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16: (Virtual Memory) *)# , 1+ * ,% . 15 ). 2009, 4* 23:59 ( ) 13) [printer version - PDF] [Up - Table of Contents] [Prev - 15. Cache Memories] [17. I/O and DMA - Next (Sp'06)] (&&. % ),"): $ ,- -) 3- *) $,. -). % / & ). 7 -- 2 § 7.4 % $ * -- , &. 529-583, % $ $ $ - * -$+ , &. 529-561.
16.1 SRAM, DRAM, (Interleaving):
,
SRAM-DRAM: 1+ ,-) #" , - chips ' "+ ' $ )* '1 ' ,1- *$% , % ), blocks 2 ,-)$0 ' "+. -$+ ",- -$%+" ' + (SRAM - Static Random Access Memory), - ,-)$0 ' "+ ' $ flip-flops ( 6 transistors % #' ), % $ " )#"% . '" &"*)/)* $ -"* - $ 2,) ' $ ' '" " -," -*)/) ), +. -$+ " .' $%+" ' + (DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory), - ,-)$0 ' "+ ' $ .%'1-+ (capacitors --' +
.%'1-+ % $ ' transistor ' bit), 2 ). )#"% 3 - $ .' $% "
&"*)/)* . 2 1 -). * 3 -)+ $ **)+, " &"*)/)* .- (/)*-) ,-)'
.%'1-), 0' - $ , , & 0$&$),- -). .- *)& -). (ms). $ ' $ -"*"#)3' - *$ 02 ' -"+ DRAM * $ ' - ' !1) )')3 (refresh), "& ' - $ !). % $ ' - ( ' */). , %# * ). 8 16 ms. ( - Mbits): * -) $)'%-" -).+ .-2, % $ * -"' &3- *" % #.,-*"," *), & ,"+ ). 0).', )$ DRAM $ #-).' ' ," '-$%2 & )'%-" : *),/*).' * ). -(" #).+ &3- *" 01*"-$%2-"- (capacity, Mbits --20$ "capacitance") ' chip , ,0," -$+ SRAM. -,$, )$ DRAM 0*",$ ) )$)3'- $ ,0 2' '- $ -"' % - ,% . -"+ %3*$ + ' "+ (main memory) -1' . )&) $,-4', '4 )$ SRAM 0*",$ ) )$)3'- $ ,0 2' '- $ -$+ %*./+ ' + (cache memories), &2 1 -"+ 0 "&2- *"+ % #.,-*",+ -).+. -"' *2) ) -"+ - 0')&) + % - ,% .+ )&)%&"*1 '1' %.%&1 -1' (chips), " 01*"-$%2-"- -1' chips ' "+ ,.' 04+ .(' $. $+ - & .- + % - +, ) *.# 2+ .-+ -"+ 3(","+ - ': (x4) 01*"-$%2-"- + %# (3) . * ' $
* ). -2,)+ (,1+ & ) 0 "&2- *)+) .-2+ ) *.# 2+ 3(","+, % $ ' $
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*4-"+ % - + -). 21). $4' , " - 0')&) -1' DRAM *,% - $ 3*1 ,-)
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1 Gbit chip (.(. . www.micron.com). !" , % %* &! ! $%- % "$ # $ "# %# (modules - DIMM), !& ( * %# $& *# 8 ( 9) 16 ( 18) chips. %$ , module 8 chips %* 256 Mbits ( $& ! (*"% +%% 4 Gbits = 256 MBytes, - %$%! (! module 16 %%! chips "!$'" 512 MBytes. % % chips 9 % 8, 18 % 16, % ! chips ("$ !! !, % ! &$ * * ( &$# +"*$# $' %* (ECC - error correction codes). : $ $%! chip %# #, %! block # "!& %%"* !# # + $%! ( #, ,"* $% # 64 *# 512 "# 64 *# 512 $% #. $!& $%! (! # !& "-% % " $% !! &%+, ! %# % ,& $ "# (row address) $%! ! * !! % "#, ! !!!# $," (word line) !& %"( "!! % &% ". % ) %! $," &%+, + % $%! ( # (bits) * $% " &% ! % , %!!%!, %! % % %!& (" (+ + %!&) $%! %$%! (! $," $% # (bit line) !& %"( % $% %!&. %$ , $%! %* "!# %!& block %# #, $% # ! # %* $&"%* $% #, ' % %! " (+ ! + * %* bits !& ! & $% $ ". # !# ! & %# %+% %! bit !& # , $ %# ,& $# $% # (column address), %! "!# % *. + &% $, + % $!! %# ,& $# "# (" %! % + bit $% !!, " " %+ ("+ ! (,"* $% 60 ns % # $" # DRAM). (sequential Accesses): % % " * $, +*#, !& $!& " + % " " bits &%!, !& + # $, %+% &%+ !" ! , "!"+%": % bits &% "%! ", $% # ! # %* $&"%* $% #, %! chip %# # !" % !$% $%! %!, % % *$ (.(. %! "$%) ! , "!" %! % %! ! ("!& 1 bit 2 5 ns $ + % $,"% ! * (data) % # $" # DRAM). % &+ ! % & %+%% &%, %&( !& "!$ , !& # !# %! - * (.(. cache lines (blocks)) ! , " ! "& $ $ $($ % "( &$%"$ "!$ $# %# "-%# # %# !#. (Interleaving): %( !& ("$ !! % % , $ %# "!(# (throughput) # # -- &"*# "!$ $ # $ %&(# &, $ # +( %+$! $& (+ # &, $ #-- (Memory Interleaving). % %( &%, +% ! &, $ # !& !$% ! % $' $,$% # (.(. chip) '"! % $ '!"% + % blocks (memory banks) !& &%+ " ( ,
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)/) % &* /' %()%"' ))% .# * 0#( .# --! % #)()% ,%' &* /' #&$ ' &%( "( .#-- # %"0 - "/) &%' / )%# &* / &%( "( .# ( ! # block (bank), %#%* /) ) blocks (banks) %*" 0%*# # &"""., ' # )&/ % %* * %%, & (pipelining).
16.2 , , :
!%# ! # ,& ( % % ) )& ' !*&.' (!% %0': i. &%()( )$0 ).# %"" "1# &( 1# (processes) %* )&,%*#. ii. # $&) ( * 0#( .# )$0 ).# &( 1# *)1#. iii. 2*#)/) ) ! &( # "" " ,1&% # ' "0) &% / )% !%) ) ' +*( !' # ' %* /#).' ) ' ) ) . ( !/' )&/ %' " )%*&' ) ' !%# !' # ' # % $'. 0 *#( # ' %* ## % $ &()' -- " )% &/& %* )&, -- .& ) .' " ", ! ( # "" , " ", &%)%0 % () # # " "$ ) # % % ) " ! &%( "( )% &/&. )+&( *) +&%#) : i. ", /) &( %* )&, , !. # !# ) # &%( "( %* ) (##.( / &+/ !)" ( ) () 0 *#( %* ). ii. )+& ) ' !%# !' * 0#( ' ) ' ! &(' ( +%& ) !' +*( !' * 0#( ' ) # ! &(, !)/' ).# & )1( .# %* "%* % &( ' # !% #.#%0# )$0 )%*' (. !% #/,& () ' # ' (shared memory). iii. )+& ) ' / (*,# ( )%* &/#)%') ,& ( % % %0 # ' !%# !' * 0#( ' () ' +*( !' * 0#( ' / %* *)' ",.&# ", #1 /( ' # ,.&# () # * &,%*( +*( ! # &%!"%0# (+" ( "' (page fault - § 13.1), 1() # +&%#)( )% " )%*& !/ (0() # ) ' +& ((*# .' / )% (!%).
)+&( * 0#( .# # ) !%# %#)' %"/!" & ' " " (pages) !%# !' # ' ( %"/!" & ' +*( !' ( " '. % %' ) ' ( "' # &! ) KBytes ( &, ! )( # # "1# ) ,&/# . # # ) )+&( &%&, ,& ( % % ) (*# .' #' !&/' !)"%%' *1# !%# !'-+*( !' ( "' ) ' / (*,# ,& ( % % %0 # ' ( " ' --% "TLB" (Translation Lookaside Buer)-%&#.#%' (# !& !&*+ # , (*# .' "&.' &%( ) & () !. )# # !%# ! ( " # ) # &(!%* ()%# TLB, )/) ) # # ) ()%*' , %* &(!%#) () # . .&() )% $' !&/ ( $. &) !/ ( &) (0() !%# !' # ', (# "/ & . 3 of 10
!%# !' * 0#( ' ,%*# %' 20 bits ( ". # #)-+ ' ()% ! $ !/ (0() ), & % ,1&%' !%# !1# * 0#( .# # 1 MByte # &(. %' ( "' = 4 KBytes, & ) 12 LS bits ! 0 *#( ' (3 LS ! $ ! - +) "%*# 1 byte ( () ( ", #1 ) * /"% MS bits * % "1#%*# % ( " " . )( , ! &( , 256 !%# !' ( " ' (1 MByte / 4 KBytes = 256).
+*( ! # # 64 KBytes, & % +*( !' * 0#( ' %) "%0#) / 16 bits (4 ! $ ! - +), %#.' * &,%*# 16 +*( !' ( " ' (16 KBytes / 4 KBytes = 16). /) , )+&( ' !%# !' 0 *#( ', .,. ) ' FE210, () # #)()% , +*( ! # ) .' $': .& %* ) # !%# ! 0 *#( () 12 LS bits, %* * % "1#%*# )% byte ( () ( " ( 1: 210), ! () 8 MS bits, %* %& %*# ) # !%# ! ( " ( 1: FE). 12 LS bits (210) # ,& %#) )+&( , +%0 !%# %* %"/!" & ' !%# !' ( " ' ( %"/!" & ' +*( !' ( " ', ! /" ' % ( " ' # * *& (# ' () +*( ! /& )%*'. 8 MS bits, " % & /' !%# !' ( "' (FE), ,& ( % % %0#) (# index ()%# #! )+&( ' ) ' &(' (process) %* )&, *) ) () . #!' *)/' , %' 256 ( ' --/( ' ! % !%# !' ( " ' # &(. &, #!' )+&( ' , )( 1() ! &( # %& # , ) ' !' ) ', +%& ) !', +*( !' ( " ', & )% %#/' /) ,& ( % % ' !%# !' * 0#( ' /" ' ) ' "" ' &( '. ) ( FE )%* #! )+&( ', / %* ' % (# ) 8 MS bits ) ' !%# !' 0 *#( ', * &,%*# " &%+%& ' --/ .' %0 &!).-- # "$%* # !%# ! ( " FE %* "%* * &, () +*( ! # , ! # ,%* !. # ) # &%( "(%* / .' ) )&,%*( &(. ) ( FE )%* #! )+&( ' &(!%* )%# & / ) ' +*( !' ( "' / %* &(! ) *) ) () !%# ! ( " FE. )% & ', * &,%*# 16 +*( !' ( " ', & % & /' +*( !' ( "' , 4 bits. (). /) &! )%# & / A (# & / +*( !' ( "'. *)/# !%" ! ) 12 )+&() LS bits ) ' !%# !' 0 *#( ' (210), ! +) ,#%* )( ) 16 bits ) ' +*( !' 0 *#( ': A210, ()% & '. : )% hardware )%* $ &() &(! )%# #! )+&( ' ) ' )&,%*(' &(' / ) (+*( !) 0 *#( ( ' )%* #! *)%0, %* # &# ( / )% " )%*& !/ (0() ) (' ## !/ !),.& ) )%* (*())%' , & ( ' # ' --/,
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#$ * register file. $ !#$" $!' # "user mode", $!$ !( %$* $ $')!$, +$)" ,#$ ! % ! *$ !#, ! $# !*## #$ ) !#, . : ! ) *" $')!$" % ! $ $!' $ $&!#" -- $ $!' %# !#-- ! # # " * $ !#$ * *$ !#$" !# $ # "kernel mode", $!' $ $ %! * #+#$. !# (exception) --! * % $ % #$ " #%#$$ " (system call)-- + $ $#$# (user/kernel) #$ $!' !#$", &! $ !#$ # kernel mode. $#, trap (exception) handler $ $ $ # kernel mode, , * " $!* " '!#$ &! $ !#$ # kernel mode ! # !#, $ * $" $ system call -- $ # ! $ % ! !#, % $ $ %! * #+#$ ! *$ ! !$ # system call *' # ! $ *) ! !$#$ + #& $ ". # #%#$$ " $" &$ #%!&!$ # !# (exception), *' # * # #" ( $ jal), +$)" ,#$ # " #$ $ %! * #+#$ -- % ! # kernel mode-- $ * #$ ! !# +% # $ % trap handler, *' # $ %!$ +% # ! +# $# " * % " '!#$" ! % ! ( $ ! " $ % $ %! + #%#$$ " % $ %" ' %" $ % '!#$" ' ) $# %$* % $. / : # $ % $&!#" !': "valid bit", % % + # #$ &!*#$ ! +# +# * $ &%# . '* %# $" " # " * $ &%# ! & $ $ #$ *$ %$ # ( '!# $, $ !*! ' $ " , +$ $# $ #) malloc/sbreak), $ #$ *$ * %$ $ #$ !# $ *' #$ . (4 bits #$ , ! ") * % !# $ %$ $ #$ # , *$ %$ ! +# #$ &%# . "bits " (.'. 3 bits: "rwx"), % , % $ %" ! # #" $!$ ! +# !# #$" " %$" $" # ". "dirty bit", % ' !#$" *' $ !'*
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! % % ! % .
"reference bit", ! # ! % & % "LRU": , ! % bit, ' ! % & ! bits # % " , ! # .
16.3: () $ % ($ % ) , # % ! # #$ ! # pointer " & , " , &! (20 bits) ! , % ! , % ! # index " , ! % ! , ' ! ! "! &! (16 bits). () $ % , $ % , # : 00: ( # NULL pointer). 01: # ' (r-x), "! 7. 02: # ' (r-x), "! C. 03: # (rw-), "! 0, dirty. 04 $ 09: & % "! . 0A $ 9F: (unallocated). A0: # ! (r--), "! D. A1: # ! (rw-), "! E, dirty. A2 $ A5: & % "! . A6 $ FD: (unallocated). FE: # (rw-), "! A, dirty. FF: # (rw-), "! 1, clean. ( #% ! " , #$ reference bits % ! (256 4 -- # $ '...).
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() '") 0 +") (#+/ ('* $* ") *+") "#'%"#) " ,!1%* ") ', '%+" ('#$'1% *-$ * $ ); " , 0$'" ), * '" -,*"# " 1!,%* +-( '%+"; 02038 (fetch), 03FF4 (read), A001C (write), 0192C (fetch), 00000 (read), 92FC0 (read), FE5D8 (write), 03FF4 (fetch), A1FFC (read), 008F4 (write), A2000 (read), 01E40 (write).
16.4:
-
" ("**0+ ( ) " ( * ) .( *" ' '"'1% *. +"# $ ) 0 +") "#'%"#) +',) * $ ), #" ,+) *,%'! $ , % ) (clustered) * ("#) " "+'%")", 0 /) *+ % ( %/ *# * 16.3. # +$$ ,0 %'" ,+ + % " "0+ +, '('1 % "2*', +' .2(' % ) ', #+$ % " ' %#) +-(* ) + ) #! " ( *), * '%+) +'% * ("#'1) "#(0+ (',) %# ), '( %/ %',) *% " '$,- " ((.. /(*+ 0+" *+' *1*+ % ) + ) *# * ) 16.3 $$ ', +'% '% "#0 ( '%' ') %# +-(* ) % " ( * * " ',) %# ), 2) &). ! " ( * . " %% %# (2+', " ',, !',) 16 !* /%. '% %# ,+0% +'% (*#', */ +', %/*+'1 pointer ', (". +" *+'% " "#0 #+./( + ', %-( ( %/. ( *" ' '"'1 + 4 MS bits + ) "#'%"#) " 1!,%* ) " % "$&', 0 +") 16 !* ") ,+'1 +', %#. ! *,% ,* 0) +/% 4 ,+2% bits, ' %/) #" #! !* ,+'1 +', %#, %+"*+'". * 16 "#'%"#) * $ ). % # 0 ,+) +") 16 * $ ) % , (. " *+ -,*"# % , +0+ * "2%', + !* ,+ +',
%# (2+', " ', *% #,( (valid bit = 0). $$'"2), !* ,+ +',
%# (2+', " ', (". " %% pointer * % %# +-(* ) ,+(', " ',. % "#'%"# ) " 1!,%* ) ' * * ++'" !* *+'% %# (2+', " ',, +0+ .( *" ' '"'1 + 0 % 4 bits + ) "#'%"#) " 1!,%* ) *% index *+'% %# ,+(', " ', 0 ', ) ' * ' %#) (2+', " ',. # , *+'% %# ,+(', " ',, (*#', + + $"# *+'". " + * $ ', + . () %+ % " ( %$' ' (') ,+0 + ) *# * ) 16.3() " +' " ' *1*+ +-(* ) ,+) + ) *# * ). +' "' " ( , &+ 0$',) +',) %# ) ,+(', " ', ', ! , (.',% " +") * $ ) + ) *# * ) 16.3(). * ) &+ , 0$ + (" .0 % 0$/% +/% "%#/% +-(* ), (2+', #" ,+(', " ',. "/! + (./() % 2* + ( + + % %+ * *)) 0+" +' *1*+ ,+0 +-( " +") " ,!1%* ") + ) *# * ) 16.3( ) +' "' 0 /) #" +' '%' ' *1*+ + ) *# * ) # % ).
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() /) ( ) !( $ ( "*#$&+$ /#&! &! $" ( *,') ( *&+ '/$*&( ! &+ )+)**&( ! * ! ') ( "! ! *!( ) # ( (); )-) *& &$& & )0)* * ( )" ) ( 16.3() + '- ! &!"&$& )*& -1'& $ ( &+ "*#$ *!;
16.5:
" # $# * * $ )" ) 16.4() -- &+ *$ )$ * $ 16.3() ()- *!"/ !' !$".$ *,') ()-- +* * ,&' ! $ ' #!)*!"/, ) '!$/, )0)* !"&$!"( $ (: ! !"&$!"( ! + 0$) !( -&+$ &( 64 bits. .(, ! '"*!"&0( #/&+(, &$& * 46 LS / +* -' )!& &!&0$*! (-1'&( !"&$!"1$ ! + 0$) .$ 16 TeraBytes $ ! ')...). ! $ $ &+$ &! -')* ( )*& !')/ $ " " *## +*&0$" ! ##& )"& / * 18 MS bits *&+ " pointer &+ '!)) 0&+$ ---$&$*( *)! *& portability *.$ '&'*.$ *&+( ) ##&$*!"( $!( )+)* *.$ '!))/* ' +#& &! $ bits !"&$!"( ! 0 +$) (-- *& )0)* ( #- ! " '&) #) $ ( ! $ )!&+' +* /*! +* * 18 MS bits * ( ! 0 +$) ( !)&0$*! /# *& MS bit *.$ 46 LS bits, # &* #&0$ "*) '&)&+ (sign extension) *&+ +#& &! $&+ '&+( * ( !"&$!"( ! 0 +$) ( (*)!, &' )*& $ )+$ -) ! $ *& & * *! )*& $. "'& *&+ !"&$!"&0 -1'&+ $ ( ( ! + 0$) !( FFFFFF...). &( ) # ( 64 KBytes. &$.( * 16 LS bits * ( !"&$!"( ! 0 +$) ( $ -' ! &$*! *,') . ' !$".$ *,') ( $ ! '). $"( *,') ( - ! &( 1024 ) !(, ' ""&!* !" 10 / * bits *&+ '! &0 !"&$!"( ) # (.
16.6: TLB, Process ID, "! .( "! ' $., ! $ $ *! *,') '&', -' )!& &! *! )+$ .( $( !"'/( "*#&&( +1$ !"&$!"(-,+)!"( ) # ( ! *!( !/ )+-$ -' )!& &!&0 $ ( ) # (, & "TLB" (Translation Lookaside Bu2er), &'$.$&( )$ ! !"' "'+, $ , )+$ .( #'.( '&) *!'!)*!". '&" !$&+ $ $ $" /)* $ "+'1$&+ * '! -/ $ *&+ TLB ) " ## * ( ! ')( &+ *'- ! (context swap), #&+ $ &'&0 $ -&+ ) )*& TLB, *+*/-'&$, +'! !"&$!"(-,+)!"( ) # ( &##1$ !,&' *!"1$ ! ')!1$. +*/ /.( !* $ &'&0 $ * % -.' &+ *%0 *&+(, ,&0 * $ " &'!)$ !"&$!" ! 0 +$) $ - *! $ * $ -' )!& &!&0$ &##( ! ') ( ## ! !,&' *!" # '&,&' "! "*
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)#$' , '$,# . ! !' # *+$ &,% (',%, '$)#( '#! $ , $&% ("PID", Process Identifier) '#! $ , #! % & % ('% ' % $&% & & (($ #! %-)(& % & %) '#( TLB. () +$&' ' ! #! ! ' % & & % 16.3, +$&' ,' '# PID * #% 8 bits (*$ 256 '(',*$#!% $&%). +$&' ! TLB #(% 16 &+!, $+% $#&' $ &' '## ' & (.! (# ##' -#% ')$& % #$ ! ##(#' &'# TLB). # $ ! * & ('#- '#( TLB, ' #(% '# !; () /.&' ! $ ' , $ '#( $#(% $ *#!#( '#( TLB ,'! (', $ * ($ ')$& % ' % "% & %: ! #! & 01 ' % $&% 3B ($ * . ), ' ! #! & 01 ' % $&% B4 ($ * data r/w), # ##% !)$#!' & !' .% )#$' %, !"$' '% )(& % & %. $& 3B $& 3C #' #-! )#$' % !$## & % '#( #( $#$'#%, .*. # #% web browser '$!#% , -# )#$' #-% *$&'%. # #!# ()(& %) ! %, '# '#($ , &-&' $' ,!# ! !''(# '#( . ('% ' % )$#% &' ! , ! , % ' % $&% #( '# '$*#(! ! " #(!" (', '# #! , # !,*$ &'# !''(# &' ' % #! ! . ' # ,! &'# TLB ' ! #! & 01 ' % $&% 3C, #( $ * '#! # . ' & 01 ' % 3B.
' ' ! #! & FF ' % $&% 3B, ' ! #! & FF ' % $&% 3C, #( $ *#(! #! &'#%. +% , ('% # -# $&% #' #-! )#$' % !$## & % '#( #( $#$'#%. $ '# #!,% ,' # . % '+! -# ('.! $& .! ! # !,%, ' #! '#(% ,+% ! )#$' , )#- .*. ! # !% *$&' % '#! web browser '#(, # #%. $&% D2 D3 &(!$#!' '"- '#(%, # !+!#-! &+ # !,*$ &' % ! %: $& D2 $ #! $#% "$&, ' $) &' ! #! & ' % A0 ($#&'& -w-). $& D3 '! .! ' #! #( $ D2, ' "$' . D3 ' #! (' , ' ! #! & ' % C0 ($#&'& r--), ## ,+%, &+ '#( &(&''#% #! % ! %, !' &'# * &' ! )(& & &' ! ## !' &'# * A0 ' % D2, .&' ! '(*!' &(!$& $+#-- '! +' '+! -# $& .!. ' &'# TLB &% ('% ' % -# #! % & %. () $&% 3B 3C, $!+, ! $#&''(!% , ' ! ; #$ ! & ' #! ' % % ( #!'% '& , .*., #
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" ! $ & ); ' ( #) ( % , ."., " ); # ( #) ' ("' " , ."., " ); ' ! & ' $ & ', ' %" ' % ! % ' " ; : ' % , . ( # , ' ' % " , % ! % % $ ). [Up - Table of Contents] [Prev - 15. Cache Memories] Up to the Home Page of CS-225
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