of educational capital in most of its forms. The results shows that the pupils attending the science programme are oriented towards results and performance and they are less interested in the teaching environment and teacher characteristics. Pupils attending the social science programme are more oriented towards the teaching milieu and teacher characteristics which can be interpreted as they stress discourse elements. The science programme occupies the most dominant position in the space of secondary education in Uppsala and thus defines educational capital. 12. Utbildningssociologi 103 "IB schools – the definition of symbolic capital at stake" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Mikael Palme Josef Dahlberg Uppsala Uppsala EDU, SEC EDU/SEC [email protected].,se [email protected] IB schools – the definition of symbolic capital at stake Mikael Palme & Josef Dahlberg, SEC, Uppsala University The growth of international education, in the sense of educational programmes focusing on an international curriculum as opposed to a nation-specific one, is a challenge for research in sociology of education. If international schools have a long history connected to the reproduction strategies of social elites, they have in the last decades spread into national education systems where they represent an alternative to traditional nationally-defined education, accessible also for the middle classes While some researchers see this development as an expression of an increasingly global, borderless society, others underscore the socially selective function of international schools that open up alternative pathways through national education systems marked by increased competition. In both perspectives, the potential tension or competition is recognized between international schools and national ones in terms of the value attributed to the educational content they offer. In the case of the IB (International Baccalaureate) schools, this tension is symbolically overcome in a vision of a school that represents a “cosmopolite” education that is truly international while incorporating and acknowledging national cultures, values and practices. Examining the social origin, trajectories, school careers, cultural practices, beliefs and plans for the future of diploma students at two IB schools in the Stockholm area, this study sets out to analyze to what extent students with varying economic and symbolic assets and with shifting habitus relate to the particular blend of cosmopolitan culture that their schools proclaim to represent. 12. Utbildningssociologi 104 Solida och bräckliga utbildningskontrakt - Utbildningsförlopp på en ämneslärarutbildning Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Magnus Persson Linnéuniversitetet Institutionen för samhällsstudier [email protected] Tidigare studier om lärarutbildning (Bertilsson 2011; Börjesson 2006) visar att den förändrade studentrekryteringen till ämneslärarutbildningen indikerar att utbildningen befinner sig i en socialt fallande rörelse relativt andra utbildningsvägar. Dess sociala värde sjunker. Under de senaste decennierna har andelen studenter med svaga nedärvda utbildningsresurser ökat och under samma tidsperiod har söktrycket till utbildningen sjunkit så att fler studenter med svaga förvärvade utbildningsresurser blivit antagna. Frågan är hur detta avspeglas hos studenterna som söker sig till, genomför och avslutar ämneslärarutbildningen. Detta blir möjligt att ta reda på genom att undersöka hur studenternas utbildningsresurser används på vägen genom ämneslärarutbildningen. Genom att vid upprepade tillfällen intervjua ämneslärarstudenter som påbörjade studier på lärarutbildningen i Växjö 2007, kunde tre olika utbildningsförlopp identifieras. För det första fanns studenterna som fullföljde utbildningen och fortsatte ut på arbetsmarknaden som gymnasielärare. För det andra fanns studenterna som avbröt utbildningen innan den slutförts och för det tredje fanns studenterna som erövrade ämneslärarexamen men som fördröjde utträdet på arbetsmarknaden som gymnasielärare och istället fortsatte med andra akademiska studier ofta ackompanjerade med löften om en fortsättning som amanuens eller plats på forskarutbildning. I detta papper analyseras varför utbildningsförloppen gestaltar sig som de gör. Centralt i analysen står det outtalade kontrakt som finns mellan studenterna och den utbildning de valt. I detta utbildningskontrakt har studenterna förväntningar om vad utbildningen skall innehålla och vad den förväntas generera i form av socialt och ekonomiskt värde på arbetsmarknaden. Samtidigt fordras att studenterna uppfyller de utbildningsmässiga krav som utbildningen ställer. Beroende på hur väl studenternas förväntningar och föreställningar korresponderar med vad utbildningen de facto är och kräver, blir utbildningskontraktet olika bräckligt eller solitt. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt är att utbildningskontraktets soliditet och bräcklighet är omgärdat av sociala villkor som dikteras av studenternas innehav och användning av utbildningsresurser. Studenternas förhållningssätt till utbildning är dels inkorporerat från den sociala miljö studenterna vuxit upp i och dels från erfarenheter de tidigare gjort i utbildningssystemet. Detta strukturerar vilka utbildningsmöjligheter de uppfattar som rimliga att söka sig till och genomföra samt deras föreställningar om och förväntningar på den sökta utbildningens innehåll och sociala värde, det vill säga sådant som bidrar till att solidisera eller bräckliggöra utbildningskontrakt. För ämneslärarutbildningen är 12. Utbildningssociologi 105 resonemanget särskilt intressant eftersom dess sociala värde förefaller sjunka vilket omvandlar villkoren för vad som gör utbildningskontrakt på ämneslärarutbildningen solida eller bräckliga. 12. Utbildningssociologi 13. Familj och nära relationer "Precarious labour: European au pairs in Sweden" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Terese Anving Lunds universitet [email protected] Sara Eldén Lunds universitet Sociologiska institutionen Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] This paper focuses on the situation of au pairs in Sweden, and specifically, the effects of the obscure rules and regulations for “EU-au pairs”. The precarious position of au pairs has been identified by others, e.g., the tensions between the private/public and labour/emotion within au pair work (see e.g. Bikova 2010; Búrikova & Miller 2010; Stenum 2010), and also their (non)position as workers and weak migratory status (Calleman 2010). In addition, au pairs coming to Sweden find themselves in an unclear working situation due to contradictory rules and regulations of au pairing. While au pairs from outside the EU have to apply for work and residence permit that regulates their working conditions – “EU-au pairs” are not being registered anywhere. Since Sweden has not signed the “European Agreement on Au Pair Placement”, “EU-au pairs” become invisible to authorities, and as an effect, an unregulated market for au pairing has emerged. Drawing on an on-going study of the private childcare market in Sweden (interviews with au pair agencies, au pairs, parents and children) this paper explores how the au pair working conditions are understood, negotiated and carried out in the family in this situation of invisibility and lack of regulations. In addition, the study offers a unique insight into how migratory processes affects family practices in Sweden, in a time when the Swedish welfare system changes rapidly, with a renewed emphasis on privatized and “re-familializing” initiatives (Borchorst & Siims 2009: 215) and private solutions for solving the work-family conflict. Keywords: migration, au pair, care, work, family 13. Familj och nära relationer 107 Ofridstid. Fäders våld, staten och den separerande familjen" /"Times of trouble. Fathers' violence, the state, and the separating family Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Linnéa Bruno Uppsala universitet Sociologiska inst [email protected] The present thesis explores intersectional and institutional conditions for counteracting domestic violence in the Swedish welfare state. Empirically, the study focuses on professional discourses and practices concerning fathers’ violence against mothers and children in the context of separation, in three domains of practice: 1) Children’s education; 2) Disputes concerning custody, contact and residence; and 3) Welfare benefits such as financial aid. Theoretically, the study draws on feminist political theory and sociology, childhood studies and critical race studies. The empirical material consists of court orders and interviews with staff and victimised mothers. Two main social processes that undermine implementation of children’s rights are identified and discussed: Familialisation and selective repression. The thesis is based on four articles: Article I, (Skolan, familjerätten och barnen) School, family law and children exposed to violence, explores how staff at school and preschool understands their professional task, when in encounters with children in difficulties due to family law proceedings. The results suggest that two competing perspectives shape staff understandings of risks, solutions and violence. When arguing from the child’s rights’ perspective, the staff prioritises children’s safety and participation, while an upbringing perspective tends to construct violence mainly as a problem of order, with disquieting implications for vulnerable children. Article II, (Pedagoger i det sociala uppdragets gränstrakter: Att hantera familjerättsliga processer, hot och våld)Pedagogues in the borderland of their social task: Dealing with family law proceedings, threats and violence, investigates strategies used by preschool and school staff, when encountering gendered conflicts and violence between parents. How do the staff cope with their own and children’s vulnerability? An analytical model of six types of proactive and reactive strategies, ranging from keeping distance to normalisation of own vulnerability, is utilised in the analysis and discussed in relation to organisational and professional circumstances and intersecting social relations of inequality. Article III, Contact and evaluations of violence: An intersectional analysis of Swedish court orders, examines obstacles to implementation of children’s rights in contested parental contact cases in which there are indications of violence. The analysis shows that the contact presumption is strong, and generally overrides protection. This norm applies even where there are convictions or explicit reports of child abuse or domestic violence. In cases with ‘non-Nordic’ fathers however, the contact presumption is less likely to override protection than in cases with ‘Nordic’ fathers. 13. Familj och nära relationer 108 Article IV, Financial oppression and post-separation child positions in Sweden, deals with postseparation child positions in two domains of practice in the Swedish welfare state: Welfare benefits such as financial aid, and child contact. The area of concern is financial oppression in the context of parental separation. Findings suggest that financial abuse in the context of parental separation is a nonquestion in the domain of welfare benefits, and in the domain of child contact framed as a conflict between equal parties. The age order as a form of domination may be reinforced by the practice of both domains. 13. Familj och nära relationer 109 Close personal relationships, children and the family: changing the background Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Daniela Cutas Umeå Universitet Ide- och Samhällsstudier [email protected] Regulations in our societies recognise and support certain types of close personal relationships (e.g. by marriage or legal parenting), and are silent on others (such as close friendships) – or altogether proscribe them (such as, in some countries, same-sex marriage). They put gender and sexuality at the core of our closest personal relationships: relationships can bring a bundle of privileges, depending on the number of its members, on their genders and on who (presumably) has sex with whom. However, some people cannot, find it difficult or prefer not to put a (presumably) (preferably hetero-) sexual relationship at the core. Some people are simply better off in other arrangements (single, sharing their lives with more than one romantic partner, with friends, siblings, parents, adopted children, etc.) Often more than two adults, or people other than her legal parents, are a child’s de facto parents - but only two, and in some countries only two of complementary genders, can be her legal parents: anyone else is legally invisible. Access to fertility treatments in many legislatures is conditioned by prospective parents being in a certain kind of relationship with each other. According to the World Health Organization, infertility is “a disease of the reproductive system defined by failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”(1). These conditions are sometimes accompanied by supplementary requirements, such as that the couple be married or cohabiting. In this way, one’s relationship status determines whether one will have access to fertility treatment, regardless of one’s actual capacity to reproduce (e.g. because one lacks viable gametes). Against this background, I will rely on statistical data and empirical research on family form and family functioning to analyse the expectation that it is in children’s interests to be born in a nuclear family, and the relation between this claim and considerations about access to fertility treatment and parenting. I will then use as a starting point the alternative claim, that what matters most for children’s wellbeing is the quality of the relationships within the family, to explore alternative family formation paths and envision a policy that encourages uptake of parenting in the conditions most likely to nurture good relationships. This will further lead to envisioning a reframing of how and which relationships are acknowledged and encouraged in our societies, beyond parenting. The methods used in this talk will be conceptual analysis and wide reflective equilibrium, two mainstream methods in the analysis of ethical issues. Conceptual analysis is the investigation of how a concept is normally used, its applicability to various cases, and the logical implications of particular applications. Wide reflective equilibrium is a tool used to adjust moral intuitions in light of empirical evidence; it aims at providing a basis for normative conclusions. 13. Familj och nära relationer 110 (1) F. Zegers-Hochschild, G.D. Adamson, J. de Mouzon, O. Ishihara, R. Mansour, K. Nygren, E. Sullivan, S Vanderpoel for ICMART and WHO (2009) ‘International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, Fertility and Sterility, 92, 5, 1520-24. 13. Familj och nära relationer 111 New ways of doing the ‘good’ and gender equal family: Parents employing nannies and au-pairs in Sweden. Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Sara Eldén Lunds universitet [email protected] Terese Anving Lunds universitet Sociologiska institutionen Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] New possibilities for managing work/family balance have emerged for Swedish families the last decade. The former model of the Swedish welfare state, with publicly funded institutions such as daycare centres and paid parental leave (Bergqvist & Nyberg 2002), all motivated by strongly held ideals of the dual earner/dual carer model and gender equality (Lundqvist 2011; Daly & Rake 2003), is today complemented by a growing private market for care services, a market that is also subsidized by the government. Since 2007, Swedish families can get tax deductions for care work carried out in the home, such as cleaning (Gavanas 2010), elderly care (Szebehely 2011), and also childcare in the form of nannies and au pairs (Anving & Eldén 2014). This, we argue, indicates a shift in the politics of care and family in Sweden, moving Sweden away from the social democratic welfare regime and closer to the privatized and marketized care/family solutions of other Western countries (Tronto 2002; Macdonald 2012), a shift that affects the ‘doing of family and parenthood’ as well as the ‘doing of gender equality’, in Swedish families. In this paper, we look at the practice of hiring nannies and au pairs, and how this transforms the doing of family, care, parenting and gender equality in Swedish families. The analysis is primarily based on interviews with parents who buy private child care services, and to some extent on interviews with nannies and au pairs who provide these services. In focus are the ways in which parents legitimize the buying of private child care services in relation to managing work/family conflicts, ideals of gender equality, and ideals of parenting. Keywords: private care services, family, gender equality, parenting 13. Familj och nära relationer 112 A tablet app for data collection and children talking ”daddy, daddy, child” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Stina Ericsson Linnéuniversitetet Svenska språket [email protected] The purpose of this talk is two-fold. First, I present and discuss a novel method for data collection that I have developed in a project on children and family. Second, I present tentative results from on-going data analysis in this project, exploring the concept of ‘family display’ (Finch 2007). The project that the talk concerns is called “Daddy, daddy, child” and investigates norms and changing norms surrounding family and intimate relationships in talk between children and parents, in today’s Sweden, against a background of e.g. varying family forms, same-sex marriage, and reproduction technologies. Participants consist of 13 families, with data collected from 23 children, mainly aged 5–8 years. The families include single mothers by choice through insemination/IVF, same-sex and differentsex parental couples, parents living together and not, and parents who are married and not. The innovative research method developed and used in the project is a purpose-designed tablet app. The app was designed to elicit talk on specific topics: family, living arrangements, marriage, and love. It was also designed to be used by research participants on their own, with no researcher present, and to be stimulating and engaging for children, who were the prime research participants. Families borrowed a tablet computer with the app installed. They could use the app in the home whenever they wanted, and for as many times and as long as they wished. Whenever they used the app, their conversations were automatically recorded and their on-screen clicks were logged. The app includes images, spoken questions and other utterances by a character called “Moi”, and simple animation. During the talk I present the app and discuss different aspects of it for eliciting and collecting data, in relation to other methods and in relation to issues of research design and method more broadly. Notably, these aspects include: 1) the relation of the method to interviews and the recording of conversations, both of which are methods used in sociology and related disciplines (e.g., Schilling 2013, Kitzinger 2005). One part of this is the non-present researcher, which means that certain control over the data collection is conferred to the research participants. Another part is the triple role of the parents: as “proxy researchers” asking the child more questions, as research participants themselves, and as “protectors” of the child (see e.g. Eldén 2013, Ericsson & Boyd 2015 for ethical issues). 2) Research in the social sciences and the humanities in recent decades have seen a recognition of how research methods themselves shape the data and different ways of dealing with the significance and consequences of this (e.g. Cameron et al. 1993, Speer & Hutchby 2003, Law 2004). Considerations of relevance for the app method in this regard include that an app character, not a human being, is interacting with the research participants. Of relevance is also the kind of data obtained and how it is 13. Familj och nära relationer 113 formed by the design of the study, the app, and the research participants, as well as the very technology – a tablet app – that is being used. Turning next to tentative results from on-going data analysis, I here focus on children talking about their own family and families more generally, and their creation of a made-up family for the Moi character. Participants in the project are both explicitly asked to display (Finch 2007) their family, and avail themselves of various opportunities more indirectly for displaying family. Tools for displaying family in interaction with the app include verbal communication and – when participants create a family for Moi – images. The displays are made simultaneously in two social settings: child–parent interaction, and participants–Moi/the researcher interaction. The intrusion of wider cultural contexts (Finch 2007, James & Curtis 2010) is evidenced in the material. Specifically, based on the data I argue that a discourse on equal marital and parental rights for same-sex and different-sex couples, enables the children with same-sex parents in the data to display their own families in the same unmarked way that the children with different-sex parents typically do. This contrasts with the display work carried out by many of the lesbian parent couples with their families of origin in Almack’s (2008) study, as well as Finch’s (2007:70–71) argument about families of choice (see also Kitzinger 2005). At the same time, I argue that a discourse of heteronormativity is evidenced by the children’s overwhelming creation of ‘mummy-daddy’ families for Moi. References Almack, K. (2008) Display work: Lesbian parent couples and their families of origin negotiating new kin relationships, Sociology 42(6): 1183–1199. Cameron, D., E. Frazer, P. Harvey, B. Rampton & K. Richardson (1993) Ethics, advocacy and empowerment: Issues of method in researching language, Language & Communication 13(2): 81–94. Eldén, S. (2013) “Your child is just wonderful”: On ethics and access in research with children, Journal of Comparative Social Work 2. Ericsson, S. & S. Boyd (2015) Children’s access in language and gender research. The ninth Nordic Conference on Language and Gender, Växjö, 15–16 Oct. Finch, J. (2007) Displaying Families, Sociology 41(1): 65–81. James, A. & P. Curtis (2010) Family Displays and Personal Lives, Sociology 44(6): 1163–1180. 13. Familj och nära relationer 114 Kitzinger, C. (2005) ‘Speaking as a heterosexual’: (How) does sexuality matter for talk-in-interaction?, Research on Language and Social Interaction 38(3): 221–265. Law, J. (2004) After Method. Mess in Social Science Research. London & New York: Routledge. Schilling, N. (2013) Sociolinguistic Fieldwork. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Speer, S.A. & I. Hutchby (2003) From ethics to analytics: Aspects of participants’ orientations to the presence and relevance of recording devices, Sociology 37(2): 315–337. 13. Familj och nära relationer 115 Sånt som mammor gör: Aspekter av moderskap i sjukskrivningsinteraktion Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Marie Flinkfeldt Uppsala universitet Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] Inom svensk forskning har relationen mellan moderskap och sjukskrivning för kvinnor uppmärksammats som en möjlig delförklaring till kvinnors höga sjukskrivningsnivåer. Studier har bland annat föreslagit att kvinnors större ansvar för familj och hem, i jämförelse med mäns, leder till ökad ohälsa och sjukskrivningar. Ett annat argument har varit att moderskapsnormer till viss del krockar med ideal om att kvinnor ska delta på arbetsmarknaden på lika villkor som män, och att detta skapar känslor av otillräcklighet som resulterar i sjukskrivningar för kvinnor med barn. Flera kvantitativa studier har poängterat att det behövs en djupare, kvalitativt orienterad kunskap om relationen mellan sjukskrivning och moderskap, medan kvalitativa studier har pekat på att denna relation är svårfångad i exempelvis intervjuer. Samtidigt visar forskning om sjukskrivna mödrars erfarenheter att det förekommer att sjukskrivningens legitimitet ifrågasätts utifrån misstanken att de är hemma för att kunna spendera mer tid med barnen. Oavsett hur den statistiska korrelationen ser ut, så finns det alltså indikationer på att normativt moderskap måste hanteras som en del av hur sjukskrivningens legitimitet förhandlas i interaktionen med andra. Den här studien bidrar med ny kunskap om relationen mellan moderskap och sjukskrivning genom att studera hur dessa sätts i relation till varandra i naturligt förekommande interaktion i såväl institutionella som vardagliga situationer. Studien undersöker hur moderskap, som en del av samtal rörande sjukskrivning, tas upp av samtalsdeltagarna själva i olika sammanhang och därmed ”talas till vardande” eller ”görs relevanta” i relation till sjukskrivningen. Studien använder medlemskategorianalys och samtalsanalys för att undersöka hur deltagarna sätter olika aktiviteter och egenskaper i relation till kategorin mamma som en del av hur samtalet är organiserat, samt hur detta på olika sätt orienterar till moral. Materialet som används kommer från två studier av sjukskrivning som har undersökt sjukskrivnas möten med försäkringskassehandläggare och läkare, samt sjukskrivnas interaktion med andra sjukskrivna i onlineforum. Analysen visar hur moderskap kan fungera som en diskursiv resurs för att hantera sjukskrivningens legitimitet, eftersom en oförmåga att leva upp till normativa förväntningar på mammor kan stärka sjukdomens fakticitet. Samtidigt riskerar sådan oförmåga att utmana det goda moderskapet, vilket är ett problem i sig. I andra änden av spektrat kan synliggörandet av ett extensivt engagemang i barn och familj bidra till att undergräva sjukskrivningens legitimitet, såsom beskrivits av tidigare forskning. Analysen visar hur sjukskrivna mammor manövrerar detta spänningsfält i de språkliga detaljerna av interaktionen. Sammantaget konstateras att sjukskrivningens legitimitet hanteras och förhandlas inom ramen för normativt moderskap; där kategorierna ”sjukskriven” och ”mamma” sätts i relation till varandra hanteras därmed båda kategoritillhörigheternas legitimitet samtidigt i interaktionen. 13. Familj och nära relationer 116 Fantomrelationer i singellitteraturen Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Andreas Henriksson Karlstads universitet Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier [email protected] I Sverige har det sedan början av 1990-talet utkommit ett antal självbiografiska böcker och självhjälpsböcker som på olika sätt beskriver singellivet. Böckerna är skriva av kvinnor. De har ofta rönt relativt stor uppmärksamhet i media, men inte i forskningen. I denna presentation vill jag uppmärksamma hur den svenska singellitteraturen behandlar relationer till tidigare partner, det jag kallar fantomrelationer. Fantomrelationer kan i bredare bemärkelse definieras som personliga relationer utan ömsesidighet och regelbunden närvaro. Urvalet av böcker gjordes genom sökning i Libris. Närläsning av passager om tidigare partner har gjorts och hänsyn tas till skillnader och likheter mellan böckerna, samt utveckling över tid. I litteraturen framstår fantomrelationer som betydelsefull för singelidentiteten. Emotioner, minnen och platser involveras i spänningen mellan att glömma och att umgås med sina fantomrelationer. Författarna beskriver också relationen till tidigare partner som kopplade till kvinnlighet – att lägga relationer bakom sig, sägs bryta mot det förment kvinnliga. 13. Familj och nära relationer 117 Living Together: Intimate spaces and embodied rhythm in collective housing Namn Lärosäte Maria Törnqvist Uppsala universitet/Framtidsstudier Institution E-post [email protected] What does it mean to live together? What characterizes household relations? What are the social and possibly intimate implications of sharing a place we call home? How do joint household duties and everyday entanglement in private spaces like bathroom, TV-sofa and fridge affect the relations? Is there such a thing as a shared rhythm, a temporality organizing activities and practice in a way that bind people together? Does it matter if the cohabitants are family related, involved in romantic relations, if they are friends from before or new acquaintances? Such questions are addressed in this early draft based on an ongoing study of collective households. The study comprises ethnographic work and interviews with people living in small-scale collectives (kollektivboende) and collective house-unites (kollektivhus). The paper is intrigued by how close relations are created, constituted and negotiated, and more broadly, how attachments and feelings of closeness find their explanation in social and materialized arrangements of everyday life. 13. Familj och nära relationer 118 Time on leave, timing of preschool - The role of parental leave use for preschool start in Sweden Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ida Viklund Stockholms universitet Stockholms universitet Sociologiska institutionen Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] Ann-Zofie Duvander [email protected] Reconciliation of family life and work in Sweden is facilitated through the universal preschool system and the parental leave system. Preschool is today a statutory right that covers the ages 1-5, it is publicly subsidized, fees are low and opening hours are generous to increase access. Today about 50 per cent of children at age one and 90 per cent of children at age two participate in preschool (Swedish National Agency for Education 2015). In this chapter we investigate when in the child’s life the transition from parental care to care in preschool takes place and what factors are associated with an earlier or later transition. We study the development of preschool start during the 1990s and 2000s. During this period Sweden experienced both economic crisis and recovery from it. The preschool system also underwent structural changes, with the aim of increase the quality and access. Also another important change over time is fathers’ increasing participation in childcare, clearly seen in their increased use of parental leave. The focus of this study is accordingly on the role of parents’ economic resources in terms of household income, as well as on the role of fathers’ parental leave use for the preschool start. We consider the timing of preschool start and parents’ individual leave as intertwined and ultimately framed by parents’ preferences and the constraints encountered. Meyers and Jordan (2006) argue that child care decisions can be seen as ‘contextualised patterns of actions’, where parents’ decisions are accommodations to the market (e.g. the employment situation), to family, social and cultural expectations, and to financial and social realities. The actual choice is thereby more complex than just balancing preferences and constraints. One important constraint is the household economy, as parents can prolong the parental leave by making use of fewer parental benefit days per week (i.e. using unpaid days). Earlier research has shown that income is positively, albeit curvilinear, associated with leave length (Duvander & Viklund 2014). Earlier research on preschool start is scarce. Among children born in the 1990s the mean starting age for preschool was 18 months, which was longer than the number of paid parental leave days (Duvander 2006). Some variation depending on household income was found, but not depending on parents’ educational level. It seems that the later the child starts preschool, the more satisfied the parents are regarding the timing of the start (Duvander 2006). No official statistics on when children start preschool exists, or available national data. We therefore make use of the close relationship between parental leave and preschool, and use register data on parents’ total leave length as a proxy for preschool start. Some earlier studies suggest that parents’ leave 13. Familj och nära relationer 119 length is a good proxy (Swedish Social Insurance Agency 2013; Duvander 2006). The data covers all individuals who became parents in 1995 to 2008, and contains dated episodes over leave use taken by each parent, for every child. The end of the parental leave, and consequently the preschool start, are estimated based on certain tested assumptions relating to parents’ use of parental benefit days every week. When parents are using less than two benefit days per week for a period of minimum six weeks, we consider the parental leave as ended. The data also contains demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the parents, which we make use of in the regression analysis. Our variables of interest are the household income, fathers’ use of benefit days, parents’ educational level, labour market sector, region of residence, age, origin and the child’s birth month. We have in total 420,000 observations and use OLS to estimate the relation between the age of preschool start and the other parameters. We try interaction models in order to see how the role of the household income for preschool start has varied over time. Our results indicate a yearly postponement of preschool start among cohorts born during the 1990s until the beginning of the 2000s. From 2003 the development turns and children seem to start earlier again. These results are consistent also when controls are included. As expected, a lower household income is associated with an earlier estimated preschool start. The interaction models shows that in the beginning of the period there seems to be a difference in preschool start mainly between the three highest income quintiles and the two lowest ones. The variation in preschool start depending on income increases when preschool start is postponed, and the decline in age of preschool start is thereafter greater for the highest income groups. Fathers’ use of parental benefit days is positively associated with preschool start, and the models also indicate that his increasing leave does necessarily means that she reduces her leave on a par. We relate the return to an earlier and more homogenous start in the 2000s to the development of the preschool at the same time. Parental fees became fixed on a low level from 2002, the educational level of the personnel was raised, and the child-to-staff ratio declined as did the group sizes, after some heavy cutbacks in the system during the 1990’s due to the economic crisis. Not only have preschool become more accessible with a more reliable guarantee of the offering of a place, in addition there have been major investments to improve the pedagogy and the quality of the preschool. Preschool is now considered an important part of lifelong learning, and thus seen as a preparation for school. The fact that children in the highest income quintiles seem to have a more rapid decline in age of preschool start could be a result of this development, as it may indicate their trust in the preschool quality. 13. Familj och nära relationer 14. Arbete, organisation och profession “Subcontracted migrant workers – precarious labour in a flexible labour market?” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Rasmus Ahlstrand Lunds Universitet Sociologiska institutionen [email protected] The Swedish labour market has during the last ten years been exposed to several challenges. New ways of organizing labour, a re-structured labour market and major shifts in migration flows has essentially changed labour market preconditions. These new institutional arrangements have a variety of explanations even though two events appear as particularly interesting. The enlargement of the EU in 2004 and 2007, with the inclusion of mainly Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, revealed regional differences in social and economic standards within the EU, and legalised as well as accelerated earlier informal migration to Western Europe (Engbersen et al., 2010: 119). The second event of importance was the new legislation in 2008, regulating labour migration to Sweden. The new rules implied a shift in legislation, facilitating processes of recruitment for employers to hire labour from so-called third countries (non-EU countries) (Calleman, Herzfeld Olsson, 2015: vii). The aim of this research (i.e. my dissertation project) is to analyse the relationship between social institutions and major actors in a changing Swedish labour market. That is, how a strong tradition of trade unions, collective agreements, and labour rights in the Swedish labour market is influenced by an increasing presence of employment agencies, subcontractors and migrant workers. The anticipation is to examine status of formality for migrant workers involved in the construction industry, considering apparent risks of institutionalising cheap labour and flexible employment relations, affecting the status of formality and thereby also the risk of precariousness for migrant workers. However, the intention with the conference paper is to present an initial draft of the research. Even though sometimes accelerated in the political debate, the large supplies of predominantly cheap labour entering the Swedish labour market is of central importance. However, it is equally important to understand the governance of labour migration – creating the demand for labour. In the context of the EU-enlargement, the inclusion of new member states could politically be understood as having a specific symbolic value of uniting a divided region, considering the separation between East and West during post-World War II Europe (EU, 2006: 13-15). Economically on the other hand, this last piece of uniting a divided region also served the purpose of expanding the EU-single market. The inclusion of a potential cheap and mobile labour force encouraged investments from trade and industry, fuelling its competitiveness in an increasingly globalised market. Parallel to the expansion of the EU, marketization processes have taken place across sectors in the Swedish labour market. Policy implementations pursued have been influenced by cuts in public spending, fostering an outsourcing of professional services to private providers, effectively creating a demand for labour, as well as a demand for private-driven solutions (Gavanas, 2010: 13). The diversification of ways to organise labour has resulted in an institutional environment increasingly 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 121 directed towards flexibility, creating a social and economic space in the labour market in which employment agencies have established themselves as labour market intermediaries (Pijpers, 2010: 1081, 1093, Sporton, 2013: 444). Compared to earlier labour migration in the 1960s and the 1970s, today’s migration flows are less regulated. That is, migrant labour is in general not regulated through state-led recruitment programs, but rather self-regulated through market mechanisms of supply and demand (Castles, 2015: 55). Thus, the supply-demand nexus of cheap labour appears vital to the understanding of the Swedish labour market’s exceedingly complex composition, revealing possible connections between flexible employment relations for migrant workers, and processes of informalisation. Theoretically, the intention is develop an integrative framework and provide necessary space for conceptualisations and notions relating to labour migration. Segmented labour market theory highlights the dualistic nature of labour markets, and is thereby also opening up for a discussion on adverse incorporation – how migrants’ marginalised position in destination countries make them prone to take on low paid jobs, in segments of the labour market which native workers reject – effectively creating a secondary sector (Friberg, 2010: 25-26, Phillips, 2011: 382-383). While taking into account theoretical aspects of migration and transnational living arrangements, it is important to highlight the structural context in which individuals migrate. Moreover, integrating segmented labour market theory and transnational migration patterns with a power and resource perspective, could also link the segmentation of the labour market to a macro- meso- and micro-level, examining relations on an institutional and organisational level. Methodologically, this research intends to deploy a mixed set of methods. First, a critical review of literature in relation to a changing Swedish labour market, paying particular attention to employment agencies, subcontractors and self-employment among migrant workers. The anticipation is to search for indications of how to understand the relation between them and labour migrants. In addition, the intention is to complement the literature with secondary data and statistics. This is done to provide the context for the second method – institutional ethnography. Drawing on institutional ethnography implies an attempt to analyse the social and institutional forces which organise day-to-day life in society for a particular group of people (Mykhalovskiy, McCoy, 2002: 19). In this case, how processes of social organisation shape and limit migrant workers’ experiences in a new labour market. A complete list of references will be available at the presentation of the paper. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 122 Relationer och organisationer Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Göran Ahrne Stockholms universitet sociologi [email protected] Relationer och organisationer. Göran Ahrne, Stockholms universitet Papret handlar om möjligheterna att jämföra olika typer av mer eller mindre organiserade relationer. En utgångspunkt tas i Webers distinktion mellan öppna och slutna relationer. Organisationer är dock bara en typ av slutna relationer. Inledningsvis förs en diskussion om förhållandet mellan relationer och interaktion. Slutna relationer handlar om att arrangera möjligheter till en upprepad interaktion med i stort sett samma människor. Förutsättningarna för detta diskuteras med utgångspunkt i en distinktion av fem organisationselement. Men för att analysera även icke helt organiserade relationer kan vi urskilja ett antal funktionella ekvivalenter till dessa organisationselement. Genom att kombinera olika organisationselement med olika sådana funktionella ekvivalenter kan man urskilja ett stort antal olika former av såväl öppna som slutna sociala relationer, som är mer eller mindre organiserade. Vi kan se dessa som delvis eller partiellt organiserade. Till exempel kan man se att många relationer som beskrivs som nätverk delvis är uppbyggda kring ett eller flera organisationselement. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 123 "'Det strama fyrkantiga staketet' En intervjustudie med domare, advokater och tolkar om konstruktionen av tolken och tolkningsprocessen i domstol" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Gunilla Carstensen Högskolan Dalarna Sociologiska inst [email protected] Mycket tyder på att alltfler personer behöver tolkhjälp i rättsväsendet. I svenska domstolar ska språket ske på svenska så att inga missförstånd kan uppstå. Från och med första oktober 2013 ska alla som behöver erbjudas auktoriserad rättstolk. I samband med lagförändringen skärptes också kraven på kvaliteten på rättstolkningen på så sätt att domstolar måste använda auktoriserade rättstolkar. Frågan om rättstolkning är viktig och angelägen eftersom alla individer ska ha samma möjlighet att få sin röst hörd i den rättsliga prövningen. Samtidigt är kunskapen om tolkanvändningen i svenska domstolar begränsad vad gäller exempelvis frågor om vad som händer i det tolkade mötet under förhandlingen, vilken roll tolken spelar och vilka metoder som används för validering av tolkningen. Papret utgår från en intervjuundersökning med domare, advokater och rättstolkar i allmän domstol som jag tillsammans med Leif Dahlberg, KTH, genomförde 2014-2015 i Uppsala och Stockholm med den övergripande frågeställningen hur villkoren för tolkningen ser ut i svensk domstol och vilka föreställningar om tolken och tolkning som finns. Sammanlagt har 30 intervjuer genomförts. Papret består av en analys och diskussion av intervjuerna med fokus på vilka föreställningar om vad som ses som ”en bra tolk” och ”en bra tolkning” men lyfter också fram frågor om betydelsen av tolkens gestaltning av såväl språkliga som icke-språkliga element (exempelvis gester och känslor) samt betydelsen av tolken som kulturell mellanhand, dvs någon som förklarar kulturella skillnader. Ett dilemma som särskilt kommer uppmärksammas är tolkens avgörande roll för domstolsförhandlingen (utan tolkning kan inte rättegången genomföras), trots att tolken och tolkrollen i praktiken inte verkar anses betydelsefulla. Domarna och advokaterna ser visserligen tolkarna som ett redskap, ett nödvändigt instrument för att kunna genomföra förhandlingen. Den bästa tolken och tolkningen är den som inte syns eller märks – simultantolkning värderas högst. Tolken ska finnas där så att förhandlingen kan genomföras men ska inte ta plats, inte märkas och det ska inte medföra förseningar eller hinder när tolk används. När tolkarna beskriver sin arbetssituation framträder en något mer komplex bild av att både vara opartisk (och i den meningen professionell, stå utanför, vara saklig, objektiv etc) och vara närvarande, observant, lyssna och begripa det som inte explicit sägs (meta-kommunikationen). Detta formas till vad jag ser som ett dilemma som de på olika sätt hanterar exempelvis genom sjukskrivning eller att de avstår från tolkuppdrag under perioder. En person talar om ”det fyrkantiga staketet” som hon menar att hon sätter upp i relation till både tolkanvändarna och till själva situationen som en strategi för att hantera en påfrestande arbetssituation. En del tolkar föredrar telefontolkning så att de slipper direktkonfrontationer, andra tolkar utvecklar strategier som att t ex lämna förhandlingsrummet sist av alla och snabbt ta en förbeställd taxi därifrån. På samma gång lyfter samtliga tolkar fram att ”en bra tolk” måste ta plats i rummet, våga avbryta och ställa frågor vid oklarheter och våga vara den som kräver pauser och påtala eventuella brister i den tekniska utrustningen. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 124 Organization of volunteers in disaster response Namn Lärosäte Institution Roine Johansson Mittuniversitetet Avdelningen för samhällsvetenskap E-post When large-scale emergencies or disasters occur, individuals often gather at the incident site to offer their help as volunteers. In this paper the degree to which volunteers are integrated in disaster response, and how this integration is achieved, is studied. The disaster studied, by means of interviews, is the large forest fire that occurred 2014 in Västmanland, Sweden. Three types of voluntary actors are studied: (1) Established voluntary organizations, (2) so-called emergent groups that are formed ‘spontaneously´ during the disaster response, and (3) unorganized individuals. These actors are characterised by different degrees of organization (from formal organizations to unorganized individuals). The disaster response as a whole is regarded as a partially organized phenomenon, a place of work where a large number of actors collaborate. Volunteers often have an unclear position in this multi-organizational structure. To integrate them in the overall disaster response is a way of increasing the overall degree of organization, thereby decreasing the degree of uncertainty in the disaster management. However, the three different kinds of voluntary actors cannot be integrated by the same managerial strategies. In this study, different modes of integration of volunteers in the overall disaster response organization are studied. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 125 An analytical model for studies of boundary work: The case of Swedish secondary teacher’s use of Facebook as work tool Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Marcus Persson Mälardalen University Uppsala University School of Health, Care and Welfare dept of sociology [email protected] Elin Thunman [email protected] Introduction The increasing integration of information and communication technologies in work life have fueled the scholarly interest in the boundary blurring effects on work-home balance. Building on previous research and a qualitative case study – involving Swedish secondary teachers’ use of Facebook as work tool in their communication with their pupils – the aim of this paper is to construct an analytical model for the studies of social practices, or tactics, adopted by the individual worker to negotiate personal boundaries between work and home domains. The empirical findings are analyzed with the help of boundary theory, and are presented according to the different tactics the teachers adopt when they use Facebook to blend and separate certain aspects of work and home domains. Boundary theory According to the boundary theory, boundaries between home and work can be constructed along a continuum from ‘thin’ (weak) to ‘thick’ (strong). Thin/weak boundaries are ‘permeable’ (open to influence) and ‘integrating’ (prone to merging aspects of categories), whereas thick/strong boundaries are ‘impermeable’ (closed to influence) and ‘segmenting’ (prone to dividing aspects of categories). Previous research mainly account for segmenting aspects of boundary work, i.e. tactics that the individual worker may adopt to separate work from home domain when faced with boundary conflicts. Our construction of an analytical model builds on the tactics identified in previous research but includes integrating actions as well, i.e. tactics that the individual worker may adopt to blend work and home domains in a conscious manner to enrich one or both domains. (The model are presented in the full paper) About the study Six focus groups was conducted with teachers in four different schools which are profiled as ICTmature school (located in the cities Eskilstuna, Stockholm, Västerås, and Örebro). In total, 25 teachers with extensive experience of using ICT and social media in their work were interviewed. To create a dynamic conversation with full participation from the teachers, the focus groups were conducted with four to six participants in each group. The focus groups lasted one to two hours in total and took place in the participants’ work place, i.e. at school. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 126 Findings The findings are presented according to the four broad type of tactics: behavioral, temporal, physical, and communicative. Each type of tactic containing both integrating and segmenting actions (illustrated by quotes from the teachers in the full paper). Behavioral tactics Using other people. This tactic imply that another person is somehow utilized in an active way to either integrate or segment home and work domain by their actions. In this study we primarily find examples of how the teachers are using other people – i.e. pupils and colleagues – in integrating ways. Leveraging technology. Three distinct practices can be identified: One Facebook account for both work and private communication (which is the most integrating way of using Facebook); two separate account for work and private communication (i.e. a teacher account); and the use of Facebook groups as separate work spheres of communication with pupils. Invoking triage. The most integrating way of adopting invoking triage would be to treat all crisis equally regardless of domain. The teachers in this study seldom turn a pupil away when in distress or great need, even if the teachers are at home and cannot be expected to work. Allowing differential permeability. At the heart of differential permeability is that the individuals is consciously choosing which aspects of work and home to integrate, and which to segment, and then acting accordingly. The majority of the interviewed teachers are more inclined to integrate their professional and private role. Temporal tactics Controlling work time. The most integrating approach to controlling work time we find among those teachers who utilize Facebook in a pro-active way, i.e. using it before school hours in order to reduce work time at the work place. Finding respite. This temporal tactic involves the need for privacy and are adopted to create temporal ‘pauses’ in one’s social accessibility. Few teachers actually adopt this tactic, however, some of them may occasionally leave the computer, or other connected devices, deliberately off. Physical tactics Managing physical artefacts. Using one’s private devices for work, as most of the teachers do, can be considered an integrating way of managing digital devices for boundary work. We also find a few 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 127 teachers that choose a more segmenting way of managing their digital devices, e.g. leaving the school devices at school when leaving work. Communicative tactics Setting expectations. This tactic involve nuanced signals, or direct conversations, about the availability of the teacher. The teachers who are most inclined to use Facebook in an integrating way are also the ones who do not communicate any clear and definite messages about when they are available. Managing violators. This tactic involves ways of managing violators of work-home boundaries either during or after a boundary violation. We interpret the teacher’s way of adopting this tactic as being on the integrating side of the spectrum. Discussion Interpreting the teacher’s narratives with the help of the analytical model provides us with a understanding of how they utilize Facebook to promote both benefits and minimize hazards in their negotiation of boundaries. Despite individual differences how they adopt the tactics, based on their likings, the teachers in the study prove quite positive to integrate work and home domains in relation to their pupils. By identifying specific tactics provides actionable knowledge that individuals can use to make informed choices about boundary work dilemmas. Thus, the study fills a practical function for the individual to better be able to handle new demands in work life. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 128 Sociala medier och diskretion inom polisen Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Bertil Rolandsson Göteborgs Universitet Inst. för Sociologi och Arbetsvetenskap [email protected] Kontroll, utkrävande av ansvar (accountability), och New public management är teman som är väl etablerade i forskning om myndighetsarbete och professionell diskretion. Den betydelse som nya digitala teknologier har för diskretionen är mindre utforskat, och de studier som finns bortser ofta från dessa teknologiers potentiella inflytande över möjligheterna att utvidga kommunikation, bygga relationer och fördela ansvar och beslutsfattande inom en organisation. Denna artikel undersöker närmare den betydelse som tillskrivs sociala medier för möjligheter och problem att begripliggöra (rättfärdiga) professionell diskretion inom polisen. Med diskretion avses det utrymme inom vilken poliserna tillåts tillämpa sitt eget omdöme för att utforma sin användning av sociala medier på ett myndighetsmässigt vis. För att förstå den roll som sociala medier spelar för begripliggörandena av deras diskretion introducerar studien begreppet technological affordances, som ska förstås som sociotekniska potentialer. Det empiriska materialet består av 30 st semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda inom polismyndigheten, som alla använder sig av sociala medier i arbetet. Olika teknologiska potentialer med betydelse för polisens diskretion identifieras och diskuteras i relation till olika strategier för att begripligöra den egna användningen av sociala medier. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 129 Imagined independence among Swedish professional labour migrants Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Ylva Walliinder Göteborgs universitet Sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] In recent years, employment research had a wide interest in transnational labour mobility within the European Union. The main focus was on the temporary workforce consisting of individuals with little education and low level of qualification, thus assuming structural motives for migration. Contrary to this, mobility among highly skilled is often described from an individual perspective, emphasising the individual’s free will to move. Further, their individual resources and competences are emphasised as a precondition for their mobility. However, relatively little is known about the highly skilled migrants: their motivations for migration and their experiences in the country of destination are rather hidden aspects of contemporary European migratory patterns. The intraEuropean mobility patterns reveals that the well-educated are more privileged than other social groups in terms of their resources, networks and contacts which all give them important access to transnational connections. For understanding these unequal patterns, there is a need to study existing intra-European mobility experiences and conditions. In this paper, Sweden will be highlighted as a sending country, contrary to the traditional classification as a generous receiving country. Sweden is considered a typical receiving country with rather comprehensive social policy framework – at least in a historical context. So far, highly skilled Swedish migrants are privileged ‘expats’, representing a rather ‘hidden’ group with ‘hidden’ migration processes. The paper draws upon an interview-study with Swedish highly skilled labour migrants. The findings show that highly skilled migrant employees from Sweden may not per definition be described as autonomous self-empowered individuals that have no use of the surrounding context. Instead, the value of possessing a Swedish national capital seems to affect the migrants’ attitude and future strategies. Key-words: Highly skilled migration, national capital, intra-European labour mobility 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 130 The dilemma in communicating empowerment at the workplace Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Linda Weidenstedt Sociologi Stockholms Universitet [email protected] 'Empowerment' is a well-known yet controversial management strategy in workplace contexts. Research on empowerment has established two approaches towards the concept: socialstructural and psychological empowerment. This categorisation has elevated research on the topic significantly and to a more analytical, theoretical level. However, I argue that these two approaches could profit from regarding the actual interactional situation of implementing empowerment initiatives, in particular the communicative context of the workplace and of workplace empowerment. I therefore propose to regard empowerment efforts as part of a specific context dependent communicative environment that precedes as well as accompanies both, social-structural and psychological, empowerment. Departing from sociological and social-psychological theories of communicative interaction, I argue in this theoretical paper that in order to achieve successful empowerment, both empowerer and empoweree need to be able to ascribe each other's communication the appropriate communicative meaning. The ability to do so is based on common knowledge of, among other things, who the communicating interactants are, what their social position in this interaction is, how the interactants relate to each other and how the setting looks like in the very moment of the interaction. Analysing the communicative context of workplace empowerment reveals that what makes empowerment such a difficult concept to implement successfully is that the common jargon in which empowerment is communicated, often conflicts with organisational reality: Employees' understanding of their roles and situations as defined by working as well as psychological contracts is not always in line with the communicative meanings empowerees ascribe to the empowerers' communicative actions and vice versa. 14. Arbete, organisation och profession 15. Miljö- och risksociologi Studying the New Politics of Consumption Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Magnus Boström Michele Micheletti Örebro Universitet Stockholm Universitet Wageningen University Humus [email protected] Peter Oosterveer The multifaceted and dynamic phenomenon of political consumerism (PC) has burgeoned and diversified over the past decades, largely with environmental, consumerist and antisweatshop movements as key drivers for change and as creators of new innovative institutions. Boycotts, buycotts, communicative actions and political consumer lifestyles engage consumers and producers and institutions globally. Starting from social movement actions and expanding into lifestyle politics PC has grown into a force for handling complex and tough problems in different domains of production and consumption of transnational and multi-level character. For this paper we draft the introductory framing for an OUP handbook on the topic. The paper reviews selected key literature in political science, sociology and other disciplines, and discusses important questions about the history, definition, varieties, and geographic spread of PC. It highlights that nowadays PC includes individuals, groups, organizations as well as public and private institutions and systems in complex and worldwide relationships, thus requiring its examination at various levels of analysis through an interdisciplinary approach. We are mapping how, why and where PC has developed and discuss core theoretical and methodological points from a multi-disciplinary as well as micro, meso and macro perspective. The paper explains in general terms the political and economic significance of PC both spatially and temporally. Finally, the paper discusses how PC relates to sustainable, ethical, unethical, nationalistic, and undemocratic consumption. 15. Miljö- och risksociologi 132 The metamorphosis of the monarch butterfly. A study of the (re)framing of a species worthy of protection. Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Karin Gustafsson Örebro universitet Environmental Sociology Section [email protected] At the heart of discussions on biodiversity loss and environmental conservation lie questions of what species and habitats to preserve, and why they should be preserved. In 2014, the concern for the monarch butterfly grew dramatically among science, publics, and politics in North America, especially in the US. Warnings were raised of a long-term downward trend in the monarch population east of the Rocky Mountains, a trend allegedly caused by diminished breeding habitats in the US and Canada due to a changed agricultural landscape, a trend that could come to threaten the monarch’s annual 3000mile long migration. This study uses the monarch butterfly as an empirical example to explore the question of what kind of nature is preserved and how reframing of values and conservation categorizations are used to make a species prioritized in conservation efforts. The study shows how the monarch butterfly has been reframed from situated in a context of nature’s intrinsic values to a context of economic values of ecosystem services and how categorization tools, such as IUCN’s Red List and the US Endangered Species Act, have been used as means to try to reach the end, i.e. to make the monarch butterfly a prioritized species for conservation work. The analysis contributes to a general understanding of what parts of nature that are preserved and why it is preserved, this by emphasizing the importance for species and habitats to become meaningful not just in themselves but in the context of larger environmental discussions. 15. Miljö- och risksociologi 133 ‘Democratizing science’ and ‘deliberative democracy’–a deliberative systems approach to global environmental governance Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Rolf Lidskog Monika Persson Örebro universitet Örebro universitet HumUS HumUS [email protected] [email protected] What does the claim for democratizing science and policy means on global level? This question is the point of departure for this paper, which adopts a deliberative systems approach to the democratization of global environmental governance. The main achievements of two different theoretical fields are investigated and synthesized, that of deliberative democracy and that of science and technology studies, in order to analyze the reason, meaning and prospects for the democratization of global environmental policy. The evaluation of these debates shows a number of similarities but also differences between them. By means of our deliberative systems approach our main contribution is to identify what these different theoretical propositions mean in relation to each other; how aspects of deliberation within one sphere may feed into other spheres, and what this imply for the democratization of the system as a whole. 15. Miljö- och risksociologi 134 Bouncing at the boundary: IPBES and the possibilities of a third knowledge space Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Erik Löfmarck Örebro universitet [email protected] Rolf Lidskog Örebro universitet Institutionen för humaniora, utbildningsoch samhällsvetenskap Institutionen för humaniora, utbildningsoch samhällsvetenskap [email protected] Co-production of knowledge across diverse knowledge systems is increasingly stressed within global environmental governance. The realization that not all relevant knowledge resides within the scientific knowledge system is both welcome and long overdue. There are however participatory, epistemological and ontological challenges related to co-production, such as communicative forms, opposing notions of nature and diverging criteria for knowledge validation. Thus, to work across different knowledge systems is anything but unproblematic, and various efforts to connect them have been suggested and tried in practice. The Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is one of the most recent and ambitious attempt to bridge the divide between science and indigenous local knowledge (ILK). This paper employs the notion of a “third knowledge space” as an ideal type for co-production of knowledge, were different knowledge systems work together on an equal footing across different and many times contrasting rationalities. It then analyses how the boundary work reflected in the central documents of the IPBES approaches such a space. The results show that participatory aspects impede the flourishing of contrasting rationalities, i.e. they structure how diverging ontological claims and criteria for knowledge validation can be dealt with. Disparate knowledges can indeed be bundled to coexist, but as long as knowledge-bridging endeavors are structured by the rules of a particular knowledge system, a third knowledge space of cross-fertilization will remain a distant ideal. Finding ways of further leveling the playing field is important, and the case of the IPBES holds important lessons for future efforts towards transforming both knowledge production and the overall framing of challenges within global environmental governance. Keywords: knowledge system, indigenous knowledge, co-production, IPBES, global environmental governance 15. Miljö- och risksociologi 135 Elusive risks in discourses about cesarean section: A doing risk analysis Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Anna Olofsson Mittuniversitetet Samhällsvetenskap [email protected] In a growing number of countries in the world planned caesarean sections increase on the behalf of ‘natural’ vaginal birth. Even non-medical journals such as The Economist have published several articles about this development in the frame of risk. However, risk is used both by those in favour of the procedure as well as the development, and those who are critical. The aim of this paper is to problematize and analyse the elusiveness of risk in discourses about planned caesarean section using a doing risk approach. Doing risk is a new approach to risk research that echoes the ‘doing gender’ of gender studies, and combines intersectional and risk theory. To explore the doing, or the performance, of risk, discourses and practices are analysed that simultaneously (re)produce and hide socio-political norms and positions, played out in contemporary, hierarchical relations of power and knowledge. Empirically the paper utilize medical and other expert journal articles covering analyses of three geographical areas: Brazil, Sweden and the US. The analysis of the empirical material reveals how normative underpinnings of risk intersects with gender, class, medical professions and ‘naturalness’. 15. Miljö- och risksociologi 136 What’s missing from Ostrom? Combining design principles with plural rationality Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Benedict Singleton Örebro universitetDoktorand HumUS [email protected] Elinor Ostrom’s design principles for common property resource (CPR) institutions have proved highly influential since their first publication in 1990. Popular in part because they offer a counter to accounts pessimistic regarding the prospects of resource users cooperating to manage CPRs sustainably. They are not without criticism: Ostrom’s adherence to a rational choice theoretical model has provoked arguments asserting that her work is unfairly negative to macro-level interventions, is based upon a too-narrow conceptualisation of rationality and that the role of power is underappreciated. This paper compares a design principle-led analysis of a CPR institution, Faroese whaling, to one carried out using cultural theory (CT), a theory of plural rationality related to context. The research aim is to assess the extent that CT ameliorates criticisms laid at Ostrom’s design principles. It finds that Ostrom’s later work was moving towards a theory of multiple rationality and argues that this suggests that the design principles may in effect be subsumed within CT; understood as a guide to creating egalitarian-hierarchy institutions. The paper concludes with suggestions for future work, notably attempting to scale up these findings to Ostrom’s work on socio-economic systems. 15. Miljö- och risksociologi 16. Socialpsykologi "Mångfacetterad osäkerhet" Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Johan Alfonsson Göteborgs Universitet Institutionen för sociologi och arbetsvetenskap [email protected] I artikeln undersöks hur unga behovsanställd påverkas av, upplever och hanterar osäkerhet i ett förändrat arbetsliv. Behovsanställda, vilka är personer som blir inkallade till arbete efter arbetsgivarens behov, är en växande grupp på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Då antalet timmar arbetade per månad kan variera stort lever många av de behovsanställda i en ekonomisk osäkerhet. De måste stå redo att hoppa in och arbeta vilket gör att gränsen mellan fritid och arbetstid suddas ut. På grund av anställningens prekaritet skapas en diskontinuitet i livet vilket gör att vardagen, och i förlängningen livsbanan, blir fragmenterad. Behovsanställda unga befinner sig i en osäker situation där en viktig del för att handskas med situationen återfinns bortom det formella skyddssystem som välfärdsstaten erbjuder. I glappet mellan behovsanställningen och det formella skyddet träder den socialpsykologiska dimensionen fram och blir ett intressant och viktigt problem. För att tillgodose det materiella behovet och skapa skydd mot osäkerheten är snarare det informella skyddet, vilket är kopplat till social position, av stor vikt. Syftet med artikeln är att undersöka hur den materiella verklighetens strukturer förmedlar subjektets inre konversation och hur denna konversation kan återverkar på den omgivande världen. Bourdieus teori om habitus diskuteras i relation till Margaret Archers kritiskt realistiska perspektiv och hennes kritik gentemot vad hon kallar rutinmässigt handlande. Archers kritik riktar in sig på Bourdieus anti-cartesianska perspektiv och hon menar att utgångspunkten i habitusbegreppet, att struktur, kultur och agentskap ömsesidigt konstituerar varandra gör att reflexivet omöjliggörs, detta då objekt och subjekt inte går att särskilja. På så vis tillskrivs enligt Archer den strukturella och kulturella domänen epistemologisk hegemoni i relation till den personliga domänen av verkligheten. Genom att undersöka en grupp som är beroende av en informell buffert för sitt materiella välbefinnande och sina upplevelser av (o)säkerhet ämnar artikeln att bidra till diskussionen om hur den inre världens beroende och autonomi gentemot den yttre kan förstås. 18. Socialpsykologi 138 Tankefiguren arv/miljö som felkonstruktion Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Lars-Erik Berg Högskolan i Skövde prof emeritus [email protected] I den idétradition som Descartes grundade betraktas psykiska egenskaper som antingen medfödda eller förvärvade, vilket kan ses som en form av monism, eller som en kombination av dem båda, vilket på motsvarande sätt blir en form av dualism. Sådan är inom den akademiska psykologin mer regel än undantag. Exempel: En beräkning utifrån tvillingpar (i tidskriften Nature) säger t.ex. att 49% av personlighetsegenskaper är medfödda, 10% är betingade av delad uppväxtmiljö, och resten är betingade av annan miljöpåverkan. Detta blir vilseledande eftersom de psykiska egenskaperna varken är fasta och oföränderliga eller medfödda eller förvärvade. De lever i en dialektisk process av ständig förändring. Vissa filosofiska tanketraditioner har hävdat en dialektisk uppfattning. Idag hävdas en besläktad syn också av viss naturvetenskaplig neurologi och biologisk psykologi, (dock utan den filosofiska termen dialektik). Detta ger en god grund för framtida kunskapsutveckling. Våra föreställningar om arv och miljö har länge grundats på att gener är oföränderliga hos en individ, att de endast förändras genom mutationer, som uppkommer spontant under evolutionen. Att gener kan förändras visas av den nya metod som upptäckts av E. Charpentier. Och att DNA, som ”organiserar” genernas funktioner också kan ändras visas t.ex. genom 2016 års nobelpris i kemi, (bl.a. Tomas Lindahl). Detta kan ses som en form av interaktionism. Så kan också Darwins evolutionsteori ses. G. H. Mead hävdar generellt att interaktion skapar förändringar hos enskilda enheter inom interaktionssfären. Så är t.ex. reflekterande intelligens en sen nyskapelse i evolutionen som uppkommer genom att specifika gester har utvecklats inom t.ex. Homo sapiens röstapparat. (Att sådana kan utvecklas inom andra djurarter också är självklart.) Mead är i första hand interaktionist. Hans s.k. symboliska interaktionism, som gäller människans identitet, jagmedvetande och personlighet är en nisch inom hans generella närmande till ämnet, vilket också inkluderar neurologi, biologisk evolution och psykologisk pragmatism. Mead tycks ha varit mer än 100 år före sin tid. Han föregrep sådant som inom neurologin idag ses som revolutionerande landvinningar. 16. Socialpsykologi 139 Våldsbejakande islamism och radikalisering i en svensk kontext Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Sara Johansson Örebro universitet Inst för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete [email protected] Det som i den politiska diskursen benämns våldsbejakande islamistisk extremism är i en svensk kontext understuderat och detta avhandlingsprojektet ämnar därför kasta ytterligare ljus på detta område. De individer som lämnat landet för att ansluta sig till organisationer som IS/Daesh utgör förvisso ett begränsat antal, men går ofta att härleda till vissa geografiskt avgränsade områden. Syftet med avhandlingsprojektet är att genom det etnografiska studiet av en sådan plats söka identifiera och förstå de processer och förhållanden genom vilka en plats blir särskilt gynnsam för denna typ av ”radikala” praktiker. Vi vet en del om radikalisering, bland annat att det finns stora likheter mellan radikaliserings- och avradikaliseringsvägar oavsett om det rör sig om rasideologiska, vänsterautonoma eller våldsbejakande islamistiska miljöer, eller en kriminell livsstil. Teoretiska perspektiv på in- och utträden i sammanhang som dessa är ofta endera aktör- eller stukturorienterade. Aktörsorienterade perspektiv förklarar människors skäl att ansluta eller lösgöra sig från ett sådant sammanhang med individens fria vilja och grundat på rationella val. Strukturella perspektiv söker istället svaret i externa faktorer som ligger utanför individen, och inriktar sig på olika aspekter av sociala strukturer och turning points såsom förändringar i den socio-strukturella ramen för individens liv. Fokuseringen på endera aktör eller struktur har kritiserats för att utgöra en falsk dikotomi med konsekvensen att individer betraktas som endera super-agents eller super-dopes. Integrerade teorier försöker undvika detta genom en strävan efter att förklara avhopp som en samverkan mellan aktörskap och strukturell påverkan, och till detta synsätt kan också det interaktionistiska perspektivet anslutas. Utifrån ett socialkonstruktivistiskt perspektiv förstås verkligheten som en process som tillkommer och ständigt reproduceras och omförhandlas i den sociala interaktionen mellan individer. För att förstå ett avgränsat socialt system och människors livsvärldar där, blir det således centralt att söka en förståelse för hur individer skapar mening i sina liv samt hur de utifrån detta strukturerar sin sociala verklighet. Många av de som rest från Sverige till konflikterna i Irak och Syrien kommer från socioekonomiskt utsatta områden, men vare sig social och ekonomisk utsatthet eller religion räcker i sig till för att förklara hur radikaliseringen sker eller varför vissa väljer att göra dessa resor. Med utgångspunkt i den empiriska iakttagelsen att det går att urskilja en geografisk koncentration av fenomenet avser jag använda mig av många olika informationskällor – såsom observationer, intervjuer och samtal – och tillåta forskningsfrågorna att växa fram i takt med insamlandet av empiri, något som kan passa när utgångspunkten är ett empiriskt problem som man vill ta sig an med ett inledningsvis så öppet förhållningssätt som möjligt för att sedan söka teoretiska förklaringar utifrån de relationer som står att finna i denna data. Ur studiens syfte kan härledas ett antal funderingar som kan fungera som vägledande i ett inledande skede; Vad avses egentligen när det talas om radikalisering, det vill säga hur pratar människor om dessa frågor? Vilka gränsdragningar görs mellan vi och dem, centrum och periferi – vilka 16. Socialpsykologi 140 konfliktlinjer konstrueras? Vem arbetar med avhoppare/återvändare/radikaliserade individer? Vilka lokala praktiker har utvecklats för exempelvis det sociala arbetet? Hur talar människor om sig själv(a), om varandra, om platsen? Hur används platsen? Hur identifierar man sig själv(a) och andra utifrån sin egen närmiljö? Vilka tillhörigheter är centrala? Utifrån dessa inledande funderingar avser jag låta mina iakttagelser och observationer leda vägen för formuleringen av mer preciserade forskningsfrågor. 16. Socialpsykologi 141 ”De dödas betydelse för interaktion och identitetskonstruktion” Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Annika Jonsson Karlstad universitet Avd. för sociala och psykologiska studier [email protected] Många människor fortsätter att relatera till och påverkas av, i första hand, familjemedlemmar, släktingar och vänner som har dött. Internationellt benämns sådana relationer som ’continuing bonds’ och i Sverige så har detta lite tveksamt översatts till fortsatta band. Med utgångspunkt i en intervjustudie så diskuteras här hur de döda figurerar i vardaglig interaktion och vilka identitetskonstruktioner som möjliggörs p.g.a. deras (upplevda) närvaro. I socialpsykologisk forskning så har just vardagslivet och identitetskonstruktion varit ständigt aktuella områden och här urskiljs ytterligare en viktig dimension att ta hänsyn till. Även frånvaron av fortsatta band kommer att beröras, då denna också avslöjar mycket om hur människor har formats i relationer alternativt i avsaknaden av relationer. Identiteter förstås som sprungna ur relationella, materiella och platsbundna praktiker, och som föränderliga men samtidigt substantiella. I den här presentationen undersöks hur vardaglig interaktion där de döda antingen görs närvarande eller frånvarande bäddar för olika slags identitetskonstruktioner 16. Socialpsykologi 142 Videoinspelning av naturligt förekommande interaktion Namn Lärosäte Institution E-post Kristin Wiksell Karlstads universitet Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier [email protected] Att människor påverkar och påverkas av varandra och sin omgivning är centralt i det socialpsykologiska perspektivet. Metoden att studera socialt samspel i situationer skapade av forskare innebär att forskningsdeltagare påverkas av experimentets förutsättningar. Det är problematiskt att anta att den sociala interaktionen är likadan i naturliga sammanhang. Vid återberättande av händelseförlopp i intervjuer kan istället interaktionsmässiga detaljer ha glömts bort eller tagits för givet. Även forskarens handlande spelar roll. Etnografisk observation möjliggör studiet av naturlig interaktion med låg forskarpåverkan, men denna metod innebär att forskare behöver förlita sig på anteckningar eller minne vilket försvårar en mycket detaljerad analysnivå. Med hjälp av ljud- och videoinspelning är det möjligt att fånga naturlig interaktion med hög detaljnivå. Att inspelningar kan återses upprepade gånger är en fördel i sökandet efter mönster i det sociala samspelets organisation. Inom samtalsanalys används metoden flitigt, ofta i studiet av institutionella sammanhang. Även sådana data ger en vinklad bild av interaktionen eftersom teknisk utrustning inte kan fånga det fullständiga skeendet, t.ex. är kameror tvungna att placeras i en viss riktning och mikrofoner behövs ofta för en bra ljudupptagning. Medvetenheten om att vara filmad påverkar likaså deltagares agerande. Att avstå från att informera deltagare eller placera ut en skymd kamera är etiskt problematiskt. Hur kan videoinspelning användas som forskningsmetod i syfte att fånga autentisk interaktion med hög detaljnivå, utifrån en strävan att samla in data utan beteendepåverkan? I den här presentationen lyfts frågan om videoinspelning som metod för socialpsykologiska studier. 16. Socialpsykologi 17. Namnregister Namn Sida Agevall Ola Ahlstrand Rasmus 92 120 Ahrne Göran Alfonsson Johan 122 137 Allelin Majsa Alm Susanne 93 58 Antoniou Lia Anving Terese 68 106 & 111 Basic Goran Berg Christoffer 31 & 59 52 Berg Lars-Erik Berggren Kalle Bergman Blix Stina Bertilsson Emil Boström Magnus Brolin Låftman Sara Bruno Linnéa Bååth Jonas Börjesson Mikael Carstensen Gunilla Creswell Philip Cutas Daniela 138 38 60 94 & 96 131 58 107 19 96 123 71 109 Dahlberg Josef Dalberg Tobias 103 94 & 96 Dobeson Alexander Duvander Ann-Zofie 21 118 Döllinger Dominik Ekbrand Hans 22 12 Ekerwald Hedvig Eklund Lina 72 81 Eldén Sara Ericsson Ove 106 & 111 54 Ericsson Stina Fernqvist Stina Ferrarini Tommy Flinkfeldt Marie Flower Lisa Forsberg Håkan 112 9 18 115 61 98 17. Namnregister 144 Franzén Mats 56 Fredriksson Daniel Fridolfsson Charlotte 11 100 Fürst Henrik Gordon David 35 12 Gustafson Per Gustafsson Karin 83 132 Halleröd Björn Hasselgren Caroline 12 & 13 13 Heidegren Carl-Göran Henriksson Andreas 39 116 Holmberg Tora Jack Tullia 84 64 Johansson Kajsa Johansson Roine Johansson Sara Johansson Sevä Ingemar Jonsson Annika Jämte Jan Kania-Lundholm Magdalena Kleres Jochen Kohl Sebastian Kolankiewicz Marta Langa María Lidegran Ida Lidskog Rolf Ljungar Erik Lundberg Henrik Lundstedt Måns Löfmarck Erik Löfqvist Louise Lövheim Mia Micheletti Michele Misheva Vessela Mäkinen Ilkka Henrik Neuman Nicklas Nilsson Henrik Nordin Magdalena Nordvall Henrik Nounkeu Tatchou Christian Nylander Erik 23 & 74 124 139 15 141 80 85 62 & 73 25 65 87 102 133 & 134 26 40 80 134 66 32 131 41 27 89 42 33 100 90 100 17. Namnregister 145 Olofsson Gunnar 92 Olofsson Anna Olofsson Tobias 135 28 Oosterveer Peter Palme Mikael 131 103 Persson Magnus Persson Marcus 74 & 104 125 Persson Monika Pettersson Torsten 133 36 Pettersson Jane Ramsay Anders 30 44 & 45 Rasan Imad Redmalm David 75 91 Rolandsson Bertil Saar Maarja Salmonsson Lisa Sépulchre Marie Singleton Benedict Sjöberg Ola Sohlberg Peter Svenberg Sebastian Thunman Elin Törnqvist Maria Uba Katrin Wahlström Mattias Valizadeh Carolin Wallinder Ylva Vedung Evert Weidenstedt Linda Wennerhag Magnus Wesolowski Katharina Westholm Anders Wettergren Åsa Wide Sverre Viklund Ida Wiksell Kristin Wilén Carl Willander Erika Öun Ida 128 51 63 67 136 16 46 47 125 117 77 78 57 17 & 129 79 130 80 18 77 60 & 73 49 118 142 50 34 15 17. Namnregister