Intro To Arcgis9.2 - University Of Saskatchewan

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UNIVERSITY  OF  SASKATCHEWAN   Introduction  to  ArcGIS   ArcGIS  9.2     Elise  Pietroniro   September  2008/  Updates  Fall  2009     Using ArcGIS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4   ArcGIS Applications -------------------------------------------------------------------------------5   ArcMap: -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5   ArcCatalog: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5   ArcCatalog -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6   Exploring and Browsing maps and data---------------------------------------------------7   Contents Tab ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------7   Preview Tab -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8   Metadata Tab ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9   Searching for data ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11   Folder connections --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11   Data Types ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11   Shapefiles, dBASE tables, text files --------------------------------------------------- 11   CAD drawings ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11   Raster and TIN datasets ----------------------------------------------------------------- 12   Coverages and INFO tables------------------------------------------------------------- 12   Geodatabases and their contents------------------------------------------------------ 13   Create new shapefiles and dBASE tables ---------------------------------------------- 13   Adding and deleting attributes ------------------------------------------------------------- 14   Coordinate Systems -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14   ArcToolbox -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15   Geoprocessing With ArcToolbox and ModelBuilder---------------------------------- 17   ModelBuilder ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17   Using ArcToolbox tools in ArcMap or ArcCatalog ------------------------------------ 18   ArcMap --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19   Overview ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19   The ArcMap Interface ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 20   Map Documents, Data Frames and Layers -------------------------------------------- 20   Adding Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22   Viewing Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22   Symbology -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23   Transparency ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24   Labeling ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24   Map Tips ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 25   Magnifier and Overview --------------------------------------------------------------------- 25   Tools Toolbar ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26   Identify ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26   Finding Features and Creating Bookmarks -------------------------------------------- 27   Other Tools ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28   Editing Feature Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28   Tables -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28   Table Attributes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29   Adding and Deleting Fields in a table ---------------------------------------------------- 30   Editing Attribute Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30   Sorting Records in Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------ 31   Summarizing Table Data -------------------------------------------------------------------- 31   2 Calculating Fields ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32   Creating a simple report --------------------------------------------------------------------- 34   Joins and Relates ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34   Spatial Relationships ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35   Spatial Joins --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35   Selection based on Location (Spatial Query) --------------------------------------- 36   Spatial Queries with an SQL expression (by Attributes) ---------------------------- 37   Data Frames, Grids and Layouts --------------------------------------------------------- 38   Customizing data frames----------------------------------------------------------------- 38   Graticules, Measured Grids and Reference Grids --------------------------------- 40   North arrows, scale bars, and other map elements ------------------------------- 41   Adding a Table to a Layout -------------------------------------------------------------- 46   Exercise 1 – Introduction to ArcGIS Applications ---------------------------------------- 46   Exercise 2 – Managing Data in ArcCatalog ----------------------------------------------- 49   Connecting Folders --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49   Viewing Data Files ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49   Viewing Contents -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50   Creating Thumbnails ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 50   Preview Tab --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51   Metadata – Adding and Editing --------------------------------------------------------- 51   Create a New Shapefile ------------------------------------------------------------------ 54   Adding Attribute Fields-------------------------------------------------------------------- 55   Exercise 3 - ArcToolbox ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55   Exercise 4 – Viewing, Querying and Editing Data in ArcMap. ------------------------ 57   Display data ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 57   Special Effects ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 58   Map Queries and Relates ------------------------------------------------------------------- 61   Add X,Y Data -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62   Select by Location ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63   Project the Data Frame ------------------------------------------------------------------- 64   Exercise 5 Data Frames and Layouts------------------------------------------------------ 66   3 Using ArcGIS ArcGIS is a mapping and spatial data analysis tool developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). ArcGIS is a type of Geographic Information System (GIS) software package. You can use it to display any kind of information that has a geographic or spatial component. For example, you can use it to make maps illustrating: TM • • • • • the number of wells exceeding provincial drinking water guideline standards municipalities mapped by population density endangered species locations and habitat suitability soil suitability for commercial crop production optimizing location selection for real estate purposes GIS is used to describe and analyze the physical world. To do this, maps are often used as a visualization tool for illustrating different aspects of the same geographical area, and overlaying them to see how the different aspects interrelate. For example, a planning division of a municipality may use GIS to identify geographic information, which may affect the decision process for planning applications. ArcMap® 9.2 and ArcCatalog® 9.2 are software products that are part of the ArcGIS suite. ArcGIS is a GIS designed for the Windows desktop environment and is based on the same technology on which ArcInfo 8 and other ArcGIS products are based. The ArcGIS suite contains three levels of software products including: • ArcView • ArcEditor • ArcInfo TM TM TM TM Each level of product provides a higher level of functionality, starting with ArcView, which has comprehensive mapping and analytical capabilities including geoprocessing tools, to ArcInfo, which includes the coverage and geodatabase editing functionalities of ArcEditor, as well as advanced geoprocessing and ArcInfo Workstation (ARCPLOT , ARCEDIT ) applications. TM TM ArcGIS is produced by Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI). Further information is available at the ESRI website (http://www.esri.com). 4 ArcGIS Applications There are two major applications that are shared among the ArcGIS suite of products. They are, ArcMap , ArcCatalog TM TM. ArcMap: ArcMap allows you to create, analyze, query and visualize spatial information. It allows you to create layouts for printing, or electronic publishing. It has the ability to generate and embed reports, as well as extensive editing tools to enhance graphic output. Analysis tools are available through the ArcToolbox window, embedded within this application. ArcCatalog: ArcCatalog is an application that allows you to organize, browse and manage spatial data, as well as create and view metadata. Within both ArcMap and ArcCatalog are all the tools and wizards needed for data conversion, analysis and data management including projecting and projection defining tools. This ‘application’ is embedded as a window in both ArcMap and ArcCatalog and is called ArcToolbox TM. Listed below are some of the data types that are supported by ArcGIS (ArcInfo, ArcEditor, and ArcView). Vector • Shapefiles • Geodatabases • ArcInfo coverages • ArcIMS Feature Services • ArcIMS Map Services • Geography Network connections • PC Arc/INFO coverages • SDE layers • TIN • DXF • DWG • DGN • VPF TM 5 Rasters • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ESRI® GRID ESRI SDE Raster ESRI Raster Catalogs (Image Catalogs) ERDAS Imagine (.IMG) ERDAS 7.5 Lan (.LAN) ERDAS 7.5 GIS (.GIS) ERDAS Raw (.RAW) ESRI Band Interleaved by Line (.BIL) ESRI Band Interleaved by Pixel (.BIP) ESRI Band Sequential (.BSQ) ESRI GRID Stack () ESRI GRID Stack File (.STK) Windows Bitmap (.BMP) Controlled Image Base, CIB (.CIB) Compressed ARC Digitized Raster Graphics, CADRG (.CRG) DTED Level 1 and 2 (.DT1) ER Mapper (.ERS) Graphic Interchange Format, GIF (.GIF) ADRG Image (.IMG) ADRG Overview (.OVR) ADRG Legend (.LGG) JPEG File Interchange Format, JIFF (.JPG) National Image Transfer Format, NITF (.NTF) Portable Network Graphics (.PNG) LizardTech MrSID (.SID) Tagged Image File Format, TIFF (.TIF) Tables • • .csv, .dbf, .mdb, Info. OLE DB Tables ArcCatalog You can browse through the contents of any folder, database or Internet server using ArcCatalog. ArcCatalog allows you to preview the spatial data, learn about the metadata associated with it, or look at the associated tables. You can open up ArcCatalog by clicking on the file cabinet icon in the ArcMap toolbar. 6 Exploring and Browsing maps and data ArcCatalog is the application used to maintain and manage all your spatial data connections, including folders from your local drive, geodatabases or ArcIMS Internet Servers. ArcCatalog opens with two panels, one that provides the ‘catalog tree’ and one that provides different ‘views’ for spatial data. The ‘view panel’ has three tabs to display the ‘contents’, ‘preview’ and ‘metadata’ versions of your data. Contents Tab The ‘Contents’ tab allows you to view the contents of your folders and geodatabases as large icons, in a list view, in a details view or as thumbnails. Notice how the icons vary depending on the data format you are looking at. Thumbnails must be created in order to display a ‘preview’ in the Contents tab. To create thumbnails, in the Catalog tree, click the layer that or folder where you want to create thumbnails. Click the ‘Preview’ tab, and choose ‘Geography’ from the dropdown menu at the bottom. Click the Zoom button and zoom into the area that you want displayed in the thumbnail. Click the Create Thumbnail button. Click the Contents tab and view the thumbnail you just created. 7 Preview Tab The ‘Preview’ tab provides you with the ability to examine data. It allows you to view the data’s ‘geography’ or the ‘tables’ associated with features. Geography view Look at the feature data with the ‘Geography’ view. Select an item that contains data in the Catalog tree, then examine its data using the Preview tab. Choose Geography from the dropdown menu at the bottom of the left panel. You can use the pan, zoom or identify tools to explore the features and attributes in CAD drawings, coverages, shapefiles, raster cells or TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) triangles. Table view The ‘Table’ view allows you to see the attributes of geographic data sources or the contents of any database table. Explore the table’s contents by clicking Table on the dropdown menu at the bottom of the left panel in the Preview tab. You can rearrange columns, sort rows, or searching for specific values. 8 Geography View Table View Metadata Tab Metadata, often referred to as ‘data about data’ provides you with information about your data source, you may need more information. You can find data source information by right clicking on the feature and open up the Properties dialog box. This will provide you with coordinate information for the data source, 9 and the data type of each attribute. For more information about the data set, the purpose for the data, accuracy of the data etc., use the ‘Metadata’ tab in the right panel. You can get data descriptions, spatial information including coordinate system information, and attribute information. You can create, edit or delete metadata. When you create metadata, ArcCatalog fills in as much information as it can, based on the data’s properties, and automatically updates any changes, such as adding new attributes. To edit or add metadata, click the item you wish to add metadata to in the Catalog tree (left panel), and ‘Metadata’ tab in the right panel of the ArcCatalog window. Click the Edit Metadata button on the metadata toolbar. Edit or add data using the metadata editor, then click Save. 10 Searching for data ArcCatalog’s ‘Search Tool’ will allow you to search through your disk, in databases, and on servers for data, given specific criteria. You can find specific data types, formats, keywords, dates or maps defined by a specific geographic area. This tool uses metadata to evaluate search criteria, for this reason, it is helpful to keep accurate and updated metadata. To search for data, click the ‘Search’ button in the toolbox. Choose the tab that best fits the type of search you wish to use, and add your criteria to the appropriate dropdown menu. Click Find Now, then Close. The results should appear in the left panel in the Contents tab. Folder connections ArcCatalog automatically connects to drives on your hard disk. To access different network drives, CD's, floppy disks or other computers, you must connect to the folder. To do this, click the Connect To Folder button in the toolbar. Navigate to the folder that you want to add to the Catalog and click OK. You can also disconnect folders. Data Types Shapefiles, dBASE tables, text files Shapefiles store geographic features and their attributes. The geographic features can be either point (label), arc (line) or area (polygon) symbols. The attribute information for a shapefile is stored in a dBASE format. Additional dBASE tables can store supplementary attributes that can be joined to a shapefile’s features by a common relate field. Text files, (including .txt, .asc, .csv, or .tab) will also appear in ArcCatalog , and you can use Joins and Relates tab to ‘link’ the table to the features of a shapefile. If a table contains spatial information such as x, y, z coordinates or street addresses, you can create a shapefile with tools available in ArcCatalog. TM CAD drawings Computer aided design (CAD) drawings can be accessed directly in ArcCatalog. They have many layers representing different feature geographic feature types including lines, points, polygons or annotations (text). There is both a CAD dataset item and a CAD drawing item for each CAD drawing n the Catalog tree. 11 The dataset contains point, line, polygon, and annotation feature classes and their attributes. CAD drawing items represent all features in all layers of the drawing. The CAD drawing item's features appear with the symbology defined in the drawing itself. ArcCatalog supports the following CAD formats: • AutoCAD drawing files (.dwg) up to AutoCAD 2000 • All ASCII, binary, and partial drawing interchange files (.dxf) that comply with DXF standards • MicroStation design files (.dgn) up to Version 7 Raster and TIN datasets Surfaces can be represented through raster formats and TIN datasets. You can work with many types of raster formats in ArcCatalog, including ArcInfo grids, and rasters stored in ArcSDE geodatabases. These are listed in the section ArcGIS Applications on page 2 of this manual. Raster datasets comprise one or more bands. Grids such as digital elevation models (DEM) and single-band images appear in ArcCatalog with one band. Multispectral images appear with several raster bands. Raster tables’ contents must include in their columns; IMAGE, XMIN, YMIN, XMAX, and YMAX. A grid Stack data structure is similar to a Coverage or Grid, whereby one or more Grids form the bands of a multibanded raster dataset. Folders can also contain triangulated irregular networks (TIN), which contain points with x, y, and z values and a series of edges joining these points to form triangles. A continuous faceted surface is created allowing you to analyze and display terrain and other types of surfaces. Coverages and INFO tables Coverages present geographic feature classes stored in a set of points, lines (arcs), polygons or annotation (text), and can have topology. Topology determines the relationship between features. More than one feature class is often required. Line and polygon feature classes must both exist in a coverage representing polygon features. Polygon features have label points, which appear as a separate feature class. All feature classes have their own attribute tables assigned and stored in INFO tables. A polygon attribute table and a point attribute table however, cannot coexist. If a coverage is built for ‘polygon’ topology, the point (label) attributes are represented in a polygon attribute table, the label representing the centroid of the polygons. All coverage contain tic points representing known real-world coordinates. Other attributes can be stored in the INFO tables or in a relational 12 database management system (RDBMS), then joined to the features with a relationship class. Geodatabases and their contents Geodatabases are relational databases containing geographic information stored in feature classes represented as points, lines and polygons, annotations, dimensions and their tables. Geodatabases can be organized into feature datasets, groups of feature classes sharing the same coordinate system. Geodatabase tables can store other attribute information including street addresses, or x,y and z coordinates. You can define the relationships between objects in a geodatabase, by creating a relationship class. Relationships let you use attributes stored in a related object representing a feature class. Personal geodatabases store your data in a Microsoft Access database, usually on the same network as the client application, and are managed in a Microsoft Jet Engine database. Multi-user spatial databases let many people in an organization update data stored in a centrally located RDBMS. To access data stored in an RDBMS you must add either a spatial database connection to the Catalog, or an OLE DB database connection. ArcSDE, ArcStorm , or ArcInfo LIBRARIAN databases let you access spatial data as would an RDBMS. TM TM Note: Different levels of ArcGIS software products will allow different levels of data analysis and manipulation. ArcView allows you to view coverages and multi-user geogdatabases, however you cannot edit these features unless you have the ArcEditor software product as well. ArcInfo provides even more capabilities, including the ability to build topological structures. Create new shapefiles and dBASE tables ArcCatalog allows you to create new shapefiles and dBASE tables. When creating a new shapefile, you must define the type of feature it will contain. After creating the shapefile or dBASE table, right-click on it in the Catalog and choose Properties to define its attributes. ArcCatalog adds a default column to the shapefile or dBASE table when it is created. Select where in the Catalog tree that you want to place a new shapefile. Click File form the menu, then New, and then Shapefile. Type the name in the Name text box. Click the Feature Type dropdown menu and choose the type of feature your shapefile will contain. Click Edit if you want to define the Coordinate System, the default will be ‘unknown’. Click OK, the new shapefile will appear in 13 the Catalog tree. To create a new dBASE table, click the File from the menu, New, dBASE table. Type in the new name and press Enter. Adding and deleting attributes ArcCatalog lets you modify shapefiles and dBASE tables by adding and deleting attribute columns. Existing names and data types can’t be altered, however, you can add a new column with the appropriate name and data type, as well as delete columns. A column's name must be no more than ten characters in length, and a shapefile's FID and Shape columns and a dBASE table's OID column can't be deleted. The OID column is a virtual column created by ArcGIS, which guarantees that each record in the table has at least one unique value. Shapefiles and dBASE tables must have at least one attribute column in addition to the FID and Shape columns or the OID column. Once you’ve added attributes, you must start an ArcMap session to add values and/or records. To add an attribute, Click the shapefile or dBASE table to which you want to add an attribute. Click the File menu, then properties (or right click, and choose properties). Choose the ‘Fields’ tab. Find the first empty row, and under ‘Field Name’, type in the name of the new attribute. Click inside the ‘Data Type’ column, and choose from the list. ‘Text’ data type is initially selected by default. Next, in the ‘Field Properties’ list, type the properties for the new attribute. Set the precision (the total number of digits) and scale (the total number of decimal paces) properties for real number, or the field length for text fields. Click OK. To delete an attribute, chose the shapefile or dBASE table whose columns you want to delete. Click File from the menu, then Properties. Click on the ‘Fields’ tab. Select the column you want to delete by clicking on the button to the left of that column (notice that your mouse pointer changes to an arrow). Press ‘Delete‘ on your keyboard. Click OK. Coordinate Systems A ‘Coordinate System’ is the spherical coordinates that designate the location of points on a spherical (or ellipsoidal) surface. A Geographic coordinate system is in degrees latitude and longitude and is considered unprojected. A projection is the mathematical equation that transforms spatial data from a sphere onto a plane. Projected coordinate systems use a planar or rectangular coordinates, for example, a Cartesian coordinate system, which uses x and y coordinates representing unit of distance from a zero (0) origin. Digital spatial data in formats such as shapefiles or ArcInfo coverages, often do not have information describing the coordinate system defining its features. The file’s Spatial Reference property will be “unknown”. “If the features’ bounding coordinates are 14 within the range of -180 and 180 in the x direction and -90 and 90 in the y direction, ArcGIS software assumes the data to be geographic and its datum to be NAD27.” You can still work with files whose coordinate systems have not been defined, however you will be limited in the amount of functionality such as the ability to add other shapefiles or the ability to project your map ‘on the fly’. In most instances the coordinate system is simply not defined but it is integrated into the file. In this case you can simply use ArcCatalog to define the coordinate system based on information that should be given when you acquire the data. A shapefile’s coordinate system parameters are stored in a .prj file of the same name. To define a shapefile’s coordinate system in ArcCatalog, click the shapefile and in the File menu choose Properties to open the Shapefile Properties box. Click the XY Coordinate System tab. Click select and then choose either a predefined coordinate system, or import and choose a data source whose coordinate system you want to copy, or click new, then Geographic (latitude and longitude degrees) or Projected, then define a new custom coordinate system. Click OK. Click OK in the Shapefile Properties box. You can define coordinate systems for feature classes in geodatabases, CAD drawings and rasters as well. ArcToolbox ArcToolbox uses an efficient and organized interface to guide you through a variety of tasks, providing all the tools and help you need to process your data. You can work with data from many different sources using a variety of tools and wizards to facilitate these processes. ArcToolbox that comes with ArcInfo has a complete set of tools for geoprocessing, data conversion, map sheet management, overlay analysis, and map projections to name a few. A lighter version comes with ArcView and ArcEditor, which contains over 20 tools for data conversion and management. 15 ArcToolbox provides access to all of ArcInfo’s coverage processing and analysis functions. It has the ability to: • Create and integrate a variety of data formats into usable GIS databases; most major spatial data formats can be converted to and from ArcInfo coverages. • Can generate topology using the Clean tool, and add attributes using the Join Tables tool. • Perform advanced GIS analysis including overlay analysis such as intersecting, merging and clipping mapsheets. • Projection tools to change coordinate systems of coverages. ArcToolbox is grouped into sets of tools called toolsets. These include many of the toolsets used with the ArcGIS extensions such as Spatial and 3D Analyst: • 3D Analyst tools – to be used for the 3D Analyst extension • Data Management Tools - to manage coverage topology, projections and attributes. • Cartography Tools – used for masking out layers for labelling • Analysis Tools - to run geoprocesses including overlay operations, buffers, merging datasets and statistical calculations. • Conversion Tools - Tools used to convert all supported data formats. • Geocoding Tools – For address matching and geocoding. • Geostatistical Analyst – Tools for the extension Geostatistical Analyst 16 • Spatial Statistics Tools – for statistical analysis such as clustering and analyzing spatial patterns To add New tools and toolsets to the My Tools toolset, right click on ‘ArcToolbox’ and choose ‘New Toolbox’. Find the tool you want to place into your custom toolset, right-click and choose ‘Copy’; then select your new Toolset and right click, choose ‘Paste’. You can rename the new tool or toolset by right-clicking, and pointing to ‘Rename’. Type in the new name and then click OK. Geoprocessing With ArcToolbox and ModelBuilder Geoprocessing involves deriving information through analysis of existing GIS data and is a critical function in all GIS software. Geoprocessing is used for many GIS activities such as proximity and overlay analysis, data conversion, and data summary. It can also be used to automate many batch procedures in a GIS. Users apply geoprocessing functions to generate high-quality data, perform quality analysis/quality control checks on data, and undertake modeling and analysis. ArcGIS Desktop provides a geoprocessing framework of tools that can be run in several different ways including through dialog boxes in ArcToolbox, as inputs to models in ModelBuilder, as commands in a command line, and as functions in scripts. This framework facilitates the creation, use, documentation, and sharing of geoprocessing models. The two main parts of the geoprocessing framework include ArcToolbox, an organized collection of geoprocessing tools, and ModelBuilder, a visual modeling language for building geoprocessing work flows and scripts. ModelBuilder Modelbuilder is a functionality available through ArcToolbox. The ModelBuilder interface provides a graphical modeling framework for designing and implementing geoprocessing models that can include tools, scripts, and data. Models are data flow diagrams that link together a series of tools and data to create advanced procedures and work flows. ModelBuilder is a productive mechanism to share methods and procedures with others within, as well as outside, your organization. 17 Using ArcToolbox tools in ArcMap or ArcCatalog You can use ArcToolbox from ArcMap to analyze, convert or view your data. Double-click the file to open it in ArcMap or simply drag it from the Catalog and drop it on the map. ArcMap is where you can edit geographic and tabular data. If you want to convert the data into a different format, buffer its contents, or apply some geoprocesses, you can use ArcToolbox. ModelBuilder is also available from ArcToolbox from both applications. Open a geoprocessing tool or wizard in ArcToolbox, and drag the data source from the Catalog onto the tool. The Toolbox automatically fills in as many options as possible. Geo-processing wizards are also available in ArcMap. 18 ArcMap ArcMap is the ArcGIS application for displaying and creating map layouts for printing or embedding in other electronic documents for publishing. It also includes analysis, editing, charting and report generating capabilities. It includes many of the popular features of ArcView GIS 3.x. Some of these features include: • On-the-fly and cross-database table joins • Dot Density and Chart layer symbology methods • Query builder and SQL information • Select by Attribute and Select by Location • Legend Wizard, Grid/Graticule Wizard, and Neatline tool • Converting map elements to graphics • Support for Crystal Reports • Importing ArcView GIS 3 projects and legends • On-the-fly datum transformation and projection • Easier graphics editing operations • Templates and changing layouts • Styles and symbols • Data frame rotation • Reference grid systems • Modeless graph viewer and new Graph Wizard • Support text (.txt) files as tables • Improved performance for drawing and adding data • Support for ArcIMS layers • Support for additional data types as feature layers • Additional raster support Overview ArcMap gives you the ability to visualize spatial data, allowing you to see patterns or reveal trends. It makes it easy to create maps from a variety of data sources, and display them effectively. Querying capabilities, and analysis tools can help you understand and learn about the spatial relationships of various sets of data representing a common geographical area, and/or to model the behaviour of different spatial information over time. Its layout tools make it easy to present your data effectively. 19 The ArcMap Interface Map Documents, Data Frames and Layers ArcMap holds the data sources in layers. Layers can be saved as independent files with predefined symbology and other properties. Layers are contained in what are called Data Frames, the default Data Frame named Layers, is automatically added to the table of contents. Data frames are a useful way of managing your data. If a map document has more than one Data Frame, then the one you are working on must be activated. Map documents are like project files that contain all the Data Frames and data Layers you are working on in any given session. They have an .mxd extension. You can move the order of the data layers and frames by simply dragging them up or down in the table of contents. Right clicking on a Data Frame and clicking on the properties, brings up a properties box. You can set the ‘on the fly’ projection by clicking the Coordinate System tab and selecting either a predefined or custom coordinate system. 20 Right clicking on a selected layer and choosing ‘Properties’ from the context menu brings up the Layers Properties. You can change the layers name, display properties, symbology, and labels. 21 Adding Data Adding data to ArcMap is easy. You can add layers of data in two ways, either by adding it by the ArcMap menus and toolbars, or by dragging a dropping source data directly from ArcCatalog. Add data by selecting the Data Frame that you want to add the data to, right-click and choose Add Data. Navigate to the folder where the data is and click Add. If you want to use ArcCatalog, open the Catalog by clicking on the File Cabinet icon in the toolbar. This will launch an ArcCatalog session. In ArcCatalog, browse to where your data is, select the data and with the left mouse down, drag and drop it onto the ArcMap Table of Contents. Viewing Data ArcMap opens with a table of contents and a display area. The display area allows you to work in either a Data view or a Layout view. If you are querying and analyzing data, you want to be in a Data view. If you are preparing a map for presentation, you want to be in the Layout view. To choose between layout view and data view, simply click on the appropriate icon at the bottom of the display area. 22 Symbology Symbology refers to the drawing properties of a map display or layer. Maps can be grouped into two categories, qualitative, or quantitative. Qualitative refers to maps that depict the location or distribution of features, or the nature or name of that feature. Quantitative maps represent some value or rank associated with a feature. This type of data is often depicted with diagrams such as pie charts or bar charts. To access the Symbology window, right click on the feature you want to symbolize to open the Properties window. Click the Symbology tab. In the Show window, there are several options for creating qualitative or quantitative maps. The properties associated with each of the options will display when you choose a category. Colour ramps are also made available for graduated colours and unique values. To change individual colours associated with attributes, you can click on the shade, symbol or line associated with a layer from the table of contents, and open up a symbol window. You can change the fill and outline, line and symbol properties. 23 You can also import ArcView 3.x legend files (.avl). In the Symbology window, click the import button, select the radio button for ArcView legend files and navigate to that location. Click OK. Transparency Transparencies are useful when viewing layers of information that cover the same geographic area. To use the transparency tool, make sure the Effects toolbar is open. From the menu, choose View, Toolbars, then Effects. Click on the transparency button (looks like a glass pitcher), and move the scroll bar up or down to get the level of transparency you like. Labeling Labeling features lets you quickly identify them on a map. You can label features using their attributes or by typing them in interactively. ArcMap gives you a variety of choices and control over label symbols and their placement. To add labels using attributes, right-click on the layer you wish to label, then choose Properties. Click the Labels tab. Choose the attribute field you wish to 24 use from the choice in the dropdown menu. Click the Symbol button to open the Symbol Selector window. Choose the desired colours, font, style and size and click OK to close the Symbol Selector window. Click Apply or OK to close the Properties dialogue box. You can set the Visible Scale Range of data layers to avoid clutter from overlapping text when zooming in and out on your display. Right-click the layer, then choose Visible Scale Range, then click Set Minimum Scale. Repeat to set the Maximum Scale. You can also set the Visible Scale Range from the Properties window, and the General tab. Map Tips Setting Map tips for a layer allow text information boxes to appear when your pointer moves over a feature from that layer. To add map tips, right-click on a layer and choose Properties. Click the display tab and check the Show Map Tips box. Click the Fields tab. For Primary display field, choose the field that you want displayed with Map Tips. Click OK. Magnifier and Overview 25 You can magnify your map to get a more detailed view without having to adjust your display window using zoom tools. Magnify provides a window that acts like a magnifying glass. In the menu bar, choose Window, then Magnifier. A Magnification window opens in the map display area. Move the window over the area in you display that you want to view in detail. You can also choose the Overview window. If your display is zoomed in to a larger scale, the overview window will show the full extent of the data. Tools Toolbar Identify Like ArcView 3.x, ArcGIS has an Identify tool to display the attributes for any 26 feature you click on with it. An Identity Results window will open and display the attribute information for that feature. Finding Features and Creating Bookmarks The Find feature allows you to find features, routes or addresses within layers. To find features, click the Find tool. In the Find window, type in the word you want to find that is associated to a feature. Choose the layer you want to look at. Click Find. A list of matching features and their values will appear in the bottom window. Right-click a row in this window to show a context menu. The context menu allows you to either select the feature, set a bookmark, zoom to the feature, unselect a feature, or flash the feature. You can create bookmark, a particular geographic location or study area that you may want to refer to at a later time. You can create a bookmark at any time using the menu command, or you can use a shortcut when you find and identify a map feature. To create a bookmark, right click on the record/feature that you want to mark from the Find results and open the Context Menu. In the Context Menu, choose 27 set bookmark. If you want to go back to this bookmark (feature) later, click view in the Menu and then Bookmarks, and the name of the bookmark (the value of the record). You can also set, access and edit bookmarks from the View menu. Other Tools The Tools toolbar contains other features. They include the Measure Tool, Hotlinks and various Zoom tools. The measure tool allows you to take measurements. The interactive select lets you select from the display view. Hotlinks sets up links to other files and file types, and can open up windows containing these other files. Zoom tools include the ability to zoom to the extent of the maps in the Data View, to zoom in from the center or out from the center, to zoom previous or next, or to interactively zoom in and out. Editing Feature Data To create a line or polygon, you must first create a sketch. A sketch is composed of all the vertices and segments of the feature. Vertices are the points at which the sketch changes direction, such as corners; segments are the lines that connect the vertices. Vertices are marked in green, with the last vertex added marked in red. When you begin an edit session, the sketch tools on the Edit toolbar become accessible. There are different types of sketch tools that provide you with a variety of methods for creating sketches. The target layer is the layer into which a new feature is being added. You must set the target layer when creating new features. In the Edit toolbar, a dropdown menu lets you choose which layer among your dataset to make a target for newly created features. To add new features to a layer, in the Edit toolbar, start an Edit session and select the Target layer from the dropdown menu. From the Task dropdown window, choose ‘Create New Feature’. Use the sketch tools to add the features to your data layer. You can edit existing features as well. Once in an edit session, you can choose among a variety of tasks in the Task dropdown menu, including modifying, extending and reshaping features, to name a few. Tables 28 A table in a spatial database is a component that contains a series of rows and columns, where each row, or record, represents information associated to a geographic feature—such as a highway, lake or building—and each column, or field, describes a particular attribute of the feature—such as its length, depth, and cost. Tables are stored in a databases such as INFO™, Access, dBASE®, FoxPro®, Oracle®, SQL Server™. The spatial component is the association to a geographic feature. Table Attributes Tables are used in ArcMap to examine the attributes of geographic features. From a table, you can query to identify features with particular attributes and select them on the map. You may update the attributes to reflect changes to geographic features, run statistical analysis or summaries to calculate various aspects of the geographic features. To view a table in ArcMap, select the geographic feature whose attribute information you want to view, or select an associated, or external table whose contents you wish to view. To explore the field definitions, right-click on the table data source in the table of contents then choose Properties. Click on the field tab. You can select any column heading and view its Field properties in the window below. To view the records in a table, select the table, right click and choose Open Attribute Table. The associated table will open. 29 Adding and Deleting Fields in a table It is easy to remove fields from a table in ArcMap as necessary. You can add or remove fields from a table under the following conditions: • You have write access to the data. • You’re not currently editing the data in ArcMap. • No other users or applications are accessing the data To Add fields to a table in ArcMap, open the table and click Options in the table you are adding fields to, then click Add Field. Click Options in the table you want to add a field to. Click Add Field. Type in the name of the field and choose the Type from the dropdown menu. Set the field properties and click OK. To delete a field, in the table window, right-click over the field header and click Delete field. Editing Attribute Data You may need to update records in a table from time to time. ArcMap lets you edit the attributes of a feature, as well as allowing you to edit the features 30 themselves. Whether you’re using ArcEditor, ArcView or ArcInfo, you use the same editing tools in ArcMap to work on your data. To Edit tables, select the layer whose table you want to edit and start an edit session in ArcMap by clicking on the Edit dropdown menu in the Edit toolbar. Choose start Editing. Open the table you want to edit and click the cell containing the attribute value you want to change. Type in the change and press Enter. To Add records, start an edit session and open the table you want to edit. Click the Move to End of Table button. Click in the last empty cell and start adding values. To Delete records, select the record you want to remove and press delete on your keyboard. Press and hold the Ctrl key to select more than one record. Sorting Records in Tables Sorting the records in a table lets quickly derive information. ArcMap allows you to sort by more than one column. To sort by one column, click the heading of the column you want to sort. Rightclick and choose Sort Ascending or Sort Descending. The records in the table are sorted. To sort records by more than one column, rearrange the table’s columns so the column whose values will be sorted first appears to the left of the column whose values will be sorted second. Click the first heading then press the Ctrl key on the keyboard and click the second column’s heading. Repeat this step until all the columns you want to use to sort the table’s records have been chosen. Rightclick a selected column heading, and click Sort Ascending or Sort Descending. The records in the table are sorted. Summarizing Table Data You may want to re-organize information you have about map features by extracting summary statistics. If you have data that is grouped by common records for a particular attribute, summary statistics may provide you with the added information you need. Summary statistics include the count, average, 31 minimum, and maximum value. ArcMap creates a new table containing these results. You can then join this table to the attribute table of a layer. Doing so lets you symbolize, label, or query the layer’s features based on their values for the summary statistics. To create a summary table of a field, open the attribute table whose data you want to create summarize. Right-click the field heading you want to summarize and click Summarize. Check the box next to the summary statistics you want to include in the output table. Type the name and location of the output table your want to create or Click the Browse button and navigate to the location of the output table you want to create. Click OK and then Yes when prompted to add the new table to your map. Calculating Fields The field calculator lets you perform simple as well as advanced calculations on any selected record to set a field value. The field calculator also lets you make advanced calculations using VBA scripts such as If… then statements. 32 To make a field calculation, start an edit session in ArcMap. Open the table you want to edit. Select the records you want to update, or select none, and all records for a field will be calculated. Right click on the field heading and choose Calculate Values. You can use the Fields list and functions to build an expression or type in the value. Click OK. String values use double or single quotes, depending on the database in which your data is stored. To update the Area field in a shapefile, start an edit session. Open the attribute table you want to update and right click the Area field heading. Click Calculate values and check advanced. Type the VBA statement Dim dblArea as double Dim pArea as IArea Set pArea = [shape] dblArea = pArea.area Type the variable dblArea in the text box directly under the area field name. Click OK. To update the Perimeter field: Dim dblPerimeter as double Dim pCurve as ICurve Set pCurve = [shape] dblPerimeter = pCurve.perimeter Type the variable dblPerimeter in the text box directly under the perimeter field name. Click OK. To update the Length field: Dim dblLength as double Dim pCurve as ICurve Set pCurve = [shape] dblLength = pCurve.Length Type the variable dblLength in the text box directly under the length field name. Click OK. 33 Creating a simple report You can create reports to display tabular data associated with spatial features. ArcMap lets you generate reports listing all features in a layer or only the selected ones. Once you’ve created your report, you can put it on the layout next to a map display or print it out. To create a simple tabular report, click the Tools menu and then Make Report. Click the Fields tab and the Layer/Table dropdown menu. Click the data layer or data table that you want to base the report on. In the Available Fields list, double-click the fields you want to include. Check Use Selected Set If you want only the selected fields in the report. Click the arrow buttons to order the fields in the report. Click the sort tab and the field that you want to sort on. Click the Display tab, Settings and Elements. Check Title to add a title to the report. In the Text Property, type in a title. Choose a font from the Font Property, and click Show Settings to preview the report, and then Generate. At the top of the Report Viewer, click Add to add the report to the map Layout, then click OK. The report is added to the layout as a graphic element. Each page of the report is added as a separate graphic element on the layout. Joins and Relates Joining tables establishes a one-to-one or many-to-one relationship between the destination table and the source table, and copies the fields from the destination table to the source table. The relationships between tables is described as the cardinality type. To join tables in ArcMap you must have a relate field, a field common to both tables you are joining. Choose the feature whose table you want to use as a 34 source table. Right-click and choose Joins and Relates in the context menu, then select Join. In the Join dialogue box, select the relate field. Choose the name of the destination table you wish to join to the source table, and the field from the destination table that the join is based on. They don’t have to have the exact same name (although it is helpful to assign a common field definition and name to relate fields), however they must hold common attribute data. Next click OK. Relate, links tables with one-to-many or many-to many relationships. If you try to join tables with a one-to-many relationship as if they are one-to-one, some records will be omitted. By simply relating them, you can for instance; select a particular record in a source table, and all associated records in the related or linked table will be selected as well. Relating tables defines a relationship between two tables but does not append the attributes. To relate tables in ArcMap, choose the feature that you wish to relate a table to. Right-click and choose Joins and Relates, then Relate. In the Relate dialogue box, choose the field in this layer that the relate is based on. Next, choose the table that you wish to relate to it. Then choose the field in the linked table that the relate is based. Next, choose a name for the relate. Click OK. Spatial Relationships The relationship between the features in individual layers is one of the most important features of a GIS. Spatial relationships help visualize the nearest of one data layer to another, or the number of elements within a given distance of another feature. These queries can be answered through theme on theme selections or through spatial joins. Spatial Joins Like joining two tables by matching attribute values in a field, a spatial join appends the attributes of one layer to another based on their spatial location. You can use the additional information to query your data in new ways. While you can also select features in one layer based on their location relative to another layer, a spatial join provides a more permanent association between the two layers because it creates a new layer containing both sets of attributes. To make a spatial join, in the Table of Contents, right-click the data layer you want to join attributes to. Click the first dropdown arrow and click Join data from another Layer. In the Layer dropdown menu, click the name of the layer you are joining the attributes from. Click the option to join the attributes of the feature nearest to it, the option to join the features within (a polygon), or the option to join the attributes of the features that intersect it. Check if you want to summarize the attributes. Type in the name of the new output shapefile or feature class. Click OK. The new output layer is added to the map. 35 Selection based on Location (Spatial Query) To find a feature based on its spatial relationship to other features, you can do a spatial query. This will find and select all features that are within a distance of, completely contained by, or that intersect features of another layer, to name a few. There are various selection procedures available as well, including; Select feature from; Add to current selection; Remove from current selection; Select from the current selection. To select based on location from the menu bar, choose Selection and click Select By Location. Check the layers whose features you would like to select. Click the dropdown arrow and click a selection method. Click the dropdown arrow and click the layer you want to use to search for the features. Check to use only the 36 selected features. Check Apply a buffer to the features (if required) and set the distance within which to search for features. Click Apply. Spatial Queries with an SQL expression (by Attributes) Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to define one or more criteria that can consist of attributes, operators, and calculations. It is a precise definition of what you want to select. To select by attribute using an SQL expression, from the menu bar, choose Selection, then Select By Attributes. From the Layer dropdown menu click the layer containing the features you want to select. Click the selection method. Double-click a field to add the field name to the expression box. Click an operator to add it to the expression. If you have a very large number of values, click the Complete List button to see them all. Double-click a value to add it to the expression. You can verify if you’re using proper syntax or if the criteria you’ve entered will select any features by clicking the Verify button. Click OK. 37 The status bar at the bottom of the ArcMap window tells you how many features are selected. Data Frames, Grids and Layouts In layout view, you see geographic data in a data frame on the virtual page. You can use the data frame to emphasize the geographic data on the map by adding a border, a background, or a drop shadow. A map is composed of one or more data frames (and data) arranged on the page, plus one or more other map elements. You can use additional data frames in different ways, for example, to show insets and overviews or to allow mapreaders to compare different representations of the same area. Customizing data frames To add a new data frame, click the Insert menu and click Data Frame. You can add any data to the new data frame. 38 To duplicate a data frame, click the data frame to select it. Click Edit from the menu bar and click copy. Click Edit from the menu bar again, and click Paste. To resize a data frame, click the data frame to select it. Click a selection handle and drag it to change the size of the data frame. To Rename a data frame, click the data frame in the table of contents, wait a moment then click the data frame a second time. Type in a new name for the data frame. To add a border to a data frame, right-click the data frame and click Properties. Choose the Frame tab. Click on the Border dropdown menu and choose a border symbol. Choose a colour, X and Y gap to offset the border and a Rounding percentage for the corners. Click OK. To add a background to a data frame, right-click the data frame and choose Properties. Click the Frame tab. Click the Background dropdown menu a choose a background, then choose a colour by clicking on the colour dropdown arrow. Type in the X and Y gap to offset the background from the edge of the data frame and a Rounding percentage for the corners. Click OK. To add a drop shadow to a data frame, right-click the data frame and click Properties. Choose the Frame tab. Click on the Drop shadow and choose a drop shadow. Choose a colour, X and Y gap to shift the drop shadow away from the border, and a Rounding percentage for the corners. Click OK. 39 To rotate a data frame, click the View menu, Toolbars and choose Data Frame Tools. From the Data Frame Tools toolbar, click the Rotate Data Frame tool. Drag the mouse to the data frame and rotate it, or type in the angle of rotation in the toolbar. Graticules, Measured Grids and Reference Grids To help locate geographic features, you can add grids to your data frame. Grids subdivide the data frame by latitude and longitude, projected linear units, or a specified number of rows and columns. There are three types of grids to choose from: • Graticules • Measured grids • Reference grids To add a graticule, in the table of contents, double-click the data frame you want to add a graticule to. Click the Grids tab on the Data Frame Properties dialog box. Click New Grid to open the Grids and Graticules Wizard. Choose Graticule and type in a name. Click Next. Choose an Appearance option and type the Intervals you want. Click Next. Check the Axes you want and set and choose a line style. Click the Font button to set the text style. Click Next. Choose the Graticule Border you want. Check Place a border outside the grid. Click to specify whether the graticule is static or updates with changes to the data frame. Click Finish. 40 North arrows, scale bars, and other map elements Cartography is a visual medium, meant to convey geographic information. Cartographic design is based on graphic communication, and should evoke an image suitable to the purpose of the map. Basic design principles such as legibility, contrast, balance and hierarchical structure should be kept in mind when adding various elements to a map layout. These principles will help determine placement of elements, map scale and colour choices. The objective is to produce an aesthetically pleasing map that will communicate effectively. Various map elements are inserted into the layout by choosing Insert from the menu bar. All map element properties can be edited by double-clicking on the element from the layout to open up its Properties dialogue box. You can set the page properties by choosing File from the menu bar, then Page Setup. The layout view toolbar is different from the data view toolbar. It allows you to view the layout at various scales, to pan the view, or to choose a layout template. If you zoom in using the data view toolbar, you will alter the scale of the image. You can set the scale of the layout view by simply typing in the desired scale value (Representative Fraction) in the box on the Standard toolbar. 41 To add a North Arrow, click insert from the menu bar, and choose North Arrow. Choose a North Arrow from the Selector window and click OK. Click and drag the North arrow into place on your map. You can resize the North arrow by clicking and dragging a selection handle. 42 To add a Scale Bar, from the Insert menu click Scale Bar. Choose a style from the selector window. Click OK. On the layout view, double-click the scale bar to modify the scale bar’s properties. In the scale bar Properties box, click the Scale and Units tab. Set the number of divisions and subdivisions. Click the When Resizing dropdown menu and choose how you want the scale bar to respond when the map scale changes. Choose the units. Click Symbol and choose the text style for the scale bar labels. Click the Numbers and Marks tab. From the Frequency dropdown menu, choose where along the bar to place the numbers. Choose the position from the Position dropdown menu. Do the same for the tic marks. You can also set the tic mark division heights. Click OK. 43 To add scale text, from the menu bar, choose Insert, Scale Text. Choose a style and click Properties to change the Scale Text properties or format the text, or click OK to use one of the default styles. 44 To add a legend, from the menu bar, click Insert, then Legend to open the Legend Wizard. By default, all the layers on the map will appear as legend items in the legend. To remove a legend item, click it, then click the left arrow button. Use the Up and Down arrow buttons to order the legend items. Click Next. Type a title for the legend. Set the text color, font, and size as desired. Click Next. Choose a border, background and/or drop shadow. Click Next. Click a Legend item in the list to modify the symbol patch. Set the Patch properties as desired. Click Next. Set the spacing between legend elements by typing a value into the appropriate box. Click Finish. To convert map elements to simple graphics, right-click an element and click Convert to Graphics. Right-click the graphic and click Ungroup to edit the individual graphics separately. 45 Adding a Table to a Layout When creating a layout, you can also display attribute tables on it to help describe the features your map shows. The appearance of the table in the table window defines how it will look on the layout. Once added, any additional formatting to the table window won't affect its display on the layout. To show just the selected rows in the table frame, click the selected button on the table window before adding it to the layout. Selections made afterwards do not affect the data in the table frame. Any edits you make to the table records will automatically be reflected in the table on the layout. In the table you want to add to the layout, click Options, then, click Appearance. Set the font, font color, and font size to define how you want the table to appear in the layout. Click OK. Move the scroll bars so that the data in the upper-left corner of the table window shows the data you want to appear in the upper-left corner of the table on the layout. Click Options and Add Table to Layout. Click the lower-right corner of the table frame and drag until all the data you want to print appears. You may also adjust the position of the table frame in the layout. Exercise 1 ‒ Introduction to ArcGIS Applications 46 In this exercise, you will be introduced some of the Applications within ArcGIS including ArcCatalog, ArcGIS and ArcToolbox Log onto your computer using the given User Name and password. Open Windows Explorer and find a folder called ArcGISdemo and copy it and its entire contents to your H:\ drive. Launch ArcCatalog directly from the Start menu, choose Start, …ArcGIS then ArcCatalog. You can launch ArcMap from the ArcCatalog toolbar by clicking on the icon with the Globe on it or, from the Start Menu, choose …. ArcGIS, ArcMap. (This may vary depending on the lab in which this course is being run.) The ArcMap application should open up. When prompted, select ‘A new empty map’ and click OK. You may want to maximize your browser window to give you as large a working area as possible. 47 Click on the red toolbox to open the ArcToolbox window if it isn’t already open. Next, you will go back to ArcCatalog. If you already closed the ArcCatalog application, you can launch it from the ArcMap toolbar by clicking on the file cabinet icon. Next, you will open the ArcToolbox window in ArcCatalog. In the ArcCatalog toolbar, click on the icon with a red toolbox. In the ArcToolbox window, browse through the various toolsets and subsets to learn about the many analysis, management and conversion tools available. Leave ArcCatalog open for the next exercise. 48 Exercise 2 ‒ Managing Data in ArcCatalog In this exercise, you will be introduced to some of the functionality of ArcCatalog. You will be examining and preparing files for view and analysis in ArcMap. The first part of this exercise is to connect your working directory to ArcCatalog. Connecting Folders You need to make a connection to this folder so that you can easily and quickly access it in the Catalog Tree (left panel). To do this, click the Connect to Folder button in the toolbar or from the menu, choose File, Connect to Folder. Navigate to the ArcGISDemo directory in the window and select it. Click OK. The path to ArcGISDemo will now appear in the Catalog Tree. In the left panel of the ArcCatalog interface, browse to the H:\ drive and find the folder ArcGISDemo. Look at the various types of data sets. Each format is represented with a different type of icon. Feature types or classes are also displayed by a unique icon representing point, line or polygon features for instance. Take note of the different types of feature classes and file formats. Once they become recognizable, it will be easy for you to know which formats you are working with. Practice dragging and dropping files from ArcCatalog to the ArcMap interface. Viewing Data Files 49 Viewing Contents Now that your working directory is connected, browse through the various folders and look at the different views available. From the Catalog Tree in the left panel, browse to the Yellowstone file folder inside the ArcGISDemo folder. Click on the + sign to expand the folder. Find the Yellowstone geodatabase and click on the + sign to expand it, and then the ‘water’ feature dataset to expand it as well. With the Contents tab chosen in the right panel, view the feature dataset using the different view styles available. Choose to view Large Icons, List, Details and finally Thumbnail views by selecting the appropriate style in the toolbar. Creating Thumbnails Next, browse to the folder Ecosystems, g_ , and expand the coverage ‘skeco’. With the contents tab selected, choose the thumbnail view. Note that thumbnails have not been created for these features and do not show up as such in the contents. Click on the Preview tab. You can only view one at a time here. Select each of the four different coverage feature classes to preview them. Create thumbnails for each of these features. To create thumbnails, in the Catalog tree, click the layer that you want to a create thumbnail for, in this case, choose one of the feature classes in the ‘skeco’ coverage. Click the ‘Preview’ tab, and choose ‘Geography’ from the dropdown menu at the bottom. Click the Zoom button and zoom into the area that you want displayed in the thumbnail. Click the Create Thumbnail button. Click the Contents tab and view the thumbnail you just created. Repeat this step for all the feature classes in this coverage. You can now view thumbnails for these features in the contents tab. 50 Preview Tab Next, you will examine the tabular information or attribute data associated with a shapefile. In your Catalog Tree, browse to the folder ArcGISDemo\sk\street and select the skrm shapefile. Click the Preview tab and make sure that Geography is chosen from the drop down menu at the bottom of the window. This is a map of Saskatchewan CSD boundaries. The reason the shape of the province is a little unfamiliar is because of the coordinate system applied to this shapefile. It is in a Geographic coordinate system, using degrees of latitude and longitude. It is unprojected, and because spherical coordinates are being represented on a flat surface, the shape appears distorted. To view the attribute data for this shapefile, in the Preview drop down menu, click on the down arrow and choose table. If you look at the various columns in the table, you can see there is a field called PRCDCSD. This field represents the Census Sub-division Id and will be used as a relate item in a later exercise to link additional census data information to this map. Metadata – Adding and Editing 51 Next, click the Metadata tab. Make sure that ‘Stylesheet’ drop down menu above the left panel shows ESRI as the Metadata style you want to use. In the Metadata panel (right panel), click on Spatial. Because the boundary information appears to be geographic, it assumes that the shapefile is unprojected. It also assumes a datum of NAD 27. The datum for this shapefile is in fact NAD 83. You will now define the projection for this shapefile. In the Catalog Tree, select the shapefile skrm.shp. Right-click and choose Properties to open the Shapefile Properties box. Click the XY Coordinate System Tab. Note that the name of the coordinate system here is ‘Unknown’. 52 Click the ‘Select’ button and choose predefined coordinate system, then Geographic Coordinate Systems. Click on North America, then choose North American Datum 1983.prj. Click Add. If you want to you can save the coordinate system to a projection file, click on Save As. Name the projection file skrm, then click save. Click OK to accept the changes in the Spatial Reference Properties, then OK again in the Shapefile Properties box. Now look at the Metadata view and the Spatial information. The coordinate system should now say GCS_North_Ameircan_1983. You may have to click outside the shapefile then re-select it to update your Metadata, or press the F5 key to refresh the screen. Now repeat this for the highways shapefile. 53 You can also add personal information to these shapefiles. Select the skrm shapefile from the catalogue tree. In the Metadata window, click the Description tab, and then in the toolbar above the panel, click the ‘Edit Metadata’ icon. This opens up the Editing window. Click on the General tab and in the Abstract field, type ”Saskatchewan Census Sub-divisions”. In the Purpose field, type “Data for ArcGIS training”. Click the Citation tab, and the Details button, type “DMTI and Stats Canada” in the Originator field and “Canada Census, 1996” in the Publication Date field. Click OK and then Save. Now you can browse your metadata and view the information you just added. Create a New Shapefile ArcCatalog allows you to create new feature datasets, dBASE tables, coverages and shapefiles. You will now create a new shapefile to add to the Yellowstone folder. To create a new shapefile, browse through the Catalog Tree in the ArcGISDemo folder to the Yellowstone folder. Click on the + sign to expand it. Select the Yellowstone folder, then from the menu, choose File, then New, and then Shapefile. Type the name of the new shapefile in the Name text box; in this case, use the name POI.shp (for points of interest). Click the Feature Type dropdown menu and choose the type of feature your shapefile will contain, in this case, it will be a point feature. Click Edit to define the Coordinate System, the default will be ‘unknown’. Click Import and browse to the Yellowstone folder. 54 Select the ‘states’ Arc/Info coverage then click Add. This will import the coordinate system parameters defined for ‘states’ to the new shapefile (Albers Equal Area projection). Click OK, to close the Spatial Reference Properties, then OK again. The new shapefile POI.shp will appear in the Catalog tree. Adding Attribute Fields ArcCatalog lets you modify shapefiles and dBASE tables by adding and deleting attribute columns or fields. You will now add columns to the POI.shp file attribute table that you just created. A column's name must be no more than ten characters in length, and a shapefile's FID and Shape columns can't be deleted. To add an field, select POI.shp from the Catalog Tree. Click the File menu, then properties (or right click, and choose properties). Choose the ‘Fields’ tab. Find the first empty row, and under ‘Field Name’, type in the name of the new attribute, POI_site. Click inside the ‘Data Type’ column, and choose ‘Text’ from the list. Next, in the ‘Field Properties’ list, type 50 for the column width. Add another field, called Rank. Make this an integer and set the precision (the total number of digits) property to 3. Click OK. In the next exercise, you will use ArcToolbox to change a shapefile’s projection. Exercise 3 - ArcToolbox Exercise three will guide you through some of the data projection capabilities of ArcToolbox. Open ArcToolbox window in ArcCatalog by clicking on the ArcToolbox icon (red toolbox) from ArcCatalog. The first thing you will do is customize a toolset to contain the ‘Tools’ that you will be using in this exercise. To add a custom toolset, select ArcToolbox and right-click, then choose ‘New toolset’. Type in the name of the custom toolset, call it ‘MyTools’. To add a tool to the new custom toolset, find ‘Project’ tool for ‘Features’ in the Data Management, → Projections and Transformations toolset. Select then right click and choose ‘Copy’. Select the ‘My Tools’ toolset and right click, choose ‘Paste’. The ‘Project’ tool is now in your custom toolset. Next, you will project the study_area shapefile in the Yellowstone folder to be the same projection as the ‘states’ 55 coverage. ‘States’ is an ArcInfo Coverage format that is projected into an Albers projection using a NAD83 (NADCON) datum, while study_area.shp is UTM Zone 12N, NAD 27 Datum. To project the shapefile study_area.shp, use the ArcToolbox tools. In My Tools, choose and double click on ‘Project’. In the Project window, click on the folder icon and navigate to study_area.shp in the Yellowstone folder in ArcGISDemo. Please note that you can only ‘Project’ a geographic feature that already has a projection defined for it. Click ‘Add’ and select the file in the data window. For the output, browse to the Yellowstone folder again, save the new projected shapefile as study_area_project.shp and click ‘Save’. For the ‘Output Coordinate System’ click on the Spatial Reference icon to open the Spatial Reference Properties box. You will match the coordinate system information of an existing file by importing it. Click Import and navigate to the file ‘states’ coverage. Select ‘States’ then click ‘Add’, then ‘OK’. Because your input Datum is NAD 27, and we want to change the datum for our output projection to that of the ‘states’ coverage – NAD83 (NADCON), we have to perform a datum shift or ‘Transformation’. A green dot will appear on your ‘Project window’ indicating that a transformation is needed. Click on the down arrow and choose NAD_1927_To_NAD_1983_NADCON. The green dot should disappear. Click OK to project the file. 56 You can look at the spatial information in the Metadata tab of ArcCatalog to verify the changes made. Take a look at the two ‘study_area’ shapefiles (study_area.shp and study_areap.shp). Notice how they appear to be slightly different, this is because of the way their geometry has changed due to a change in the projection. You will now view, analyze and display data using ArcMap. Exercise 4 ‒ Viewing, Querying and Editing Data in ArcMap. Open ArcMap. If it isn’t already open, click on the Globe icon in ArcCatalog to launch an ArcMap session or open it from the Start menu. Open it with ‘A new empty map’. Display data Right-click on your Data View and choose Add Data. Navigate to the ArcGISDemo folder. Open the Map folder and double-click on the airport.mdb database to expand it. Choose the ‘parcels’ database and click Add. In the table of contents, select the parcels layer and right-click to open the Properties. Click the General tab. In the layer name box, type in Landuse. Click on the Symbology tab, and in the window on the left, click Categories, then select unique values. For the Value field choose LAND_USE, and choose a colour scheme that you like. At the bottom click Add All Values. Deselect the value ‘, then click Apply. If you’re happy with the colour scheme, click OK. To save the properties, save the ‘parcels’ theme as a layer file (.lyr). To do this, select the parcels layer and right-click, choose Save as Layer File…, navigate to ArcGISDemo, Map, and name the layer Landuse.lyr. Click save. 57 Special Effects Next you will add the airport_area layer from the same geo-database. Click on the Add Data icon, and choose airpiort_area from the airport.mdb database. Click Add. In the Table of Contents, right click and choose Properties. Click on the Symbology tab, and the Symbol box. Choose a colour fill that you like for the airport from the Symbol Selector, and click OK. Click OK to close the Properties box. With the airport_area layer selected, in the menu bar, click View, then Toolbars. Select Effects. Click on the transparency button (looks like a glass pitcher), and move the scroll bar up or down to get the level of transparency you like. Make sure that the airport_area layer is chosen. Close the Effects toolbar or dock it onto your interface. Save the airport_area as a layer file. You would like to calculate the total area for each land use type. To do this you can summarize the land_use field, and extract the summary statistics for the area of each land use type. Select the ‘parcels’ layer again in the table of contents, and right-click, then choose Open Attribute Table. Select the LAND_USE field. Right-click and choose Summarize. For the summary statistics, click the + sign 58 to expand the Shape_Area field. Click to add a check mark to only the ‘Sum’ in the summary statistics available for the Shape_Area field. Specify the location of the output table in the ArcGISDemo folder\Map\ and save it as Sum_Output.dbf. Click OK. Click Yes when asked to add the result table to the map. To view the summary table, right-click on Sum_Output.dbf in the table of contents, then choose open. Now you will do a join to append the summary table to the ‘parcels’ layer. Select ‘Parcels’ from the table of contents, and right-click. Choose Joins and Relates, then Join. Fill in the fields as illustrated below and click OK. You have now joined the summary table to the parcels’ attribute table. 59 With the tables joined, open up the properties box for the ‘parcels’ layer, click on the Symbology tab and this time on the right, choose Quantities, then Graduated colors. In the Fields box under Value, pick Sum_Shape_Area. Notice how all the field headings from the summary table are now appended. Leave the rest of the defaults and choose a colour ramp that you like. Make sure the ‘Show class ranges using feature values’ is checked on. Click OK. Save this to a Layer file, call the new layer Sum_area.lyr. 60 Now, you can add the first layer that you saved, showing the land use polygons for the parcels. From the menu bar, choose File, Add Data; then add the layer named Landuse.lyr. This is the layer you created earlier. It will come in on top of the areas layer. Perhaps you want to compare areas for each land use classifications with the different land use types, to see if there is any correlation. To do this you would have to be able to see both layers at the same time. You have a variety of options however in this case, you will change the symbology for the land use types so that it will allow the area fills to show underneath. From the Landuse layer in the table of contents, click on the area fill box next to the AGR value to open up the Symbol Selector window. Scroll down to the 10% Simple hatch fill and select it. Click on the Properties button to edit the symbol. Type in .04 for the line separation distance, makes sure the units are in inches. Click the Line button, and choose 1.0 for the line width (this unit is in points). Click OK. Choose a colour for the line, then click OK, then OK again. Change the symbol fill for each land use value in the same manner. Now you can see the graduated colour fills representing the sum_area for each land use type underneath. Save the map document. From the menu, click File, then Save As… Navigate to the ArcGISDemo folder. Name the map document parcels.mxd and click Save. Map Queries and Relates 61 In ArcMap, open a new map document. From the menu bar, choose File, then New. If prompted to save previous file, click yes. When asked, choose to open a Blank Document. In the menu bar, choose File, Add Data. Browse to the folder ArcGISDemo\sk\street, select the skrm shapefile and click Add. Next, add the inc1_csdsk.dbf dBASE table in the sk\Data\ folder. In the table of contents, select the inc1_csdsk.dbf file, right-click and choose Open. Notice the field named PRCDCSD. Next, select and right click on the skrm folder, and choose Open Attribute Table. Notice that the attribute table for skrm also contains the field PRCDCSD. You will now joint the income data to the skrm shapefile attributes. You may close both tables. Select and right-click the skrm shapefile, choose Joins and Relates in the context menu, then choose Join. Select the method ‘Join attributes from a table’. In the Join dialogue box, select the relate field PRCDCSD. Choose the name of the table you wish to join to the source table, inc1_csdsk.dbf, and the field from the destination table that the join is based on, PRCDCSD. Click OK. The income data is now joined to the skrm attribute table. You may open the skrm attribute table to view it. Next, you will be selecting all CSD’s whose average income for 1996 is greater than $25,000.00. To select by attribute using an SQL expression, from the menu bar, choose Selection, then Select By Attributes. From the Layer dropdown menu click the layer containing the features you want to select, in this case, skrm. For the selection method choose ‘Create a new selection’. Double-click the field Inc1_csdsk.C96avginc to add the field name to the expression box. Click the ‘>’ operator to add it to the expression. Click the Complete List button to see all the values. Double-click 24926 to add it to the expression. You can verify if you’re using proper syntax or if the criteria you’ve entered will select any features by clicking the Verify button. Click Apply. The status bar at the bottom of the ArcMap window tells you how many features are selected. There should be 79 records selected. Right-click on skrm and choose Data, Export Data. Save it as skrmj.shp in the folder ArcGISDemo\sk\, then click yes to add the layer to the map. Add X,Y Data Next you will create a point shapefile from X,Y coordinates. Add the table skset.dbf to the table of contents. Next, click the Tools menu on the Standard toolbar and click Add XY Data. From the table dropdown menu choose skset.dbf. Click the X Field dropdown arrow and click the field containing xcoordinate values (Longitude). Click the Y Field dropdown arrow and click the field containing y-coordinate values (Latitude). Choose a coordinate system; click Edit…select Geographic, NAD_83. Click OK. The skset.dbf is now seen in the table of contents as an event. 62 You want to find out which settlements in Saskatchewan fall within the RM’s (CSD’s) whose average income for 1996 was greater than $25,000.00. To do this you will select from the settlement layer, by location. Select by Location To select based on location from the menu bar, choose Selection and click Select By Location. Choose to ‘select features from’. Check the layers whose features you would like to select, in this case, choose the skset Event. Click the dropdown arrow and click a selection method. Choose Features that ‘are completely within’…Click the dropdown arrow and click the layer skrm. Check to use only the selected features. Make sure the 79 CSD’s from the previous section are still selected. Otherwise, choose all features from the layer skrmj as the layer that features are ‘completely within’. Click Apply. There should be 210 point features selected. From the table of contents, select the Event layer ‘skset Event’. Right-click and choose Date, Export data…Choose selected features and make sure to check to ‘Use the same Coordinate System as the layers source data’. Save the file as a shapefile to the sk\POI\ folder in the ArcGISDemo workspace. Name the new shapefile setgt25k.shp. Click Save. Click yes to add the new shapefile to the document. Right-click the new shapefile in the table of contents, and choose Properties. Click the Symbology tab. Click the Import button and choose to 63 import an ArcView 3 legend file. Browse to the ArcGISDemo workspace, sk\POI\ and choose the ArcView legend file, sasksetdata.avl. Click OK. Choose the field PPN_CODE, click OK, then OK again. The legend is now applied to the settlement shapefile. Project the Data Frame Finally, you will Project the Data Frame. Select the ‘Layers’ data frame and right-click. Choose Properties. Click the Coordinate Systems tab. In the ‘select a coordinate system’ window, choose Predefined, then select Projected Coordinate System. Choose UTM, and browse to Nad 1983, zone 13N. Click OK. The display should change to show Saskatchewan in a UTM projection. Save the map document. From the menu, click File, then Save As… Navigate to the ArcGISDemo\sk\ folder. Name the map document skrms.mxd and click Save. Editing in ArcMap Edit the points of interest shapefile you created earlier by adding points. Start a new ArcMap session. Click the Add Data button in the Standard toolbar, and browse to the Yellowstone file folder in the ArcGISDemo workspace. Add the ‘states’ coverage and the study_areapr.shp shapefile to the Data Frame in the table of contents. Select the layer ‘study_areap’ in the table of contents and right click. Choose Zoom to Layer. Next, add the shapefile that you created in Exercise 2, POI.shp. Select POI.shp in the table of contents. In the Editor toolbar, click on the Editor dropdown menu, and click Start Editing. Click the folder where the POI.shp file sits if asked which folder you want to start editing, then click OK. In the Edit toolbar, make sure that the Task chosen is Create New Feature, and that the Target is POI. Click the pencil icon and start adding points. For this exercise, you will just arbitrarily add points that will be considered points of interest. Theoretically, if you had the coordinates of the point, you simply right click and choose Absolute X,Y… and type in the exact coordinates. 64 When you’ve finished adding a 10 points, from the Edit toolbar, click on Editor, Stop Editing. Click Yes when prompted to save your edits. Next, you will add attribute information to these records. In the table of contents, select POI and right click. Choose Open Attribute Table. From the Edit toolbar, choose Editor, Start Editing. In the POI_site field, type in Scenic View for 3 of your records, Parking Lot for 2 records 2, Campsite for 2 records, and Restaurant, Picnic Area and Entrance for each of the remaining records. From the menu bar, choose Selection, by Attribute. In the Select by Attribute window, create the SQL statement listed below. Click Apply. Click back on the Attribute table. You will notice that two records have been selected. Right-click on the field ‘Rank’ and choose Calculate Values. Type in 3 for the Rank value, and click OK. You can calculate all the values this way, or you can simply type them into the Attribute table. The rest of the ‘Rank’ values should be updated as follows: Entrance – 1 Parking Lot – 2 Restaurant and Picnic Area – 3 Campsite – 4 Scenic View – 5 65 When all records have been updated, from the Edit toolbar, choose Editor, Stop Editing, then click yes to Save Edits. Close the Attribute table and the Select by Attribute window if they are still open. Right click on the POI layer and choose Properties, then click the Symbology tab. In the Show window, choose Quantities, then Graduated symbols. In the Value dropdown menu, choose Rank. Choose 5 classes and make the symbol size go from 18 to 4. You can change the symbol colour and symbol style by clicking on Template. When you are satisfied with the results, click OK to close the Layer Properties window. Save the map layer for the POI file as POI.lyr. Save the map document as Points_of_Interest.mxd. Exercise 5 Data Frames and Layouts In this exercise, you will create a simple map of the Saskatchewan Census SubDivisions (like RM’s) depicting the Average Income for 1996 using Graduated colours and range values. Open an existing Map Document. In the menu bar, choose File, Open. Navigate to the ArcGISDemo\sk\ folder. Select the map document skrms.mxd and click Open. Click Yes to save the previous map document if it hasn’t already been saved. Remove the layers skset events and skrmj from the table of contents, if they have not yet been removed. Clear any selected features. To do this, from the menu bar, choose ‘Selection’, then choose ‘Clear Selected Features’ from the context menu. In the Data View, zoom to the extents of the skrm layer. Select skrm in the table of contents, right-click and choose Zoom to Layer. Also, make sure the layer is turned on. Switch from a Data View to a Layout View. Select the skrm layer in the Table of Contents and open the Layer Properties window. Click the Symbology tab. Click on Quantities, and choose Graduated Colours. For the Value Field choose Inc1_csdSK.C96AVGINC. Choose 5 classes, and use Natural Breaks. Choose a colour Ramp and click OK. Right-click on the box surrounding the map and choose Properties. Click the Frame table. Choose a border, background colour and Drop Shadow if desired. Click Apply. 66 Next, you will add a Graticule. Click on the Grid tab, then New Grid. From the Grids and Graticule Wizard, choose Graticule, leave the default name, then click ‘Next’. Select Graticule and labels, and choose to space parallels and meridians every 2 degrees. Click Next. Choose a line style for the major divisions, deselect Minor division ticks. Choose Arial for the font, and make the size 8 pts. Click Next. Click to place a simple border and store it as a fixed grid that updates with changes to the data frame. Click Finish. Insert a legend; from the menu bar, choose ‘Insert’, then ‘Legend’. In the Legend Wizard, make sure that the legend items include skrm and setgt25k. Make sure the layer setgt25k is at the top. Click next. Remove the legend title and accept all defaults for fonts. You can re-adjust them later. Click ‘Next’. Add a border, background and drop shadow and click ‘Next’. Accept the default patches, and click ‘Next’. Accept the rest of the defaults and click ‘Finish’. You can go back and make changes if you don’t like the results. You can change the legend labels in the Layer Properties Symbology window. Right click on ‘skrm’ and choose ‘Properties’, then click on the Symbology tab. Change the income values in the ‘Labels’ side by clicking on the actual value. Changes the values into $ (i.e. 25000, change to $25,000.00). Select the layer setgt25k from the Table of Contents. Right click and choose ‘Properties’. Click on the General tab. Rename the layer to “Saskatchewan Settlements - High Average Incomes” and click ‘OK’. Click on the name ‘skrm’ in the Table of Contents, then click again. Re-name the layer “Saskatchewan Census Sub-divisions 1996” . Do the same for the field name in the Table of Contents – Inc1_csdSK.C96AVGINC. Rename this “1996 Average Income” Save the map document. You may now insert a scale bar. From the Insert menu click Scale Bar. Choose a style from the selector window. Click OK. On the layout view, double-click the scale bar to modify the scale bar’s properties. In the scale bar Properties box, click the Scale and Units tab. Click the ‘When Resizing’ dropdown menu and choose to ‘Adjust Width’. Set the division value at the top to 100 and choose ‘kilometres’ as the unit. Set the number of divisions to 4. Check to show one division before 0. Label position to ‘after labels’. Click Symbol and choose a text style for the scale bar labels. Click the Numbers and Marks tab. From the Frequency dropdown menu, choose divisions. Choose the position ‘above bar’ from the Position dropdown menu. For the tic marks, choose divisions. You can also set the tic mark division heights if you like. Click OK. Position the scale bar where you like on the layout. 67 Add a North Arrow. Click insert from the menu bar, and choose North Arrow. Choose a North Arrow from the Selector window and click OK. Click and drag the North arrow into place on your map. You can resize the North arrow by clicking and dragging a selection handle. Save the map document. Before closing ArcMap, export your layout to another format. From the menu bar, choose File, Export Map. Save it as type JPG, call it skrms.jpg. Save it to the ArcGISDemo workspace. Close ArcMap. You can view your JPG by opening up a program such as Microsoft word, and inserting a picture. Choose the skrms.jpg. Online Evaluations of ITS Training Services Courses Please visit the following website to access the online evaluation for this course or seminar. http://www.usask.ca/its/courses/evaluation The evaluation should be completed as soon as possible after completing your course. Once completed, the certificate for the course will be emailed to your registration email account. 68 Thank you. Your feedback is important and assists us in making improvements to our training courses. Please visit http://focus.usask.ca/courses for additional course offerings. This training manual was produced by GIServices, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, for ITS (Information Technology Services), University of Saskatchewan. Content was developed by GIServices and from ArcGIS product help files and tutorials. Not for distribution. 69