Transcript
W ater Resources D evelopm ent, V ol. 15, N o. 4, 3 87± 427, 1999
Inte rna tional R ive r Basins of the W orld
A A RON T. W O L F* 1 , JEFFREY A. N A TH ARIU S2, JE FFRE Y J. D A N IEL SO N 3 , BRIA N S. W ARD 4 & JAN K. PEN D ER 5 1
2
3
O re go n Sta te U niversity ; A labam a O f® ce of W ate r Reso urces; Ra y the on, ER O S D a ta 4
5
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Center; O re g on Sta te U niversity ; Leg acy, Inc.
A BSTRACT It is becom ing acknow ledged that w ater is likely to be the m ost pressing environm ental conce rn of the ne xt century. D if® culties in river basin m ana gement are only exacerbated w hen the resource crosses international bound aries. O ne critical aid in the assessm ent of international w aters has been the Register of International RiversÐ a com pend ium w hich listed 214 interna tional w aterw ays that cover 47% of the earth’s contine ntal land surface. The Register, th oug h, w as last updated in 1978 by the no w defunct U nited N ations D epartm ent of Eco no m ic and Social A ffairs. The purpose of this paper is to up date the Re gister in order to re¯ ect the quantum changes that have taken place over the last 22 years, both in global geopolitics and in m ap coverage and technology. By accessing digital elevation m odels at spatial resolutions of 30 arc seconds, corroborating at a uni® ed global m ap coverage of at least 1:1 000 000, and superim posing the results over com plete coverage of current political boun daries, w e are able to provide a ne w register w hich lists 261 interna tiona l rivers, covering 45.3% of the land surface of the earth (excluding A nta rctica). This paper lists all interna tiona l rivers w ith their w atershed areas, the nations w hich share each w atershed, their respective territorial percenta ges, and no tes on ch anges in or disputes over interna tional bound aries since 197 8.
Introduction W ater has been named as likely to be the m ost pressing environ mental concern of the next century (A merican A cadem y of Arts and Sciences, 1994). A s global populations and economies continue to grow exponen tially, and as environ mental change thre atens both the quantity and quality of the w orld ’ s fresh w ater resources, attention has increasin gly focused on the state and m anage men t of those resources. W aters w hich cross political boundaries have additional com plexities brought on by strains in riparian relations and institutional lim itations. Recent studies, particularly in the ® eld of en vironm en tal security, have focused on the con¯ ict potential of these intern ational w aters. Some stre ss the dangers of violence over in tern ational w aters (see, for exam ple, Westin g, 1986; Gleick, 1993; H omerD ix on, 1994; Remans, 1995; Sam son and C harrie r, 1997), w hile others argue more strongly for the possibilitie s and historic evide nce of cooperation between *A dd ress fo r co rresp o nden ce :D ep t. o f G eo scie nces, O re go n S ta te U n iversity, 1 04 W ilk inson H all, Co rva llis, O R 9 7 33 1 ± 5 50 6 ,U SA . F ax : 1 1-54 1 -7 37 -1 2 00 ;em a il: w olfa@ geo .orst.ed u 0790-0627 Print/1360-0648 O n -line/99/040387± 41
Ó
1999 T aylor & Fran cis L td
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co-riparians (see Libiszew ski, 1995; Salman & de Chazournes, 1998; W olf, 1998). Regard less of hyd ropolitical inte rpre tations, inte rest in inte rnational w aterw ays 1 and the literature of com parative analysis is increasing rapidly. Kliot (1995) and, later w ith colleagues (Kliot et al., 1997), com pares ® ve intern ational basins and evaluates their respective manageme nt institutions ; W olf (1997) offers hyd ropolitical lesson s learned from 14 detailed case studies and 146 w ater treaties; Gleick (1998) includes a chapter on intern ational w aters in his bienn ial report on the w orld ’s w ater; and Elhance (1999) describes the trans bound ary w aters of the Third W orld . One critical aid in the assessm en t of intern ational w aters has been the Re gister of International Rivers (United N ations, 1978)Ð a compendium w hich lists 214 in tern ational w aterw ays, covering 47% of the earth’ s contine ntal land surface, compiled by the now defunct Departme nt of Economic and Social Affairs of the U nited N ations. The Reg ister lists all intern ational rivers by continen t, along w ith their w atershed areas, the nations that share each w atershe d, and their respective territorial percentages. Subseq uent sections list countries that share w aters he ds, rive rs and lake s that form bound aries, and related treaties. M ost literature that, even peripherally, addresse s the iss ue of inte rnational w aters refers to the Reg ister, and uses its data for analysis. The Registe r, however, w as last updated in 1978. The information it reported has become dated by the many geopolitical change s over the last 22 ye ars, and by change s in m ap coverage and technology . The purpose of this paper is to update the Reg iste r, taking advantage of global digital inform ation that has become available, the detaile d w atershe d analysis performed at the US Geological Surve y EROS D ata Center, the extensive holdings of map librarie s at the University of A labama and Oregon State U nive rsity , and a thorough compilation of boundary change s sin ce the Register w as last updated. Our w ork is the result of four ye ars of study and the close collaboration between the facilities and expertise at the ERO S D ata Cen ter and 2 O regon State U niversity , and is a component of the Transb oundary Fre sh w ater D ispute Database. The D atabase is housed in the Department of Geosciences at O regon State University , and includes a digital com pilation of 150 inte rnational treaties and 39 US com pacts, hard -copy ® les of neg otiating notes and background material on 14 case studies of con¯ ict res olution, new s ® les on cases of acute w ater-related con¯ ict, asse ssme nts of ind ige nous/traditional methods of w ater-con¯ ict resolution, and an annotated bibliography on the state of the art 3 of inte rnational w ater-dispute resolu tion. M e thodology The idea for the ® rst Registe r of International Rive rs origin ated w ith a 1958 U nited N ations panel of experts, w hose report w as en titled , `Integrated River Basin Development’, a revise d edition of w hich included a w orld map sh ow ing 166 inte rn ational rive r basins (United N ations, 1978). The next and last rev ision w as the 1978 Reg iste r, w hich ide nti® ed 214 inte rnational basin s. Des pite bein g a desk study using only a polar planime ter solely on maps available at the UN M ap Library, it w as quite a sophisticated documen t for its time. Nevertheless, a gre at deal has change d since 1978, both in map coverage and technology Ð notably the addition to the cartographic arsen al of digital and remote sens ing dataÐ and in the political bound aries w hich rivers cross. O ur
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update, by ne cessity , took tracks along both line s: updating the river basins, and updating the political boundaries .
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U pdating the River Basins Roughly follow ing the 1978 Register, we de® ne a `river basin ’ as the area w hich contributes hy drologically (including both surface- and groundw ater) to a ® rst-order stream, w hich, in turn, is de® ned by its outlet to the ocean or to a term inal (closed) lake or inland sea. Thus, `river basin’ is sy non ym ous w ith w hat 4 is referred to in the USA as a `w atershe d’ and in the U K as a `catchmen t’ . We 5 de® ne such a basin as `intern ational’ if any pere nn ial tributary crosses the 6 political boundaries of tw o or more nations. By de® ning these basin s by their ultim ate outlet, we often group system s together that are comm only though t of as separate, even w hen they are treated as distin ct politically. This situation occurs w heneve r the con¯ uence of even m ajor rive r syste ms takes place upstream of the outlet, such as on the Tigris ± Euphrates and on the G ange s± Brahmaputra± Megh na syste ms. The Meuse, comm only treated by Europeans (and by the 1978 Regis ter) as separate and distinct, is hyd rologically part of the Rhine syste m, and is lis ted as such he re. This methodology brin gs up an im portant point: a registe r such as this is useful only inasm uch as one recognizes its lim itations . Its stre ng th lie s in its iden ti® cation of the location and extent of inte rn ational basins. The number of such basins is less important. As noted above, m any m ajor trib utary sys tems are treated for all m anage men t intents and purposes as separate. In the most detailed critique of the 1978 Reg ister, Bisw as (1993) points out, for example, that Ind ia and Bangladesh have iden ti® ed more than 140 common w ater sy stem s, all of w hich are grouped he re together unde r three hyd rologic units: the Fe nney , the Ganges± Brahm aputra± Meg hn a, and the Karn afauli. Bisw as also points to the lim ited treatment of groun dw ater in the 1978 Register. This issue is of lesse r concern, since the vast majority of groun dw ater used for hum an purposes is in relatively sh allow , uncon® ne d aquifers, w he re the surface divide coincide s w ith the groun dw ater divide, and w hich w ould thus be captured in our listing (New son, 1992; Postel, 1999; personal comm unication, 1999). Neverthe less, discussion s of the managemen t of in ternational basin s often rev olve around iss ues not reported here, such as rive r ¯ ow s and their contribution by each country, historic uses and future demand, and the social, ecological and economic need s of each nation. As w ith any cartographic project, we neede d a base m ap to guarantee a m inimum scale for consisten cy across the globe. Our close collaboration w ith the U S Geological Survey’ s EROS Data Cen ter (EDC ) gave us access to their ongoing advances in hyd rologic applications of global digital elevation m odels (DEM s) for this purpose. ED C has recently released a global D EM , called GTO PO30. A t a res olution of 30 arc-seconds, GTOPO30 w as developed to mee t the nee ds of the geospatial data user community for reg ional and continental-scale topographic data (Gesch, 1994; Gesch et al., 1999). A new geog raphic database developed at the EDC from GTOPO 30 is H YD RO1K. It is des igne d to provide global coverage of topographically derive d data sets at a nom inal resolu tion of one kilom eter. H YD RO1K provides a consiste nt base-line of hyd rologic deriva tives that are neede d in many en viron7 men tal, clim atic and w ater-resource studies. The core data layer is the hyd rolog-
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ically correct DEM , w hich is obtaine d dire ctly from the GTO PO30 data set. In orde r for the D EM to correctly model w ater movemen t across the land surface, the elevation data were processe d to remove spurious anomalies that interfere 8 w ith hyd rologically correct ¯ ow . It is essen tial to develop a hyd rologically corre ct D EM to en sure that derived drainage basin s and syn thetic streamline s closely represen t real-w orld hyd rology . H YDRO1k provide s a base map and m inimum uni® ed scale of at least 1:1 000 000 for this register. Nevertheless, these data sets are com puter constructs and mathem atical inte rpretations . A s such, we found them to be extrem ely useful both as a startin g point and as a basis for minim um stand ard s, but also found that com parison w ith altern ative sources, both digital and hard copy, w as necessary. Fortunately, other good spatial data sets exist, such as Environ mental System s Research Institute’ s (ESRI) D igital C hart of the W orld , and the `Watershe ds of the W orld ’ ® les included on the GlobalA rc data set, developed by the Center for Rem ote Sens ing and Spatial Analys is of Rutgers University , along w ith the US A rm y C orps of Engineers C onstruction Enginee rin g Rese arch 9 Laboratory. The U S Geological Survey ’s EROS D ata Cen ter has also developed a DEM for the conterm inous U S at a scale of 1:24 000. This DEM features a spatial resolution of 30 m that covers a smalle r area than GTO PO30 and allow s for greater detail. Finally, recognizing the lim itations of digital data, particularly w here topographic relie f is low , we relied quite heavily on the extens ive hardcopy holdin gs of the University of Alabama map library and the expertise of Tom Kallse n, the library ’s director. Between an array of air photos, topographic map shee ts, and the detailed coverages of various nations , w e were regu larly able to deline ate basins at scales of 1:100 000, often at 1:40 000, and occasion ally at 1:20 000. The basins w hich were digitized for this register, then, include our best judge men t of the data available at this time , and ® nally deviated from H YDRO 1k about 20% 10 of the time.
U pdating the Political Bound aries M ajor geopolitical sh ifts have taken place since 1978, most of w hich are manifested in the boundaries between nations. The se change s had the effect mostly of intern ationalizing national basins, notably the break-up of the Soviet Union and balkanization of the Balkans. To a much les ser degree , though , the opposite w as true: tw o basin s w hich were international in 1978 have become national, due to the uni® cation of Yem en and of Germ any. The best digital set of international boundaries is those included in the Digital C hart of the W orld . H owever, give n the political volatility of the times, this data set w as not entirely up to date as we wen t to press, nor does it document w he re boundary ambiguities exist between nations. Since these ambiguities w ithin in tern ational basins can have serious hyd ropolitical implications , we felt it important to documen t them, and to include them in area calculations w he reve r possible. As noted in the table footnotes, we relied heavily on the CIA W orld Factbook (1998), the Colum bia G azetteer of the W orld (Cohen , 1998) and , especially, on the w ork of the Intern ational Bound ary Resource U nit of Durham University (1999; person al communications , 1999).
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Sum m ary of Findings
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The 1978 Registe r listed 214 inte rn ational basins , covering 47% of the w orld ’s 11 land surface (excluding Antarctica). O ur update lists 261 inte rnational basins (see Figu res 1± 6 and Table 4, Intern ational river basin s), covering 45.3%, broken dow n by continent as give n in Table 1. The net addition of 47 intern ational basins as compared w ith the 1978 Register comes about for three reasons: (1) national basins were inte rnationalized through political change s, such as the break-up of the Soviet U nion and the Balkan states; (2) we were able to `® nd’ several new intern ational basins , because of better access to both digital and hard copy m aps; and (3) the 1978 Register did not include many island nations. Because of these factors, we added a total of 51 new basin s:
· A frica: Lotagipi Sw am p, M be, Oued Bon N aim a, and Umba;
· A sia: An N ahr Al Kabir, Astara C hay, Bangau, Beilun, Fen ney , H ar Us N ur,
·
·
·
Kow l-E-N amaksar, N ahr El Kebir, Oral (Ural), Pand aruan, Pu-Lun-To, Sembakung , Song Vam C o D ong, and W adi Al Izziyah; Europe: Barta, C astletow n, D augava, D niepe r, Dniester, D on, Elancik, Flurry , Gauja, Kogiln ik, Krk a, Kura-Araks, Lielupe, M ius, N arva, Parnu, Prohladnaja, Salaca, Samur, Sarata, Seine , Sulak, Terek, Venta, and Volga; N orth A merica: A lesek, C hilka t, C hiriqu i, Firth , Taku, and W hitin g; So uth A m erica: A vile s, and Com au. In contrast, four basin s liste d in the 1978 Reg ister are no longer intern ational, tw o due to the uni® cation of Yemen (Tiban) and of Germ any (Wese r), and tw o due to our m ore consisten t de® nition of `intern ational basins’ . The four `lost’ basins are:
· A sia: Tiban;
· Europe: Meuse, M uga, and Weser. Because our methods allow for a m ore careful delinea tion of basins than the 1978 Registe r, in some cases we were able to update the riparian nations w hich share in tern ational basins, along w ith updating the total num ber. The se riparian relations are ge ne rally minorÐ often the contribution to the basin is more topographical than hyd rologicalÐ and occasion ally surpris ing. Such additions in clude Egy pt on the Jordan, Saudi A rabia on the Tigris± Euphrates, and Libya on the Lake C had sy stem . W hile Botsw ana is listed as riparian to the O range both in the 1978 Register and he re, according to C onley & van N iekerk (1998) it is unclear w hether Botsw ana territory actually contrib utes any w ater to the
T able 1. N umber of intern ational river basin s C on tinen t A fr ica A sia Europe N orth A mer ica South A me rica Total
1999 U pdate
1978 Register
60 53 71 39 38
57 40 48 33 36
261
214
392
^
^
A . T. W olf et al. T able 2. Percentage of area w ithin intern ational basins C on tinen t
12,13
1999 U pdate (% )
1978 Register (% )
A fr ica A sia Europe N orth A mer ica South A me rica
62 39 54 35 60
60 65 50 40 60
Total (ex cl. A n tarctica)
45.3
47
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Table 3. Percen tage of nations w ithin international basins
^
Pe rcen tage w ithin international b asins
N um be r of coun tries
90± 100 80± 90 70± 80 60± 70 50± 60 40± 50 30± 40 20± 30 10± 20 0.01± 10
39 11 14 11 17 10 10 13 9 11
sy stem and, as such, its political status as an Orange riparian rem ains to be clari® ed. Focusing on the num ber of intern ational basin s mask s another important dimen sion to the iss ue of inte rnational w aters: the ¯ ow ge ne rated w ithin these basin s. Shiklom anov (1993) lists the ¯ ow s of 25 of the w orld ’ s larges t rivers, 3 w hich total 19 200 km , or a little less than half of the w orld ’s total runoff. O f the 3 total ¯ ow in these 25 rivers, 16 700 km , or 87%, is genera ted w ithin the 20 of these w hich are in ternational. In addition to the number of inte rnational basins and their riparian nations, a strikin g aspect of intern ational w aters is the percentage of the land surface of the earth w hich is included w ithin their basins: 45.3% , excluding Antarctica (see Figu re 7 and Table 5, Percentage of a country ’s area w ithin intern ational basins ). By contine nt, this ranges from 62% of Africa to 35% of N orth A merica, as given in Table 2. Even more strikin g is a breakd ow n of each nation’ s land surface, as provide d in detail as Table 5. A total of 145 nations include territory w ithin inte rn ational basin s. Twenty -one nations lie in their en tire ty w ithin intern ational basins; including these, a total of 33 countries have gre ater than 95% of their territory w ithin these basins . These nations are not lim ited to smaller countrie s, such as Liechtenstein and Andorra, but include such sizeable countrie s as H ungary, Bang ladesh, Bye larus and Zam bia. All told, percentages of nations w ithin inte rnational basin s are as given in Table 3. A ® nal w ay to visualize the dilem m as posed by intern ational w ater resources
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is to look at the num ber of countries w hich share each inte rnational basin (see Figure 8 and Table 6, N umber of countries that share a basin). N inetee n basins are sh ared by ® ve or more riparian countrie s: one basin Ð the D anubeÐ has 17 riparian nations ; ® ve basinsÐ the Congo, N iger, N ile , Rh ine and ZambeziÐ are sh ared by between nine and 11 countries; and the rem ainin g 13 basin sÐ the A mazon, Ganges± Brahm aputra± Meg hn a, Lake C had, Tarim , Aral Sea, Jordan, Kura± A raks , Mek ong, Tigris± Euphrates, Volga La Plata, Nem an, and Vistula (W ista)Ð have between ® ve and eigh t riparian countrie s.
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C onclusions W he n w ater resources cross inte rnational boundarie s, the challe nges to inte grated w atershed m anagem en t are compounded , the obstacles to political cooperation exacerbated. W hile interest in intern ational river basin s is grow ing along w ith global populations and economies , much in the w ay of basic data collection on these sy stem s as a class rem ains to be done. W e recognize too that this register is lim ited ; that political bound aries w ill contin ue to shift; and that the technology of w atershed analysis w ill continue to improve. The resolu tion of digital mapping data w ill continue to increase and the algorith ms used to analyse them w ill become more robust. In the meantime, it is to be hoped that this updated registe r of the w orld ’ s 261 intern ational rive r basin s, covering 45.3% of the land surface of the earth, w ill contrib ute to continued analysis of these basins and perh aps, through greater understa nding, tenden cies tow ard s cross-boundary cooperation migh t even be stren gthene d. A cknow le dge m e nts This w ork w as performed under the auspices of the Com mittee for Intern ational C ollaboration of the Intern ational W ater Res ources A ssociation, chaired by Asit K. Bisw as, w ith fund ing from the US Institute of Peace and the N ippon Foundation, and is a com ponen t of the Transb oundary Fresh w ater D ispute D atabase Proje ct, directed by Aaron T. W olf. The authors are especially inde bted to Prof. Bisw as and to these age ncies, as well as to those w hich helped fund differen t aspects of the Database, including the U S Age ncy for Intern ational Developmen t, Paci® c N orthwest N ational Laboratory, the A labam a W ater Resources Institute, the University of Alabama, and O regon State U nive rsity. Jeffrey D anielson ’s w ork w as performed under US Geological Survey contract N o. 1434-CR-97-CN -40274, for w hich we are grateful. W e owe special thanks to Tom Kallsen , direc tor of the m ap library at the U nive rsity of Alabam a, w ho helped us ® nd every thin g from satellite photos to topographic map sheets of the m ost obscure reaches of the w orld , and to Ashb indu Sing h, of the United N ations Environ ment Programme, w ithout w hose close collaboration this project w ould not have been possib le. W e are also grateful to Shira Yoffe, of Oreg on State University , for her research sk ills and political ins ight; to Peter H . Gleick, of the Paci® c Institute, for his close reading and advice; and to M artin Pratt and the staff of the International Boundarie s Research Unit at D urham U niversity , for their expedited assistance w ith boundary ambiguities. Fin ally, thanks to A. Jon Kime rling , of O regon State University, for his cartographic expertise; to Sandra Postel, of the Global W ater Policy Project, for a particularly help ful discussion about the w orld’ s irriga tion; and to Jeff Albert, of Yale University , w ho provided the extra detail necessary to do justice to the Jordan River system .
Figure 1. International basins.
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Figure 2. A frica.
T able 4. Intern ational rive r basins B asin n am e A frica A kpa Ya® A tul
3
2
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
4 900 10 400
A w ash
155 300
B araka
66 600
Be nito
12 600
C ountry
C ame roon N igeria M auritania W e stern Sahara E thiopia D jibouti Som alia E ritrea Sudan E quatorial Guinea Gabon
A rea 2 (k m )
3 1 9 1 144 11 41 24 11 1
100 900 300 100 000 100 240 800 700 100 400
%
62.26 37.74 89.71 10.29 92.71 7.14 0.15 62.84 37.16 88.57 11.16
396
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
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B asin n am e B ia
11 900
B uzi
27 900
C avally
30 600
Ce stos
15 000
C h iloang o
11 700
C on go/Zaire
4 5
3 699 100
C orub al
24 100
C ross
52 800
D aoura
34 600
D ra
54 900
E tosha± C uvelai
167 600
Gam b ia
70 000
Gash
31 700
Ge ba
12 800
Great Scarcies
11 400
Gulr
79 100
Incom ati
6
Juba± Sh ibeli
46 200
805 100
C ountry Gh ana Ivory C oast M ozam b ique Zim b abwe Ivory C oast L iberia Guinea L iberia Ivory C oast Guinea C on go, Dem ocratic Repub lic of the (Kinsh asa) A n gola C on go, Republic of the (B razzaville) C on go, Dem ocratic Repub lic of the (Kinsh asa) Cen tral A fr ican Republic A n gola C on go, Republic of the (B razzaville) Zam b ia T anzania, U n ited Republic of C ame roon B urund i Rw and a Gabon M alaw i Guinea Guinea-B issau N igeria C ame roon M orocco A lgeria M orocco A lgeria N am ibia A n gola Seneg al Guinea Gam b ia, T he E ritrea Sudan E thiopia Guinea-B issau Seneg al Guinea Guinea Sierra Le one A lgeria M orocco South Africa M ozam b ique Sw azilan d E thiopia Som alia Ken ya
A rea 2 (k m ) 6 4 24 3 16 12 1 12 2
%
900 800 700 100 600 700 300 700 300 20
57.83 40.01 88.81 11.18 54.31 41.48 4.21 84.54 15.32 0.14
7 700 3 700 230
65.91 32.11 1.97
2 307 402 291 248 176 166 85 14 4
17 6 40 12 18 16 40 14 114 53 50 13 5 17 8 5 8 4 9 2 61 17 29 14 2 367 221 215
800 000 500 400 600 800 300 300 500 460 90 600 500 300 400 300 300 600 300 300 200 800 300 900 700 500 500 700 100 50 000 300 400 700 200 300 700 700 500 900
62.39 10.87 7.88 6.72 4.77 4.51 2.31 0.39 0.12 0.01 0.00 72.89 26.82 76.39 23.56 52.82 47.18 73.97 26.03 68.24 31.76 72.55 18.95 8.41 55.75 26.85 17.41 67.71 31.86 0.41 79.30 20.53 77.60 22.40 63.19 30.97 5.84 45.67 27.52 26.81
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Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
B asin n am e K om oe
78 500
K unene
110 300
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L ake C h ad
7
2 394 200
L ake N atron L ake T urkana
55 600 8
207 600
L im popo
415 500
L ittle Scarcies
19 300
L offa
11 400
L otagipi Sw am p
M an a-M orro M aputo
6
M be
8
38 900
6 900 31 300
7 000
Me d je rda
23 100
M oa
22 600
M on o
23 400
N iger
2 117 700
C ountry Ivory C oast B urkina Faso Gh ana M ali A n gola N am ibia C had N iger Cen tral A fr ican Republic N igeria A lgeria Sudan C ame roon C had , claimed b y Libya L ibya T anzania, U n ited Republic of Ken ya E thiopia Ken ya U gan d a Sudan Sudan, adm inistered by Ke ny a South Africa M ozam b ique B otsw an a Zim b abwe Sierra Le one Guinea L iberia Guinea Ken ya Sudan Sudan, adm inistered by Ke ny a E thiopia U gan d a L iberia Sierra Le one South Africa Sw azilan d M ozam b ique Gabon E quatorial Guinea T unisia A lgeria Sierra Le one Guinea L iberia T og o Ben in N igeria M ali N iger A lgeria Guinea C ame roon
A rea 2 (k m ) 58 500 17 100 2 300 630 95 500 14 800 1 082 000 675 700 218 900 180 800 90 000 83 100 46 900 12 300 4 600 37 300 18 300 113 600 89 900 2 600 1 500 70 184 100 87 300 81 500 62 600 13 300 6 000 10 000 1 400 20 500 10 000 3 300 3 200 2 000 5 800 1 100 18 600 11 000 1 700 6 500 500 15 600 7 600 10 900 8 700 3 000 22 400 1 100 563 000 541 600 499 200 161 500 96 300 88 200
% 74.52 21.74 2.93 0.81 86.57 13.43 45.19 28.22 9.14 7.55 3.76 3.47 1.96 0.51 0.19 67.06 32.94 54.75 43.28 1.23 0.70 0.03 44.31 21.01 19.61 15.06 68.86 31.11 87.49 12.43 52.52 25.58 8.44 8.30 5.16 83.67 16.31 59.43 35.02 5.55 92.65 7.18 67.28 32.72 48.16 38.58 13.27 95.43 4.57 26.59 25.58 23.57 7.63 4.55 4.17
398
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d
B asin n am e
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
N ile
9
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
3 038 100
N tem
35 000
N yang a
12 400
O gooue
223 400
O kavang o
708 600
O range
6 10 11
O ued B on N aim a O ueme
Ruvum a
947 700
510 59 500
12
Sabi Sassand ra
152 200
116 100 68 200
Se ne gal
437 000
St Joh n
15 600
C ountry B urkina Faso Ben in Ivory C oast C had Sierra Le one Sudan E thiopia E gypt U gan d a T anzania, U n ited Republic of Ken ya C on go, Dem ocratic Repub lic of the (K insh asa) Rw and a B urund i E gypt, adm inistered b y Sud an E ritrea Sudan, adm inistered by E gypt C ame roon Gabon E quatorial Guinea Gabon C on go, Republic of the (B razzaville) Gabon C on go, Republic of the (B razzaville) C ame roon E quatorial Guinea B otsw an a N am ibia A n gola Zim b abwe South Africa N am ibia B otsw an a Les otho M orocco A lgeria Ben in N igeria T og o M ozam b ique T anzania, U n ited Republic of M alaw i Zim b abwe M ozam b ique Ivory C oast Guinea M auritania M ali Seneg al Guinea L iberia Guinea Ivory C oast
A rea 2 (k m ) 83 45 22 16 1 931 356 273 238 120 50 21 20 13 4 3 2 20 9 5 11 189 26 5 1 359 176 150 22 565 240 121 19
49 9 99 52 85 30 59 8 219 151 35 31 13 2
%
100 200 800 600 30 300 900 100 900 300 900
3.93 2.14 1.08 0.78 0.00 63.57 11.75 8.99 7.86 3.96 1.68
700 800 000 400 500 000 400 400 200 500 830 800 600 100 900 000 800 100 700 600 600 600 900 350 160 500 500 430 500 200 470 700 300 700 500 100 300 700 000 000 600 2
0.71 0.69 0.43 0.14 0.12 0.07 58.26 26.99 14.75 93.30 6.70 84.93 11.91 2.30 0.87 50.67 24.95 21.18 3.20 59.68 25.39 12.84 2.09 68.87 31.13 83.24 16.04 0.72 65.39 34.30 0.31 73.88 26.12 87.51 12.49 50.14 34.61 8.16 7.08 83.55 16.44 0.01
International Rivers of the W orld
399
Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
B asin n am e St Pa ul
21 200
T afn a
9 500
T ano
14 300
Umba
8 200
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
U m be luzi
6
5 400
U tamb oni
7 700
V olta
414 000
Zam be zi
13 14
1 388 200
T otal area
1 884 000
A n N ah r A l K abir 16 17
A trak
17
B ang au
1 200 1 319 900
A si/O rontes
A stara C h ay
18 200
18
560 34 200
19
L iberia Guinea A lgeria M orocco Gh ana Ivory C oast T anzania, U n ited Republic of Ken ya Sw azilan d M ozam b ique South Africa Gabon E quatorial Guinea B urkina Faso Gh ana T og o M ali Ben in Ivory C oast Zam b ia A n gola Zim b abwe M ozam b ique M alaw i T anzania, U n ited Republic of B otsw an a N am ibia C on go, Dem ocratic Repub lic of the (Kinsh asa)
A rea 2 (k m ) 11 9 7 2 13
%
800 500 000 400 900 420 900 300 100 300 70 600 000 200 500 900 900 000 400 900 500 800 800 700 300 100 100
55.47 44.52 74.16 25.84 97.07 2.93 83.83 16.17 57.17 41.63 1.19 59.81 39.31 42.07 40.21 6.25 4.57 3.62 3.24 41.63 18.40 15.55 11.80 7.97 1.97 1.38 1.23
1 000
0.07
1 005 300 849 900 28 700
53.36 45.11 1.52
120 730 470 500 700 000 000 500 40 100 600 500 450 100 500 700 230 200
0.01 60.60 39.40 69.97 17.93 10.46 0.99 0.12 0.00 55.63 36.13 8.21 81.33 18.67 68.64 31.36 53.04 46.26
6 1 3 2 4 3 174 166 25 18 15 13 577 255 215 163 110 27 19 17
18 682 410
A s ia : 15 A m ur
A ral Se a
C ountry
430
Russia C hina M ong olia K orea, Dem ocratic Pe ople’s Repub lic of Syria Leb anon K azakh stan U zbekistan K yrgyzstan T ajikistan T urkmen istan C hina Syria T urkey Leb anon Iran A zerbaijan Iran T urkmen istan M alaysia B runei
923 236 138 13 1 10 6 1
23 10
Figure 3. A sia.
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 400 A . T. W olf et al.
International Rivers of the W orld
401
Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
B asin n am e Be ilun
20
960
C a/Song -Koi
C oruh
33 800
18
20 700
D asht
31 800
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
Fe nne y
2 800
Fly
64 600
Gan ge s± B rahm aputra± 21 22 Me ghn a
Golok H an
1 800
23 2 4
35 300
H ar US N ur
197 800
H ari/H arirud
He lm an d
H si/Bei Jian g Ill/K une s He
Ind us
1 675 700
25 26
Irraw ad dy
27 28 29
Jor d an (D ead Sea)
92 600
345 200
20
361 500 161 200
1 086 000
404 100
42 800
C ountry C hina V ietnam V ietnam L aos, Peop le’ s Dem ocratic Repub lic of T urkey Georgia Pak istan Iran In d ia B anglade sh Papua N e w Guinea In d one sia In d ia C hina N epal B anglade sh In d ia, claime d b y C h ina B hutan M yanm ar In d ian con trol, claime d b y C h ina T hailand M alaysia K orea, Republic of K orea, Dem ocratic Pe ople’s Repub lic of M ong olia Russia C hina A fg h anistan Iran T urkmen istan A fg h anistan Iran Pak istan C hina V ietnam K azakh stan C hina K yrgyzstan Pak istan In d ia C hina A fg h anistan C hinese control, claimed by In dia In d ian con trol, claime d b y C h ina M yanm ar C hina In d ia In d ia, claime d b y C h ina Jord an Is rael Syria W e st B ank E gypt
A rea 2 (k m )
%
700 250 19 600
73.61 26.39 57.83
14 18 1 25 6 1
300 800 900 100 700 800 950 400 300 300 400 300 400 100 900 100 200 100 780 100
42.12 90.93 9.07 78.87 21.13 65.88 34.12 93.42 6.58 58.14 19.12 8.79 7.36 4.00 2.38 0.13 0.07 58.09 41.91 71.18
10 100 195 400 2 300 120 41 100 35 400 16 200 283 800 48 300 13 100 351 700 9 800 97 200 55 300 8 700 609 100 282 200 111 000 72 500 9 600 1 600 368 400 18 600 14 200 1 200 20 600 9 100 4 900 3 200 2 700
28.63 98.77 1.17 0.06 44.33 38.17 17.50 82.23 13.99 3.78 97.28 2.72 60.28 34.31 5.40 56.09 25.98 10.22 6.68 0.89 0.15 91.15 4.60 3.52 0.29 48.44 21.35 11.54 7.40 6.39
60 4 974 320 147 123 67 39 2 1 1 25
402
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
B asin n am e
K aladan
30 500
K am afauli
15 000
K ow l-E-N am aksar
40 100
L ake U b sa-N ur
74 800
Ma
24 600
Me kon g
30 31
780 300
Me rauke
6 500
M urgab
60 900
N ah r E l Keb ir Ob
2 000
18
2 734 800
O ral (U ral)
18
260 400
Pa kch an Pa nd aruan
2 700 19
810
Pu -L un-T o
88 400
Red/Son g H ong
Rud kh ane h -ye /B ahuK alat Saigon /S on g N ha Be Salwee n
Se m bakun g Se pik
19
20
164 600
20 600 29 400 244 100
15 200 73 400
C ountry Golan Heights Leb anon M yanm ar In d ia B anglade sh In d ia Iran A fg h anistan M ong olia Russia V ietnam L aos, Peop le’ s Dem ocratic Repub lic of L aos, Peop le’ s Dem ocratic Repub lic of T hailand C hina C am b odia V ietnam M yanm ar In d one sia Papua N e w Guinea A fg h anistan T urkmen istan Syria T urkey Russia K azakh stan C hina K azakh stan Russia T hailand M yanm ar B runei M alaysia C hina M ong olia Russia K azakh stan C hina V ietnam L aos, Peop le’ s Dem ocratic Repub lic of Iran Pak istan V ietnam C am b odia C hina M yanm ar T hailand In d one sia M alaysia Papua N e w Guinea In d one sia
A rea 2 (k m )
%
1 500 570 22 700 7 400 11 200 3 700 26 600 13 400 52 700 22 100 16 800
3.54 1.34 74.39 24.24 74.78 24.98 66.50 33.50 70.48 29.52 68.20
7 800
31.80
198 194 168 157 35 27 4 2 36 24 1
400 100 400 000 000 500 000 500 400 500 700 370 600 400 400 400 000 600 100 410 400 300 100 40 40 400 000
25.42 24.87 21.58 20.11 4.49 3.53 61.35 38.65 59.78 40.22 81.77 18.18 77.14 20.97 1.84 54.69 45.31 59.64 38.86 50.25 49.75 86.27 13.65 0.04 0.04 51.28 47.98
1 200 20 600 50 25 000 230 128 000 107 000 9 100 8 200 7 100 71 100 2 200
0.75 99.68 0.25 98.93 0.92 52.43 43.85 3.71 53.53 46.46 96.94 3.06
2 109 573 50 142 118 1 1
76 12
84 79
International Rivers of the W orld
403
Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
B asin n am e Song Vam C o D on g
15 300
Sujfu n
16 800
T am i
89 900
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
T arim
16 17 25 26
T igris± E uph rates /Shatt al A rab
950 200
32
T umen
793 600
33 000
W adi A l Izziyah Yalu
580 63 000
Yenisey/Jen isej T otal area
2 497 600
5 600
B arta
1 800
B idasoa
530
C astletow n
380
3 3 34 35 36 37
V ietnam C am b odia C hina Russia In d one sia Papua N e w Guinea C hina K yrgyzstan C hinese control, claimed by In dia Pak istan T ajikistan K azakh stan A fg h anistan Iraq T urkey Iran Syria Jord an Saud i A rabia C hina K orea, Dem ocratic Pe ople’s Repub lic of Russia Leb anon Is rael K orea, Dem ocratic Pe ople’s Repub lic of C hina Russia M ong olia
A rea 2 (k m ) 7 7 9 7 87 2 901 23 21 1 1
%
700 600 800 000 600 200 700 900 500 900 000 110 20 900 100 600 400 200 240 600
50.22 49.72 58.39 41.61 97.54 2.46 94.90 2.51 2.27 0.20 0.11 0.01 0.00 40.19 24.84 19.60 15.04 0.28 0.03 68.56
10 200 180 380 190
30.90 0.54 65.91 33.74
318 197 155 119 2 22
31 31 2 169 327
700 200 800 600
50.38 49.59 86.88 13.12
5 400 160 1 100 670 470 60 290 90 228 800 92 800 81 000 80 300 52 100 47 300 46 800 37 800 34 000 25 600 21 300 16 400 12 100
97.15 2.85 60.86 37.73 89.52 10.48 76.12 23.88 29.35 11.90 10.40 10.30 6.68 6.06 6.01 4.85 4.37 3.29 2.74 2.10 1.55
16 930 840
E u rope : B ann
D an ube
C ountry
779 500
U n ited Kingd om Ireland L atvia L ithuania Spain France U n ited Kingd om Ireland Rom an ia H ung ary Yugoslavia (Se rbia and M on tene gro) A ustria Germ any B ulgaria Slovakia B osn ia and He rzegovina C roatia U kraine C zech Republic Slovenia M old ova
Figure 4. Europe.
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015 404 A . T. W olf et al.
International Rivers of the W orld
405
Table 4. C ontinue d B asin n am e
D augava
38 39
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
D n ieper
D n iester
79 600
495 500
37
D on
72 200
425 600
D ouro/D uero D rin
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
36
E b ro
E lan cik
96 200 18 500
85 100
1 400
E lbe
139 500
E rne
3 500
Fane
200
Flurry Foyle Garonne
Gauja Guadiana
60 2 900 55 800
8 100 65 700
Ison zo
3 000
Jacob s
440
Ke m i
55 800
K laralven
51 500
C ountry Sw itzerlan d Italy Polan d A lbania B ye larus Russia L atvia L ithuania U kraine B ye larus Russia U kraine M old ova Polan d Russia U kraine Spain Por tugal Yugoslavia (Se rbia and M on tene gro) A lbania M ace d on ia Spain France A n dorra Russia U kraine Germ any C zech Republic A ustria Polan d Ireland U n ited Kingd om Ireland U n ited Kingd om U n ited Kingd om Ireland U n ited Kingd om Ireland France Spain A n dorra L atvia E stonia Spain Por tugal Slovenia Italy N orw ay Russia Finland Russia N orw ay Sweden N orw ay
A rea 2 (k m ) 1 700 740 550 140 28 300 27 100 23 200 1 000 296 800 116 700 81 900 52 900 19 200 20 371 200 54 400 77 900 18 300 9 000 7 200 2 300 84 200 470 410 940 440 88 600 49 600 1 100 140 2 000 1 500 190 10 50 20 2 000 960 55 100 620 40 6 900 1 100 55 300 10 400 1 800 1 200 300 140 52 700 3 100 10 43 400 8 200
% 0.21 0.09 0.07 0.02 35.55 34.02 29.14 1.29 59.90 23.55 16.53 73.37 26.60 0.03 87.21 12.78 81.01 18.99 48.55 39.23 12.21 98.96 0.55 0.49 68.19 31.81 63.54 35.60 0.77 0.10 56.39 43.59 96.46 3.54 73.77 26.23 67.23 32.77 98.80 1.11 0.07 85.87 14.13 84.13 15.87 59.55 40.05 68.55 31.45 94.38 5.56 0.01 84.15 15.84
406
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
B asin n am e K ogilink
37
6 100
K rka
1 300
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
K ura± Ar aks
18
193 800
L ake Pres pa
1 400
L ava± Prege l
8 800
L ielupe
27 200
L im a
2 300
M aritsa
52 800
M ino/M inh o
16 600
M ius
7 100
N aatam o N arva
40 41
N e m an
38 39
710 58 200
93 000
N e retva
10 800
N e stos
12 000
O de r/O dra
116 500
O langa
18 800
O ulu
24 800
Pa rnu
5 900
Pa svik
16 900
C ountry M old ova U kraine C roatia B osn ia and He rzegovina A zerbaijan Georgia Iran A rme n ia T urkey Russia M ace d on ia A lbania Greece Russia Polan d L ithuania L atvia Spain Por tugal B ulgaria T urkey Greece Spain Por tugal U kraine Russia N orw ay Finland Russia E stonia L atvia B ye larus B ye larus L ithuania Polan d Russia L atvia B osn ia and He rzegovina C roatia Yugoslavia (Se rbia and M on tene gro) Greece B ulgaria Polan d C zech Republic Germ any Slovakia Russia Finland Finland Russia E stonia L atvia Finland N orw ay Russia
A rea 2 (k m ) 3 600 2 600 1 100 110 59 800 34 500 33 500 29 900 28 500 110 610 420 390 6 400 2 200 19 000 8 100 1 200 1 100 35 000 14 300 3 400 16 000 590 4 800 2 300 530 170 29 300 16 800 12 200 10 41 500 39 700 6 600 4 800 330 9 900 500 360 8 500 3 500 103 000 7 400 6 100 10 16 800 2 000 23 600 1 200 5 900 10 16 200 700 30
% 57.85 42.15 89.84 8.96 30.86 17.78 17.28 15.42 14.70 0.06 42.76 29.54 27.71 72.54 25.36 70.03 29.71 50.88 49.04 66.38 27.16 6.46 96.42 3.56 67.83 31.53 74.08 24.37 50.26 28.84 20.89 0.02 44.64 42.73 7.10 5.15 0.35 91.99 4.68 3.32 70.88 28.75 88.43 6.35 5.22 0.00 89.38 10.62 95.25 4.75 99.78 0.22 95.71 4.13 0.15
International Rivers of the W orld
407
Table 4. C ontinue d B asin n am e Po
87 100
Proh lad naja
620
Rezvaya
670
Rh ine
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
42
195 000
Rh one
84 700
Roia
660
Salaca
4 000 18
6 800
37
1 800
Sche lde
17 500
Se ine
86 100
Sam ur Sarata
Strum a
Sulak
36
18
16 800
14 800
T agus/Te jo
69 900
T ana
16 100
Te rek
18
43 800
T orne/T ornealven
37 300
T ulom a
26 100
V ardar
36
33 200
C ountry Italy Sw itzerlan d France A ustria Russia Polan d T urkey B ulgaria Germ any Sw itzerlan d France N etherland s Belgium L uxem bourg A ustria L iech tenstein Italy France Sw itzerlan d Italy France Italy L atvia E stonia Russia A zerbaijan U kraine M old ova France Belgium N etherland s France Belgium L uxem bourg B ulgaria Greece M ace d on ia Yugoslavia (Se rbia and M on tene gro) Russia Georgia A zerbaijan Spain Por tugal N orw ay Finland Russia Georgia Sweden Finland N orw ay Russia Finland M ace d on ia Yugoslavia (Se rbia and M on tene gro) Greece
A rea 2 (k m ) 82 600 4 100 380 30 480 140 500 170 106 800 34 700 25 400 11 900 11 200 2 500 2 300 160 140 84 000 730 50 450 200 2 700 1 400 6 300 430 1 100 640 8 900 8 400 80 84 200 1 800 80 8 400 6 000 1 800 690 13 800 1 000 20 55 500 14 500 9 400 6 700 41 800 2 000 25 300 10 600 1 400 23 400 2 600 20 400 8 900 4 000
% 94.83 4.71 0.44 0.03 77.06 22.94 74.66 25.34 54.74 17.78 13.00 6.11 5.74 1.29 1.19 0.08 0.07 99.08 0.86 0.06 67.78 30.09 66.27 33.71 92.74 6.38 63.78 36.16 51.11 48.22 0.46 97.78 2.13 0.09 49.84 35.45 10.63 4.08 92.02 6.70 0.11 79.29 20.71 58.34 41.60 95.43 4.57 67.86 28.50 3.64 89.91 10.04 61.29 26.79 11.92
408
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d
B asin n am e Ve laka
1 100
Ve nta
7 700
V ijose
9 000
V istula/W ista
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
193 900
18
1 553 900
V uoksa
62 700
V olga
Yser
920
T otal area
8 300
A rtibonite
8 800
43
11 500
C ande laria
12 800
C h anguinola
3 200
C h ilkat
4 100
C h iriqui
1 700
C h oluteca
7 400
C oatan A chute
2 000
C oco/ Segovia
25 400
C olorad o
651 100
C olum b ia
668 400
Firth
6 000
Fraser
239 700
Goascoran Grijalva
43
B ulgaria T urkey L atvia L ithuania A lbania Greece Polan d U kraine B ye larus Slovakia C zech Republic Russia K azakh stan B ye larus Finland Russia France Belgium
A rea 2 (k m )
5 2 6 2 169 13 9 1 1 849 2 1 54 8
%
780 300 400 200 500 500 200 000 700 900 10 800 400 600 100 600 500 430
72.47 27.53 70.20 28.33 72.00 27.60 87.28 6.70 5.03 0.99 0.00 99.74 0.15 0.10 86.26 13.74 53.63 46.37
200 000 600 300 000 500 300 500 900 270 400 700 500 240 200 170 700 270 900 500 700 400 500 900 800 200 100 620 500 300 900 800
87.27 12.42 74.37 25.55 60.86 39.14 88.24 11.74 91.29 8.34 58.01 41.99 86.17 13.83 97.68 2.32 86.27 13.73 70.52 29.48 98.40 1.60 84.75 15.24 63.60 36.40 99.74 0.26 53.36 46.64 62.26 37.73
5 695 590
N orth A m e ric a A lesek
Be lize
C ountry
2 800 126 800
C anada U n ited States H aiti D om inican Repub lic Belize Guatem ala Me xico Guatem ala Pan am a C osta Rica U n ited States C anada Pan am a C osta Rica H ond uras N icaragua Me xico Guatem ala N icaragua H ond uras U n ited States Me xico U n ited States C anada C anada U n ited States C anada U n ited States H ond uras E l Salvador Me xico Guatem ala
7 1 6 2 7 4 11 1 2 2 1 1 7 1 17 7 640 10 566 101 3 2 239 1 1 78 47
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
International Rivers of the W orld
409
Figure 5. N orth A merica. Table 4. C ontinue d B asin n am e H on do
43
Le m pa
M assacre M ississippi M otaqua N e gro
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m ) 14 600 18 000
800 3 226 300 16 100 2 500
C ountry Me xico Guatem ala E l Salvador H ond uras Guatem ala H aiti D om inican Repub lic U n ited States C anada Guatem ala H ond uras H ond uras N icaragua
A rea 2 (k m ) 8 4 9 5 2
3 176 49 14 1 1 1
900 200 500 800 800 500 290 500 800 600 500 300 200
% 61.14 28.50 52.45 32.01 15.54 62.03 35.96 98.46 1.54 90.85 9.11 52.34 47.66
410
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d
B asin n am e
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
N e lson ± Saskatche w an
1 109 400
Pa z
2 200
Pe de rnales
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
Rio Grande
360 548 800
San Juan
42 200
43
2 100
Sarstun Sixaola
2 900
St C roix
4 600
St Joh n
55 100
St L aw ren ce Stikine
1 055 200 50 900
Such iate
1 600
T aku
18 000
T ijuan a
4 400
W hiting
2 600
Yaqui
74 700
Yukon
829 700
T otal area
S outh A m e ric a A m acuro A m azon
44
C ountry
A rea 2 (k m )
%
C anada U n ited States Guatem ala E l Salvador H aiti D om inican Repub lic U n ited States Me xico N icaragua C osta Rica Guatem ala Belize C osta Rica Pan am a U n ited States C anada C anada
952 000 157 400 1 400 770 240 120 325 100 223 600 30 400 11 800 1 800 260 2 500 290 3 300 1 400 35 600
85.81 14.19 64.47 35.53 67.32 32.68 59.25 40.75 72.02 27.93 87.63 12.37 88.68 9.96 70.86 29.14 64.60
U n ited States C anada U n ited States C anada U n ited States Guatem ala Me xico C anada
19 559 496 50
400 000 100 000 850 1 100 490 17 600
35.25 52.98 47.02 98.32 1.68 68.79 31.21 98.20
U n ited States
320
1.80
Me xico U n ited States C anada U n ited States Me xico U n ited States U n ited States C anada
3 100 1 300 2 000 510 70 100 4 600 496 400 333 300
70.57 29.43 80.06 19.94 93.87 6.13 59.83 40.17
3 400 600 3 672 600 974 600 684 400 353 000 137 800 38 500 5 200 20 230 30 11 300 2 000
85.15 14.61 62.61 16.61 11.67 6.02 2.35 0.66 0.09 0.00 88.72 11.28 85.06 14.94
8 863 060
4 000 5 866 100
A viles
260
A ysen
13 300
Vene zuela Guyan a B razil Per u B olivia C olom b ia E cuador Vene zuela Guyan a Suriname A rgentina C hile C hile A rgentina
411
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International Rivers of the W orld
Figure 6 . South A merica.
Table 4. C ontinue d B asin n am e B ake r B arim a C ancoso/Lauca
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m ) 30 800 8 700 32 100
C ountry C hile A rgentina Guyan a Vene zuela B olivia C hile
A rea 2 (k m ) 21 9 7 1 26 5
000 800 700 000 200 900
% 68.29 31.69 87.86 11.79 81.57 18.43
412
A . T. W olf et al. Table 4. C ontinue d A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
B asin n am e C atatum b o
26 100
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C h ico /C arme n Silva 44 C h ira
1 700 16 700
C h uy
180
C om au
920
C ourantyne /C orantijn C ullen E ssequibo
45
67 700 590
46
154 300
Gallegos± C h ico Jurado
820
L a Plata
47 4 8
2 966 900
L agoon M irim L ake Fagn ano
49
L ake T iticaca± Poop o
M aron i
11 600
50
M ataje M ira
O rinoco
54 900 3 800 116 500
65 900
730 11 700
958 500
O yupock /O iapoq ue Pa lena
27 100
Pa scua
13 700
Pa tia
21 300
Puelo
8 200
13 300
C ountry C olom b ia Vene zuela A rgentina C hile Per u E cuador B razil U ruguay C hile A rgentina Suriname Guyan a C hile A rgentina Guyan a Vene zuela B razil A rgentina C hile C olom b ia Pan am a B razil A rgentina Paraguay B olivia U ruguay U ruguay B razil A rgentina C hile B olivia Per u C hile Suriname French Guiana B razil E cuador C olom b ia C olom b ia E cuador Vene zuela C olom b ia B razil French Guiana C hile A rgentina C hile A rgentina C olom b ia E cuador A rgentina C hile
A rea 2 (k m )
%
16 700 9 400 1 000 680 9 200 7 500 110 60 840 80 36 900 30 800 490 100 115 400 38 800 140 7 000 4 600 580 240 1 366 700 817 900 400 100 270 200 111 600 31 200 23 700 2 800 950 61 700 53 600 1 200 37 000
64.02 35.97 59.70 40.30 55.33 44.67 64.57 32.57 90.91 9.09 54.46 45.45 83.00 17.00 74.79 25.12 0.09 60.15 39.85 70.52 28.75 46.08 27.57 13.49 9.11 3.76 56.75 43.18 74.95 25.05 52.99 45.96 1.05 56.20
28 100 640 540 190 7 100
42.66 0.96 73.98 26.02 61.00
4 607 351 14 12 7 6 7 6 20
600 400 100 200 800 300 100 400 300 900 430 5 100 3 100
38.99 63.37 36.63 52.38 47.28 54.58 45.42 53.72 46.22 97.97 2.03 62.33 37.63
International Rivers of the W orld
413
Table 4. C ontinue d B asin n am e
A rea of b asin 2 1 (k m )
Rio Grande
7 900
San M artin
640
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Se no U n ion /Ser rano 44 T um be s± Poya n go
6 500 5 000
V aldivia
11 400
Yelcho
10 600
Zapaleri
51
Zarum illa
3 600
44
T otal area
670
C ountry C hile A rgentina C hile A rgentina C hile A rgentina E cuador Per u C hile A rgentina A rgentina C hile C hile B olivia A rgentina E cuador Per u
A rea 2 (k m ) 4 000 3 900 580 60 5 700 670 3 500 1 400 11 300 100 6 900 3 700 2 400 610 520 580 90
% 50.86 49.14 90.22 9.78 87.93 10.34 71.04 28.96 99.09 0.89 65.06 34.88 68.42 16.99 14.59 87.29 12.71
10 544 710
N o te s to T a ble 4: 1. T he num bers refe rring to basin areas h ave bee n roun de d to sign i® can t d igits and , as a result, the n um bers for area w ithin each basin d o not nece ssarily add up to the total area for that basin. A lso, the perce n tage s were calculated based on raw d ata, and therefore d o n ot re¯ ect the roun ding of the areas. 2. T he d ispute betwee n N igeria and C amer oon , over land an d m aritime b ound aries in the vicinity of the oil-rich B akasi Pen insula, w as referred to the International C ourt of Justice, w hich gave a ruling in 1998. N igeria h as ® led an appeal on the ruling and the d ispute h as ye t to be resolved . The Bakasi Pe ninsula, in the south-w est province of Ca me roon , is divided b y the A kpa Ya® river and lies to the we st of C ame roon’ s Rio del Ray (C IA , 1998; C ohe n , 1998). 3. M orocco claim s an d adm inisters W e stern Sah ara, but the region’ s sovereignty is unresolved and the U N is attem pting to h old a refe rend um on the issue. A UN -adm inistered cease® re rem ains in e ffect since Se ptembe r 1991 (Bige r et al., 1995; CIA , 1998). 4. It h as been inform ally reported that the inde® n ite segme nt of the Dem ocratic Republic of the C on go (K inshasa)± Zam b ia bound ary h as been settled . T herefore, the Dem ocratic Republic of the C on go (K inshasa)± T anzan ia± Zam bia tripoint in L ake Tan gan yika also m ay n o longer be inde® n ite (C IA , 1998). 5. A long segmen t of the b ound ary betwee n the De m ocratic Repub lic of the Con go (K inshasa) and the Republic of the C on go (B razzaville) along the C on go River rem ains inde ® n ite, as n o division of the river or its island s h as bee n m ade (C IA , 1998). 6. Sw aziland h as asked South A fr ica to open ne gotiations on reincorporating some nearby South A frican territories that are populated b y e thn ic Sw azis or that we re long ago part of the Sw azi K ingd om . (C IA , 1998). 2 7. L ake C had varies in ex ten t betw ee n rainy and d ry season s, fr om 50 000 to 20 000 km . De m arcation of intern ational b oun d aries in the vicinity of L ake C h ad is com plete and aw aits rati® cation b y C amer oon , C h ad, N iger and N igeria. De term ining the bound aries of sectors involving rivers d raining into L ake Ch ad is com plicated b y ¯ ood ing and the uncove ring or cove ring of island s. T he lack of dem arcated b ound aries h as led to borde r incide n ts in the past. (B iger e t a l., 1995; C IA , 1998). 8. T he ad m inistrative b oun d ary be twee n Ken ya and Sudan d oes n ot coin cide w ith the intern ational b ound ary (C IA , 1998). 9. E gypt’s ad m inistrative b oun dary w ith Sudan doe s n ot coin cide w ith the international b oun dary 2 an d creates the `H ala’ ib T riangle’ , a barren area of 20 580 km n orth of the 22n d parallel (C IA , 1998). 10. A lthough topog raphically B otsw an a is riparian to the O range River b asin, it is unk n ow n w he ther B otsw ana territory con tributes w ater to the O range River. B otsw an a’ s political status as riparian
414
11. 12. 13. 14.
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15.
16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
22.
23.
24. 25. 26. 27.
28. 29. 30.
31.
32.
A . T. W olf et al.
to the O range River basin rem ains to be clari® ed am on g the b asin states (C on ley & van N ieke rk, 1998). N am ibia and South A frica are under going neg otiations to con® rm the ex act positions of their b ound ary along the O range River (C on ley & van N ieke rk, 1998). M alaw i is in d ispute w ith T anzania ove r the b ound ary in L ake N yasa (La ke M alawi) (C IA , 1998). T he quad ripoint be tween B otsw ana, N am ibia, Zam b ia an d Zim b abwe is in d isagreeme n t (C IA , 1998). T he d ispute betwee n B otsw an a and N am ibia ove r the un inh abited K asikili (S idudu) Is land in the L inyanti (C h obe) River is presen tly be fore the In ternational C ourt of Justice. B otsw ana an d N am ibia are also con testing at least one other islan d in Liny anti River (C IA , 1998). T w o d isputed sections of the b oun d ary be tween C hina and Russia rem ain to be settled. C h ina h olds that the m ain chan nel of the A m ur River is followed n orth-e ast to a point opposite the city of K h abarovsk. Russia claim s that the line follow s the K azakevicheva ch annel south-e astw ard to the U ssuri River. The tw o coun tries dispute con trol of island s in the Am ur and U ssuri Rivers, de spite a 1987 agreeme nt that estab lished the line as runn ing through the me d ian lines of the m ain n avigable an d unn avigable chan ne ls. T he ® ve d isputed island s in the A m urÐ Pop ov, Savelyev, E vrasikh a, 2 N izhne-Petr ovskiy and L ugovskoy Ð am oun t to 3000 km of territory. A lso in d ispute are the T arbarov and Bolshoy U ssuriyskiy island s, located in a 30 km section of the bound ary at the con¯ uence of the A m ur and U ssuri rivers, and the B olshoy Is land , located in the upper reaches of the A rgun river (B iger et al., 1995; C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). M ost of the b oun dary sh ared betwee n C h ina and T ajikistan is in d ispute, includ ing in the Pa m ir m oun tain region (C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). K yrgyzstan an d T ajikistan h ave a territorial d ispute regardin g their boun dary in the Isfara V alley area (C IA , 1998). T he bound aries of the C aspian Sea rem ain to be dete rm ined am on g Aze rbaijan, Iran, K azakh stan , Russia and T urkmen istan (C IA , 1998). B runei m ay w ish to purchase the M alaysian salient that divides the coun try (C IA , 1998). Se ctions of the land b oun d ary be tween C h ina an d Vietnam are inde ® nite (C IA , 1998). 2 In dia and C hina d ispute approx im ately 83 000 km , including three of the fou r political division s of the N ortheast Fron tier A gen cy Ð the Sum durong C h o sector. Th is region falls in the Gan ge s± B rah m aputra b asin. (C ohe n, 1998; IB RU 1999). Portions of the b oun d ary betwee n B angladesh and In d ia are inde® n ite. M uch of the b oun dary be tween the tw o coun tries is based on ad m inistrative units that d o not shift w ith the rivers as they ch ange course or level ove r time. A lluvial or `cha r’ lan d that is e x posed as a river shifts ofte n leads to d ispute, as the land is h ighly valued for agriculture (CIA , 1998; IB RU, 1999). A 33-k m section of the bound ary be tween C h ina and N orth K orea in the Paek tu-san (m oun tain) area is inde ® n ite. N orth K orea claim s territorial rights to tw o-th irds of C h on ji, the crater lake on M oun t Pae ktu (C IA , 1998; IBR U , 1999). T he dem arcation line be tween N orth K orea and South K orea is in d ispute (C IA , 1998). 2 D isputed b ound aries be tween C h ina an d Ind ia include approx im ately 25 900 km in the regions of Sang , De m ch ok , and A ksai, C h ina (B iger et al., 1995; C ohe n, 1998). In dia and Pa kistan d ispute the status of the Jam m u and K ashm ir region, an area of approx im ately 2 220 000 km (B iger e t al., 1995; C IA , 1998). T he W e st Ban k an d Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied w ith the ex ce ption of territories un der control of the Palestinian Au thority, as de lineated in the 1995 `Israeli± Pa lestinian In terim Ag reemen t on the W est B an k and the Gaza Strip’ , com m on ly referred to as `Os lo II’ , an d in the 1998 agreemen t signed at W ye . Per m anen t status is to be de term ined during further ne gotiation (C IA , 1998). Israel and Syria d ispute the Golan He igh ts, w hich is curren tly ad m inistered b y Is rael (C IA , 1998). T opog raphically, Eg ypt is riparian to the Jord an River b asin; h ow ever, Eg yptian territory does n ot contrib ute w ater to the b asin, e xce pt for the possibility of interm ittent, seasonal w ad is. Parts of the b oundary between C am bod ia and T hailand are inde® nite, includin g ove rlapping claims in the Gulf of T hailand , an area potentially containing oil and gas dep osits, and an island located near the b oundary be tween C am bodian K oh K ong and the T hai province of T rat (CIA, 1998; IB RU , 1999). Pa rts of the bound ary be twee n Pe ople’s De m ocratic Republic of L aos and T hailand are inde® n ite. T he tw o coun tries have an agreeme nt to dem arcate their b oun d ary, b ut dem arcation w as suspende d in Fe bruary 1998 (C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). Iran and Iraq restored d iplom atic relations in 1990, but w ork continues on developing w ritten agreeme n ts to settle outstan d ing d isputes fr om their eight-ye ar w ar, includ ing b oun dary de m arcation, prisoners of w ar, and free dom of n avigation an d sovereign ty over the Sh att al A rab w aterw ay (CIA , 1998).
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International Rivers of the W orld
415
33. D isputes are on going betwee n B osn ia-H e rzegovina and Serbia, ove r Serbian -p opulated areas. A ccor ding to the Serbian Repub lic of B osn ia-H e rzegovina (S RB H ), the ex ternal b oun d aries are m arke d by the U n a river in the west, the Sava river in the n orth, the state b oun d ary w ith the Fe de ral Repub lic of Yugoslavia in the e ast, and C roatia and the Serb ian Repub lic K rajina in the south (C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). 34. E astern Slavonia, w hich w as he ld b y Se rbs during the e thn ic con¯ ict in the for mer Yugoslavia, w as returned to C roatian con trol b y the U N Transitional A d m inistration for E astern Slavon ia on 15 Jan uary 1998 (C IA , 1998). 35. U n der an In ternational C ourt of Justice (IC J) ruling, H ungary and Slovakia we re to agree on the future of the Gabcikovo D am com plex b y M arch 1998. T he dispute, h ow e ver, has yet to be resolved . C om pletion of the d am system w ould alter the bound aries betwee n H un gary and Slovakia e stablished unde r the 1920 Tre aty of T rianon (C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). 36. T he b ound ary com m ission forme d b y Serbia and M on tene gro, an d the Forme r Yugoslav Republic of M aced on ia in A pril 1996 to resolve d ifferen ces in de lineation of their m utual bound ary has m ade n o progress so far (C IA , 1998). 2 37. Rom ania con siders ce rtain territories of M oldova and U kraineÐ includ ing Bes sarabia (45 600 km ) an d N orthern B ukovinaÐ as h istorically part of Rom an ia. T his territory w as incorporated into the forme r Soviet U n ion follow ing the M olotov± Ribbe n trop Pa ct in 1940 (C IA, 1998; C ohe n, 1998). 38. B orde r problem s be tween B yelarus an d Lithuan ia in part lie in the fact that the ne w b ound ary is d iffe ren t fr om the old Soviet adm inistrative d ivision betwee n the tw o republics. A reas of dispute include the land aroun d the A dutiskis railw ay station and the D ruskininkai resort claimed b y B yelarus. De m arcation of the bound ary be tween B ye larus an d L ithuania is unde r w ay (C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). 39. T he 1997 b oun d ary agreeme n t Lithuan ia and Russia rem ains to be rati® ed (C IA , 1998). 40. T he De ce m ber 1996 tech n ical b oun dary agreem en t reache d be tween E stonian and Russian 2 ne gotiators rem ains to be rati® ed . E stonia claimed over 2000 km of territory in the N arva and Pe ch ory regions of Russia, b ased on the b oun d ary e stablished un de r the 1920 Pe ace T reaty of T artu (C IA , 1998). 41. L atvia claimed the A b rene/Pytalovo section of the b orde r ce de d b y the L atvian Soviet Socialist Repub lic to Russia in 1944, b ased on the 1920 T reaty of Riga. A draft treaty de limiting the b oun dary be tween L atvia and Russia h as n ot been signed. The A b rene/Pytalovo region is crossed by the U troya River, a tributary of the V clikaya river (C IA , 1998; C ohen , 1998). 42. W hile the Me use b asin is topog raphically part of the Rhine b asin, E uropean nations treat it as a politically separate b asin (H uisman et al., 1998). 43. T he b oun dary betwee n Belize and Guatemala is in dispute. Talks to resolve the d ispute are on going. C h ange s in the b ound ary be twee n Guatemala and Be lize could im pact on the H ond o, Belize, Grijalva an d/or Sarstun b asins (un til 1991, Guatemala claime d all of Be lize) (C IA , 1998; Cohen , 1998; IB RU , 1999). 44. T h ree sections of the b oun dary be tween E cuador and Pe ru h ave bee n in d ispute. T he areas cove r 2 over 324 000 km and include portions of the A m azon and M aranon rivers. T he d istricts of T um be s, Jae n an d M aynas are claime d b y E cuador and ad m inistered b y Per u. In Decem be r 1998, Per u and E cuad or signed a join t agreeme n t on the im plemen tation of a perm anent deve lopme n t policy for the b order region. A join t com m ission w as created to de term ine their com m on land b oun dary (B iger e t al., 1995; C IA , 1998; C ohe n, 1998; B BC Sum m ary of W orld B roadcasts, 3 Decem ber 1998; Xinh ua N e w s Age ncy , 11 Decem ber 1998). 45. T he b oun dary upstream fr om the con ¯ uence of the C ourantyne/K oetari (K utari) River w ith the N e w (Up per C ourantyne ) River rem ains unse ttled. Guyana adm inisters the triangle forme d b y the tw o rivers, w h ile B razil an d Suriname con tinue to claim the area. Suriname also claim s the west b ank of the C ourantyne River below the N ew River as the bound ary, but de facto the b oun dary continues to follow the thalwe g (B iger et al., 1995; C IA , 1998). 46. T alks are ong oing betwee n Guyan a and Ve ne zuela regardin g their b ound ary dispute. Ve nezuela claim s all of the area we st of the Es sequibo River (CIA , 1998; IB RU, 1999). 47. A short section of the boun dary be tween B razil an d Paraguay, just west of Salto d as Sete Q uedas (G uaira Falls) on the Rio Pa rana, has ye t to be precisely delim ited (C IA , 1998). 48. T w o sh ort sections of the b ound ary be tween B razil and U ruguay are in dispute: the A rroio In vernada (A rroy o de la In vern ada) area of the Rio Q uarai (R io Cu areim ) and the island s at the con¯ uence of the Rio Q uarai an d the U ruguay River (C IA , 1998). 49. A short section of the south-eastern b oun d ary of C h ile w ith A rge n tina, in the area of the Be agle C h anne l, rem ains un clear. T he 1991 A ylw in± M enem T reaty delineates the b oun d ary be tween
416
A . T. W olf et al.
A rge n tina an d C hile in the con tinental glaciers area. A s of M arch 1999, the treaty has not bee n rati® ed by the C on gresses of e ither country (CIA , 1998; IB RU , 1999). 50. Suriname and French Guiana are in dispute ove r w h ich of the upper tributaries of the M aroni River w as originally inten de d to carry the b oun d aries d ow n to the Brazilian b oun dary. T he d isputed area is adm inistered b y Fran ce as a region of the ove rseas dep artment of Fren ch Guian a an d claime d b y Suriname . T he area lies be tween the Riviere Litani an d the Riviere M arouini, b oth head w aters of the L aw a (B iger et al., 1995; C IA , 1998). 51. B olivia has des ired a sovereign corridor to the South Pa ci® c O ce an since the Atacam a de sert area w as lost to Ch ile in 1884. T he creation of such a corridor could im pact on territory in the Zapaleri b asin or create a new international basin (C IA , 1998; IB RU , 1999).
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Table 5. Percen tage of a country’ s area w ithin inte rnational basins
C ountry/territory 2 (area in km ) A fgh anistan (641 869) A lban ia (28 755) A lgeria (2 320 972) A n d orra (452) A n gola (1 252 421) A rge n tina (2 781 013)
A rmen ia (29 872) A ustria (83 739) A zerb aijan (85 808) B ang lades h (138 507) Be lgium (30 480) Be lize (22 175) Be nin (116 515) B h utan (39 927) B olivia (1 090 353) B osn ia an d He rzegovina (51 403)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
H ari/H arirud, He lm an d, Ind us, K ow lE-N am aksar, M urgab, Tarim D anube , D rin, L ake Pre spa, V ijose
447 252
69.68
14 291
49.70
D aoura, D ra, Guir, L ake C h ad, Med je rda, N iger, O ued B on N aim a, Tafn a Eb ro, Garon ne
358 230
15.43
452
100.00
C hiloango, C on go/Zaire, Etosh a± C uvelai, K unene , O kavan go, Zam bezi A viles, A ysen, Baker, C h ico/C armen Silva, C om au, C ullen, GallegosC hico, L a Plata, L ake Fagn ano, Pa len a, Pascua, Puelo, Rio Grande, San M artin, Sen o U nion /Serrano, V aldivia, Yelcho, Zapaleri K ura± A raks
849 457
67.83
870 449
31.30
29 872
100.00
D anube , E lbe, Po, Rhine
83 739
100.00
A stara Ch ay, K ura± A raks, Sam ur, Sulak Fe n ne y, Gange s± B rahm aputra± Meg h n a, K arn afauli Rhine, Sche lde, Seine, Yser
60 357
70.34
135 569
97.88
21 895
71.83
8 743
39.43
110 829
95.12
39 324
98.49
1 043 143
95.67
47 839
93.07
Be lize, H ond o, Sarstun M on o, N iger, O ueme , V olta Ganges± B rahm aputra± Me gh n a A m azon , C ancos o/L auca, L a Plata, Lake T iticaca± Poop o, Zapaleri D anube , K rka, N e retva
Figure 7. Percentage of a country’s area w ithin international basins.
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International Rivers of the W orld 417
418
A . T. W olf et al. Table 5. C ontinue d
C ountry/territory 2 (area in km )
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B otsw ana (580 011) B razil (8 507 128) B runei (5 770) B ulgaria (110 802) B urkina Faso (273 719) B urun di (27 254) B yelarus (206 681) C am bod ia (182 612) C amer oon (466 307) C anad a (9 904 700)
Ce ntral A frican Repub lic (621 499) C h ad (1 168 002) C h ile (742 298)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
Lim popo, O kavang o, O ran ge , Zam bezi A m azon , C huy, E ssequibo, La Plata, Lagoon M irim, M aroni, O yupock /O iapoq ue Ban gau, Pan d aruan D anube , M aritsa, N e stos, Rezvaya, Strum a, Ve laka K om oe, N iger, V olta C on go/Zaire, N ile D augava, D nieper, N arva, N e m an, V istula/W ista, V olga Mek ong , Saigon /Son g N ha Be, Song V am C o D ong A kpa Ya® , C on go/Zaire, C ross, L ake C had , N iger, N tem , O gooue A lesek, C hilkat, C olum bia, E irth, Fraser, M ississippl, N elson± Saskatche w an, St Cr oix, St John , St L aw rence, Stikine, T aku, W h iting, Yukon C on go/Zaire, L ake C h ad Lake C had , N iger
A viles, A ysen, Baker, C ancos o/L auca, C hico/Ca rmen Silva, C om au, C ullen, Gallegos± C hico, L ake Fagn ano, L ake Titicaca± Poopo, Pa lena, Pa scua, Pue lo, Rio Grande , San M artin, Sen o U nion /Serrano, V aldivia, Yelcho, Zapaleri C h ina A m ur, A ral Sea, Be ilun , Gan ge s± (9 338 902) Brahm aputra± M eg hn a, H ar U s N ur, H si/Be i Jiang, Ili/K une s He , In d us, Irraw add y, Me kon g, O b , Pu -Lu n -T o, Red /Song H on g, Salwee n , Sujfu n, Tarim , T ume n , Yalu C olom bia A m azon , C atatum b o, Jurado, (1 141 962) M ataje, M ira, O rinoco, Pa tia C on go, De m ocratic Republic C hiloango, C on go/Zaire, N ile, of the (K inshasa) Zam bezi (2 337 027) C on go, Repub lic of the C hiloango, C on go/Zaire, N yanga, (Br azzaville) O gooue (345 430)
580 011
100.00
5 078 034
59.69
638
11.06
95 106
85.83
273 719
100.00
27 254
100.00
197 800
95.70
164 797
90.24
261 507
56.08
2 354 445
23.77
621 499
100.00
1 110 821
95.10
92 557
12.47
3 018 678
32.32
749 595
65.64
2 337 027
100.00
276 097
79.93
International Rivers of the W orld
419
Table 5. C ontinue d
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
C ountry/territory 2 (area in km ) C osta Rica (51 608) C roatia (56 288) C zech Repub lic (78 495) D jibouti (21 638) D om inican Republic (48 445) E cuad or (256 932) E gypt (982 910) E l Salvad or (20 697) E quatorial Guinea (27 085) E ritrea (121 941) E stonia (45 545) E thiopia (1 132 328) Finlan d (333 797) Fran ce (546 729) Fren ch Guiana (83 811) Gabon (261 689) Gam b ia, T he (10 678) Ge orgia (69 943) Ge rm an y (356 109) Gh ana (239 981) Greece (131 852) Guatem ala (109 502) Guinea (246 077)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
C han guinola, Ch iriqui, San Juan, Sixaola D anube , K rka, N e retva
14 829
28.73
35 660
63.35
D anube , E lbe, O der /O dra, V istula/W ista A w ash
78 380
99.85
11 088
51.24
2 660
5.49
154 871
60.28
280 241
28.51
Goascoran, Lem pa, Paz
11 532
55.72
Be n ito, M be, N tem , O gooue , U tam bon l Baraka, Gash, N ile
21 769
80.37
63 046
51.70
Gauja, N arva, Parn u, Salaca
25 152
55.23
A w ash , Gash, Jub a± Shibeli, L ake Turkan a, L otagipi Sw am p, N ile Kem i, N aatam o, O lang a, O ulu, Pa svik, T an a, Torne /T orne alven, Tulom a, V uok sa Bid asoa, Eb ro, Garon ne, Po, Rhine , Rhone, Roia, Sche lde , Seine, Yser M aroni, O yupock /O iapoque
990 989
87.52
168 686
50.54
259 366
47.44
40 907
48.81
Be n ito, C ong o/Zaire, M be , N tem , N yan ga, O gooue , U tam bon i Gam b ia
223 688
85.48
5 890
55.16
C oruh, K ura± A raks, Sulak, Terek
39 335
56.24
D anube , E lbe, O der /O dra, Rhine
253 536
71.20
Bia, K om oe, T ano, V olta
189 579
79.00
24 750
18.77
79 942
73.01
205 171
83.38
A rtibonite, M assacre, Pe de rnales A m azon , C hira, M ataje , M ira, Pa tia, Tum bes± Poy ango, Zarum illa Jord an (De ad Sea), N ile
Lake Pre spa, M aritsa, N e stos, Strum a, V ardar, V ijose Be lize, C andelaria, C oatan A chute, Grijalva, H on do, Lem pa, M otaqua, Pa z, Sarstun, Suchiate C avally, Ce stos, C orubal, Gam b ia, Geb a, Great Scarcies, L ittle Scarcies, L offa , M oa, N iger, Sassand ra, Seneg al, St John , St Pa ul
420
A . T. W olf et al. Table 5. C ontinue d
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
C ountry/territory 2 (area in km ) Guinea-Bissau (33 635) Guyana (211 241) H aiti (27 157) H on duras (112 852) H un gary (92 782) Ind ia (3 089 282) Ind ones ia (1 910 842) Iran (1 624 760)
Iraq (436 422) Ire land (69 384) Israel (20 774) Italy (300 980) Ivory C oast (322 216) Jor d an (89 275) K azakhstan (2 715 976) Ke ny a (584 429)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
C orubal, Ge ba
15 117
44.94
159 682
75.59
7 303
26.89
24 746
21.93
92 782
100.00
Fe n ne y, Gange s± B rahm aputra± 1 367 871 Meg h n a, In d us, Irraw add y, Kalad an, K arnafauli Fly, M erauke, Sem b akun g, Sepik, 106 314 Tam i A stara Ch ay, A trak, D ash t, 350 528 H ari/H arirud, He lm an d, K ow l-EN am askar, K ura± Ar aks, Rudkh aneh ye /Bah uKalat, T igris± E uphrates/Sh att al A rab Tigris± E uphrates/Sh att al A rab 318 912
44.28
A m acuro, A m azon , Barima, C ouran tyne /C orantijn, Es sequibo A rtibonite, M assacre, Pe de rnales C holuteca, Coco/ Segovia, Goascoran, Lem pa, M otaqua, N eg ro D anube
Ban n, C astletow n, E rne, Fane, Flurry, Foy le Jord an (De ad Sea), W adi A l Izziyah
5.56 21.57
73.07
3 403
4.90
10 790
51.94
D anube , Is on zo, Po, Rhine , Rh one , 84 965 Roia Bia, C avally, Ces tos, K om oe, N iger, 178 483 Sassand ra, St. Joh n , T an o, V olta Jord an (De ad Sea), Tigris± E uphrates/ 22 842 Sh att al A rab A ral Sea, Ili/K unes He, O b, O ral 1 739 057 (U ral), Pu -L un-To, Tarim , V olga Juba± Sh ibeli, Lake N atron, L ake 396 722 Turkan a, L otagipl Sw am p, N ile, U m ba K orea, De m ocratic Peop le’ s A m ur, H an , T ume n , Yalu 52 127 Repub lic of (122 473) K orea, Repub lic of H an 25 104 (98 339) K yrgyzstan A ral Sea, Ili/K unes He, Tarim 170 614 (199 340) L aos, Pe ople’s De m ocratic C a/Son g-K oi, M a, Mek ong , 221 662 Repub lic of (230 566) Red /Song H on g L atvia Barta, D augava, Gauja, Lielupe , 59 840 (64 299) N arva, N em an , Pa rnu, Salaca, Ve n ta Le ban on A n N ahr A l K abir, A si/O ron tes, 2 913 (10 240) Jord an (De ad Sea), W adi A l Izziyah
28.23 55.39 25.59 64.03 67.88
42.56
25.53 85.59 96.14
93.07 28.45
International Rivers of the W orld
421
Table 5. C ontinue d
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
C ountry/territory 2 (area in km ) Le sotho (30 352) L iberia (96 296) L ibya (1 620 515) L iech tenstein (165) L ithuania (64 849) L uxe m b ourg (2 594) M aced onia (25 321) M alaw i (119 028) M alaysia (330 270) M ali (1 256 747) M auritania (1 041 570) Me x ico (1 962 939) M old ova (33 567) M on golia (1 559 176) M orocco (403 860) M ozam b ique (788 629) M yanm ar (B urm a) (669 821) N am ibia (825 632) N e pal (147 293) N e therlan ds (35 493) N icaragua (129 047) N iger (1 186 021) N igeria (912 039) N orw ay (316 962)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
O range
19 854
65.41
C avally, Ce stos, L offa , M an a-M orro, M oa, St Joh n , St Pa ul Lake C had
68 932
71.58
4 580
0.28
165
100.00
Barta, D augava, L ielupe, N em an , Ven ta Rhine, Seine
62 616
96.56
2 594
100.00
D rin, Lake Pre spa, Strum a, V ardar
25 017
98.80
111 234
93.45
Rhine
C on go/Zaire, Ruvum a, Zam be zi Ban gau, Golok, Pan d aruan, Sem b akung K om oe, N iger, Se ne gal, V olta
8 458
2.56
712 452
56.69
A tul, Sene gal
228 438
21.93
C andelaria, C oatan A chute, C olorado, Grijalva, H on do, Rio Grande , Such iate, T ijuan a, Yaqui D anube , D niester, K og ilnik, Sarata
408 513
20.81
33 567
100.00
A m ur, H ar U s N ur, L ake U b sa-N ur, Pu -Lu n -T o, Yenisey/Je n isej D aoura, D ra, Guir, O ued B on N aima, Tafn a Buzi, In com ati, L im popo, M aputo, Ruvum a, Sab i, U m beluzi, Zam bezi Ganges± B rahm aputra± Me gh n a, Irraw add y, K aladan , Mek ong , Pa kch an, Salwee n Etosh a± C uvelai, K unene , O kavan go, O range , Zam be zi Ganges± B rahm aputra± Me gh n a
616 438
39.54
79 377
19.65
423 969
53.76
528 413
78.89
563 706
68.28
147 293
100.00
Rhine, Sche lde
11 991
33.78
C holuteca, Coco/ Segovia, N e gro, San Juan Lake C had , N iger
49 637
38.46
1 186 021
100.00
795 581
87.23
20 418
6.44
A kpa, C ross, L ake C h ad, N iger, O ueme Jacob s, Kem i, K laralven, N aatamo, Pa svik, T an a, Torne /T orne alven
422
A . T. W olf et al. Table 5. C ontinue d
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C ountry/territory 2 (area in km ) Pa kistan (877 753) Pa nam a (74 697) Pa pua N e w Guinea (466 161) Pa raguay (400 089) Pe ru (1 296 912) Poland (310 715) Portugal (92 098) Rom ania (236 654) Russia (16 851 940)
Rw and a (25 228) Saudi A rabia (1 960 175) Se ne gal (196 911) Sierra Leone (72 531) Slovakia (48 648) Slovenia (20 246) Som alia (639 065) South A fr ica (1 223 111) Spain (505 674) Sudan (2 490 409) Suriname (145 498) Sw aziland (17 164)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
D asht, He lm an d, Ind us, Rud kh ane h ye /Bah uKalat, T arim C han guinola, Ch iriqui, Jurado, Sixaola Fly, M erauke, Sepik, Tam i
649 238
73.97
4 941
6.61
136 246
29.23
La Plata
400 089
100.00
A m azon , C hira, L ake T iticaca± Poopo, T um be s± Poya ng o, Zarum illa D anube , D niester, E lbe, L ava± Prege l, N e m an, O der /O d ra, Pr ohladn aja, V istula/W ista D ouro/D uero, Guadian a, Lim a, M ino/M inho, T agus/Te jo D anube
1 038 875
80.10
281 897
90.73
44 898
48.75
228 826
96.69
A m ur, D augava, D n ieper, D on , Elancik, H ar U s N ur, Jacobs , Kem l, K ura± A raks, L ake Ub sa-N ur, L ava± Prege l, M ius, N arva, N e m an, O lang a, O b, O ral (U ral), O ulu, Pa svik, Pr oh lad naja, Pu -L un-To, Sam ur, Sujfu n , Sulak, Te rek, Tulom a, T ume n , V olga, V uok sa, Yen isey/Je nisej C on go/Zaire, N ile
7 923 626
47.02
25 228
100.00
236
0.01
Gam b ia, Geb a, Sene gal
90 543
45.98
Great Scarcies, L ittle Scarcies, M ana-M orro, M oa, N iger D anube , O de r/O d ra, Vistula/W ista
27 693
38.18
48 648
100.00
D anube , Is on zo
18 184
89.82
221 757
34.70
In com ati, Lim popo, M aputo, O range, 797 512 U m be luzi Bid asoa, Douro/D uero, E bro, 291 100 Garon ne, Guad iana, L im a, M ino/M inho, T agus/Te jo Baraka, Gash, L ake C h ad, L ake 2 064 458 Turkan a, L otagipi Sw am p, N ile A m azon , C ouran tyne /C orantijn, 73 952 M aroni In com ati, M aputo, U m be luzi 16 762
65.20
Tigris± E uphrates/Sh att al A rab
A w ash , Juba± Sh ibeli
57.57
82.90 50.83 97.66
International Rivers of the W orld
423
Table 5. C ontinue d
C ountry/territory 2 (area in km )
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
Swe de n (443 800) Sw itzerland (41 178) Syria (187 937) T ajikistan (142 410) T anzania, Un ited Repub lic of (944 977) T h ailand (515 144) T ogo (57 300) T unisia (155 402) T urkey (779 986)
T urkme nistan (471 429) U gand a (243 050) U kraine (596 041) U n ited K ingdom (243 137) U n ited States (9 450 720)
U ruguay (178 141) U zbe kistan (445 711) Ve ne zuela (916 561) V ietnam (327 123)
W est B ank (5 816) W estern Sahara (269 602)
In ternational b asins
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins
K laralven, Tome /T ornealven
68 679
15.48
D anube , Po, Rh ine, Rhone
41 178
100.00
A n N ahr A l K abir, A si/O ron tes, Jord an (De ad Sea), N ahr E l Ke bir, Tigris± E uphrates/Sh att al A rab A ral Sea, T arim
136 792
72.79
14 024
9.85
C on go/Zaire, L ake N atron , N ile, Ruvum a, U m ba, Zam be zi
410 705
43.46
Golok, Mek ong , Pa kch an, Salween
205 847
39.96
M on o, O ueme , V olta
48 653
84.91
Med je rda
15 573
10.02
A si/O ron tes, C oruh, K ura± A raks, M aritsa, N ah r El Ke b ir, Rezvaya, Tigris± E uphrates/Sh att al A rab , Velaka A ral Sea, A trak, H ari/H arirud, M urgab Lake T urkan a, L otagipi Sw am p, N ile
266 523
34.17
52 956
11.23
243 049
100.00
D anube , D nieper, Dn iester, D on , Elancik, Kog linlk, M ius, Sarata, V istula/W ista Ban n, C astletow n, E rne, Fane, Flurry, Foy le A lesek, C hilkat, C olorado, C olumb ia, Firth, Fraser, M ississippi, N e lson ± Saskatche w an, Rio Grande, St C roix, St John , St L aw rence , Stikine, T aku, T ijuana, W h iting, Yaqui, Yukon C huy, L a Plata, L agoon M irim
451 715
75.79
9 235
3.80
5 895 293
62.38
142 846
80.19
A ral Sea
236 695
53.11
A m acuro, A m azon , Barima, C atatum b o, E ssequibo, O rinoco Be ilun, C a/Son g-K oi, H si/Bei Jian g, M a, Me kon g, Red /Son g H on g, Saigon/Son g N ha Be, Song V am C o D on g Jord an (De ad Sea)
698 462
76.20
193 152
59.05
3 152
54.20
1 100
0.41
A tul
424
A . T. W olf et al. Table 5. C ontinue d
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C ountry/territory 2 (area in km )
In ternational b asins
Yugoslavia (Se rbia an d M on tene gro) (101 945) Zam bia (754 773) Zim b abwe (390 804)
D anube , D rin, N eretva, Strum a, V ardar
T otal Pe rcen tage area of of coun try/ coun try/territory territory falling w ithin area falling international w ithin inter2 basins (k m ) n ational b asins 99 950
98.04
C on go/Zaire, Zam be zi
754 773
100.00
Buzi, L im popo, O kavang o, Sab i, Zam bezi
390 804
100.00
T able 6. N umber of countrie s that sh are a basin N um ber of coun tries 17 (1) 11 (2) 10 (1) 9 (2) 8 (2) 6 (8) 5 (3) 4 (17) 3 (49)
2 (176)
In ternational b asins D anube C on go and N iger N ile Rhine and Zam be zi A m azon an d L ake Ch ad A ral Sea, Ganges± B rahm aputra± Me ghn a, Jord an, K ura± A raks, Me kon g, T arim , T igris and E uph rates (S h att al A rab ), and V olta La Plata, N e m an, an d V istula (W ista) A m ur, D augava, E lbe, In d us, K om oe, L ake Turkan a, L im popo, L otagipi Sw am p, N arva, O de r (O d ra), O gooue , O kavang o, O ran ge , Po, Pu-L un-T ’ o, Seneg al, and Strum a A si (Or ontes), A w ash , Ca vally, Ce stos, C hiloango, D nieper, D niester, D rin, E b ro, Es sequibo, Gam bia, Garonne , Gash , Ge b a, H ar U s N ur, H ari (H arirud ), He lm an d, H on d o, Ili (K une s He ), In com ati, Irraw add y, Juba± Sh ibeli, Ke m i, L ake Pres pa, L ake Titicaca± Poop o System , Lem pa, M aputo, M aritsa, M aroni, M oa, N eretva, N tem , O b , O ueme , Pasvik, Red (Son g H on g), Rh one , Ruvum a, Salween , Sche lde, Seine, St John , Sulak, T orne (T ornealven), T umen , U m beluzi, V ardar, V olga, and Zapaleri A kpa, A lesek, A m acuro, A n N ah r A l K ab irm, A rtibon ite, A stara C h ay, A trak, A tui, A viles, A ysen, B ake r, B angau, Ban n, B araka, B arim a, B arta, Be ilun , Be lize, Be n ito, B ia, Bid asoa, Buzi, C a (Son g-K oi), C ancos o (La uca), C andelaria, C astletow n, C atatum bo, C han guinola, Ch ico (C arme n Silva), C hilkat, C h ira, Ch iriqui, C h oluteca, C h uy, C oatan A ch ute, Coco (Se govia), C olorado, C olum bia, C om au, C orub al, C oruh, C ourantyne (C orantijn), C ross, C ullen, D aoura, D asht, D on , D ouro (D uero), D ra, E lancik, E rne, Etosh a/C uvelai, Fane , Fen ney , Firth, Flurry, Fly, Foy le, Fraser, Gallegos± C h ico, Gauja, Goascoran, Golok, Great Scarcies, Grijalva, Guad iana, Guir, H an, H si (Bei Jiang ), Is on zo, Jacobs , Jurado, K aladan, K arnafauli, K laralven, K ogilnik, K ow l-E -N am aksar, K rka, K une ne, L agoon M irim , L ake Fagn ano, L ake N atron, L ake U b sa± N ur, Lava (Pre gel), L ielupe, Lim a, Little Scarcies, L offa , M a, M ana-M orro, M assacre, M ataje, M be, Med je rda, M ino, M ira, M ississippi, M ius, M on o, M otaqua, M urgab, N aatam o, N ah r El Keb ir, N e gro, N e lson -Saskatche w an, N estos, N yan ga, O lang a, O ral (U ral), O rinoco, O ued B on N aim a, O ulu, O yupock (O iapoque), Pa kch an, Pa len a, Pan d aruan, Pa rnu, Pa scua, Patia, Paz, Pe de rnales, Pr oh lad naja, Pue lo, Rezvaya, Rio Gran de (N orth A mer ica), Rio Gran de (South A me rica), Roia, Rud kh aneh-ye (B ahuK alat), Sabi, Saigon (S on g N h a Be ), Salaca, Sam ur, San Juan, San M artin, Sarata, Sarstun , Sassan dra, Sem b akung , Sen o U n ion (Serrano), Se pik, Sixaola, Song V am Co D ong , St. C roix, St. John , St. L aw rence, St. Pa ul, Stikine, Such iate, Sujfun , T afna, T agus (Tejo), T aku, Tam i, T ana, T ano, Te rek, T ijuan a, T je roeka/W an ggoe, Tulom a, T um be s± Poy ango, U m ba, U tam b on i, V aldivia, Ve laka, Ven ta, V ijose, Vuoksa, W ad i A l Izziyah, W h iting, Yalu, Yaqui, Yelcho, Yen isey (Jen isej), Yser, Yukon , and Zarum illa.
Figure 8. N um ber of countries that share a basin.
Downloaded by [Oregon State University] at 11:36 09 September 2015
International Rivers of the W orld 425
426
A . T. W olf et al.
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N ote s 1. T he literature on ind ividual w atershed stud ies is too ex ten sive to cite here. See Bea ch e t a l. (2000) for m ore infor m ation. 2. W ork on this study beg an w hen W olf w as w ith the U n iversity of A labam a’ s De partme nt of Ge ograph y. 3. M uch of the D atabase is available at , h ttp://terra.geo.orst.ed u/users/tfd d / . . T he an n otated b ibliograph y grew from the w ork of Be ach e t a l. (2000). 4. Sim ilarly, the 1997 U N C on ven tion on N on-N avigational U ses of In ternational W atercourses de ® ne s a `w atercourse’ as ª a system of surface an d unde rground w aters con stituting b y virtue of their physical relations hip a un itary w h ole an d ¯ ow ing into a com m on term inusº . A n `in ternational w atercourse’ is a w atercourse, parts of w h ich are situated in d iffe ren t states (n ations). 5. Pe renn ial stream s ¯ ow ye ar-r oun d, as oppose d to interm ittent stream s, w hich h ave period s of n o ¯ ow . 6. T h is de ® n ition, w h ich we feel is the be st available, d oe s allow for one occa sional incon sisten cy : If a b asin is shared b y on ly tw o nations, and all tributaries w h ich cross the b oun dary are interm ittent, we d o not include it in the Register. If, h ow ever, a basin is shared b y three or m ore n ations, and tributaries w h ich cross a ny of the b ound aries are peren nial, we include both the b asin and all the coun tries w ithin its territory, even if one or m ore of those coun tries contrib utes on ly interm ittent stream s. For e x am ple, Eg ypt is listed as riparian to the Jor d an, e ven though n o perenn ial stream s cross its b oun dary w ith Israel. (T hese special cases are n oted in the footn otes of their respective b asins.) 7. E igh t d ata layers for m H YD RO 1K. The six raster layers are the h yd rologically correct D EM , ¯ ow d irections, ¯ ow accum ulations, slope, aspect, and com poun d topograph ic inde x (w etness inde x). The tw o vector layers include the drainage b asins and syn thetic stream s. The traditional proced ures for ex tracting d rainage fea tures are iterative an d well e stablished (Ve rdin & Green lee, 1996). N e w me thod s for D E M surface drainage proce ssing have bee n docu me n ted in Verdin & Green lee (1996), an d supported by D anielson (1998). H YDRO 1K is available at , h ttp://e d cw w w .cr.usgs.gov/land daac/gtopo30/hy d ro . . 8. T o e n sure accurate area representations, the ® rst step w as to project the D E M into an e qual-area m ap proje ction. T he secon d step ide nti® ed real and arti® cial de pressions (s inks) greater in area than a prede term ined threshold , such as L ake Ch ad or the De ad Se a. Determ inations were m ade as to w hich of the sinks w ere n atural or spurious, b y creating a sink m ask and overlaying e x isting m apped h yd rography . O n ce all de pressions were veri® ed , the D EM w as ® lled using an approach de veloped by Ve rdin & Green lee (1996), from w h ich n aturally ide nti® ed sinks were m aintained and spurious anom alies we re rem ove d . 9. T he `W atershe ds of the W orld’ ® les include d on the GlobalARC d ata set provided an e xce llen t ® rst approximation referen ce for this project as the H YD RO 1k d ata set w as being developed, and we ack now led ge the deve lopers of this d ataset w ith gratitude. 10. W e recog n ize the lim itations of our proces s b y reporting the size of b asins not as raw data, as 2 is com m on w ith digital d ata, but by roun ding the last sign i® can t ® gure in basins 1± 99 km and 2 the last tw o signi® cant ® gures in b asins 100 km or larger. 11. T he 1978 Register actually lists 215 international basins, b ut the Jurad o  is included in b oth N orth an d South A mer ica. To avoid such am b iguity, we include the Jurado on ly in South A mer ica. 2 12. T otal lan d surface of the e arth 5 148 940 000 km (C IA W o rld F actb oo k; U S C IA, 1998); total land 2 surface w ithin intern ational basins 5 60 710 000 km ; perce n tage of total land surface w ithin 2 intern ational b asins 5 41.02% ; total earth land surface ex cluding A ntarctica 5 134 940 000 km ; percen tage of total land surface w ithin international b asins, e xclud ing A n tarctica 5 45.31% . 13. O ur percen tages of land surface w ithin international basins, both w ithin con tinents and globally, are vastly d ifferen t than the 1978 Register for some con tinen ts, be cause that publication did n ot include island nations, either in its register or in its calculations of land surface. O ur percen tages for A sia, for ex am ple, are sign i® can tly lowe r since , apparen tly, the 1978 Register d id n ot include the land surface of m any Pa ci® c island s in its calculations.
Re fe re nce s A me rican A cadem y of A rts and Scien ces (1994) Introd uction, B u lle tin, V ol. XL VIII #2, N ove m ber. Be ach, H .L ., H am ne r, J., He w itt, J.J., Kaufm an , E ., K urki, A ., O ppen he ime r, J.A ., W olf, A .T . (2000) Tr an sbo und ary Fresh w a te r D isp ute Re solution : The ory, P ractice a n d A n n otate d Re fe re nces (T ok yo and N ew York, U nited N ations U niversity Pres s) (for thcom ing). B iger, G. in collaboration w ith the Intern ational B oun d aries Research U nit, U niversity of D urham ,
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International Rivers of the W orld
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