Transcript
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 Single, Dual and Quad, 1.8V, 13µA Precision Rail-to-Rail Op Amps U
FEATURES
DESCRIPTIO
■
The LT®6000/LT6001/LT6002 are single, dual and quad precision rail-to-rail input and output operational amplifiers. Designed to maximize battery life in always-on applications, the devices will operate on supplies down to 1.8V while drawing only 13µA quiescient current. The low supply current and low voltage operation is combined with precision specifications; input offset is guaranteed less than 600µV. The performance on 1.8V supplies is fully specified and guaranteed over temperature. A shutdown feature available in the LT6000 and the 10-lead dual LT6001 version can be used to extend battery life by allowing the amplifiers to be switched off during periods of inactivity.
■ ■ ■ ■ ■
Ideal for Battery-Powered Applications – Low Voltage: 1.8V to 16V Operation – Low Current: 16µA/Amplifier Max – Small Packages: DFN, MSOP, SSOP – Shutdown to 1.5µA Max (LT6000, LT6001DD) Low Offset Voltage: 600µV Max Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Fully Specified on 1.8V and 5V Supplies Operating Temperature Range: –40°C to 85°C Single Available in DFN Dual Available in MSOP and DFN Quad Available in SSOP and DFN
U APPLICATIO S ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
The LT6000 is available in a tiny, dual fine pitch leadless DFN package. The LT6001 is available in the 8-pin MSOP package; a 10-lead version with the shutdown feature is available in DFN package. The quad LT6002 is available in the 16-pin SSOP package and the 16-pin DFN package. These devices are specified over the commercial and industrial temperature range.
Gas Sensing Portable Instrumentation Battery- or Solar-Powered Systems Low Voltage Signal Processing Micropower Active Filters
, LTC and LT are registered trademarks of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO
Micropower Oxygen Sensor OXYGEN SENSOR CITY TECHNOLOGY 40X(2)
25
– 330Ω 1/2 LT6001
+
+
VOUT = 1V IN AIR, 0V WITHOUT OXYGEN 330Ω
+VE www.citytech.com
–
VS
–
VS 200k
1/2 LT6001
+
VS = 1.8V ISUPPLY = 145µA IN AIR, 45µA WITHOUT OXYGEN
SUPPLY CURRENT PER AMPLIFIER (µA)
10k
100Ω
–VE
Start-Up Characteristics Supply Current vs Supply Voltage AV = 1 VCM = 0.5V 20
TA = 125°C
15 TA = 25°C
10
TA = –55°C
5
0 0.4 0.6
20k
60012 TA01a
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
2.0
60012 TA01b
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
W W
U
W
ABSOLUTE
AXI U RATI GS (Note 1)
Total Supply Voltage (V+ to V–) .............................. 18V Input Current ..................................................... ±10mA SHDN Pin Voltage (Note 7) ............................... V– to V+ Output Short Current Duration (Note 2) ......... Indefinite Operating Temperature Range (Note 3) ... –40°C to 85°C Specified Temperature Range (Note 4) .... –40°C to 85°C Junction Temperature ........................................... 150°C
Junction Temperature (DFN Packages) ................ 125°C Storage Temperature Range .................. –65°C to 150°C Storage Temperature Range DFN Packages ................................... –65°C to 125°C Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec) MSOP, SSOP Packages .................................... 300°C
U U W PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW
OUT A IN– A IN+ A V–
5 V–
7
–IN 2
4 OUT
+IN 3
1 2 3 4
IN– A 2
8 V+ – +
– +
8 IN– B
11
V– 4
7 IN+ B
NC 5
6 SHDN
DD PACKAGE 10-LEAD (3mm ´ 3mm) PLASTIC DFN
TJMAX = 150°C, θJA = 250°C/W
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 160°C/W (NOTE 2)
9 OUT B
IN+ A 3
7 OUT B 6 IN– B 5 IN+ B
MS8 PACKAGE 8-LEAD PLASTIC MSOP
DCB PACKAGE 6-LEAD (2mm × 3mm) PLASTIC DFN
10 V+
OUT A 1
TOP VIEW
6 V+
SHDN 1
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 160°C/W (NOTE 2)
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 7) IS CONNECTED TO V– (PIN 5)
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 11) IS CONNECTED TO V– (PIN 4)
ORDER PART NUMBER
DCB PART MARKING*
ORDER PART NUMBER
LT6000CDCB LT6000IDCB
LCDM LCDM
LT6001CMS8 LT6001IMS8
MS8 PART MARKING*
ORDER PART NUMBER
DD PART MARKING*
LT6001CDD LT6001IDD
LBVH LBVH
LTBVD LTBVD
TOP VIEW
TOP VIEW OUT A
1
IN– A
2
IN+ A
3
V+
4
IN+ B
5
IN– B
6
OUT B
7
10 OUT C
NC
8
9
16 OUT D – +A
– – 15 IN D D+ 14 IN+ D
13 V – + –B
+ + 12 IN C C– 11 IN– C
NC
OUT A
1
IN– A
2
IN+ A
3
V+
4
+
5
IN B IN–
16 OUT D A
D
15 IN– D 14 IN+ D 13 V –
17
12 IN+ C B
C
11 IN– C
B
6
OUT B
7
10 OUT C
NC
8
9
NC
DHC PACKAGE 16-LEAD (5mm ´ 3mm) DFN
GN PACKAGE 16-LEAD NARROW PLASTIC SSOP
TJMAX = 125°C, θJA = 160°C/W (NOTE 2)
TJMAX = 150°C, θJA = 135°C/W
EXPOSED PAD (PIN 17) IS CONNECTED TO V– (PIN 13)
ORDER PART NUMBER
GN PART MARKING
ORDER PART NUMBER
DHC PART MARKING*
LT6002CGN LT6002IGN
6002 6002I
LT6002CDHC LT6002IDHC
6002 6002
Order Options Tape and Reel: Add #TR Lead Free: Add #PBF Lead Free Tape and Reel: Add #TRPBF Lead Free Part Marking: http://www.linear.com/leadfree/ *Temperature grades are identified on the shipping container. Consult LTC Marketing for parts specified with wider operating temperature ranges. 600012fa
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are TA = 25°C. VS = 1.8V, 0V, VCM = VOUT = 0.5V. For the LT6000 and the LT6001DD, VSHDN = V+, unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL VOS
PARAMETER Input Offset Voltage
CONDITIONS LT6001MS8 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C LT6000DCB, LT6001DD, LT6002GN 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C LT6002DHC 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C VCM = V+ LT6001MS8
MIN
TYP 200
MAX 600 800 950 750 1000 1200 900 1100 1300
UNITS µV µV µV µV µV µV µV µV µV
400
1000 1300
µV µV
500
1200 1550
µV µV
500
1300 1700 5
µV µV µV/°C nA nA nA nA nA nA µVP-P nV/√Hz fA/√Hz GΩ MΩ pF dB dB dB V dB
● ●
250 ● ●
300 ● ●
●
VCM = V+ LT6000DCB, LT6001DD, LT6002GN ●
VCM = V+ LT6002DHC ●
∆VOS/∆T IB
Input Offset Voltage Drift (Note 5) Input Bias Current
IOS
Input Offset Current
en in RIN
Input Noise Voltage Input Voltage Noise Density Input Current Noise Density Input Resistance
CIN CMRR
Input Capacitance Common Mode Rejection Ratio
PSRR
Input Voltage Range Power Supply Rejection Ratio
AVOL
Minimum Supply Large-Signal Gain
VOL
VOH
Output Swing Low (Note 6)
Output Swing High (Note 6)
VCM = 0.5V VCM = 0.5V VCM = V– VCM = V+ VCM = 0.5V VCM = V– VCM = V+ 0.1Hz to 10Hz f = 1kHz f = 1kHz Common Mode (VCM = 0V to 0.6V) Differential
●
VCM = 0V to 0.6V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C VCM = 0.1V to 0.6V, –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C VCM = 0V to 1.8V
● ● ●
● ● ● ● ● ●
10
●
82 82 60 0 86
●
1.8
●
VS = 1.8V to 16V VCM = VO = 0.5V VCM = VO = 0.5V VO = 0.25V to 1.25V RL = 100k to GND RL = 100k to GND RL = 10k to GND RL = 10k to GND Input Overdrive = 30mV No Load ISINK = 100µA Input Overdrive = 30mV No Load ISOURCE = 100µA RL = 10k to GND
–5 –5
● ●
25 20 40 25
2 –2 –2 4 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.2 75 25 3.5 25 5 96 96 78
10 1 1 2
1.8 100
V 65
V/mV V/mV V/mV V/mV
125
● ●
30 120
60 200
mV mV
● ● ●
30 140 160
60 225 250
mV mV mV
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are TA = 25°C. VS = 1.8V, 0V, VCM = VOUT = 0.5V. For the LT6000 and the LT6001DD, VSHDN = V+, unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL ISC
PARAMETER Short-Circuit Current
IS
Supply Current per Amplifier
ISHDN
Total Supply Current in Shutdown (Note 7) SHDN Pin Current (Note 7)
VL VH tON
Shutdown Output Leakage Current (Note 7) SHDN Pin Input Low Voltage (Note 7) SHDN Pin Input High Voltage (Note 7) Turn On Time (Note 7)
tOFF
Turn Off Time (Note 7)
GBW
Gain Bandwidth Product (Note 8)
SR
FPBW
Slew Rate
Full Power Bandwidth (Note 9)
CONDITIONS Short to GND 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C Short to V+ 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C VSHDN = 0.3V VSHDN = 1.8V VSHDN = 0V VSHDN = 0.3V (V– ≤ VOUT ≤ V+)
● ● ● ●
MIN 2 1 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.15
TYP 4
400
UNITS mA mA mA mA mA mA µA µA µA µA nA nA nA V V µs
100
µs
50
kHz kHz kHz V/ms V/ms V/ms kHz
2
13 ● ● ● ● ●
–300
●
0.8 0 –200 20
● ●
VSHDN = 0V to 1.8V, RL = 10k VSHDN = 1.8V to 0V, RL = 10k Freq = 1kHz 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C AV = –1, VOUT = 0.25V to 1.5V Measure 0.5V to 1.25V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C VOUT = 1.25VP-P
● ● ● ●
MAX
16 22 24 1.5 30
0.3 1.5V
32 28 24 9 7 5 2.3
15
3.8
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are TA = 25°C. VS = 5V, 0V, VCM = VOUT = 1/2 Supply. For the LT6000 and the LT6001DD, VSHDN = V+, unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
VOS
Input Offset Voltage
LT6001MS8 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C LT6000DCB, LT6001DD, LT6002GN 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C LT6002DHC 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C VCM = V+ LT6001MS8
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
200
600 800 950 750 1000 1200 900 1100 1300
µV µV µV µV µV µV µV µV µV
400
1000 1300
µV µV
500
1200 1550
µV µV
500
1300 1700 5
µV µV µV/°C
● ●
250 ● ●
300 ● ●
●
VCM = V+ LT6000DCB, LT6001DD, LT6002GN ●
VCM = V+ LT6002DHC ●
∆VOS/∆T
Input Offset Voltage Drift (Note 5)
VCM = VS/2
●
IB
Input Bias Current
VCM = VS/2 VCM = V– VCM = V+
● ● ●
Input Offset Current
VCM = VS/2 VCM = V– VCM = V+
● ● ●
Input Noise Voltage
0.1Hz to 10Hz
IOS
2 –6 –6
–2 –2 4
12
nA nA nA
0.2 0.2 0.4
1.2 1.2 2.4
nA nA nA
1.2
µVP-P
en
Input Voltage Noise Density
f = 1kHz
75
nV/√Hz
in
Input Current Noise Density
f = 1kHz
25
fA/√Hz
RIN
Input Resistance
Common Mode (VCM = 0V to 3.8V) Differential
3.5 25
GΩ MΩ
5
pF
105 105 86
dB dB dB
CIN
Input Capacitance
CMRR
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
VCM = 0V to 3.8V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C VCM = 0.1V to 3.8V, –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C VCM = 0V to 5V
Input Voltage Range PSRR
Power Supply Rejection Ratio
VS = 1.8V to 16V VCM = VO = 0.5V
Minimum Supply AVOL
VOL
Large-Signal Gain
Output Swing Low (Note 6)
VO = 0.5V to 4.5V RL = 100k to VS/2 RL = 100k to VS/2 RL = 10k to VS/2 RL = 10k to VS/2 RL = 10k to GND RL = 10k to GND Input Overdrive = 30mV No Load ISINK = 100µA ISINK = 500µA
●
8.5
● ● ●
90 90 68
●
0
●
86
●
1.8
● ● ● ● ● ●
30 25 16 10 160 80
5 100
V dB V
60
V/mV V/mV V/mV V/mV V/mV V/mV
25 1000
30 120 180
60 200 300
mV mV mV 600012fa
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full specified temperature range, otherwise specifications are TA = 25°C. VS = 5V, 0V, VCM = VOUT = 1/2 Supply. For the LT6000 and the LT6001DD, VSHDN = V+, unless otherwise noted. SYMBOL
PARAMETER
CONDITIONS
VOH
Output Swing High (Note 6)
Input Overdrive = 30mV No Load ISOURCE = 100µA RL = 10k to GND
● ● ●
Short to GND 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C
5 4 3
10
● ●
mA mA mA
Short to V+ 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C
3.5 2.5 1.5
7.5
● ●
mA mA mA
0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C
● ●
ISC
IS
Short-Circuit Current
Supply Current per Amplifier
MIN
VS = ±8V
ISHDN
TYP
MAX
UNITS
30 140 160
60 225 400
mV mV mV
15
18 24 27
µA µA µA
20
25 34
µA µA
●
Total Supply Current in Shutdown (Note 7)
VSHDN = 0.3V
●
3
5
µA
SHDN Pin Current (Note 7)
VSHDN = 5V VSHDN = 0V
● ●
0 –650
30
nA nA
Shutdown Output Leakage Current (Note 7)
VSHDN = 0.3V (V– ≤ VOUT ≤ V+)
●
–1000
20
nA
VL
SHDN Pin Input Low Voltage (Note 7)
●
VH
SHDN Pin Input High Voltage (Note 7)
●
tON
Turn On Time (Note 7)
VSHDN = 0V to 5V, RL = 10k
400
µs
tOFF
Turn Off Time (Note 7)
VSHDN = 5V to 0V, RL = 10k
100
µs
GBW
Gain Bandwidth Product
Freq = 1kHz 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C
40 35 30
60
● ●
kHz kHz kHz
AV = –1, VOUT = 0.5V to 4.5V Measure 1V to 4V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C –40°C ≤ TA ≤ 85°C
11 8 6
18
● ●
V/ms V/ms V/ms
0.87
1.4
kHz
SR
FPBW
Slew Rate
Full Power Bandwidth (Note 9)
VOUT = 4VP-P
Note 1: Stresses beyond those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. Exposure to any Absolute Maximum Rating condition for extended periods may affect device reliability and lifetime. Note 2: A heat sink may be required to keep the junction temperature below the absolute maximum. This depends on the power supply voltage and how many amplifiers are shorted. The θJA specified for the DD and DHC packages is with minimal PCB heat spreading metal. Using expanded metal area on all layers of a board reduces this value. Note 3: The LT6000C/LT6000I/LT6001C/LT6001I and LT6002C/LT6002I are guaranteed functional over the temperature range of –40°C to 85°C. Note 4: The LT6000C/LT6001C/LT6002C is guaranteed to meet specified performance from 0°C to 70°C. The LT6000C/LT6001C/LT6002C are designed, characterized and expected to meet specified performance from
0.3
V
4.7
V
–40°C to 85°C but are not tested or QA sampled at these temperatures. The LT6000I/LT6001I/ LT6002I is guaranteed to meet specified performance from –40°C to 85°C. Note 5: This parameter is not 100% tested. Note 6: Output voltage swings are measured between the output and power supply rails. Note 7: Specifications apply to the LT6000 or the LT6001DD with shutdown. Note 8: Guaranteed by correlation to slew rate at VS = 1.8V and GBW at VS = 5V. Note 9: Full-power bandwidth is calculated from the slew rate: FPBW = SR/πVP-P.
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U W
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS VOS Distribution VS = 5V, 0V VCM = 2.5V MS8 PACKAGE
PERCENT OF UNITS (%)
25
PERCENT OF UNITS (%)
TC VOS Distribution
Supply Current vs Supply Voltage
20
20 15 10
35
VS = 5V, 0V 18 VCM = 2.5V MS8, GN16, 16 DD10 PACKAGES 14 –40°C TO 85°C
SUPPLY CURRENT PER AMPLIFIER (µA)
30
12 10 8 6 4
5
2 0 –600
0 400 –400 –200 0 200 INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
600
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 DISTRIBUTION (µV/°C)
4
Change in Input Offset Voltage vs Total Supply Voltage
150 TA = 25°C TA = 125°C
100 TA = 25°C
0 –100
TA = 25°C 0
TA = 125°C 5.0
TA = 25°C TA = –55°C
–2.5 –5.0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V) 60012 G07
TA = –55°C
–200
2
4 6 8 10 12 14 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
16
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 INPUT COMMON MODE VOLTAGE (V)
18
Output Saturation Voltage vs Load Current (Output Low) 1.0
VS = 5V, 0V INPUT OVERDRIVE = 30mV
TA = 25°C TA = 125°C 0.1 TA = –55°C
0.01 0.001
0.01 0.1 1 SOURCING LOAD CURRENT (mA)
5
60012 G06
OUTPUT LOW SATURATION VOLTAGE (V)
OUTPUT HIGH SATURATION VOLTAGE (V)
INPUT BIAS CURRENT (nA)
TA = 125°C 100
600012 G05
1.0
7.5
0
200
Output Saturation Voltage vs Load Current (Output High)
10.0
18
VS = 5V, 0V TYPICAL PART
–100
0
Input Bias Current vs Common Mode Voltage
2.5
400
–300
3
VS = 5V, 0V
16
TA = –55°C
60012 G35
12.5
4 6 8 10 12 14 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
600012 G03
–100
2 1.5 2.5 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
2
Input Offset Voltage vs Input Common Mode Voltage
TA = 125°C
TA = –55°C
1
TA = –55°C 5
300
200
–50 –100
10
0
OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
200
0
TA = 25°C 15
0
5
VCM = 0.5V TYPICAL PART
300
OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
CHANGE IN OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
400
250
50
20
Input Offset Voltage vs Total Supply Voltage
VCM = 0.5V
100
TA = 125°C 25
20012 G02
60012 G01
300
VCM = 0.5V
30
10 60012 G08
VS = 5V, 0V INPUT OVERDRIVE = 30mV
TA = 25°C TA = 125°C 0.1
0.01 0.001
TA = –55°C
0.01 0.1 1 SINKING LOAD CURRENT (mA)
10 60012 G08
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U W
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Output Saturation Voltage vs Input Overdrive 90 80 70 60 50 40 OUTPUT HIGH
30
OUTPUT LOW
20 10
14
0
10
VCM = 0.5V OUTPUT SHORTED TO V–
12
TA = 25°C
10
TA = 125°C
8 TA = –55°C 6 4 2
1
30
15 20 25 10 INPUT OVERDRIVE (mV)
2
3
TA = 25°C 4 TA = –55°C 2
0.1Hz to 10Hz Output Voltage Noise
VS = 5V, 0V TA = 25°C
90 VCM = 4.5V 80
VCM = 2.5V
70
4 5 6 7 TIME (SECONDS)
8
9
50
10
20 RL = 10k RL = 100k
–40
0.3
0.6 0.9 1.2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
1.5
1.8
60012 G16
10 100 FREQUENCY (Hz)
1000 60012 G15
Open-Loop Gain 200
40 CHANGE IN INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
40
0
1
Open-Loop Gain VS = 1.8V, 0V VCM = 0.5V TA = 25°C
–20
VCM = 2.5V
60012 G14
Open-Loop Gain 60
VCM = 4.5V
100
1000
60012 G13
0
VS = 5V, 0V TA = 25°C
10
10 100 FREQUENCY (Hz)
1
VS = 5V, 0V VCM = 2.5V TA = 25°C
CHANGE IN INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
3
20
RL = 10k
0
RL = 100k –20
–40
5
Input Noise Current vs Frequency INPUT NOISE CURRENT DENSITY (fA/√Hz)
NOISE VOLTAGE (nV/√Hz)
NOISE VOLTAGE (500nV/DIV)
2
3 2 4 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
1000
60
1
1
60012 G12
Noise Voltage Density vs Frequency 100
VS = ±2.5V
0
0
60012 G11
60012 G10
CHANGE IN INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE (µV)
TA = 125°C 6
5
4 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
VCM = 0.5V OUTPUT SHORTED TO V+
8
0 5
0
–60
OUTPUT SHORT-CIRCIUT CURRENT (mA)
VS = 5V, 0V NO LOAD
OUTPUT SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT (mA)
OUTPUT SATURATION VOLTAGE (mV)
100
Output Short-Circuit Current vs Total Supply Voltage (Sinking)
Output Short-Circuit Current vs Total Supply Voltage (Sourcing)
0
1
3 4 2 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
5 60012 G17
VS = ±2.5V TA = 25°C
150 100
RL = 10k
50 0
RL = 100k
–50 –100 –150
– 200 –2.5 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)
2
2.5
20012 G18
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LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U W
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Gain Bandwidth and Phase Margin vs Temperature
80 VS = 5V, 0V 70 VCM = 2.5V 60 50 VS = 1.8V, 0V 40 VCM = 0.5V 30 GAIN BANDWIDTH 20 10 75 100 0 50 –50 –25 25 TEMPERATURE (°C)
AV = –1 RF = RG = 100k
30 25
120
60 50
RISING VS = 5V, 0V
FALLING VS = 1.8V, 0V
15
30
40 VCM = 2.5V
20
125
10
0 –20 GAIN
–10
50 25 75 0 TEMPERATURE (°C)
100
125
–30 0.1
1
–60
60012 G19
Capacitive Load Handling Overshoot vs Capacitive Load
55
GAIN BANDWIDTH (kHz)
50 80
45
40
70 GAIN BANDWIDTH
60
100
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO (dB)
60
PHASE MARGIN
35 30 25 20
AV = 1
15
50
10
40
5
AV = 5
AV = 2
0
30 0
2
6 4 8 10 12 14 16 TOTAL SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
100 1000 CAPACITIVE LOAD (pF)
10
18
10000
90
30
NEGATIVE SUPPLY
40
1000
VS = ±2.5V TA = 25°C
AV = 10
100
AV = 1
10
1
10
1 10 FREQUENCY (kHz)
50
100 60012 G25
1 10 FREQUENCY (kHz)
0.1 0.01
0.1
1 10 FREQUENCY (kHz)
100 60012 G24
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (kΩ)
OUTPUT IMPEDANCE (Ω)
POSITIVE SUPPLY
0.1
60
Disabled Output Impedance vs Frequency (LT6000/LT6001DD)
1000
50
–10 0.01
70
Output Impedance vs Frequency
VS = ±2.5V TA = 25°C
70
80
60012 G23
Power Supply Rejection Ratio vs Frequency 110
VS = ±2.5V TA = 25°C
90
30 0.1
10000
600012 G36
COMMON MODE REJECTION RATIO (dB)
Common Mode Rejection Ratio vs Frequency
50 VS = 5V, 0V 45 VCM = 2.5V
OVERSHOOT (%)
65
PHASE MARGIN (DEG)
70
–80 1000
10 100 FREQUENCY (kHz)
60012 G22
RF = RG = 100k AV = –1 f = 1kHz
–40
VS = 5V, 0V RF = RG = 100k AV = –1
60012 G21
Gain Bandwidth and Phase Margin vs Supply Voltage
20
VCM = 4.5V
–20 5 –50 –25
60
VCM = 4.5V
0
FALLING VS = 5V, 0V
10
80 VCM = 2.5V
40
RISING VS = 1.8V, 0V
20
100
PHASE
PHASE (DEG)
VS = 5V, 0V VCM = 2.5V
70
GAIN (dB)
VS = 1.8V, 0V VCM = 0.5V
35
SLEW RATE (V/ms)
PHASE MARGIN
PHASE MARGIN (DEG)
f = 1kHz
GAIN BANDWIDTH (kHz)
Gain and Phase vs Frequency
Slew Rate vs Temperature 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45
100 60012 G26
VS = ±2.5V VPIN6(SHDN) = –2.5V
100
10
1
0 0.01
0.1
1 10 FREQUENCY (kHz)
100 60012 G27
600012fa
9
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U W
TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS Large-Signal Response
Large-Signal Response
Small-Signal Response
4.5V 1.5V 20mV/DIV 0.25V
0.5V
AV = 1 VS = 5V, 0V CL = 100pF RL = 10k
60012 G28
100µs/DIV
AV = 1 VS = 1.8V, 0V CL = 100pF RL = 10k
SUPPLY CURRENT BOTH AMPLIFIERS (µA)
TA = 125°C
40
30 TA = 25°C TA = –55°C
20
10
SUPPLY CURRENT BOTH AMPLIFIERS (µA)
60
VS = 1.8V, 0V
AV = 1 VS = ±2.5V CL = 100pF RL = 100k
Total Supply Current vs SHDN Pin Voltage (LT6001DD)
Total Supply Current vs SHDN Pin Voltage (LT6001DD) 50
60012 G29
100µs/DIV
Shutdown Response (LT6000/LT6001DD)
TA = 125°C
VSHDN
40 TA = 25°C
0V
TA = –55°C
VOUT
30 20
0V
10 0 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V)
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V)
5
500µs/DIV
60012 G33
Supply Current vs SHDN Pin Voltage (LT6000)
Supply Current vs SHDN Pin Voltage (LT6000) 30
VS = 1.8V, 0V
VS = ±5V
TA = 125°C
25
25 TA = 125°C
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
SUPPLY CURRENT (µA)
4
VIN = 1V AV = 1 VS = 1.8V, 0V RL = 100k
60012 G32
60012 G31
30
60012 G30
VS = ±5V
50
0 0
10µs/DIV
20 TA = 25°C
15 10
TA = –55°C
20
TA = 25°C
15 TA = –55°C 10 5
5
0
0 0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V) 60012 G37
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 SHDN PIN VOLTAGE (V)
4
5
60012 G34
600012fa
10
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
W W SI PLIFIED SCHE ATIC V+ R4 Q17
Q16
R5 Q2
Q1
Q14
R8 7M
CM Q10
R1
Q11
V+
V–
Q7
R2 30k
IN+ SHDN
Q3
Q4
Q5
C1
Q6
COMPLEMENTARY DRIVE GENERATOR
+
V IN–
Q18 Q19
R3 D3 30k
Q12
Q20 Q8
Q9 R6
Q13
OUT
V–
Q15 R7 V–
Figure 1
U
W
U U
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO Supply Voltage
The positive supply of the LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 should be bypassed with a small capacitor (about 0.01µF) within an inch of the pin. When driving heavy loads, an additional 4.7µF electrolytic capacitor should be used. When using split supplies, the same is true for the negative supply pin. Rail-to-Rail Characteristics The LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 are fully functional for an input signal range from the negative supply to the positive supply. Figure 1 shows a simplified schematic of the amplifier. The input stage consists of two differential amplifiers, a PNP stage Q3/Q6 and an NPN stage Q4/Q5 that are active over different ranges of the input common mode voltage. The PNP stage is active for common mode voltages, VCM, between the negative supply to approximately 1V below the positive supply. As VCM moves closer towards the positive supply, the transistor Q7 will steer Q2’s tail current to the current mirror Q8/Q9, activating the NPN differential pair. The PNP pair becomes inactive for
the rest of the input common mode range up to the positive supply. The second stage is a folded cascode and current mirror that converts the input stage differential signals into a single ended output. Capacitor C1 reduces the unity cross frequency and improves the frequency stability without degrading the gain bandwidth of the amplifier. The complementary drive generator supplies current to the output transistors that swing from rail to rail. Input The input bias current depends on which stage is active. The input bias current polarity depends on the input common mode voltage. When the PNP stage is active, the input bias currents flow out of the input pins. They flow in the opposite direction when the NPN stage is active. The offset error due to the input bias currents can be minimized by equalizing the noninverting and inverting source impedance. 600012fa
11
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
W
U U
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
Start-Up and Output Saturation Characteristics
The input offset voltage changes depending on which input stage is active; input offset voltage is trimmed on both input stages, and is guaranteed to be 600µV max in the PNP stage. By trimming the input offset voltage of both input stages, the input offset voltage over the entire common mode range (CMRR) is typically 400µV, maintaining the precision characteristics of the amplifier.
Micropower op amps are often not micropower during start-up characteristics or during output saturation. This can wreak havoc on limited current supplies, in the worst case there may not be enough supply current available to take the system up to nominal voltages. Also, when the output saturates, the part may draw excessive current and pull down the supplies, compromising rail-to-rail performance. Figure 1 shows the start-up characteristics of the LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 for three limiting cases. The circuits are shown in Figure 2. One circuit creates a positive offset forcing the output to come up saturated high. Another circuit creates a negative offset forcing the output to come up saturated low, while the last circuit brings the output up at 1/2 supply. In all cases, the supply current is well controlled and is not excessive when the output is on either rail.
The input stage of the LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 incorporates phase reversal protection to prevent wrong polarity outputs from occurring when the inputs are driven up to 2V below the negative rail. 30k protective resistors are included in the input leads so that current does not become excessive when the inputs are forced below V– or when a large differential signal is applied. Input current should be limited to 10mA when the inputs are driven above the positive rail. Output
20
SUPPLY CURRENT PER AMPLIFIER (µA)
The output of the LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 can swing to within 30mV of the positive rail with no load and within 30mV of the negative rail with no load. When monitoring input voltages within 30mV of the positive rail or within 30mV of the negative rail, gain should be taken to keep the output from clipping. The LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 can typically source 10mA on a single 5V supply, sourcing current is reduced to 4mA on a single 1.8V supply as noted in the electrical characteristics.
OUTPUT AT VS/2
14 12 OUTPUT HIGH
10 8 6 4 2 0
0.5
1
+
4.5
5
Figure 1. Start-Up Characteristics
+ 30mV
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
60012 F01
VS
VS
–
OUTPUT LOW
16
0
The normally reverse-biased substrate diode from the output to V– will cause unlimited currents to flow when the output is forced below V–. If the current is transient and limited to 100mA, no damage will occur.
30mV
18
VS
+
VS/2
–
– 60012 F02
Output High
Output Low
Output at VS/2
Figure 2. Circuits for Start-Up Characteristics
600012fa
12
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
W
U U
APPLICATIO S I FOR ATIO
The LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 outputs can swing to within a respectable 30mV of each rail and draw virtually no excessive supply current. Figure 3 compares the dual LT6001 to a competitive part. Both op amps are in unity gain and their outputs are driven into each rail. The supply current is shown when the op amps are in linear operation and when they are driven into each rail. As can be seen from Figure 3, the supply current of the competitive part increases 3-fold or 5-fold depending on which rail the output goes to whereas the LT6001 draws virtually no excessive current.
VOUT (V)
COMPETITIVE PART
LT6001
4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3
VIN
+ –
SUPPLY CURRENT PER AMPLIFIER
VOUT
–3
–2
–1
0 VIN (V)
1
2
3
ICC (µA)
70 60 50 40 30 20 10
VS = ±2.5V, AV = 1
Gain The open-loop gain is almost independent of load when the output is sourcing current. This optimizes performance in single supply applications where the load is returned to ground. The typical performance curve of Open-Loop Gain for various loads shows the details. Shutdown The single LT6000 and the 10-lead dual LT6001 include a shutdown feature that disables the part reducing quiescent current and makes the output high impedance. The devices can be shut down by bringing the SHDN pin within 0.3V of V–. The amplifiers are guaranteed to shut down if the SHDN pin is brought within 0.3V of V–. The exact switchover point will be a function of the supply voltage. See the Typical Performance Characteristics curves Supply Current vs Shutdown Pin Voltage. When shut down the total supply current is about 0.8µA and the output leakage current is 20nA (V– ≤ VOUT ≤ V+). For normal operation the SHDN pin should be tied to V+. It can be left floating, however, parasitic leakage currents over 1µA at the SHDN pin may inadvertently place the part into shutdown.
60012 F03
Figure 3. VOUT and ICC vs Input Voltage
600012fa
13
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO
Gain of 100 Amplifier (400kHz GBW on 30µA Supply) 0.9V (NiMH) 3
VIN
8
+
1
1/2 LT6001 2
5
–
+ 7
1/2 LT6001 6
–0.9V (NiMH) 90.9k
OUT
– 90.9k 60012 TA02a
10k
10k
Gain vs Frequency 60 50 40
GAIN (dB)
30 20 10 0 –10 –20 –30 –40 100
1k
10k 100k FREQUENCY (Hz)
1M 60012 TA02b
600012fa
14
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
DCB Package 6-Lead Plastic DFN (2mm × 3mm) (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1715)
0.70 ±0.05
3.55 ±0.05
1.65 ±0.05 (2 SIDES)
2.15 ±0.05 PACKAGE OUTLINE
0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC 1.35 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS
R = 0.115 TYP
2.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES)
R = 0.05 TYP
3.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES)
0.40 ± 0.10 4
6
1.65 ± 0.10 (2 SIDES) PIN 1 NOTCH R0.20 OR 0.25 × 45° CHAMFER
PIN 1 BAR TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6) 3 0.200 REF
0.75 ±0.05
1
(DCB6) DFN 0405
0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC
1.35 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) 0.00 – 0.05
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (TBD) 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
600012fa
15
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
MS8 Package 8-Lead Plastic MSOP (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1660) 0.889 ± 0.127 (.035 ± .005)
5.23 (.206) MIN
3.20 – 3.45 (.126 – .136)
0.42 ± 0.038 (.0165 ± .0015) TYP
3.00 ± 0.102 (.118 ± .004) (NOTE 3)
0.65 (.0256) BSC
8
7 6 5
0.52 (.0205) REF
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT
0.254 (.010)
3.00 ± 0.102 (.118 ± .004) (NOTE 4)
4.90 ± 0.152 (.193 ± .006)
DETAIL “A” 0° – 6° TYP
GAUGE PLANE 0.53 ± 0.152 (.021 ± .006) DETAIL “A”
1
2 3
4
1.10 (.043) MAX
0.86 (.034) REF
0.18 (.007) SEATING PLANE
0.22 – 0.38 (.009 – .015) TYP
0.65 (.0256) NOTE: BSC 1. DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETER/(INCH) 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE 4. DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS. INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.152mm (.006") PER SIDE 5. LEAD COPLANARITY (BOTTOM OF LEADS AFTER FORMING) SHALL BE 0.102mm (.004") MAX
0.127 ± 0.076 (.005 ± .003) MSOP (MS8) 0204
600012fa
16
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
DD Package 10-Lead (3mm × 3mm) Plastic DFN (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1699)
0.675 ±0.05
3.50 ±0.05 1.65 ±0.05 2.15 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC 2.38 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS R = 0.115 TYP 6
3.00 ±0.10 (4 SIDES)
0.38 ± 0.10 10
1.65 ± 0.10 (2 SIDES)
PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6)
(DD10) DFN 1103
5 0.200 REF
1
0.75 ±0.05
0.00 – 0.05
0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC
2.38 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD
NOTE: 1. DRAWING TO BE MADE A JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE M0-229 VARIATION OF (WEED-2). CHECK THE LTC WEBSITE DATA SHEET FOR CURRENT STATUS OF VARIATION ASSIGNMENT 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
600012fa
17
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
GN Package 16-Lead Narrow Plastic SSOP (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1641) .189 – .196* (4.801 – 4.978)
.045 ± .005
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
.254 MIN
.009 (0.229) REF
.150 – .165 .229 – .244 (5.817 – 6.198)
.0165 ± .0015
.150 – .157** (3.810 – 3.988)
.0250 BSC
RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD LAYOUT 1
.015 ± .004 × 45° (0.38 ± 0.10) .007 – .0098 (0.178 – 0.249)
.0532 – .0688 (1.35 – 1.75)
2 3
4
5 6
7
8 .004 – .0098 (0.102 – 0.249)
0° – 8° TYP
.016 – .050 (0.406 – 1.270) NOTE: 1. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: INCHES INCHES 2. DIMENSIONS ARE IN (MILLIMETERS)
.008 – .012 (0.203 – 0.305) TYP
.0250 (0.635) BSC
GN16 (SSOP) 0204
3. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE *DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006" (0.152mm) PER SIDE **DIMENSION DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH. INTERLEAD FLASH SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.010" (0.254mm) PER SIDE
600012fa
18
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002 U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO
DHC Package 16-Lead (5mm × 5mm) Plastic DFN (Reference LTC DWG # 05-08-1706)
0.65 ±0.05 3.50 ±0.05
1.65 ±0.05 2.20 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) PACKAGE OUTLINE 0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC 4.40 ±0.05 (2 SIDES) RECOMMENDED SOLDER PAD PITCH AND DIMENSIONS R = 0.115 TYP
5.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES) R = 0.20 TYP 3.00 ±0.10 (2 SIDES)
9
0.40 ± 0.10 16
1.65 ± 0.10 (2 SIDES)
PIN 1 TOP MARK (SEE NOTE 6)
PIN 1 NOTCH (DHC16) DFN 1103
8 0.200 REF
1 0.25 ± 0.05 0.50 BSC
0.75 ±0.05 4.40 ±0.10 (2 SIDES)
0.00 – 0.05
BOTTOM VIEW—EXPOSED PAD NOTE: 1. DRAWING PROPOSED TO BE MADE VARIATION OF VERSION (WJED-1) IN JEDEC PACKAGE OUTLINE MO-229 2. DRAWING NOT TO SCALE 3. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS 4. DIMENSIONS OF EXPOSED PAD ON BOTTOM OF PACKAGE DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH. MOLD FLASH, IF PRESENT, SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15mm ON ANY SIDE 5. EXPOSED PAD SHALL BE SOLDER PLATED 6. SHADED AREA IS ONLY A REFERENCE FOR PIN 1 LOCATION ON THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF PACKAGE
600012fa
19
LT6000/LT6001/LT6002
U
TYPICAL APPLICATIO
Low Power V-to-F Converter VREF
VREF
2M
2M
VREF
42.2k 1M
3
+
7
2M 1M
2
1M
3
8
®
–
LTC 1440
0.1µF
A2 1/2 LT6001
1
VOUT
6
5 2
TP0610
+
1M
–
1
42.2k VREF 1000pF
VREF 5
VIN
6
+
DIODES: CENTRAL SEMI CMOD3003 ×4
8
A1 1/2 LT6001
7
2N7002
–
0.1µF
4
VS 4.3V TO 20V 0.1µF
FREQUENCY OUT ≈ 7.5Hz/mV • VIN LINEARITY ≈ 5%, VIN 20mV TO 800mV ISUPPLY ≈ 60µA TO 100µA
6
4 LT1790-4.096
VREF 1µF
42.2k 60012 TA03
1
MUX Amplifier
2
MUX Amplifier Waveforms
1.8V
+
VIN1
–
LT6000 SHDN
VOUT
VOUT 1.8V
+
VIN2
–
LT6000 SHDN
INPUT SELECT
VS = 1.8V 5ms/DIV VIN1 = 250Hz AT 1VP-P VIN2 = 500Hz AT 0.5VP-P INPUT SELECT = 25Hz AT 1.8VP-P
60012 TA04a
INPUT SELECT SN74LVC2604
60012 TA04b
RELATED PARTS PART NUMBER
DESCRIPTION
COMMENTS
LT2178/LT2179
17µA Dual/Quad Single Supply Op Amps ®
120µV VOS(MAX), Gain Bandwidth = 60kHz
LT1490A/LT1491A
50µA Dual/Quad Over-The-Top Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Op Amps
950µV VOS(MAX), Gain Bandwidth = 200kHz
LT1494/LT1495/LT1496
1.5µA Max Single/Dual/Quad Over-The-Top Precision Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Op Amps
375µV VOS(MAX), Gain Bandwidth = 2.7kHz
LT1672/LT1673/LT1674
2µA Max, AV ≥ 5, Single/Dual/Quad Over-The-Top Precision Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Op Amps
Gain of 5 Stable, Gain Bandwidth = 12kHz
LT1782
Micropower, Over-The-Top SOT-23 Rail-to-Rail Input and Output Op Amps
SOT-23, 800µV VOS(MAX), IS = 55µA (Max), Gain Bandwidth = 200kHz, Shutdown Pin
Over-The-Top is a registered trademark of Linear Technology Corporation. 600012fa
20
Linear Technology Corporation
LT 0406 REV A • PRINTED IN USA
1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7417 (408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507
●
www.linear.com
© LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 2005
