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LIBRARY OF-CONGRESS. Chap.. ., CopyrigM No.. Shelf„6.f:..i.9 I- \/x blue yellow v. green b, i, indigo vi, violet. o, orange j, illustrating the decomposition, in passing : ; ; ; ; ; refracted the least and the violet the most. It is the province of a small compilation, such as is sented by this little physiology of sight. work, to give is projection." full details in the That must be culled from your That various text-books on physiology. the image not repre- focused on the retina is ]3oint at which called the "field of Here the visual purple becomes bleached VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 13 Fig. 10. Anterior portion and ciliary region of the eye. C, cornea c S, Schlemm's canal O s, ora serrata ; Ip, pectinated ligament e F, Fontana's space ; T, tendinous ring ni, meridional fibers c, circular fibers of the ciliary muscle Z, zone of Zinn. The full lines indicate the crystalline lens, iris, and ciliary body in a state of rest, the dotted lines show the same ; ; ; ; ; in a state of accommodation. ; VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 14 —undergoes change —and the subject of much The question its action and function is now question. be more of inverted images, etc., will fully dealt with in the lecture-room. Accommodation is that faculty of the eye of adapting itself to distances of varying degree, and is accomplished by the action of the ciliary muscle upon the capsule of the lens, through the When zonule of Zinn. accommo- dated for near objects, the pupil contracts ; when more distant for the obverse objects, These changes are dilation) is the case. and (contraction and reflex, are brought about by the action of two sets of fibers (muscular) sphincter, plied which are — the circular, sup- by the 3d pair (motor-oculi) and the dilator pupillse, which are the radiating fibers,supplied almost entirely by the trigeminus and the *"* cervical sympathetic. p, pigment 'cell of the retina connected with a rod. n, Cone seated on the merabrana limitans POse wc divide the 3d, pHates of coursc ; Now, and why Sympathetic gets in Its result. On The ? work and is ; the is the in full possession of the field dilator fibers contract, sup- what results ? and a wide open pupil the other hand, cause a solution of con- tinuity in the sympathetic, and contraction is the re- VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. The sphincter suit. the pupil. we ously, and narrow down fibers contract both nerves be stimulated simultane- If will observe that the sphincter set are the more powerful, for contraction will ensue. sence of bright light in the floor of we have Aqueduct Pupillary tion. caliber certain drugs, of which action and its is it Stimulation contraction. Sylvius causes contrac- is modified more results are far by hereafter. is at little deeper into The is con- We and cone layer in this part brochure, and under the retina will delve its layers. external layer, consisting of rods and cones on, close together, find We know The most acute i. e., small transparent rods, and scattered among them with- out regularity, a cone here and there. we of retinal the macula lutea^ or yellow spot. closely packed together, end The the rod and cone layer only, which will speak of only the rod of our action from being satisfactorily cerned in the formation of the image. Yision In the pre- of explained to the ophthalmic student, as yet. that 15 numerous cones and an absence at this place, find ganglionic At the macula of rods. and yellow pigment Also cells. Now, remember, light is a sensation only. Remember, also, we spoke of the visual purple. As yet we know not of its precise function, but that it is concerned in the perception and recognition of there is light, no reasonable doubt. The movements of the bulbus in its socket are of VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 16 the universal order knoAvii as ball-and-socket joint- Luminous impressions upon the retina continue for short time after cessation of light. smouldering or glowing match end, be waved like a around in a circle, the e^'e follows it throughout, the rapidity of motion be increased its out into a curved fast, it line, it but and with higher motion, very becomes a complete ring circular if appears drawn Sparks from of light. A a knife-grinder's wheel become a stream of light. when a. a bright point, If saw with large teeth presents a smooth edge revolving rapidly, and the spokes of a rapidly- turning wheel assume the appearance of a glimmering disc. A brilliant light leaves dim When one. a longer impression than a an electric spark is seen, has it already come to an end, the interval elapsing before its perception by the observer being greater than its The momentary actual duration. lids in winking is unnoticed, and closing of the eye- why ? Because paired during the interval occupied by the of the lids. obliquely. The eyes Only in of the horse, tlie continues unim- visual impression of external objects movements remember, are set man, apes and some night-birds are the eyes so set as to permit visual lines directly ahead in parallels. The bulbus has pole to pole its poles. is its axis. to the axis, so An imaginary The equator we may have is line from at right angles- meridians. The visual VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. cixis corresponds to the macula 17 while the optic lutea^ axis extends from pole to pole. We are not aware of an image being on the retina, nor of its position there, but only of the stimulus pro- duced on the perceptive nerve elements So, understand, we do not the retina. of see the image, but the object from which the rays emanate, and we refer the sensations in their direction. For instance, if an image is formed on the upper and outer quadrant we refer it doicmoard and imoard, from which direction the rays must have come. inverted images: images is, of the retina, —The At this point a word on great advantage of inverted much that for a given-size pupil a larger picture can be formed on the retina than would be the €ase if case all 2)lace no inversion took place, images must necessarily upon the retina than the for ocQ,\\])y size of the in latter ?Lmuc/t smaller tlie pupil. Color is analagous to pitch, violet corre- sponding to the high, and red as of depends Fig. When a body absorbs spectrum except blue, we glass has the sound, upon the 12. amplitude vibrations. low Intensity of tones. color, to the power call it all of the the colors of the a blue body. of absorbing all the colors lied except VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 18 the red, which it reflects all colors, be absorbed, transmits. any body or thing If we have white. Should all the colors we have black. Light travels 186,000 miles per second (discovered by Roemer in 1676). ally this is of great great that, for all moment, but we is to us the rate is so distances on earth, The globe would be girt Scientific- it is instantaneous. by a sunbeam quicker than Tlie theory of to-day as regards light could wink. the undulatory theory. The earth is supposed to be bathed, embalmed, enveloped by a fluid termed Ether, which very subtle. is in motion tion, waves Suppose a luminous body sets of this Ether which go in every direc- moving, remember, at the rate of 186,000 miles per Well, these waves breaking upon the retina second. cause the molecular disturbance termed " sight." wave motion is vibrations are transverse comes yet This like that of sound, except that the — cross- wise. " The sunbeam to the earth as simply motions of Ether-waves, it is the grand source of beauty and power. heat, light miracle of Its and chemical force work everywhere the life and motion. In the growing plant, the burning coal, the flying bird, the glaring lightning, the blooming flower, the rushing engine, the roaring cataract, the pattering rain, we see only varied mani- festations of this one all-energizing force." * * Steele. CHAPTER I. ORBITAL CAVITY. is Orbital cavity.—According to Chauveau, this cavity irregularly circular in outline and circumscribed by the orbital process of the frontal bone, the lachrymal Fig. 13. and malar bones, and the summit of the zygomatic process. At the bottom, which shows the maxillary and orbital hiatus, it is confounded in the skeleton with the temporal fossa.* It lodges the globe of the * A fibrous membrane, the ocidar sheath, isolates it from the temporal fossa in the majority of manimiferous animals. Only in J. y VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 20 eye and the muscles which move accessory to the Some organs it. apparatus, visual such as the lachrymal gland and the meinbrana nictatans, are also The temporal contained in this cavity. mounts the orbit and it Oval in shape, lying orbital arch (or process). by the fossa sur- incompletely separated from is obliquely from above to below, and from within out- wards, on the sides of the cranium, the temporal fossa is limited, within by the parietal ridge, and outwardly by the anterior border zygomatic the of the longitudinal process. It lodges the root of temporal muscle. The head orbital cavity is situated at the side of the at the point corresponding to the union of the cranium and the face. It is lined by a fibrous mem- brane, designated the ocular sheath (ocular or periorbita), which is membrane attached posteriorly to the bor- der of the orbital hiatus and anteriorly to the upper lip of lip the orbit, being prolonged beyond the external of this osseous rim brane of the eyelids. sheath and is to form the fibrous mem- Strong externally, the ocular thin within the cavity, composed of elastic inelastic fibers (unstriped muscular fibers have also been included in its composition), traversed vessels and nerves. Thus completed, the by orbital cavity has the form of a regular hollow cone, open at its base, man and walls. the quadrumana has the orbital cavity complete bony 21 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. closed at the apex, which corresponds to the orbital In the ordinary position of the head the openhiatus. ing of this cone is The bones which go outward. downward and make the orbital directed forward, to cavity are the frontal, sphenoid, superior maxillary, malar, palate, ethmoid and lachrymal. The optic for- amen, situated at the apex of the cone, transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery. The superior orbital fissure transmits tlie third, fourth and sixth nerves, ophthalmic branch of the trigeminus and the superior and interior ophthalmic veins. The inferior orbital malar and infra-orbital branch of the ophthalmic vein. The supra-orbital notch, at the upper fissure gives passage to the nerves, and a facial (See Fig 41.) and inner margin of the orbit, contains the supraorbital nerves and artery as they pass to the forehead. In addition to the bulbus, muscles, vessels, orbit contains There is much etc., the adipose tissue. a limiting the globe and membrane between conjunctiva and the cellulo-fatty tissue, called Tenon's capsule. To some extent it ensheaths the muscles, nerves and vessels that pass through tinuous with the periosteum of the with the conjunctiva. pleura, and serves as It constitutes a muscles. it, and orbit, is con- as well as somewhat analogous to the a cup in which the globe revolves. It is secondary attachment for the ocular The dura mater sphenoidal fissure and is firmly attached at the optic foramen, and is continuous VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 22 with the outer sheath of the optic nerve and with the periosteum of the orbit. may Diseases of the orhit Orbital cellulitis. simple (Edematous cellulitis or phlegmonous be either cellulitis. In the oedematous form there will be bulging forward Little pain on pressure occurs in of the bulbus. form is much more severe especially the upper; pain, tolerate will ; the The phlegmonous young and subsides in a few days. swelling of the lids, which may be intense and no pressure on the globe ; eye is pro- truded directly forward. Exophthalmus. — In some severe cases have abso- lutely no motion; * will have chemosis of conjunctiva; symstoms almost reached in 8 to always acute, and the Tissues on 14 days. found firm, tense and hard. All this crisis is palpation will be may go on, the bulbus become involved and have inflammation of all ^'^Q^panophflialmitis. parts of the forms, as lids. May it Abscess result "\A''hen pus may, fluctuation may be found behind the may from burst through conjunctiva or injuries, periostitis lids. and inflammation of lachrymal gland. Treatment. —Antiphlogistics puration occur, poultices tiva between the lids. early. Should Exploration is good when doubt, and better to use knife too early than too A large majority of these * Compare periostitis. sup- and incision through conjunc- cases recover, in late. and about the VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 23 only untoward results are abscess of brain and menin- Don't be fooled, when the whole thing gitis. may be a simple foreign body, the removal of which will dis- symptoms. sipate the alarming Periostitis of the Orbit margin of the orbit, rheumatic. Some li is may generally limited to the arise idiopathically in the swelling and redness of the lids and Some- a slight exophthalmus, generall}'' to one side. Pus may form In the chronic form there is times slight elevation of temperature. beneath the periosteum. simply slight swelling of the upper tal pain, and a tedious, running months, lid and supra-orbi- This form swelling. little local and ending very is in caries, deformi- ties, etc. Treatment. — As in cellulitis. gone on to necrosis, into play, etc., If, however, the chisel and gouge and a thorough removal of it has come and curetting is applied to the carious parts. Tumors May face. of the Orbit. — Both benign and malignant. develop primarily in the orbit or spread from the Cause more or less exophthalmus and its conse- quences. Treatment is remove bulbus excision. also : Sometimes {Eneudeation.) it is necesary to CHAPTER 11. EYELIDS. The eye branous, and is movable curtains They serve inferior. mem- protected and covered by two — the palpebrse —superior and to to protect the eye exclude excessive light. Another function and distribute a moisture to the eye. is to secrete Their movements are both voluntary and involuntary, the involuntary due to the orbicularis muscle. The levator palpebrse superioris opens the eyes by lifting the upper space between the free margins of the pebral fissure. The angles of junction The lid. lids is the pal- between the are the cantki, the external being the most acute. lids At the inner canthi are found two small elevations, one on each lid —the punctum lachrymcde —which are the be- ginnings of the canals, or canaUculi, leading to the tear sac. The tegument, (-i) eyelids are composed of four layers : (1) the conjunctiva. The muscular to both lids, lids, and fibers consist of the orbicularis palpebrarum, a wide, thin sphincter of the the in- (2) layer of muscular fibers, (3) the tarsus, common having tendinous attachments at the angles the tendons together with some muscle24 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Fig. 25 14. Saggital Section through the upper eyelid. 1, skin 2, palpebral portion of the musculus orbicularis oculi 2a, its inner portion, designated as the musculus ciliaris Riolini 3, cilia 4, gland of Moll, opening into a hair follicle .5, Meibomian gland 5 a, its orifice 6, indication of the ill-defined limit of the tarsus 7, loose connective tissue between tarsus and anterior insertion of the tendon of the musculus levator palpebrae superioris 8, anterior connective-tissue-like insertion of the tendon of the musculus levator palpebrae superioris 9, its middle layer, nonmuscular, called the musculus palpebralis superior.— 77. Mullet: ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 26 being attached to the bony wall. fibers There are certain bundles of the orbicularis fibers — involuntary —known as the ciliary muscle The of Riolini. orbicu- adherent to the skin, but glides smoothly and laris is The contraction loosely over the tarsus. of this muscle closes the palpebrse. The Levator PalpebrcB Superioris arises at the becoming orbital apex, passing along the upper wall, intermingled with the orbicularis in front of the tarsus. Some wiiile some become attached to the upper edge of the tarsus. Supplied by fibers go to the conjunctiva, Function the motor-oculi. lid The lower to raise the lid. supplied by a prolongation from the inferior is rectus. The Tarsi. —The framework of the lids, being united together and to the adjacent bone by the internal and external lateral ligaments, gives rigidity and stability to the Composed eyelids. of fibrous condensed tissue. The muscle hairs. SJcin ; adheres intimately to the orbicularis smooth and covered with numerous In the foetus, at the orbital arch, where the we find a well skin everywhere else marked eyebrow. fine short Fat is without is hair, never found beneath this skin. The Conjunctiva which commences is is a delicate mucous membrane, at the free border of the lid continuous with the skin. where it It lines the inner surface VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. and of the lids reflected is upon the globe, over which and becomes passes tinuous The with the palpebral it con- cornea. portion is thicker and more vascular than the and ocular, is _ „. Fig. 15. rpj^^ Where passes from it ^^^.^^ They gg^^ f^,Q^ behind have been isolated from other tissues and remain joined at the external and internal angles by firmly attached to the tarsus. 27 ligaments, external 1, Posterior surface on its edge of tarsus superior the openings of the Meibomian 3 and follicles 2, tarsus inferior 4, punctum lachrymiale superior and inferior 5, external angle ; 6, internal angle. the lateral the lids to the globe thin and very it is and internal and loose ; forms the/ornix co)tJimctivr:e. Now, it name as its ; indicates, joins the bulbus and pal- the anterior portion of the in a particular fold, haw {niemhrana may of the caruncle not trace At the margin it, although pavement epithelium. it nictatans) and covers the caruncula lachry- malis and enters the puncta. by a layer ; ; It envelops, in addition to the above, pebrse together. cornea one : shows some very it is At of the represented the surface of fine hair bulbs. (See conjunctiva.) Eyelashes lids. etc. (cilia.) —Two rows, at free borders of the Act as a shield against foreign Their follicles are and the glands particles, dust, surrounded by sebaceous glands of Moll (which are small tubular glands resembling ceruminous glands.) These various glands serve to lubricate the eye by VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 28 their secretions, which emerge by minute the free border of the The lids. stronger and more abundant in the upper on and orifices lashes are longer Though lid. the lashes of the lower lid are few, they are reinforced by some long bristly hairs, tentacular of the — Analogous to sebaceous. are lodged near the posterior surface of the tarsus, They open by arranged like currants on a stem. minute the like the lips. The Meibomian Glands. They which are just orifices upon the Each gland cilia. free border of the lids behind consists of a central tube with a number of openings around its sides. The unctuous matter they secrete facilitates the retention of the tears Supra-orbital, lachrymal over the conjunctivae. orbital branch of the superior dental arteries, and forming thick network indirectly connected around the cornea with the ciliary system, arteries. cornea. through the Lymphatics form a Xerves from the close episcleral, are the network around the fifth pair enter at inner and outer angles of the eye, form a thick plexus and end free — some by club-shaped expansion. These nerve fibers are non-medullated. — — Membrana Nictatans. " Third or winkinff eyelid." Jlaw. At the inner angle of the eye. Its composition is of a fibro-cartilaginous framework, elastic, irregularly shaped, prismatic at anteriorly, Behind is where it its base, is which is thick, and thin covered by the conjunctiva.. a strong cushion of adispose tissue, which is VETERlNAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY. insinuated hetireen movements are mechanical, and no muscle When directly causes them. a small fold of conjunctiva When fibrous case. orbit is the eye by contraction the eye seen is ; is in repose but the rest is in cushion, this membrana before it, Avithdrawn into the it may gently on the eye the orbital cavity. carti- pressing outwards, pushes the and the ceals the front of the eye. neous, but its of the recti muscles, the globe compresses the fatty cushion belonging to the lage; The the muscles of the eye. all haw of the 29 latter then entii'ely con- This movement is instanta- be momentarily fixed by pressing when the animal retracts The use of the membrana it Avithin is, as will be seen from the above, to maintain the healthy condition of the eye by removing any matters that have escaped the eyelids; and what clearly demonstrates this function is the inverse relation that always exists between the development of this body and the facility with which animals can rubtlieir eyes with their anterior limbs ; so it is that, with the horse and the ox, whose member cannot be applied to this purpose, the membrana is very highly developed, and in the dog, which may use its paw to some extent when it thoracic requires to brush still less, its eye, it is while in the smaller monkey and in ; in the cat it is mankind, whose hands are perfect, membrana nictatans often remains permanentl}^ over it is rudimentary. In tetanus, the the eye in consequence of the continued contraction of VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. so the The recti muscles.* gh\ncl of Harder, situated the outer face of the haw, is on a reddish-yellow gland, covered by fibrous membrane and surrounded by fat. Secretes a thick unctuous matter, which gains exit on the inner face of the membrana by three or four open- ings. DISEASES OF THE LIDS. Acute Blepharitis. —Abscess of phlegmonous inflammation it ; adenitis early. accompany this. freely der. May have If later, tion of pus, hot applications, with. apt to have con- This might go on to gangrene. cold applications to abort. and mahn enough, and suspect forma- and get the matter over the incision parallel freely, fluctuation If early Of course, as soon as fluctuation Evacuate strangles or Will have great swell- simple. ing with the cardinal symptoms; junctivitis an acute Is lids. May accompany of a traumatic nature. follow the of the lids; usual cause is is felt, with the open lid bor- using antisepsis and ascepsis (and Boric acid solution is good and safe about the eye) for patient and instruments. Do not use Ilydrar for instruments, as you'll dull the edge quicker than can be restored, and not more powerful than about the eye, unless great care is entrance into the conjunctival you think necessary ; 1 to intention. * F. Lecoq in Chauveau's Anatomy. 5000 taken to prevent sac. May suture compress bandage to insure it its if first — VETEIUNARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. {Ble2)haritis Blepharitis Ciliaris Tarsi, (yphtliahnia Tarsi). patients, but lious. This when it is, may redness of the Caused by smoke, too much of sliglit, thickened or Hair fall out. may be very everted edges, it dust, cold winds, bright light follicles may and Edge Lids are apt to be agglntinated. it. Photophobia and lachry- or margins scaly and scabby. mation. scarcely perceptible margin, while again severe — ulcerations, with in equine long-lasting and very rebel- be merely a lid Marginalise Tinea — Earely met it is 31 be destroyed and the The thickening and eversion cilia may of lids cause ectropium. Always assure yourself iriasis, for, if it is, it will it is not the result of Phthe- be necessary to ei-adicate them Use Merc, before attempting a cure of the Blepharitis. tmg. Fungus growths said to cause this epilation, in the hair follicles are also Remove disease. and go on to cure. the hairs by Lachrymal catarrh, and particularly catarrh of the lachrymal sac, with stric- ture of the duct; the tears, unable to get through into the nose, flowing over the inflammation ensues. liculus into the sac lids. Tears being retained, In such cases open the cana- and give free passage then go on and treat as a simple case. sary to observe cleanliness. scabs vnthont force. If for the tears, It is Removal of can not get them very necesscales away poultice the eyes for fifteen or twenty minutes. proceed: Vaseline. Boric ac. and vaseline; gr. and easily, Then —xxx. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 32 to one ounce — Oxide of zinc ointment. If it has gone on to ulceration, after removing the crusts gently, use hydrar. ox. ; flav. grs. two to vaseline one dram ; — or ron ointment x or xx grs. to the dram, of vaseline. cauterize tlie ulcers with a fine point of lunar caustic. Stye {Hordeolum). Acute inflammation tissue of the lids, wdth suppuration Fig lids. and first Some crops. at the cases go on This usually is found around a hair appears as a circumscribed swelling. and involve the entire Much comes swollen and oedematous. pain. of cellular and pointing 16 edge of the follicle cit- May Often multiply and may Usually break in a week. and do not break. Incise if lid, which be- severe throhhing return in successive Some are absorbed pointed, and evacuate. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Will just mention here a drooping of the lid, 33 due either to partial or complete paralysis of the levator palpebrse superioris. correct, remove an muscular There Is called Ptosis. iritis. another condition which is and the skin and (See Figs. IG and 17). it is may be met with, a spasmodic closure May be due to a foreign body, ulcus corneae, Carious teeth. May be tonic or clonic, lasting few seconds at a time. Remove the cause of irrilids. ; but a tation, which is the only treatment. called nictitation, due you should desire to elliptical portion of and suture. fibers, called Blepharospasmus, of the If to some character, which irritation is Another rarety, may be a constant blinking, in the eye, from worms, decayed teeth, or of a reflex Remove etc. cause. Blepharophimosis is a narrowing of the palpebral opening, usually the result of chronic trachoma, and can be relieved by canthotomy, performed by inserting blunt pointed scissors in outer canthus and snipping as far as desired. — and Distichiasis. The first is an irregushape and disposition of the cilia. The second Trichiasis larity in is a double row Treatment Entropium and : is cicatricial. of cilia. epihxtion. an inversion of the eyelid, spasmodic First usually in the lower lids from keratitis, foreign bodies, etc. Second is ; comes the result of granular and diphtheritic conjunctivitis, burns, etc., 3 I VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 84 where there has been tiva. ter ; loss of substance in the conjunc- In the spasmodic form may use adhesive plas- paint witli collodion and keep the lid in position. Fig. 18. Represents a vertical section of the upper eyelid. S, supra orbital margin : to, fascia tarso-orbitalis po, pars orbitalis pc, pars ciiiaris of orbicularis muscle t, tarsus c, eyelash f lower border d, upper border of the wound a b, passage of suture through aponeui'osis. Noyes. ; ; ; ; ; , ; ; In cicatricial, operative interference consists in re- moving a slight strip of skin parallel with the lid marand suturing, entering the suture on the conjunc- g^iii tival side of the lid together. and drawing the lips This will evert the Ectropium. — E version slight or great. Two of lid. of the incision (See Fig. 18.) the eyelid may be forms — cica^ncn/, due to con- traction after burns, abscesses, wounds, etc.; cooyimctlval, when due to chronic inflammation the conjunctiva, which separates the and swelling of lid margin from VETEKINAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 35 the eye,soiiietiines aided by rehixation and spasm hiris of the skin of the orbicu- The best muscle. by results are obtained the removal shaped piece of a of skin, dissecting it Vand away. Bring the edges together so as to 2)^'^Ji' find sup- port the eyelid in l^er position, Fig. pro- sutures to assume a 19. Jike Wharton Jones operation. When we find an eyelid is its causing the the appearance. Y- This (See Figs. 19 and 20.) fast to the eye-ball the condition is known as S>ymblepJmron. Is the result of burns, severe in- flammations, such as conjunctivitis, or anything Avhich will cause the destruction of the membrane. ing together partial, For or, mucous This grow- we may Fig. 20. be should say, of more or less extent. instance, the entire lid may be adhered to the VETEllIXAUY OrHTHALMOLOGY. 3G globe, ment. til and again it may The treatment is be only a thread-like attachto separate the parts are healed over. and keep apart un- may This from other portions transplantation borrow from a rabbit's An eye. together, of the lid margins, is necessitate of the globe, or adhesion, growing Anchylohlepharon, com- plete or partial. TiiEATMENT Chalazion is division. (See. Fig. 21.) obstruction of some is of of the follicles tarsus with re- the tention of secretion. its The diagnostic point that the skin movable over Vary it. and are apt to in size, come in crops. tion never is is freehj is Fluctuafelt. Ex- Fig. 21. cision is Make the treatment. the primary incision on the skin surface^9ara//6^ to the lid border. May open on the inside if it points that way. This has a sac wall, remember, which must be removed or either spooned out. thorougJthj scraped, Cocaine will be the only curetted, ansesthetic needed, dropping some of a 4 per cent, solution into the conjunctival sac and hypodermically injecting some alongside the tumor, which will render the operation almost painless. to insure healing. May lightly touch with lunar caustic All operations upon the lids are VETERTNAEV OPHTHALMOLOGY, productive of free hemorrhages, which 37 may be very successfully controlled by using a clamp such as this. Contusions should be treated as contusions elsewhere. Fig. 22. Immediately after a contusion, cold compresses, firm bandaging, cooling and soothing lotions, Burns and Scalds. of adhesions. it If —The lime is great care freely used. Do prevention the burning cause, antidote immediately with acids, vinegar, oil, etc. is etc., or protect with not wash out the conjunctival sac unless you have plenty of AA^ater. A small amount would but aggravate the condition by slaking the lime. Wounds. —Treat as elsewhere; cleanliness, antisepsis. Carefully inquire into the condition of the parts severally and as a whole. lips, intelligent always. Careful coaptation of the wound's suturing, and watch out for adhesions CHAPTER III. THE LACHRYMAL GLAND. Lachrymal Gland. — Situated process and upper part of interior margin, Is tlie between the orbital eyeball and close to its convex superiorly, concave' an acinous gland, formed of inferiorly. small granulations, Fig. 23. whose junction forms ducts called hygrophthalmic canals. These run to the upper and outer portion of 38 39 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. the superior fornix of Secretion is conjunctiva. tlie alkaline, moistens anterior surface of the eye, passing by means of the puncta, canaliculi, lachrymal sac and nasal duct to the nose. The puncta are two off openings of the canaliculi, at the inner canuhus, a short distance from the commissure. Function, to collect the The tears. lachrymal canaliculi extend sac, and these ing the lachrymal sac. upper dilated portion to the from the puncta canaliculi join before reach- The lachrymal of the nasal duct, sac which is is the situ- ated in a groove or osseous canal in the lachrymal bone. Terminates between the two turbinated bones. The balance of the canal is under the nasal mucous mem- brane, passes to inner surface of outer wing of the nostril, terminating by an orifice (sometimes two) toward the lower commissure, where the line of de- marcation between the skin and rosy mucous mem- brane presents. The tears are forced into the excretory passage muscular action and by the nmscular some kind libers of of by suction caused the puncta and canali- culi. Dacryoadenitis.—Very rare indeed. Symptoms the acute form are great swelling and redness upper lid at its outer angle. The gland will be of of the pushed out of its fossa downwards, by the inflammation and swelling, and may be recognized on everting the lid. The swelling may be so great as to displace the globe VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 40 down and inward. Suffering is pronounced. have an accompanying conjunctivitis, Sometimes confounded — ever, as there heat. periostitis. If early, ice is may abort. So soon, how- suppuration, aid the formation with Free incisions through the conjunctiva. Dislocation of the gland has been seen trophy of ture May have Generally of traumatic origin. suppuration. Treatment witli May cliemosis, etc. may tlie gland is exceedingly rare. be the seat of new and hyper' This struc- growths, as glandular structures, in other parts of the bod}^ and should be treated as elsewhere, i. e., extirpation of entire gland. — CHAPTER ; IV. EXCRETORY APPARATUS. Excretory Apparatus (Diseases flammations the lid ; of). conjunctiva and of the narrowing and stoppage ; may have — As a result of in- watering of lids ; wounds the eye {Epiphorci). If oh- struction of the canaliculus, slitting the canal with knife modeled by and bearing the the treatment. 1 mm This ...^ is of of the canaliculus name of Agnew a is a narrow-bladed, probe-pointed ""^f ri - G.TIEMAMM=CO. ^_j Agnew's Canaliculus Knife Fig. knife. Enter the puncta with Remember cally. 24. its probe point, verti- the anatomical disposition of the canaliculus in the angle of the lid and yb//oK' it. The open the already existing, but obstructed passage, and not to establish a new one. When entered idea is to vertically, — and that takes patience, but the sphincter will yield to persevering pressure depress the handle of the knife until Push irnxmrd it is you reach the inner horizontal. wall, keeping the 41 lid until on the VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 42 Bring the knife straight up and down and stretch. cut tlie whole length of the canaliculus. cult of accomplishment in the horse, of the canal facilitate ; This but a knife with a malleable shank will liemember and divide the matters much. canaliculus close to the juncture of skin and membrane, so that may be as is diffi- owing to the length little its mucous fimction of collecting the tears with as possible, close interfered coaptation to the conjunctiva being one of the factors of that important function. Stricture of the all Lachrymal Duct. the lachrymal affections. flowing of tears — Epiphora. Its — Most common of one symptom is a May be result of catarrh, trauma, carious teeth, pressure from tumors^ and periostitis. Dacryocystitis Catarrhalis. this recognized be- Practically no difference be- fore the chronic stage. tween — Seldom and catarrh. Will find a swelling at the in- ner angle of the eye, caused by a retention of secretion from the catarrhal inflammation, and swelling, lessening the caliber of the excretory ducts. this swelling will cause the canaliculus or down mucous to Firm pressure on flow from either the duct, into the nasal cavity. The swelling is generally painless. Keeping the sac empty affords some relief. Have generally a coexisting blepharitis marginalis. The secretion after a time becomes irritating, and this is especially the case when it is permitted to remain quiet some time in the sac. VETERINARY ORHTHALMOLOGY. Then and it if it sets up conjunctivitis. of tlie cornea is apt In diagnosing, the question of to cause suppuration. tears decides. becomes infectious, It wound gain entrance to a 43 For instance, the tumor will be lessened come upwards through by pressure and the contents This might be the the puncta or descend to the nose. result with a very tight stricture, but of less degree, or the sac- walls may very be —Epiphora — and conditions are rebellious — may ber the tears thick, May have by the puncta by preference, a pair imperative. is Any nuist be dilated. Strictures to precede dilation ulus, but don't slit These continue for months. The cure of the underlying catarrh cause must be removed. but remem- decisive. tJtat is slitting the canalicif can avoid. Take, of fine iridectomy forceps, and, gently insinuating the closed points into the puncta, dilate the sphincter until it relaxes, able to introduce a small probe Bowman's Set of Probes, Nos. Fig. and will then (Bowman's). be Then 1. 2, 3. 1, 5, 6. 7. 8. 25. introduce a Stilling's knife and C JICMANN:CO Fig. 30. slit the stricture, using VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 44 same method anguhar, after introduction turn it This knife being as in probing. in different directions and force it down two Blood issuing from the nose or tliree times. of an open passage. some instances In tri- simply necessary to is it it is proof is impossible to gain entrance into the canaliculi without nicking the puncta, but remember that you are apt to destroy the normal function of the parts, impairing its suction Electrolysis has produced good results powers. — in- troducing a probe until reaching the stricture and taching the negative pole ple and Repeat make apply the positive to the tem- gentle pi-essure as the stricture yields. this until Lotions on the are good. ; at- Arg. nasal catarrh. permanent results are achieved. lids, astringents to the conjunctiva, v to 3 Dobell's sol. is nit. gr. 5,. Watch and i. nice and Sod. bibor., treat the successful. 3 iv. Glyc, 31. Sod, bicarb., Ac. carb., aa 3 ss. Aq., 3vi. If this condition continues, is becomes phlegmonous, called Dacryocystitis Phlegmonosa, and stage of the preceding. treme sensibility. rounding parts. Conjunctiva may is Have much swelling and Usually much Constitutional it a higher ex- infiltration of the sur- symptoms very often.. be inflamed and even chemosed. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Must ditferentiate while in this and abscess cltcryoci/stltis phle(jmo)iosa will be forced of the la abscess, pressure will not reduce celkilar tissue. it, between 45 the contents through the puncta or down into the nose. And remember the previous history of long lachryma- tion. Tkeatsient is incision the into and sac, vanced cases (which are the only ones you this down viLh down as far If lint. to the bone necessary. as it and carry the incision Keep the incision open has opened spontaneously, poultice for twenty-four hours, but not too long; mayl)e forty- eight hours of hot poulticing, but no longer. this ad- meet) Thrust the knife per- the only treatment. is pendicularly in will opening has closed it will be necessary to After open the nasal duct and establish a passage for tears. Don't l^robe until subsidence of inflammation. Lachrymal Fistula. —Result of an illy-healed abscess^ and indicates the existence Rarely seen. If possible, of a permanent stricture. the re-establishment of the proper channel for the passage of tears should be the primary care. treating as stimulating Then the fistula can be easily healed, you Avould a sluggish its fistula edges with lunar caustic, anywhere, etc. CHAPTER V. MUSCLES OF THE EYE. Muscles of the Eye. ferior, external — Seven — posterior, and internal recti, superior, in- and superior and in- ferior oblique. Posterior Rectus Rectractor Oculi, as its pulls the bulbus backward. with Is fibers disposed longitudinally name a muscular sheath. ; the optic foramen and inserted into of the external face of the sclerotic. arises tlie from around posterior part May be dissected into four bundles. Superior^ Inferior, External, 46 implies, and In- — VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY, ter7ial recti. Each is a flat 47 These are placed upon the posterior band with parallel fibers. recti. Origin at the "ft. sup B.int Fig. as. Scheme of the action of the ocular muscles. Landois. back of the ocular sheath and inserted into the sclerotic, by an aponeurosis. These muscles are separated VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 48 from one another and the posterior by the ing to the membrana They nictatans. to position, and, as I have demonstrated fat belong- act according upon tlie board, according to concerted action. Superior from tlie or Oblique, Great Oblique. — Tliis arises back of the orbit and passes forward against the inner wall to pass through a strong fibro-cartilag- inous pulley, which is attached to the frontal bone at the base of the orbital process ; then, bending out- ward, passes beneath the superior rectus near tachment and inserts itself into at- its the sclerotic between the superior and external rectus. Consequently this muscle pivots the eye inward and upward, carryhig the outer aspect of the globe upwards and part outwards. or Inferior Oblique ; is Muscle. sclerotic passes is inserted in the between the external and inferior antagonizes the great oblique. it ments of the Inilbus The center of and Arises in the lachry- outward and action joint. — Thicker nearly parallel to the reflected portion of the superior. fossa, lower . Sma,ll shorter than the superior mal its I'ecti. In The move- correspond to a ball and socket rotation is a short distance be- hind the center of the eye. The oculo-motO'r nerve, or third pair, supplies all the muscles of the eye except the external rectus and superior oblique, which are supplied by the sixth and fourth pair respectively. These muscles are susceptible to — VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. and 2Kirahjsis, individually dual muscles are affected gically exerted. If When indivi- find restricted motion to the action of the converse occurs, collectively. we 49 muscle when physiolo- complete paralysis of the third pair then have ptosis, some exophthalmus, ditto dilatation of the pupil Movements and accommodation paralyzed. restricted in all directions, except directly outward. Strabisimus or Squint. mono-lateral, which be alternating is —the — Many varieties. Usually a faulty position of one eye. ability to fix May with either eye. Also have intermittent or constant. Treatment is operative contracting muscle. 4 ; divide the tendon of the CHAPTER VI. THE CONJUNCTIVA. Conjunctiva. —A delicate, mucous membrane; fine lines the inner surface of the lids. From upon the bnlbus and extends reflected covering the sclerotic. Consists cornea. of It three continuous is layers epithelial, the intermediate being the the subconjunctival tissue. tiva especially contains glandular structures. the lids The it is to the cornea, with the — external being proper tissue and palj)ebral conjunc- numerous lymphatics The conjunctiva in and its reflec- tion from lid to bulbus forms the cul-de-sac or fornix. Highly supplied with nerves from the geminus). ally so fifth pair (tri- Also well furnished with blood, and especi- around the limbus. The conjunctiva has the The membrane is important function of lubrication. divided into three distinct portions: Tarsal, which smooth, and fits the tarsi (the Meibomian be seen through it) follicles is may the fornix, sinus and cul-de-sac being the reverse, loosely attached and easily movable, and is dark in color, while the tarsal is of a light yellow; and third, the ocular portion which but smoothly, upon the Q;lobe, 50 and lies loosely, this fact aids in — VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 51 diagnosing between conjunctivitis and inflammations of a deeper nature. Conjunctivitis be idiopathic or gonorrheal, may (which Purulent Catarrhalis. Granuku\ DiplitlieretU:^ Phlyctenular^ tliese are some of the forms of inflam- mation of tlie another. Tlie discliarge and from one They one of another form. itself or may run into kind may reproduce conjunctiva, one of wliich infectious. May are contagious diagnosis is Pink-eye occur epidemically. but an epidemic catarrhal conjunctivitis. is A differential often impossible early. Catarrhal Conjunctivitis. the mildest form. — Catarrhal Caused by ophthalmia injuries, exposure, hygiene, exanthematous diseases, etc. Again, it is bad may be secondary to other inflammations. Among toms we itching, lachryma- find smarting preceded tion, sensation of in the eye. by the symp- sand or of some other foreign body Have increased vascularity, causing partial or uniform redness of the ocular conjunctiva and imparting to the palpebral conjunctiva a velvety, roughened appearance. G^dematous swelling subjacent tissue, which the cornea to look sunken. ness of the lids. of the conjunctiva may go on Redness, swelling and IVIucus or cially succeeding sleep. to treatment may go stiff- muco-purulent discharge, with tendency toward agglutination of the although one eye and to chemosis, causing Both eyes usually free. and not very apt This form lids, espe- participate, is amenable to invade the cornea. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY, 62 Xow, when the front of tant to know whether If superficial, dee]). and the eyeball is red, the congestion is it is impor- superficial or the redness will be conjunctival appear as a coarse network of blood vessels will running over the sclerotic very irregularly and in no order at all, or nearly conceals by a more uniform redness which all the white of the globe. If the con- gestion and swelling are not very great, the edge of the lower lid rubbed against the globe by the finger may be seen to move the vessels over the sclerotic to press the blood out of them. the lids will mucous be congested and there and surface of will be a or muco-purulent discharge, with probably not much photophobia. very also, The inner tion, there is a rosy In deep, or ciliary conges- zone of straight, fine vessels, as I here draw upon the blackboard, and, as you see, resembling the rays of a brilliant sun. Very regular, straight as an engraver's lines, totally different from conjunctival injection, which vine order. is highly irregular and of a grape- These straight corneal margin. They ure through the lower member, are out of them. to lie we On lid, immovable under press- while the conjunctival, re- and the blood may be pressed close inspection the rosy zone is seen beneath the conjunctiva, in the sclerotic. find this form of congestion, although very and movable., fine lines radiate /ro?>?. the are slight, there will be, usually, pain, 2)rofuse lachrymation, and the tears it When may be photophobia will be hot. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. This picture indicates of tlie course bined. ciliary irritation and. cornea or of some of tlie two kinds Whentlie of the eye an affection deeper structures. tlie of congestion are often exit of 53 Of found com- venous blood from the interior impeded, large dark, tortuous veins will is appear running over the sclerotic, near the edge of the cornea. which they penetrate It is important to learn, in the presence of inflammation, as to the existence of pain, tenderness in the ciliary region, which is name the given that region immediately surrounding the cornea. To this end, make gentle pressure over the closed lids about this region using the index finger of each hand and palpating, as if for suspected abscess, for instance. Examinations are somewhat cocaine 4%-. difficult owing to the Will be facilitated by a drop or so of photophobia. Use oblique monstrated in the illumination, as I have de- Notice the mobility of the clinic. pupil and intra-ocular tension. Teeatmext: extreme tions, cleanliness, attention to general health. hygienic precau- mild astringent lotion every few hours. plied at the outset may however, a self-limited little local ; A caustic ap- Cold applications abort. early stages are very good some Topically, in the catarrhal conjunctivitis a'ffair, is, which often requires very treatment, and which, with good hygiene, ter- minates in complete recovery. sanguine, but temporize, as longer than you expect, and sis as to time. it However, do not be too may extend so, a week or so give no definite progno- VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 64 B Sulph. Zinc. gvs. IjL Boric, ac, 4 Sig. Gtt. B M. Purulent Ac. Boric, Cam ph. Ag. destill. Sig. Gtt. i. or oftener;or, gr. xij- Aq. ^ It often 3 t. i. Conjuncti-vitis, is like tensification of all the bers % j t. i. d., Ophthalmia.— This causes. to the oz. of distilled water; ij ij. d. or oftener. Blennorrhoea, Due symptoms. same to the appears as an epidemic, where num- are crowded together with poor met with Contagious the catarrhal, but with in- hygiene. Is The dis- in the Asiatic countries especially. charges are thick, purulent and I'ery contagious. Very great danger of invasion of the cornea, which results in ulceration, sloughing and probable loss of the eye, within a short time. Treatmext. — Mild cases should receive same treatment as the catarrhal form. Severe cases quire isolation, darkness and quiet ; and all allowed and, re- last first, the time, watch the pus, which must not be to needed every accumulate. few Sometimes minutes. cleansing Application of bleeding, scarification of the conjunctiva, if the swell- ing be pronounced and chemosis be present, and, lids press greatly upon the is cold, globe, canthotomy. if the When the discharge appears, astringent lotions every few VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 54 hours and some caustic application, such as hinar caustic, to inner surface of lids, twice daily, or possi- bly once will suflBce changed for ; cold compresses, continuous or w^arm ones you if Atropine like. if the cornea becomes involved. If the other must be guarded. May be sealed hermetically. When a case one eye only be affected, seen at the very outset, thorough is cleansing and a caustic application to tlie lids (pal- pebral conjunctiva) seems to abort. Goncrrhoeal Canjunctivitis. This does not differ, any other purulent — Gonorrhoea! ophthalmia. except in manner of origin, from conjunctivitis, and of course in the equine race the groom must be looked to for an explanation. It is an extremely violent purulent inflam- mation, caused by inoculation from the urethral discharge. It may destroy the eye in a few hours. another form of inflammation, in the Still newly-born, called Ophthalmia Neonatorum. rhal or purulent —This conjunctivitis, form is a catar- usually appearing shortly after birth and caused by contact with the vaginal discharges of the mother. jVlay from other causes, such as exposure and appear until several weeks after birth. also occur filth, and not Assumes all grades of severity. Tkeatmext. adult, — Same as in similar conditions in the and should be regulated by the severity attack. It is believed by many of the that caustics are VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 66 Even claim they are needless in the very young. and that a mild astringent application injurious, that all of a among physicians largely employed, which con- is dropping into the eye of a newly-born one drop sists in 2% there In practice necessary. is the method of Crede is solution of Arg. nit. is ; and seems to it me if any apprehension the same could be done by the veterinarian, Diphtheretic Conjunctivitis result is peculiar may in that it from the same cause as the other forms. This begins with great heat, redness, swelling and tenderness of the lids, with rigidity from fibiinous Have firm swelling infiltration. conjunctiva from the of same cause, and a pale, smooth, glistening appearance of surface. its Sometimes have a grayish exudation mem- brane on the conjunctiva, u-'Jdch lymph. Discharge of flakes of marked by softening of the parts may he stripped off. Advanced stage is and from the disap- pearance of fibrinous matter and by discharge of pus. Great tendency to shrinking and formation trices of conjunctiva in healing. suffer, and constitutional disturbance This form is apt to often marked. is rare and England. Treatment not very effectual. compresses, local bleeding, the purulent throufrhout. is of cicais very destructive, and, fortunately, in this country in The cornea stage. etc.; In the first stage ice astringents and caustics Atropine should be used VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Take a case, for The eye factorily made. much example Diagnosis has been satis- : cleansed thoroiKjhhj. is pain and restlessness present, \% cocaine 57 If drop of instill a three times, at five-minute intervals. the case has been brought you while young If the (^. e., the patient), evert the lid and paint the case, not conjunctiva with a strength palpebral suitable to the severity of the presenting symptoms, of nitrate using even solution, silver of aggravated cases, neutraUzing it form the stick in vuth a saturated solu- of Sod. Chloride, before tJte lid returns to its normal position. Then commence cold applications, tion which may be clean cloth to one in the form of cracked which have been laid on of the collyria may ice. hundred and twenty (1-120) every thirty minutes to once daily. or pieces of Atropine, one p. r. n., /. e., from Also, employ any mentioned through the lectures you see indications for. As a result of one of the pre- viously described inflammations, Granular ice, Lids ( Granular ophthalmia. Trachoma). — we may have :— coujuncticitis, Granular Generally the result of one of the previously described inflammations, and is especi- ally a chronic condition, although sometimes associated with acute symptoms. The palpebral conjunctiva pre- we sents almost exclusively the granulations, of which have chiefly two kinds, to papillcC and the wit., frog-spawn enlarged conjunctival granulations. These latter are grayish bodies resembling sago grains, and VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 68 are composed of lymphoid cells and connective tissue. Both may varieties be seen separately, but more often combined. Symptoms are those of an annoying conjunctivitis, and may be more or less severe. not checked the cornea the process is becomes ulcerated and vas- from the constant cular If irritation from friction of The conjunctiva and the roughened lids tissue of the lids may become atrophied and cicaupon trical, it. leading to entropion, symblepharon, xerophthal- mia, etc. This disease is more poorly nourished, bad hygiene, often found in the Huns an exceed- etc. ingly tedious course. Treatment. —Locally, astringents and caustics, sul- phate of copper crystal being the favorite one, nitrate of silver, alum, lose effect and many more. Applications may through toleration, and change becomes necessary, and regular treatment for a long period will Before beginning any be necessary to establish cure. astringent treatment of a trachoma, it may be necessary to use hot water, atropine, cocaine, until the great irri- Then may begin with tation, photophobia, etc., subside. a mild astringent, alum, spray of tannin and glycerine, XX. grs. to the oz. or the like. In very obstinate cases, after a fair trial with other remedies, jequirity bean {abrus precatoriifs), used as follows, as prepared by De Wecker of Paris. The bean mascerated for three hours, is in to be powdered and water, at ordinary VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY, temperature, and of a infusion is best, as camel's-hair pencil, it 3"o concentration. loses power with it is applied to the 59 The recent With a age. lids, two or three times. Reaction should be present within twenty-four hours. If not, repeat application. This is painful in Fig. 30. action, and ice- water bags, etc., should be employed. The inflammation will last for at least two Aveeks. Keep patient in dark stall, and quiet. As soon as the inflammatory membrane has appeared, use the cold application until reaction has abated. Treat the case as VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 60 one of acute may tal trachoma, when sulphate of copper crys- be used until the cure is complete. When the may be granulations are large and numerous, they torn out and destroyed by forceps, and as this delicate operation great care may be readily appreciated, the reaction be carefully treated with to To do this, a very The to be exercised. being everted, the granules are stripped lid is is is is As off. superb, and antiseptics, etc. ice, Now, an anaesthetic should be used. in simple chronic blennorrhoea, or chronic conjunctivitis, do not use the above infusion. The results are apt to prove disastrous. Phlyctenular form is tion, or phlyctenule, ent, — This on the summit which a serous of One or several of these bodies may be pres- and are generally situated near the margin cornea. is Gr.) which vesicle bursts, and leaves a small vesicle forms, ulcer. (Pimple, Conjunctivitis. characterized by a small yellowish-red eleva- Duration about ten days may be rjeneralov partial. of vessels runs up to each phlyctenule, is Treatment. its base The appearance is burn- Often associated keratitis. — Particular attention general condition. with attended by pain, which ing; photophobia and lachrymation. with phlyctenular of the con- A triangular leash pointing toward the retrotarsal fold. of the phlyctenule of the but there always The injection great tendency to relapse. junctiva ; Atropine 1 is to 120. to be paid to the In some cases, ; VETEKIXARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 61 application of a mild irritant, such as calomel or ox mercury, ung., Now word on a for In charactei-. is etc. general over the through the lower move over the the pressure, the injected vessels are seen to lid, with the membrane, There conjunctiva). is and on conjunctiva, sclerotic fornix conjunctiva, There dlfWentkd a of dici'jnosls catarrhal conjunctivitis, the injection is (/. always redness of the and usually of the palpebral ditto. muco-purulent discharge, more or a The profuse, dependent on degree. less and iris is clear the pupil reacting readily to light, and bi-ight, and e.^ In transparent. tJie the injec- cornea is tion deep-seated, surrounding the cornea as a rosy is This zone. not accompanied is or palpebral conjunctiva. fornix, are beneath sels with and clear it. The inactive, at night. the the iris is and vision free in follicles. junctiva, The and is injected border oval, ves- move discolored, the pupil sluggish is There impaired. lieatl, In Traclioma, the upper the granule imbedded by redness of the the conjunctiva, and do not very severe pain in the eye and larly Iritis, of the is usually generally worse lid, tarsus, and particuis affected grayish-red, and opaque. the membrane, and is less They may be found on the eve)i the cornea. It is prominent than ocular con- In the granular variety, the affection usually takes on the mixed form, present- ing follicular and papillary hypertrophy in addition to VETERINAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 62 the new growth. There is tration of the conjunctiva the lid, and formation of trachoma, the location is infil- with a bluish lower cially affects the The Follicular cast. follicle is semi-transparent. Is lid, In lutpil- vessels. The of its borders. bright-red, are papillae new predominately over the instead surface of the tarsus, enlarged de-sac. lymphoid of the deeper tissues of including the tarsus, also great proliferation of epithelia larii also general and sometimes red or Conjunctivitis espe- and particularly the cul- round, or elongated, pale and more prominent and sharply raised above the surface of the conjunctiva, and can be removed or separated from ment is in Its general arrange- it. rows parallel to the free margin of the Pteryginin (a little wing, Gr.). — Quite a lids. common affection, result of in- flammation and from constant e x p o s u r e. Consists of hypertro- phy of and sub-conjunctival tissue. conjunctiva, In fprm it is a triangular vascular prominence, general- Fig. 31 ly at the nasal side of the eye, willi the base toward the inner canthus audits rounded apex at the edge more of the cornea, or encroiiching or less vjyon the cornea. We notice two forms, — VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. one form of different degree -or and it — /. e., 63 a thin {temie)y IJequires no treatment unless a thick {cnissum). extends upon the cornea so as to obstruct vision. May tlien be removed by (1) excision, which is dis- secting the growtli off of the cornea and sclerotic, to a point near the canthus, and uniting the conjunctival wound by sutures ; transplantation, (2) which formed by dissecting it off up to the base and then ing it into an incision made in the conjunctiva, the lower edge of the cornea and retaining sutures; or growth at two or more insert- parallel to it there by thread passed around the ligature (3) is i^er- point's, so as to cause stran- gulation. As the result of severe chronic conjunctivitis meet with Xerophthalmia. is we Dryness of the eye. This an atrophied condition, and of cicatrical change in the cornea, conjunctiva and sub-conjunctival tissues. The surface is of a dirty greenish or grayish color, or tendinous appearance. from destruction Also is dry, scah^, of secretory apparatus. of the palpebral folds, and more or less and stiff" Obliteration adhesion of lid to globe. Treatment is inefficient. The dryness may be alle- viated by bland applications, such as milk, glycerine, Taseline, etc. Tumors of the Conjunctiva. yellowish tumor, fatty in Pinguecula; a small appearance, situated near the corneal margin, and chiefly seen in the aged ; con- VETEKINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 64 sists of hypertropliied conjunctiva and epithelium they are harmless and need no treatment. tumors, smooth and yellowish, covered junctiva and perhaps with short hairs connective tissue and fat cise them. ; Dermoid with con- composed ; generally congenital. Warts, similar to those on prepuce, occur on any part of the conjunctiva ; of Ex- may snip off with. scissors. Cancer should be treated as elsewhere. CHAPTER VII. THE CORNEA. Cornea elliptical is parent, which in shape, is perfectly trans- due to the arrangement as well as the is transparency of its individual parts. It closes the anterior opening of the sclerotic and forms one-fifth of the external envelope which it completes. It fits into the sclerotic like the crystal of a watch into the cornea being cornea composed is Uul layer is, as beveled on its of five layers: (1) its name indicates, its case, outer edge. The The anterior einthe- composed of epithelia disposed in layers and continuous with that of the conjunctiva. tissue which (2) Hoicmaii's membrane. A very elastic possesses a tendency to curl up. acids or boiling renders this layer opaque as the other layers. canals, fixed This layer but contains cells or lias fibrillje it does no lacunre nor lymph and movable corpuscles. herent to the parenchyma. Neither faciculi. Is Has no intimately ad- Cannot be separated as a The 2yorencJnjnia is composed of fine united into fasciculi, bound together by a fibrillffi cement matter. Has a system of canals which are a distinct layer. (3) continuation of lymphatic spaces. 65 5 These lymphatic VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 66 canals contain above the cells. other. The fasciculi are in layers, one The canals in the cornea are hollowed out of the tissue formed by the cement and and may be resolved into shallow sj^aces, verynumerous and communicating with each other by canaliculi, which vary in size and form a net-work fasciculi, throughout the parenchyma, penetrating between the fibers and ramifying from layer tion to convey the nourishing is to layer. Their func- Three varieties lymph. ris. 32. of cells may be found in these canaliculi, fixed, wander- ing and pigment. The fixed lie in the lacunae, send prolongations out into the canals. and The wander- ing are brighter, larger, and, as the name implies, have power of motion. The pigment periphery of the cornea. On proper of the cornea a lining DescemeC s. is is found only at the the inner side of the tissue membrane It is firm, elastic, glossy in called (4) appearance and VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Then the highly refractive. (5) endotheJlal layer, posed of a single layer of cells. on the anterior surface of tlie Iiis. are no blood The vessels. 67 This layer is com- reflected In or on the cornea anterior ciliaiy arteiies furnish branches, which approach the linibus, forming loops. Elood vessels on the cornea are indicative of either a pathological which pass the condition attempt of in the Tlieir terminal fibrillae are epithelium and anterior layers Some few twigs come from of the cornea. ciliary, body and form a plexus around ciliary the border of the cornea. most abundant or an The nerves come from the nature to repair. the con- junctival nerves. Injuries and Wounds. contused, scraped, — Many varieties Clean cut, etc. usually heal and leave no trace. if — clean cut, not too large, Contused wounds are apt to cause suppuration. The great danger would be apt may is of injury to the lens, to result in cataract, or to the prolapse, or, iris, which which becoming adhered to the corneal puncture, cause staphyloma. Teeatmext —The pn')U((ri/ treatment is to place the eye in a state of rest and allay irritation by soothing applications. Atropine and cocaine should be applied several times daily; atropine need be enough. ; cocaine 4%. If 1 to 120, or stronger Cold compresses the epithelium olive oil allays irritation. is if if seen early abraded a few drops of The compress bandage re- VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. foa - strains motion and so If the wound be corneal useful; also excludes light. is use atropine, and central, If peripheral, eserine }(>%. quick. Foreign badies are most common being of frequent occurrence, dust, glass, metal, etc., the and they cause severe reaction according to the depth to which they penetrate and lengtli of time they remain. ceptionally, the reverse may be the case. Ex- They are seen easily, generally, and oblique illumination will facilitate a search. If firmly remove with a spud. If superficial, imbedded, use forceps or a needle. To avoid a deeply seated particle falling backwards into the anterior may needle to chamber during attempts at removal, a be passed into the anterior form a base on which to work. broad chamber so as Cocaine 4% must be used, and an eye-speculum will insure better results if used. Burns, injurisi, from chemical agents, cause sloughing and permanent cocaine; wash by alkalis oil, are apt to Use oil, the eye thoroughly, and neutralize acids — for instance, soda, Should the offending matter be water, etc., opacities. and, above all, dram to the ounce. lime, use vinegar don't put a little and water into the eye. Abrasions of epithelium appear as a roughened, glist- ening facet, and are very painful. Use Keratitis (inflammation of the cornea.) oil coUyria. Resaltof in- juriss, exposure, constitutional diseases, mal-nutrition. 69 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. inflammation of adjacent parts, etc. ; is one of the most frequent diseases of the eye. It leads to vascularization, each of these concell proliferation and suppuration, ditions being more or prominent according to the less kind of inflammation present. ditions we find the vision which is always ominous is (a Attending these con- impaired, ciliary irritation, zone of fine vessels appearing around the corneal margin), pain, photophobia, lachry- of the mation, conjunctival congestion and contraction The cornea will be turbid and swollen. If pupil. ulcerated, it becomes thinned, and perhaps rupturing escape. permits deeper parts to become prolapsed or from thinned or softened it may bulge forward If intra-ocular pressure, recovery, indelible forming alterations of curvature may remain, with correspondIn treating ing loss of vision. acute corneal inflammations it the cardinal rule to avoid all irritants to After opacities and Is staphyloma. and pay special caustics and attention to Fig. 83. hygiene and general health. Atropine, darkness, and proper. Cold and rest of the eye local bleeding are always may be tried if symp- toms are very acute. Wiien the disease does not improve under this treatment, or becomes chronic, the proper treatment requires special experience. Where VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 70 there is great photophobia, or spasm of the orbicuhiris, the cold douche, stretching apart of the lids, foi-cible canthoplasty, insufflations of calomel, ointments of mercury, etc., are employed. Keratitis Vasculosa. grayish — Tliis is characterized by a cloudiness of the cornea with network of The epithelium may be vessels in the affected region. shed, causing great pain from the exposure of nerves. Under favorable circumstances, tends May, however, run on into other forms to recovery. and be combined with them. Fig. 34. Phlyctenular Keratitij is characterized by phlyc- tenules in the superficial layers of the cornea like those in phlyctenular conjunctivitis. Tliese plilyctenules- appear as inflammatory nodules, singly or in groups, on «?iy part of the cornea, May but most often at the margin. be surrounded by vesicles, which vesicles may VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. and leave a ring "burst work of vessels A ulcers. ot 71 triangular net- seen running toward phlyc- will be tenule, its base towards the retrotarsal fold apex (/;; the phlyctenule, cornea. If, from the this is off at its lies some distance border, the apex of the triangle the edge of the cornea, thus leaving a space of clear tissue intervening between it and the If the attack is severe, vasculai" keratitis phlyctenule. may and at the edge of the however, the phlyctenule corneal appears cut if supervene, vessels then would extend upon the cornea quite up to the phlyctenule. The secretions from the eye irritate and excoriate the paits over which they flow. Interstitial Keratitis. and Diffuse. ness, —Also termed Pareiichi/)natoi(s Will have swelling and diffuse cloudi- which cloudiness usually extends from nuArgbt to center, and veri/ slight, and again glass. May May be veiy be very dense, simulating ground be irregular in density, causing white and grayish patches. polish rarely the reverse. may The corneal surface usually loses its and assumes a dull stippled appearance, due to loss of epithelium. Vessels may appear in the corneal substance, running from margin toward center, and are sometimes numerous enough to cause a bright red flex. Happily, there ulceration. is This form very is little re- tendency toward tedious, taking months to cure. Suppurative Keratitis. —The inflammatory infiltra- VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 72 tion becomes clianged to pus, wliicli pus shows as a yellow opaciiy in the corneal tissues. The suppuration may be limited, or the entire cornea may be .... involved. If inclosed by corneal tissue, forms an abscess; superficial, an if Some- ulcer. times the pus sinks Abscess. down be- tween the layers, forming an onyx from its resemblance to the lunula of the fing-ei'-nail. Often will see hypopyon in the by anterior chamber, caused the pus settling to its bottom. These two conditions may exist. may Vascularity Fig. 35. co- attend the suppuration, and with acute symptoms, or there may be very and vascularity, from death which of tissue latter form and sloughing. absorbed or burst open, or pus is little Abscesses may undergo chalky degeneration, leaving dense opacities. may be an opened abscess. ulcers may size, An ulcer Ulcers shape and depth, and are dangerous according to their location. is may be fatty or But, remember, superficial occur without a primary abscess. are of variable pain very dangerous The exceedingly dangerous from its crescentic raai'ginal tendency to encircle the cornea and thus deprive the central cornea of nutri- 73 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOCxY. un ulcer extend deep enough to reach the membrane of Descemet, it may bulge forward through tion. If the ulcer like a vesicle, and thus form a hernia of the cornea or Jceratocele, and is usually followed by per- Larger ulcers generally lead to staphyloma. foration. occur, there "When perforation does is escape of the aqueous and a carrying forward of the iris and lens. an If the iris becomes fast into the wound, it forms If perforation is large anterior synechia. may iris lyrotriide, enough, the becoming adherent around the Sometimes, after healing of edges, leaving synechia. the ulcer, there will be re-accumulation of aqueous and tearing loose of the adhesions through the action of the pupillary muscles, the dom, then assuming iris floating in the aqueous. the lens may foration, and xVs if it return to constituting anterior position its its caj^sular cataract. and the anterior chamber may If the aperture, resulting be extensive enough to be left, healing of see IJemember may never be broken, be never re-established. from ulcer and sloughing, allow of escape of contents of the eye, atrophy in we may anterior capsule, thus that adhesions sometimes formed rule before mentioned, also be carried forward against the per- some matter deposited on The its free- all the of the globe will result. ulcers is that some trace from a slight cloud to a dense opacity, and nnbeciday are variously termed, according to degree— And spot. a macula, cloud ; a mist ; nebula, a VETERINAPwY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 74 promment during often a cloudiness which will be convalescence will clear up to a very satisfactory de- But the reverse may gree. During the obtain. heal- ing process vessels may be seen traversing the cornea, but and necessary to absorption. this is physiological may Suppurative inflammation result identical causes with other forms, operators. sometimes result Treatment titis, from many and is the dread of Bruised and lacerated wounds are also apt Cases of severe conjunc- to give rise to suppuration. tivitis and so. includes the ordinary remedies for kera- remembering liypopyon are absorbed, and to evacuate. Even to avoid all irritants. Paracentesis very seldotn necessary it is maybe in cases of increased tension. large frequently repeated Hot fomentations are often useful, especially in asthenic cases, where there is danger of death of tissue. In deep ulcers it is better to perform paracentesis through their base than to permit spontaneous perforation. superficial and In ulcers that are operation indolent, Scemisches is indi- cated and performed as follows Introduce (after cocaine) a spring speculum ; grasp the conjunctiva opposite point of counter puncture with fixation forceps, (fig. 37) enter the cornea at right angles with a Graefe's knife minimum amount (fig. .38) of tissue "ward, avoiding the iris and ; thus dividing the then turn the knife letis. Make this in- primary incision inside the ciliary region, on account of risk VETEEINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. of sympathetic oplithalmia. This primary incision should two he ahout mm. from the edge of the ulcer and brought out ahout the same distance on the otiier side. The knife then cuts its way out tlirougli tlie bottom The , of the ulcer. may incision , , kept open a fine probe through and antisepsis, begins. manner. be Fig. 36. . by passnig it daily, using extreme ascepsis and the tension kept down Corneal abscess may You remember my speaking Fig. of the cornea, — it is until repair be treated in a similar oi 2)aracentesis .37. performed as follows : Introdce a needle or blade of an iridectomy knife through the cornea near its margin and allow the aqueous Fgi. 38. to drain VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 76 off sloit-Iy this is Tlie one care in alongside the instrument. sudden an escape of to avoid too possible prolapse of the iris. and tlie fluid Again, a too snddeii diminution of intra-ocalar tension apt to result in is shock. Pannus. — A vascular opacity of the cornea, non-in- A new growth — neoplasm — the flammatory. a preceding inflammation. The term result of applied also to is acute and chronic vascular keratitis where the formation of new entire cornea I spoke of tissue is still in may be involved. — tenue, thin, and In extreme degrees A progress. Two forms, jiart or the remember, crassum, thick (or beefy). the cornea may appear demay continue cidedly red and fleshy, and this condition for The months and years with no change. complete cure, for usually a good of different degrees. bulge forward. is is thin and the cause of the majority and these cases may present corneal granulations similar to those upon the lids. be traumatic from long continued irritation, that from foreign particles, inverted cilia, etc. Treatment. rarity leaves opacities The cornea may become Trachoma of cases of pannus, q.\\vq It may such as — After removing the cause, hasten reso- lution of the opacity, and to this end, tion be present, irritating if no inflamma- powders and unguents are used. Sometimes a too constant application of a remedy wears it out and a change becomes necessary. entire cornea be involved, the pannus If the in a high state VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. of vascuhirit}', uiid no tdcers infusion offers good results. deposits. existing, the While they are Jeqiiiiity Opacities are frequently corneal inflammations the result of 77 and cicatricial classified according to de- gree, tliey are practically divided into superficial deep, the former att'ecting the epithelial layer, the latter the parenchyma. A faint superficial opacity is Fig. 40. Fig. 89. called and nebula (Gr. white). (L. fog), A adhesion of the cicatrix iris is a thick dense one leucoma combined with prolapse and called see white, chalky deposits, leucoma adherans. which may be the May result of an application of lead lotion where ulceration was present in the corneal tissues. Many spontaneously in the young and more recent and opacities disappear robust. As a rule the superficial the opacity the better the VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 78 chance for removal. The application oi finely powdered calomel will assist absorption by exciting hyperemia and increased tissue change. some results may be filled generally is in and the ulcer which up with transparent Staphyloma Cicatricial mny Deposits of lead scraped away, be cases tissue. the result ulceration, for the floor of an ulcer, being very thin, of is therefore very apt to yield to the intra-ocular pressure and bulge. In the process of healing the bulged portion to be covered with cicatricial tissue, is left, Kerato-conus. shaped. is —Conical It is a may Remember the be a complication. cornea is a cornea protrusion of the cornea, and not very well understood. may appear apt and a staphyloma bluish-white in appearance. leucoma adherans, which is its cone- cause Usually congenital, but after inflammations. Fistula of the cornea tion, ulcer or wound. may be the result of a perfora- Difficult of cure, indeed. Contin- ual irritation from the constant dribbling of aqueous. Pacquelin's cautery, carefully cauterizing the edges of the fistula, and A or a delicate probe dipped in carbolic acid lightly touched to the opening. compress bandage, enjoining gentle pressure. rest, Atropine, etc. from quiet and CHAPTER VIIL THE SCLERA. The Sclera is a toiigb, dense, fibrous structure, con- tinuous with the cornea. blood vessels, in which fibrillie it Possesses from the cornea. differs Its are gathered into bundles and cross each other Lymph canals ramify through these. indiscriminately. The Is a httle elastic. cells are fixed, wandering and pigment. Loose connective tissue covers the sclera in front, and called episcleral, and this in turn conjunctiva. The sclera is like which is is called the This entrance This place of entrance the exact center. and covered by the pierced at the inner side of the axis by the optic nerve. belo^o is is kanina is is also sieve- cribrosa^ in the center of a larger opening, the 2)ortcs opticics^ through which passes the arteria centralis. optic nerve the sclera is Siirroxinding the perforated by vessels and which go to nerves called posterior or short ciliary, the choroid, ciliary body and In front by the anterior iris. ciliary vessels. it is pierced In front the sclera presents an elliptical opening, whose greatest diameter is transverse and whose border is bevelled on the inner side (remember the bevelling of the cornea), and 79 fits 80 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Fig. 41. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. The nicely over the corneal circumference. thickest around the optic nerve 81 sclera is entrance, thinner at the equatorial region and thicker grows again Tlie existence of nerves in the sclera is anteriorly. denied by some. Episcleritus appears as a swelling near the cornea, dusky red in color insertion of and most frequently seen over the the rectus externus muscle. Gives no evidence of tendency to ulceration or suppuration and and tenderness. Irritation looks like a phlyctenule. Met with Rebellious to treatment. in those of rheu- matic tendencies principally, and therefore constitutional remedies are the most valuable, {i.e., remedies for rheumatism), and, locally, atropine, and pilocarpin hypodermically administered. Staphlyoma of the Sclerotic— Before describing this form will mention Sderitis, which appears as a general due to injection of superficial vessels In its later and severer stages this becomes faint pinkish tinge, of the sclera. more bluish. between is If it, iritis, and it is hard to distinguish conjunctivitis, but the aqueous dear and no adhesions are present, and that throws out iritis ; and having no conjunctivitis. ment, and it seen early This is secretion, there can be no another rheumatic accompani- De Wecker of Paris says in the human being accompanies the articular rheumatism by preference. Now this inflammation of the sclera, and consequent thiiniing, may from weakening lead to staphyloma, and VETEKINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 82 Fig. 42. Anterior portion and ciliary region of the eye. C, cornea c S, Schlemra's canal O s, ora serrata ; i p, pectinated ligament e F, Fontana's space ; T, tendinous ring m, meridional fibers r, radiating fibers c, circular fibers of the ciliary muscle Z, zone of Zinn. The full lines indicate the crystalline lens, iris, and ciliary body in a state of rest, the dotted lines show the same in a state of accommodation. ; ; ; ; : ; ; YETERINAHY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 83 we are. It may be complete or partial. Again, maybe anterior, between the cornea and the equator SO here it or posterior, around the optic nerve. loma has a dirty bluish through, and is Anterior staphly- from the choroid shining color of variable size, sometimes, indeed, in- Where the tumor may check further may be necessary to volving the whole front of the eye. is small, paracentesis with pressure progress. very extensive If When enucleate the eye. around the sclera is it the bulging extends called annular staphyloma, when complete may protrude all and so far as to be called hqyhthalmus. of the Sclera. Injuries plicate adjoining tissues of the readily. eye to —Dangerous;, Small escape. Clearly cut, as they com- and as they permit contents may wounds may heal be united by a fine suture any 2y^otriidi)if/ choroid or vitreous must he cut off ; with scissors first. Patient kept quiet, and ice compresses employed. the If region, enucleate wound is extensive and in the ciliary and thus avoid sympathetic trouble. CHAPTER THE Iris. IX. IRIS. —The Iris forms in the interior of the eye, in front of the crystalline lens, a veritable diaphragm, with a central opening contractile — the to the sclera tmatam. Is a beautifully colored pupil. membrane. through the fibers of the ligcunentum 2yec- The shape of tlie iris elliptical. is (the pupillary margin) posteriorly, on sule. Its anterior surface is tinuous Avith together' and It is attached at its periphery the free. cap- The iris is con- and choroid, and body ciliar}'^ It rests lens tlie these constitute the iweal tract, upon which the aqueous humor, the lens and vitreous, depend for The nourishment. the cornea and divides iris the anterior the space face of between the lens and. internal extremities of the ciliary processes into compartments of unequal size — the two anterior being the larger and the posterior having only a virtual existence, as the iris rests ' upon the lens capsule. Both the anterior and posterior chambers contain the aqueous liumor in which the surface of the iris is iris floats free. The anterior lined with a layer of epithelial cells, which are continuous with those on the posterior sur84 VETERINAUY OPHTHALMOLOGY. On face of the cornea. the back of the layer containing pigment, wliich is that of the ciliary body and clioroid. of pigment, may iivea, tlie 85 iris is a thicker continuous with Now, this layer be frequently seen as small bodies on a pedicle or stem in the pupillary Indeed, they aperture. in the anterior nigra). may chamber. i)ass through and show Called soot-balls (corpora seen at the upper (pupillary) border. JVIore often In color they are brownish- Unstriped muscle black. is fiber the predominating constituent of the iris, contained in a stroma which also of connective tissue, contains the vesselSjUerves, lymph spaces and Around the cells. pupil some certain fibers are ar- ranged circularly. This is Fig. 43. the sphincter 2yi(pillm, and the dilator oi the pupil The of radiating fibers. of these two sets formed peculiar disposition or juncture of fibers other near the pupil is is that they join curves, as in I each here depict. The sphincter governed by the third pair, the dilator by the sympathetic. The ris has three different classes i of nerves sent to it from the ciliary ganglion, which ganglion has thrQe roots— sensitive, motor and sympathetic. The twigs which emanate from this ganglion pass to the sclera, surrounding the optic nerve. These are named the short ciliary. The two long posferio)' VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 86 ciliary arteries form the circulus iriclis major by unit- ing with the branches of the anterior ciliary arteries. From ring, we have branches which form another these the circulus mosing. The minor is minor, formed by anasto- formed at the ciliary region. gives off capillaries, which in turn become veins, and, turned iridis The major the circulation being established, same manner as above desciibed. in the is re- The -^j^"t^^~g^i Fig. 44. iris regulates the eye's interior, amount of light admitted to the and by excluding peripheral rays ad- mits of acute vision. Iritis. — Inflammation of the iris is juries, cold, rheumatics, extension of other parts, etc. (2) purulent, and the result of in- inflammation from Three principal divisions: (1) plastic, (3) serous, but a description of one VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 87 general case will suffice for the general With the appear- tioner. ance and practi- inflammation, of its symptoms, will have an exudate showing at margin the pupil. of tlie Thisinay goonto such a degree that the Fig. 45. aqueous sliows decided turbidity, iris becomes discolored and sluggish in its movements and much swollen. Now, this exudate I spoke of, in some forms especially, is sticky, adherent Fig. 46. in its nature, between tlie condition and is the cause of the decided adhesions lens capsule and the may iris {synechia). be readily broken up, but if This the exudate fibrous, is of an organized character, i.e., vascular, firm. correspondingly then the adhesions are etc., VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 88 si/mptoms, will find photophobia and lachry- Under niation, frontal pains of a lancinating nature, which are always aggravated at night, the degree of pain being some indication of the severity of the case. The involved to some degree, usually will be lids Careful examination will re- but slightly, however. veal a dull, rusty appearing The of the aqueous. spond iris iris, from to light in a sluggish with often turbidity infiltration will manner. There re- will be conjunctival and sub-conjunctival injection, which is represented by irregularly scattered vessels, which may be moved with the conjunctiva by rubbing on the lower remember, and these vessels may be so en- lid, larged and engorged as to present chemosis. will be the rosy zone of vessels of a delicate pink cate pink. i.e., with affected are the — not decidedly red, but a pretty The lines by movement precision. They are not of the lower lid with the finger as conjunctival is deli- radiate in a mathematical manner, regularity and zone-like injection attack. The point surrounding the cornea, vessels. The degree of this a criterion as to the severity of the Adhesions will be noticed, and may be slight or very pronounced, from a slight synechia to complete occlusion of the pupil. If they are not seen or easily diagnosed, the instillation of atropine will discover any, pupil. no matter the degree, by irregularities of the Not wise to expect resolution weeks. May be met within one or both (See Fig. 4G.) this side of six YETElllNAK^ OPHTHALMOLOGY. The oue eyes. remember, condition, wliicli will doubtful a 89 cause prognosis is synechia, otherwise, with a reasonably robust patient, .t he prognosis good. is There is iritis called pxrule)^., its a s[)ecial form of and most prevalent cause tions on the eye. is trauma. This form is F'oUows opera- accompanied by the formation of pus usually, and which may be in such degree as to collect at the bottom of the chamber, forming hypopyon. This anterior may run on to panophthalmitis or general suppuration of the eye. Treatment. remains —Assure yourself that no exciting cause in the eye. secured. If Then atropine till full \% be not strong enough, use stronger solutions until the effect is mydriasis is sti'ongei'aiul accomplished, even Then maintain it by a weaker soluThe patient must be kept quiet in darkened stall to the crude drug. tion. and not overfed. Cold applications are the most recent and successful method of treatment of cases with rheu- matic complications. Butinusingvery cold applications, watch out for haziness of the cornea, be discontinued (Ilelfrich, Schenck). when they must Now, though this seems paradoxical, warmth is a valuable means of ment in some cases, and lieving the pain at night. is treat- especially valuable in re- Let it be dry rather than VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 90 moist heat. If it existing synechia will be in order, for, is been found that a previously an exciting cause, an iridectomy and also later, if other treatments are Of course the underlying cause must be ineffectual. cared lias whatever it may Fig. be. 48. Fig. 49. Tumors. —Not much to be done. gnant, as met with elsewhere. to render it Simple and mali- If of sufficient necessary, excise them. Avoid, in excising cysts, rupturing their walls, nature, for the serous tissue, and There whicli I is is cyst is if if import possible, of a serous simply distended iris translucent in appearance. a condition rarely, very rarely, met with, merely mention, called Memhrana Piqnllaris VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 91 During gestution the pupil is closed Ly a membrane, and occasionally some part or all of it I*ers%stans. remains. Fig. 50. Iridectomy. moval of — (Excision the entire of a portion of the iris is iridavulsion.) iiis ; re- Iridectomy Fig. 51. demands a speculum, fixation forceps, an angular or straight keratome, or Grseffe knife, iris forceps and VETERINARY 0PHTHAL:M0L0GY. 92 iris scissors, iuid grasp the With conjunctiva derstand), and thus control dose of chloral hydrate The keratonie corneo-scleral is margin into opposite foiceps the point side of the cornea, un- the good inserted is the fixation direbtly of incision (on tlie opposite between Introduce cocaine 4%. the lids the speculum. (A eyeball. full in irritable patients). about a line cornea, and intro- the duce the blade so as to divide as from the little tissue as pos- Fig. 52. sible. When introduced change the direction of the knife so as to avoid touching the iris or lens. With- draw knife slowly so as to avoid too sudden an escape of the aqueous. With curved iris forceps withdraw a portion of the ed'je. Cut the iris iris, it off having grasped with the remains in the scissors. wound. it at its 'pxipillary See that none of' Compress, bandage. Maintain asepsis and antisepsis, and instil i per VETEllINAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY. cent. sol. Eserine 98 immediately to draw iris away from puncture and thus prevent prolapse or synechia, Great care iris. ensue, is For should you or glaucoma, The cutting of the hit the lens, cataract is apt to with iiis its may horrible consequences. be followed by a hemorrhage, which will be absorbed. in withdrawing etc. to be taken not to injure the lens or the keratome, Be guarded that a too little also, sudden evacuation of the aqueous does not occur, as the sudden diminution of intra-ocular tension might be followed by hemorrhage into the vitreous, and this is serious. CHAPTER X. THE CILIARY BODY. Ciliary Body. —Between the and the ora serrata iris (anterior limit of the retina) lies the ciliary body, consists of source tlie ciliary from Avhicli processes and muscles. the lens nourishment largely. (1) a muscular and Is (2) a Around the crystalline which It is the and vitreous derives composed ot two portions pigmented and vascular portion. lens there is a wide black circle, the ciliary processes, forming regular radiating folds, There which project by their inner extremities inward. are about folds, 120 these of composed of connec- tive tissue, which is con- tinuous with that of the iris and pectinate ment; also sels, convoluted, and cov- ered over pigment. all by a layer From of the fur- rows that separate these Pig 54 processes posteriorly liga- of blood ves- we see a hyaline structui-e ex- tending, that constitutes the zonule of Zinn, which goes 9-1 95 YETEiM^'AUY OPHTHAL^NIOLOGY. C. Fig. Ciliary muscle, after Ivvanoff d, iris ; ; e, 53. cornea b, corneal limb Fontana's Spaces. a. ; ; c, sclerotic i VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 96 to the border of the lens and, dividing, goes to each surface, leaving betAveen its separating surfaces a trian- This pectinate gular space, called the canal of Petit. ligament {'Ligamentuya Pectinatwn) connective tissue where the anterior or zone ciliary Chauveau says: "The includes 'ciliary circle' (or ligament) ciliary circle, confounded with the continuous with (cilia ly ciliary tlie and its ; its external internal is body; the posterior border choroid zone near the canal of The canal). anterior border gives attachment to the greater circumference of the This is a portion of now for as it quote still Chauveau which stands further the : 'ciliary body.' two millimetres face adheres closely to the sclerotic Fontana two parts and the ligament or muscle {annulus albidus) varies in width from one to is of permeable, transfusion from the vitreous is to the aqueous taking })lace. The that portion of The suspensory ligament at the edge of the cornea. the lens is joined to the sclera iris is :• it is " iris." I will ex[)lain later, not over easily grasped. The ciliary body To (coj-pns ciliare) forms a kind of zone or ring, wider than the ciliary ligament, and consequently overlaps the latter before- and behind. It extends of the choroid the iris." on one side on the inner face and on the other on the posterior face of The fibers of the ciliary muscle are of the unstriped variety, and in different parts of the muscle they take different directions, the whole combined making a muscle of triangular shape. This is the- VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY, 97 Fig. 55. lens, seen from in front. Insertion of the zone of Zinn upon the crystalline adherent The pigment of the detached ciliary processes has remained Zinn. to the non-plicated portion (a) of the zone of muscle 7 of accommodation. Vessels are the anterior VETERINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. y8 and posterior which come from the ocular ciliary, brancli of the ophthahiiic, whicli in turn comes from The nerves the internal carotid. which contain ganglion are from the ciliary, containing sensitive, motor cells and sympathetic filaments, and these pass to ciliaiy body, iris and cornea. These nerves, you understand, come from the ophthalmic the of the fifth, division fifth is peculiar in its origin — to wit., from the and floor of the fourth ventricle and side of the pons and the Gasserion Ganglion (this is sensoi-y), of the fourth ventricle and motor and from the the pons for its side of Contains also sympathetic filaments. root. ophthalmic branch enters by the sphenoidal Cyclitis. — Inflammation body ciliary choroiditis. ; then it may be If rusty. This the eye will is the have an extension of accom- ciliaiy injection The be intolerant of eye will symptom. may go on The iris will appear to inflammation of all parts of panophthabnitis. Teeatment Is as a rule the result of operation, or injury, panied by chemosis, pain. and that The Usually the con- alone involved. Under Si/mptoms touch, The fissure, the ciliary body. seldom involved alone. is tiguous parts participate. iritis of floor Prognosis is not good. — .Hot fomentations, local bleeding, atro- pine, anodynes, etc. If the attack prove rebellious, as is often the case, enucleation, for the safety of the other eye, which, through sympathy, may participate. Injuries are dangerous, principally because of giving origin to 99 VETEKINAUY OPHTHALMOLOGY. sympathetic ophthalmia. So, a grave degree, enucleation is if tlie the word. Ojyhthahnia, Irido-choroiditis, Periodic Ophthalmia, 3Ioon affection blindness, systems and soils, — This climates, certain and shows a strong tendency to reUsually terminates in blindness cur again and again. Its causes from cataract. Eeccurrent {Irido-cijcUtis). intimately related to is eye be injured to may be said to be, primarily, the soil— on frequently submerged grounds; on marshy and clayey grounds on coasts. „ Also wet, in ; damp climates, which produce lymphatic constitutions. This affection Again, rank, watery foods. is fore are apt to see Among No etc. local causes usually and breaking period therebetween two and five or six. seen during the dentition it ; would be smoke, acrid vapors, dust, one of these is sufficient to cause this disease. To-day a microbe is the alleged cause, or the product in the of a microbe. This product may be preserved marshy soil. The presence been demonstrated as Heredity This is is very of a definite germ has not yet. one of the most potent causes we know. positively parents have suffered. demonstrated when In support of a mare had borne a number of this, foals, all botli we know if sound, and then suffered an attack of periodic ophthalmia, the subsequently born would also atavism rAt^ti^r-5. presents An^', y^t many if '^hc suffer. The study interesting facts in of these foals of diseased parents be VETERINAIIY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 100 transferred to high, dry ground they will nearly In France, the government rejects escape. and refuses service stallions to causes, errors in feed are in for those fed with judgment will district immunity in a all unsound any mare that has Unwholesome food and suffered. undoubtedly predisposing all given a be granted large proportion over those badly fed. parasites, over-work, debilitating diseases Intestinal of every kind that weaken the vitalit3\ The symjytoms vary according to the severity of the attack. Some present marked exacerbation of temperature, and again it may be entirely absent. But there and causes always is Locally, evidence of g-eneral disorder, lack of vitality. symptoms are those of internal ophthalmia with the addition of increased tension or hardness of This the bulbus. may The contracted cavity. m darkness nor be due to effusion into its pupil does not expand much even under the action of a mydriatic. Opacity advances over the cornea commencing at the limbus, and as it is may And so long transparent the aqueous will be seen turbid, with sometimes and be partial or complete. floculi. The iris will appear rusty The lens will be clouded and will observe From the dullish. a greenish-yellow reflection from the eye. fifth to and the seventh day the floculi precipitates, the lens iris sorption are more plainly seen, and the commencing ab- may be complete in twelve to fifteen days. The recurrence is tJie characteristic of the affection. And 101 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. it will til same eye unrecur again and again and in the These attacks may oc of sight ensues. total loss so, but they show 7io cur at intervals of a month or phase of the moon, as the relation to any particular one to suppose. These recurrences name would lead by some periodicity of are determined, more likely, seven or eight attacks usuthe system. From five to the second resulting blindness, and then ally suffice in eye is liable to attack with the same symptoms the attacks some latent result. tell Between the story, and marked with each sucthese symptoms become more can after ih^ first attack there cessive attack. Even the corneal n^argm, the be seen a bluish ring around and after several attacks eye therefore seeming smaller place atrophy. The upper eyelid, it /. smaller from ; m continuous arch, has about of presenting a uniform angle an abn,pt bend caused its inner of the levator muscle. contraction the one-third from by is The pupil cases, where, with an contracted except in advanced opened, dilated. The lens, it will be widely opaque and forward to comanimal will carry his ears erect Now, this is a general pensate for his waning vision. vary with different cases picture, but that the attacks recurrence, however, is must be remembered. The characteristic, and all alike lead to cataract and intra- T +, with pressure on ocular effusion, giving rise to blindness. The prevention of the retina and resulting this object, and to accomplish this disease is the great VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 102 most desirable end, we must go back to the starting wire and have careful and discriminating breeding, feeding, stabling, Treatment is etc., ad infinitum. Some unsatisfactory. are benefited by colchicum in scruple doses where rheumatic tendencies are evinced, or two-dram doses of salicylate of soda twice daily. If the tension is increased to a marked degree paracentesis or iridectomy has been attended with good results. When convalescing, tonics Oxide of iron, Nux vom, x 3 Sulphate of soda, There is is ij. gr. x. 3 3. daily. an affection of the eye which has been and the subject of great speculation and discussion ; CHAPTER XI. SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA. Sympathetic Ophthalmia.— Supposed to be due to a pre-existing inflammatory condition of its inception tliere ness of the the ciliary injection will find is it Pain in the ciliary The painful to touch. hazi- aqueous will be from the exudation from processes. Occlusion of the pupil common accompaniment. and At some photophobia, some opacities floating in the vitreous. region, especially eye. With the ophthalmoscope is and lachrymation. tlie otlier loss of sight will be complete. are responsible for is a Tension will be increased many such especially in the danger zone, The causes which cases are injury, trauma, i. e., the ciliary region an operation for cataract with the incision too far back of the corneo-scleral margin, for instance previous inflammations, followed by or resulting in atrophy, eye may etc. The period of danger, /. e., Avhen one sympathetically suffer from another, is vari- ously estimated at from two weeks to antj period. The most frequent period is from one to two months. The method and means of transmission is as yet an open question, and space forbids entering 103 into the many 104 VETEKIXAKY OPHTHALMOLOGY. theories. Prognosis mals, as the affair is is unfavorable, especially in ani- well established and effusion has taken place, by the time we are rendered cognizant of its presence. Treatment. —Enucleate the exciting eye, and if done early enougii, the inflammation will be checked. The sympatiietic eye must be treated as a case of in- ternal ophthalmia; to wit., atropine 1 to 120. fomentations, moist or dry, as you choose, etc. Fig. 56, Hot CHAPTER XII. THE CHOROID. The Choroid a thin, dark-colored is between the sclera and the retina. membrane situated Extends from corpus Made up of vessels, pigment, and some connective tissue. The blood comes from cili are to the optic nerve. anastomose the short posterior ciliary arteries which with the long posterior and anterior ciliary arteries. The veins begin Resemble as much form. and take on a peculiar as capillaries as anything else a weeping vorticosse, willow, and these uniting, form the venae anterior The vein. ophthalmic into tlie emptying The long vein drains the anterior portion. plexuses in the short ciliary nerves form ciliary and choroid and contain a Between the of pigmented choroid is retina number and The uniform cells. a layer is inner face of the color, in ganglionic there choroid epithelium. not of being perfectly black in the lower part of the eye. This is abruptly or terminated at a horizontal line about the eighth From ninth part of an inch above the optic papilla. this line on the segment inch in heiq-ht, it of a circle shows most from ^^ to i^^ of an brilliant colors; at first 105 VETEEINA riY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 106 blue, then and an azure-blue, afterwards a brownish-blue, after this the remainder of the eye is occupied by Fig: 57 an intense black. The Retina lies The bright portion is the tapetum. between the choroid and vitreous. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Extends from the optic nerve where is it hiyers. (1) to the ciliaiy processes, the ora serrata. called 107 Consists of ten The internal Umiting membrane, separates the nerve fiber layer from the vitreous, and the fibers of Miiller terminate in this layer. {!) The nerve layer, consists of the axis-cylinder of the optic fibers, which run fiber nerve in a radiating direction to the ora At serrata, Avliere they terminate. the macula lutea these fibers are bent into arches, and this ari-angement permits a if lai-ger number to reach tiie yellow spot than they approached in a radiating direction. layer of [/(oiyJion cells, composed The of multipolar cells, each with a nucleus and nucleolus. ters each of these cells, (3) A nerve fiber en- and one or more prolongations extend out into the inner molecular layer. These ganglionic cells are arranged closer around the optic nerve than at the ora serrata. lar layer, (4) The internal molecu- one of the thickest, graniilous in appearance. Consists principally of fine fibers from the layer of ganglion cells. (5) posed of two kinds of nerve cells, TJie internal granular cells witli nuclei. layer, The com- larger are liaving two offshoots, one passing into the inner granular layer, anastomosing with offshoots of the ganglionic cells, the other out to the external molecular layer and supposed to anastomose with fibers from the layer of rods and cones. The smaller cells layer are connected with the fibers of Miiller. external molecular layer. Yery thin and is of this ((5) The made npof VETERINARY OT'HTHALMOLOGY. 108 the fibers just mentioned with some molecular matter. (7) The external granular layer. Composed Former nerve and connective tissue elements. of bi-polar cells, both of consists from which offshoots pass out to the rod and cone layer and inward to the internal granular layer. (8) Tlie external limiting membrane, formed by the terminal extremities of Miiller's fibers. lager of rods and cones. fibers in the outer molecular layer, pass The (9) The rods commence as fine through the outer granular, and just beneath the external limit- ing membrane begin forming the to increase in size, rod granule, and some distance after passing through membrane they taper down into cylindrical-shaped rods which extend outward to the pigment layer. The cones also commence as a cone-sliaped swelling in tlie outer molecular layer, where they are in direct commuthis nication Avith the fibers from the The cone layer. fiber internal granular becomes thinner until, just derneath the external limiting membrane, swells rapidly and there forms the cone it again itself, whicli The cones contains a large oval nucleus and nucleolus. are shorter and thicker than a bottle-shaped appearance. the rods, and are of The rods and cones are arranged perpendicularly to the plane of the and may be divided into an inner and outer inner is un- thickest and appears granulated broken up into highly refracting ; The the outer lamellae, like superposed discs or piles of coins. retina, part. (10) is appearing The 2»'g- — VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. ment layer, is a single layer of cells, the inner surface of which is 10& hexagonal nucleated loaded with pigment Fig. 58. Section of Normal Retina X 350.— Eye removed for Sarcoma, Retina detaclied but almost normal. 1 Vitreous 2, hypertrophied cells of vitreous 3, membrana limitans interna 4, fibers of Miiller (they are slightly hypertrophied) they are part of the connective tissue frame work 5, layer of optic nerve fibers, nuclei more numerous than usual 6, layer of ganglion cells, some of them having undergone colloid degeneration ; 7, internal molecular or reticular layer 8, layer of inner granules 9, external molecular reticular layer in this as in the internal molecular layer the fibers of Miiller are abnormally distinct 10, layer of outer granules 11 and 13. layers of rods and cones, in which a distinction is made between the body of each element, 11, and the process 12, which is its continuation 13, layer of epithelial pigment in polygonal cells. {Noyes). — ; , ; ; — ; ; ; : — ; ; ; granules. The fibers of Miiller form the connective YETEETNARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 110 tissue framework as they traverse the various layers and spread out all in its At membranes. the ora serrata the nerve elements disappear and the connective only continues, forming the zonule of Zinn. The Macula acute vision. latea,ov yellow spot, is the seat of most The macula contains no rods, while the At the cones are longer and narrower than elsewhere. center all the retinal layers are thinned, and this the fovea centralis. is called The retina possesses a particular The arteria centralis retinae vascular distribution. with vein enters the optic nerve at a short distance its from the globe, and with it passes into the eye. Tliey traverse the papilla and immediately divide into branches, one up, the other down. then turn out, but none of two These branches its capillaries extend into the fovea* Now, though the choroid and dependently inflamed, mation of I retina may be in- propose to describe inflam- both under Internal Ophthalmia. Severe blows, punctures, foreign bodies, sudden transition from darkness to and dampness, high winds, instance), rain, rgeneral diseases, influenza. not many glare brilliancy, exposure snow, cold (front of ferryboats, for when among which Met with during of heated, and many are rheumatism dentition. and There are external symptoms, unless the cause was * The above description of the retina was taken largely from Norton's excellent work. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. such as a blow, external, puncture, a marked degree. The be deep. which Otherwise the symptoms would will where anterior edge of the sclerotic when overlaps the cornea will remain white, it in etc., the lids and conjunctiva would participate to case to Ill show congestion and this is caused ; it posterior by the fact that the arteries (ciliary) penetrate the sclera behind its anterior border. This many times cannot be seen, The opacity of the cornea may be confined to its outer margin. The aqueous will owing to pigmentation. be turbid and "These may will see yellow- white flakes floating in deposit and form hypopyon. be dull and it. iris will Intense photophobia. rust}', as in iritis. Watch out for adhesions. Und it plus, even to -\- 3. The In taking the tension will In severe attacks the forma- tion of pus in the choroid (and iris), which escaping sinks to the bottom of the anterior chamber, form- ing hypopyon, as above stated. In nearly all cases oataract results. Treatment. purge, if —Quiet, patient is dency, colchicum, You will 3 ss treat the eye \ Astringents .\ grs. to the atropine —Boric 3, !/«, ac. it, darkness. If and Sod, much 4?o ; salicyl, as is for give a 3 ss, daily. conjunctivitis. Zinc, sulph. one using an eye dropper. so don't. May any rheumatic ten- and never forget of a feather, but that Tvith rest, robust. the to two instillation of Some advise use apt to carry foreign matters In cases of severe pain, cocaine 4% is YETEEINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 112 Local bleeding and blisters, the bleeding being good. accomiDlished by shaving the part desired and apply- ing leeches. A word cupies all or two anent the lltreons humor. It oc- Has that portion of the eye behind the lens. a depression in front called the lenticular fossa or fossa which patellaris in vitreous) is rests the crystalline lens. adherent to the optic nerve and ciliary body and has no other attachments. hyaloid membrane, and this of Zinn, around and t\\Q it is It is contained in the membrane forms between the layers Now through the zonula of the zonule circumference of the lens that canal of Petit. may be It (the and we have the the center of the vitreous discovered a canal, the canal of Cloqnet, for the hyaloid artery during foetal life. This is sometimes (very then termed Persistent rarely) seen after birth, and Hyaloid Artery, and has no attendant vein. it is The humor vitreous has neither blood nor ner- vessels ves, but it nmst be with classed organized tures the cells it contains. cells ^'" ''^- round, star, spindle, finite etc. struc- because of always These have no deform, being- CHAPTER XIII. CRYSTALLINE LENS. Crystalline lens. solid and and inclosed —A membrane winch in a is body, transparent According to Chauveau the called its capsule. measurements are biconvex transparent, vertically -fij of an inch ; trans- The posterior face, measuring transversely convex, for the anterior transverse /o, is the more diameter is but i%. The lens is enveloped in its capversely /o- sule but /nonadherent to any part of is of uniform thickness. Is it, and composed this capsule of an elastic homogeneous membrane, being lined anteriorly with a layer of cells which give nutrition to the lens. The zonule of Zinn or suspensory ligament supports the maintaining lens, you will it remember, in its position. This ligament, the continuation of the is mem- brana limitans of the retina Avhich passes over the ciliary process to the border of the lens and separ- arately passes to the front and rear of the capsule, thus enveloping Petit, faces you it and making a capsule. see, is is canal of the space between the dividing sur- and the circumference this canal 8 The in doubt ; of the lens. Function of supposed, however, to convey 113 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 114 nourishment to the lens. The zonule has the accommodative changes of the lens. proper of the lens each layer is is control over The tissue composed of concentric layers, and composed in turn of a single layer of Fig. 60. of calf— third month (Kolliker). pp, lower lid; pa, upper lid; m, mesoderm not yet differentiated c, cornea mp, membrana pupillaris place of iris chc, chorio-capillaris g, vitreous p, pigment layer or i, proximal lamella of the secondary eye vesical r, its distal lamella, composing the retina. Eye ; ; ; ; ; ; fibers with a cementing substance. each an oval nucleus. These fibers have Now, each fiber runs from the an- terior to the posterior surface in a meridianal manner, the ends meeting at the poles of the lens in such a manner as to form a star-like ficrure. Taking the lens 115 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. as a whole, A it is divided into a nucleus and a cortex. single layer of fibers under the microscope will be seen to lie parallel and each measure about They inch in thickness. unite with each other plus lens, bringing light to a focus. result of internal ophthalmia Cataract Two There is we a cause, but divisions, don't know how. Sometimes congenital. occur at any age. principal is the is interference with its caused by Ergotism may Cataract Fig. 62. crystalline nutrition. by any and is an opacity Fig. 61. of the an lens acts as The serrated borders, by dovetailing. common ^^'^^ of hard and soft cataiact. a peculiar form called morgagnian, and is a hard nucleus or a fluid cortex, or a cataractous lens floating in a fluid medium. Traumatic cataract a soft cataract following trauma. cataract is by oblique illumination. The The is detection of extraction of the cataract will not improve vision, and as its appear- VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 116 ance is ative. not marked, operative interference Tlie horse would be a is not imper- sliyer after removal, as the rays of light would not he focused on the retina. Reclination or depression of the lens into the vitreous has been done, but set up it is dangerous, the lens being apt to hyalitis, etc. Ectopia Lentis Qv dislocation of the the result oi in jury. congenital, from may weakening also be complete lens, is generally May be spontaneous and has been of the zonule of Zinn. or partial. It CHAPTER XIV. THE OPTIC NERVE. The Optic Nerve.— Of I will is have but little to so well laid down Chauveau and the various works on anatomy that will proceed at once to an affection called Amanrosis {Amblyopia). is we The anatomy of the nerve say. in this The term amblyopia Palsy of the nerve. used when there is some impairment which we can ascribe no cause. Vision defective where the eye has long been opia from disuse or ex anopsia. of vision for is often thus disused— ambly- In ansemia subsequent to severe illness or hemorrhages, anmnic amblyopia. From exposure to prolonged glare, snow-blindness. From irritation of the fifth pair, In lead poisoning. as in as in neuralgia and ; overdosing with quinine. Also tumors other diseases of the brain implicating the roots of Injury to the nerve between the the optic nerve. brain and eye. Retinitis. Undue pressure upon the retina from dropsical or inflammatory effusion. Also occurs from overloaded stomach, even from pressure of the gravid uterus. Symptom s.—T\\Q not react to li"-ht. pupils are dilated widely and do A feint to strike 117 does not cause the VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 118 Fig. 63, — Bcheme of the Central Visual Apparatus. R, Retina, shaded where it la innervated by the left, clear where innervated by the right hemisphere : No, Optic Nerve Ch, chiasma Too, Tractus Opticus CM, Meinerts commissure CG, Guddens commissure, b, lateral tract root m, median tract root Tho, thalamus opticus Cgl, corpus geniculatum laterale Qa, notes Bqa, brachia anterior Rd, direct cortical tract root Ss, saggital medullary layer of occipital lobe Co, cortex (chiefly of the ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; cuneus) ; Lra, median tract. (Schleife), VETERINAllY OPHTHALMOLOGY. And horse to swerve. feints, In here a word. 119 makmg these be sure you do not cause a current of air to which woukl cause him to start and so possibly deceive. Tlie ears are held erect and move quickly on appreciating any sound. He will also step strike the animal high. Treatment is useful only when the disease tomatic of some removable cause. is symp- Should the condi- tion persist after the subsidence of the supposed cause, try blister, (post auricular,) and give nux vomica Atrophy 3 ss doses of daily. of the Optic Nerve. This may be the oc- casion of the condition above described and (tig 64) So it is to be watched for, especially on passing horses. know and handle the ophthalmoscope The general symptoms are as described intelligently. under Amaurosis. The ophthalmoscopic symptoms are here the interesting ones. The disk is almost always white—decidedly so—but may be grayish, and the lamina cribrosa may be distinguished. The blood sup- is imperative to ply is lessened, with consequent paleness, and the larger vessels will be lessened in caliber. Thus is it very evident that the student must Jcnoio the appearance of a normal fundus. (See colored plate.) Colored crayons and a blackboard will not convey the required picture, be they ever so happily depicted. The disk will be sharply outlined, and often this outline will be pigmented. If this atrophic condition VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 120 succeeds an inflammatory attack, the outlines will be The duration of a case of mouths and years being ragged and ill-defined. atrophy tedious, very, is rig. 64. usual time of duration of a case. and may be congenital. Treatment. Prognosis — Little or none. Occurs at is ages unfavorable. Strychnia hypodermically, about the temple. all may be used, CHAPTER XV. GLAUCOMA. Glaucoma. —Norton defines gluucoma as "an excess of pressure within the eye, plus the causes of and consequences the tissue of the That place where the cellular stroma of the ciliary- that of iris, excess." body and the posterior and external portions of the cornea and sclera intersect, is known as the iritic angle (see tissue of fig*. 53). This juncture combines to make a a fenestrated nature. openings are the Fontana spaces. tissue (just imagine a coarsely merge into Descemet's meshed In the sclerotic by the same means, the canal of The canal of the Kga- is Schlennn (see of these spaces, etc., are connecting lymphatics. of this fisher's net) membrane and form onentH7n2)ectinatio)i hidis. and all These fenestra or The meshes formed, fig. 42), and are of the Schlemm connnunicates with the sclerotic veins, and thus the connection between the anterior chamber and the circulation Blood is established. never found in these spaces physiologically. The zonule from the is of Zinn, which you remember extends (posterior surface) to the 121 ciliary processes 122 VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. lens, is a readily transfusible sure in The membrane. pres- the aqueous and vitreous are equal, and this equilibrium must be maintained to have a tiormal eye. The slightest excess will destroy its function in cor- responding stable The The This degree. equilibrium by due secretion and excretion ciliary and body supplies the Most lens. A very fluid to the vitreous, the of by means directly to the aqueous tion angle. iritic filtra- in The most imporglaucoma will he angle, affecting the vessels compos- Schlemm's canal. or entering into ing and portion passes back- papilla. tant change which takes place passes secretion of the pupil much smaller ward and out through the found at the fluids. flow from the blood stream. intra-ocular fluids aqueous rendered is of the inflammatory, and the iris These becomes adherent are to the cornea and closes up Fontana spaces partially or wholly, thus hindering the excretion of the ments the condition. The become inflamed, and atrophy, There .may be and cataract any thing, i. —Take tips, in nerve the later stages. and detachment of the vitreous e., the tension, gently palpating using both hands, and -j- or back of the cornea. — . it may be Palpate through the sclera Cases will be met with where the tension will be stony in ness. and so aug- of the lens. Sywptoms. with finger fluidity fluids, fibers of the optic Haziness of the cornea its is degree of hard- usually present, and VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. present the cornea will and inactivity of the pupil also is The word glaucoma means 123 Dilation anaesthesia. constant symptom. a green, and so we do get The pain may and may have general symptoms of a greenish reflex in glaucomatous eyes. be slight or severe, Swelling of the fever, etc. lids, chemosis and protru- sion (exopthalmus) are all due to infiltration from pressure. Glaucoma comes in relays, i. e., have a prodromal stage of a variable duration, weeks, months ; and then a sudden attack, lasting from a few hours to days, and then the eye returns to normal or nearly so. These attacks return, and the intervals become shorter and shorter, and finally, chi'onic or absolute Some glaucoma. cases go right from an acute to absolute with no re- Glaucoma tends batement of symptoms. Any blindness. cence may condition causing vascular turges- atropine has caused last Prognosis it. Glaucoma secundarhini from the pointed out to me was. of always bad. is I year of showing the class a case the patients it The use cause gout, rheumatism, fever. had the pleasure of to absolute One in one of the clinics. Broadway car stables as having an interesting eye, Secundarium tension, consequent to means increased some other of was and so intra-ocular disease. This case presented total occlusion of the pupil, the pupil being fast completely around to the lens capsule. (See Fig. The eye \va,fi biqththalniic and hydrophthalmic. The whole globe was enlarged, and the cornea especially was 47.) VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 124 distended, resembling, indeed, a soap-bubble. The lens miglit have been of ground glass for all its transpar- Nothing could be done. ency. have said Atropine has caused. I Since then, in- vestigations have led to the use of Scopolamine Hydro- bromate, whicli we have reason to believe does not Atropine (in to suspect strength 1 to 200) wherever have cause Another point. any increase iniewiAow. making up collyria, in- Therefore, use in place of crease intraocular tension. use Trikresol In to the 1000 1 (in place of distilled water only as this will not decompose and harmless to the eyes). is — Sulph. The only medicinal remedy is Eserine ^% every couple of hours, and must be used early. In veterinary practice the opportunity to use Treatment. it does not occur, as the condition the time it is diagnosed. The is well advanced eserine, you know, ontract the pupil and thus tend to freeing the angle. by will iritic Also constricts the vascular system, diminish- ing secretion. I)orCt use atrojyuie. Von Grsefe, is tJie should be in the away iris /r/r/ec^o^;??/, introduced in '57 by operation for glaucoma. sclera, and allow tlie The incision aqueous to drain gradualhj, and be sure that no remnants of the- remain parasites, in the wound. The eye is not exempt from and we meet with Acari need be further said, as you all (mites), and nothing know of them and have suffered from their getting in the eye. YETERIXARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. Filaria lachrymalis.— in length, found in of the eyelid sets A worm, about an inch Avhite Lachrymal duct and under side and membrana nictatans. up a conjunctivitis spoken junctivitis. A tlie 125- Remove and Tlieir presence of as a vermmotts con treat. Filaria papulosa^ worm, about two inches long. Seen in the aqueous and is very active. This was Barnum's. famous " Snake in the Eye." Sets up inflammation and silvery delicate has to be removed. Best to make incision in upper half of cornea near the treat the inflammation. state scleral border. Then The Echinococcus, the larval of the tape- worm of the dog lias been found in the eye. Cysticercus has its origin between the choroid and the retina, and causes detachment of the latter, finally and enters the vitreous, and entering the vitreous, sets up an irido-cyclitis and goes on to deperforates it struction of the eye. Pentastoma Taenioides has been found by Stitten in the horse's eye, but this case stands alone. CHAPTER XVII. ENEUCLEATION. — Instruments necessary will be curved blunt-pointed scissors, speculum, fixation for- Eneucleation. ceps and a strabismus hook. cliloral 4 per hydrate cent., in is full The administration doses, necessary to and of also cocaine operation. this Separate at the corneal margin the conjunctiva from the globe, going completely around, of course. Then divide the attachment of the superior straight, Have an after catching it on the strabismus hook. the wound open with this hook, while assistant hold you take another and insert it under the insertion of the internal straight, and so proceed with the balance of the muscles. Some divide the obliques previous to the optic nerve, and others, the reverse the eye by pressure — dividing the nerve. —protruding the obliques and then Do whichever method comes the more natural to you, and as the exigencies of the case present. With the scissors closed, push, pi'obe and sepaway back, until the nerve is reached on the rate your inner side, and, with one cut, divide the nerve. have an immediate flow of blood, which trolled by pressure. This operation 120 is is Will easily con- followed, as VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. may be times which easily imagined, fatal. is There is by considerable a followed by less 127 reaction, some- method ascribed to Liebold reaction and is called Jixen- Fig. 66. Fig. or. Fig. 68. teration^ and consists in opening the eye by excising the cornea at tents. When its limbus and removing the entire con- these cases have been fatal, has been by VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 128 meningitis mostly. with ascepsis and antisepsis Still, no hesitation closely observed, there need be in per- forming this operation. A word or two anent the Ophthalmoscope and This instrument was use. ful investigation by Professor Ilelmholtz of Berlin. II. "Was introduced to the scientific world in 1851. scope, as it its the result of long and care- The exists to-day, consists of a mirror, either plane or concave, with a perforation called the sight Also generally there hole. mirror light, eye is and have we wish it is an object Usually the essential. we lens. The use a lamp for held behind and to one side of the The examiner should keep to examine. both eyes open, for the same reason that a sailor will keep both open when using the telescope, and whatever may The first be seen by the other eye must be disregarded. thing noticed will be a the introduction of the Having succeeded and make up his eye has no disc, hut point. Find the beam mind disc. go" and postpone the of light all where before seemed black. much, the student this it is rec? reflex, finally that this there, and that is will particular the objective Just when one decides to " search, like a moon try let in a brilliant sky, the disc will sail into sight, and as quickly sail out of view. However, satisfaction that it is we have demonstrated to our own there, stimulus to go on and and that gives one the needed patiently endure disappointment after disappointment, until, as always, success crowns VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. our efforts 129 and we are astonished and pleased with our ability to locate the disc "We cannot tell and study its condition at will. our patients to look upward, down- Fig. 69. ward, to the right, to the field •'tre each and all left, and thus bring into the portions of the fundus. Therefore do the see-sawing, and, having gotten the focus, 9 VETERINARY ORHTHALMOLOGY. 130 your head, (and with slide and in 2^osition, to tlie right There are two — direct and indirect. ward. fundus the i?na//e (that your eye) it left, the e., /. case for there I the image), will be is have suffered no inversion, as I's when the indirect method is employed, we interpose a biconvex lens between the eye examined and our own, thus This examining the of In the direct method, which we see and appreciate, at the will it scope upward and down- methods bottom or fundus of the eye, erect, vrith the invertinc/ the image demonstrated early in the session upon the blackboard diagrammatically. Now, you, for experi- if ment, will take a piece of card- board and drive a pencil through it, you will find on looking through the result- ing hole that the nearer your own eye you bring the card the larger will be the field of vision. Yes? So with the eye of the subject, for the pupil represents the hole in the cardboard. But there is a bar which can be overcome only by experienced The observer must put Ills own here pilots. eye in a condition equivalent to his looking at an object in the distance —twenty feet i.e., his eye, to see the fundus (the ac- commodation of the observed eye being suspended, at must be in a condition to receive parallel rays. rest) Fortunately, the horse under examination. being in a semi-darkened room, relaxes his accommodation, and thus one factor is overcome. This plished only by jyracfice, and like is all to be accom- good things is VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. The gained only by patient application. eye must be normal, astigmatic, and if i.e., (the inverted image.) than one To use this, indirect method, the examiner holds foot, is 2^ obtained, the top of the scope This biconvex lens condenses which the mirror throws necessity (light returning in it of and he may draw gradually back touching the eyebrow. the light lens and does not bring the scope nearer until the proper view which The glass. of the observed eye a biconvex or 31 inch focus, observer's neither hyperopia, myopic or such conditions do exist they must be corrected by a proper in front 131 to the eye, the same came) passes through the inverted and forming an image mirror, in the air, and is thus an portant aid to diagnosis is lens, hetv:€en aei-ial and of direction in becoming the lens and image. An im- the Ih inch lens which accompanies the ophthalmoscope, and which we use in illuminathe indirect method, and also for oblique In olden times, before oblique illumination, cataract, the catoptric test was used to detect desirmost was it where etc., in the lens, but tion. VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 132 very obscure and slight cases, it was of little use. It is still useful in determining the presence or absence of the lens, and depends upon the fact that able, ^.e., in the the surfaces of the cornea and lens reflect images and maneuvres consists of the following lighted, .efore Hold a candle, : an eye in a darkened room, and you will observe three distinct images — the anterior, bright, erect and distinct from the anterior surface of the cornea ; an intermediate, slight, smaller, inverted, and fairly disfrom the tinct cave ; and a lens' posterior capsule, which posterior, indistinct While being very bility. ing it at his command, being enabled by its con- and erect from the surface of the leni interior capsule. oblique illumination, and is this is of To return to extreme applica- easy, the veriest novice hav- it is decidedly thorough, one mediation to discern the slightest For this test, need but a 21 inch lens and a candle flame. To opacities and strise of incipient cataract, etc. be thorough, the use of cocaine, atropine, or scopo- lamine is Have the candle placed on one head and concentrate its rays by means necessary. side of the of the lens so as to focus upon the cornea, the pupil, the iris and the lens may be very thoroughly studied. For the anterior parts and it play. we take top, and then the examination chamber, the lens is of the sufficient, ends and the ophthalmoscope comes into but there If eye, a small box and punch a hole in the through which we send a pencil of light l>y means VETEEINAEY OPHTHALMOLOGY. we of our 2^ inch lens, study its with the eye illuminate the interior, and can why Well, then, every part. 133 not the same The eyeball is not a box simply. It ami that is why. If you throw a ? contains a lens, pencil of light into the eye by the The That lens. So if figs. 6 and and brought it focus, does tlie same for those emerging. 7.) to a focus through the mediation of the emerging rays, coming from were rendered further. to a focus But the entering rays were parallel whereas the lens, brought not the case in a simple box. the lens (biconvex) brings the entering rays to a focus, (See will be come back again and emerge from light has to the eye. is it Suppose Let us go a parallel. divergent a little rays be the case, as they will pass to the lens and on retuDiing will be converged and made to meet at a focus in front of the As lens. tlie rays primarily were not parallel, but divergent, the focus at which they meet after passing through the lens will not be at the same distance, as you see. They parallel rays. * If will be further than the focus for one of the foci be brought nearer the lens the other will be further off jugate Now, foci. and are called con- please notice that although con- jugate they maintain a certain distance between each other, for as So, all rays you approach one foci the otlier recedes. emanating from the eye take a direction toward the conjugate this ray to see the focus, and if one attempts using fundus he must necessarily bring VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 134 Then what happens? The is the same that was taken his eye into their line. line occupied by the by these rays entering rays, and if no rays enter the eye, none And when you will emerge. coming /Vo/M the eye so as to try to intercept the rays make use of them in view- ing the fundus, you get in the path of the lines of light which enter and of course Consequently, having cut result feet is off the source of light, the For example, a candle a couple darkness. from the eyes your head intercepts them. will give divergent rays, which of will enter the eye, be refracted and focus on the retina,, The rays forming an image of the candle-flame. undergo and being reflection, reflected will back through the lens, will be again refracted, and you will find at the candle-flame an image of the fundus, and at the candle-flame is one of the conjugate foci. Of course, if you interpose your head between the eye and the candle, the rays emanating from the candle will be cut off and, in place of the observed eye being illuminated be in a shadow of your own head. from the other side of the flame, between you and the patient's the flame, as it radiates light in in straight lines. in 1851, eye, And If ^. e., it will you try to look having the flame you will be dazzled by all directions though there the matter stood until, Helmholtz, after careful study evolved the Ophthalmoscope. What was wanted was thing which would allow an observer head into his oion light. a some- to bring his This the mirror, which is a VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY. 135 being a mirroi^ part of the ophthalmoscope, does, pierced by a hole for observation. consists principally of and the mirror is two parts An ophthalmoscopy — a mirror and a lens, the essential part, everything else being accessory. " Find ovit the cause of this effect. Or rather say the cause For this effect defective FINIS. of this defect, comes by cause." Hamlet, BIBLIOGRAPHY. Ophthalmic and Otic Memoranda Roosa. Encyclop. Brit. Article Optics. Physiology of Domestic Animals Smith. Ocular Therapeutics De Wecker. Diseases of the Eye Noyes. Physics Steele. Ophthalmic Diseases and Therapeutics. ..Xorto^^. Comparative Anatomy of the Domestic animals. Popular Cuauveau. Scientific Lectures IIelmholtz. Six Lectures on Light Tyndall. Journal of Ophthalmology, Otology and Laryngology, N. Y. Vade mecum of Equine Anatomy Liautaed. Law. Diseases of the horse, B. A. I., Pathology and Treatment Glaucoma. ..Smith. Lectures on the Diseases of tlie of 1890 Human Eye Eye Berky. Diseases of the Eye American Journal of Alt. Nettleship. Ophthalmology St. Louis. INDEX OF ILLUSTKATIONS. PAGE.. Action of ocular imiscles 47 Apparatus, lachrymal 38 Agnew's canaliculus knife 41 Anterior staphyloma 69, 77 Abscess, corneal 72 Acconnnodation 83 Angle of incidence 8, Angle 8, J> of reflection Anterior portion and ciliary region 13, Angular keratome 82 90 Artery, persistent hyaloid Body, 9 112 ciliary 82, 94 Cowman's probes 43 Corneal 66 cells Corneal abscess Clamp forceps. . 72 . . 37 •. Canals, hygrophthalmic 38 Canaiiculi 38 Canaliculus knife, Agnew's. 41 Ciliary body 82, 94 Cornea 82 Canal, Schlemni's 82 Circular fibers of ciliary muscle 82 Ciliary muscle, circular fibers of. 82 Crystalline lens 82, 137 115 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 138 TAGE. 66 Cells, corneal Cells, pigment, of Corpus, 85 iris 94 ciliare 94 Ciliary processes 95 Ciliary muscle Oornea 95 , Frontispiece Colored plate 104 Choroid Ciliary region 83 13, 14 Cell, pigment, of retina Oavity, orbital 19 Cartilages, tarsal 27 Coat, choroid , 104 Cells, ganglion 109 Central visual apparatus 118 Catoptric test 131 Candle 131 test Decomposition of light 13 Dilator papillae 86 38 Duct, nasal Disc 120 Eye, third month 114 External molecular layer of retina Eye of calf at third 109 month 114 Embryological eye 114 Enucleation scissors 127 Eyelid, saggital section of upper 25 Eye, muscles of 46 Eye, general scheme of 80 (tailpiece) Formation of image Foci of rays H'ontana's spaces 4 10, 11 82 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 139 PAGE. Fibers, meridiaual, of ciliary muscle 82 Fibers, radiating, of ciliary muscle 82 Forceps, fixation 75, 90, 127 Fontana's spaces 95 Forceps, 90 iris Fibers, circular, of ciliary muscle 83 Fibers of Muller Fixation forceps 109 127 75, 90, ,• Fixation speculum 127 Forceps, trachoma 59 Forceps, clamp 37 Glanil, lachi'ymal 38 General scheme of the eye Ganglion 80 109 cells Hyaloid artery, persistans 113 Hook, strabismus 127 Hypopyon 72 Hygropthahnic canals or lachrymal ducts 38 Image, inverted 17 Iris 95 82, pigment Iris, cells of 85 Iritis 87 Iris forceps 90 Iris scissors 91, 92 Iridectomy 91 Insertion of zonule of Zinn 97 Inverted image Internal molecular layer of retina Internal granular layer of retina 17 , 109 109 Jaeger's keratome 90 Jones-Wharton, operation of 35 Knife, Agiiew's canaliculus 41 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 140 FAGBw Stilliiig's 43 Keratitis, phlyctenular 71 Knife, Saemische's 75^ Knife, Keratome 90 Lachrymal ducts or hygrophthalmic canals 38 Lid, saggital section of upper 25 Ligament, pectinated Layer of optic nerve fibers Layer of rods and cones Lens, crystalline Loi'ing's 82 106 Layers of retina ophthalmoscope 109 109 82,115 129 Lid, vertical section of upper 34 Lachrymal apparatus 38 Lachrymal gland 38 Lachrymal sac 38 Muscles of eye 46 Muscles, scheme of action of ocular 47 MuUer, fibers of Muscle of accommodation 109 .82 Meridianal fibers of ciliary muscle 82 Muscle, ciliary 95 118 Nerve, optic Normal fundus Normal of eye retina, section of Frontispiece 109 Nasal duct 38 Ocular muscles, scheme of action 47 Onyx 72 Operation, Wharton-Jones 35 Optic nerve fibers, layer of 109 Outer granular layer of retina 109 Optic nerve 118 , INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Optiedisc 141 ^"-^^f^ Ophthalmoscope Ora ^oq serrata r>n oi Occlusion of pupil „„ Orbital cavity .q Operation for ptosis oo Pencil of rays of light a Prismatic spectrum Pigment ^ cell of retina ^» Ptosis, operation for j^ oo Pectinated ligament go Pigment cells of iris gg Pupil, sphincter of g« Posterior synechia gq Pupil, occlusion of go Pupil dilator of oo oo Processes, ciliary q Pigment, epithelial of retina jq9 Persistent hyaloid artery j Pterygium ,0 g^ Phlyctenular keratitis r., (1 Pii'icta gg Probes, Bowman's ,.> Hetina, reticular layer of ^^q ^'""* *'.^'"^^^'l06 Retina, section of normal ,qq Reticular layer of retina .qq Ring, tendinous, of ciliary muscle Retina, internal molecular layer Radiating fibers of ciliary muscle Retina, inner granular layer Refracted ray of light §2 jqq g2 jqq ^ q INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 143 PAGF. 109 Retina, external molecular layer Region, ciliary 83 13, Retina, pigment cell of 14 Retina, outer granular layer 109 Rods and cone 109 layer Retinal layer of epithelial pigment Scheme 109 of the central visual apparatus 118 127 Scissors, Enucleation 82 Schlemm's canal 25 Section, sagittal, of ujiper lid Space, Fontana's 82, Strabismus hook 95 127 Section of normal retina 109 Synechia 87 .'. Speculum, fixation 127 Serrata, era 82 Sphincter pupillae 86 Synechia, posterior 89 , 99 Scissors, iris Spaces, Fontana's Scheme of 82, accommodation 6 Seven primary colors 12 12 Spectrum, prismatic Sagittal section of upper 95 25 lid Section, vertical of upper lid 34 Sytnblepharon 36 Sac, lachrymal 38 Stilling's knife 43 Scheme 47 of action of ocular muscles Staphyloma, anterior 69, 77 Spring speculum 75 Saemische's knife 75 INDEX OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 143 PAGF. Speculum, spring 75 Scheme, general of the eye 80 Tarsi 38 , Trachoma forceps 59 Tendinous ring of ciliary muscle 82 Tarsi 27 Third month, eye 114 at. Test, catoptric .... 131 Tailpiece 136 Test, candle Upper lid, Upper lid, vertical Venae vorticosae 131 saggital section 25 of, section of 34 104 Vitreous 109 Vertical section, upper lid 34 Wharton-Jones operation .35 Zonule of Zinn 83, 9T INDEX. PAGE. Annulus albidns 96 Accommodation Arteria centralis retinae " 97 7, 14^ 79, HO hyaloid 112 iritic 121 Acari 124 Angle, Abrus precatorius 58 Abscess of cornea 72 Anteria synechia " 73 capsular cataract Annular staphyloma 73 of Sclera 83 Agnew 41 Abscess of lids 30 Anchyloblepharon 36 Axis, optic 16 Artery, Ophthalmic Angle of ' ' 2I ._ reflection.. 8 incidence 8 " Axis, Chief 10 H Aberration, spherical Aqueduct of Sylvius Amaurosis H^ Amblypia 1 Atrophy of optic nerve Blindness, I5 , 17 119 snow 1]7 Bibliography I37 145 INDEX. 146 PAGE. Body, 94 ciliary Blindness, moon 99 Euphthalmus 83 Blenorrhoea 54 Bean, Jequirity 58 Bowman's membrane 65 Burns of cornea 68 Blepharitis, acute " " 30 ciliaris 31 marginalis 31 Blepharospasmus 33 Blepharophimosis Burns 33 of lids 37 '. Bulbus 15,16 Baptista Porta 6 Binocular vision 7 Color 17 Cavity, orbital 19 Chauvean 19, 96, 113 Capsule, Tenon's 21 Cellulitis, orbital 22 Canaliculi 24, 39 26, 50 Ciliary muscle of Riolini 24 Conjunctiva Conjunctival fornix Cilia 27, .• Chalazion . . . 36 , Contusions 37 Canals, hygrophthalmic Canal of Petit 38 96, 112, 113 Conjunctivitis caturrhalis " 50 27 purulenta 51 54 INDEX, Contagious ophthalmia H^ Canal of Cloquet 56 Crede's method Cloquet, canal of Conjunctivitis diptheretica " 147 PAGE. 54 trachomatosa 112 56 57 113 Crystalline lens Conjunctivitis phlyctenulosa 60 115 Cataract Conjunctival tumors 63 Cancer ^4 Cornea 65 67 Corneal injuries Canal of Schlemm 121 67 Corneal wounds ' burns 68 ' abrasions 68 ' ' " epithelium Conjunctivitis verminosa Cornea, imflamation of " staphyloma of 68 69 125 Cysticercus 72 Corneal abscess " 68 125 ulcer 72 Catoptric test 131 Cataract, anterior capsular Conjugate 73 133 foci Cicatricial staphyloma 78 Corpora nigra 85 Ciliary nerves, Circulus " iridis " short 85 major 86 jninor 86 INDEX. 148 PAGE. body Ciliary 94 Canal of Fontana 06 Ciliary canal 96 Corpus 96 ciliarc Camera 5 obsciira Chief Axis 10 Center, 10 o[)tic'al Colors, primary 12 Cyclitis 98 Choroid 105 Canthi 24 Distance focal 10 Dilator papillae 14, Duration of luminous imi)ressions " " " Degree Duret— stricture 16 of lachrymal 43, phlegmonosa 44 Diffuse keratitis Differential diagnosis Conjunctivitis 43 42 Dacryocystitis catarrhalis " 85 16 71 between ) Scleritis t Iritis ) 81 Distichiasis 33 Diphtheritic conjunctivitis 56 Duct— nasal 39 Dacryoadenitis 39 De Wecker 58, 81 Dislocation lachrymal gland Differentiiil diagnosis 40 between Conjunctivitis catarrhalis. . . . Iritis I >' Trachoma Conjunctivitis foUiculosis. ] . . . j .61, INDEX. 149 PAGE. Dermoid tumor 64 Deeemet's membrane 66 Equator 16 Ether waves 18 Eyelids 20, Exophthalinus 23, Enucleation 2"! 123 23, 99, 125 Eyelashes 27 Ectropium 34 31, Epilation 31 Ectopia lentis 116 Entropium 33 Excretory apparatus 41 . Epiphora 41, Echinococcus External rectus muscle 47 Exenteration 127 81 Episcleritis Fontana's spaces 121 Fornix 50, Filaria luohry malia " 42 125 27 125 papillosa 125 Fistula lachrymana 45 Fontana, canal of 96 Focal distance 10 12 Field of projection Fovea 110 centralis Fossa, temporal " 20 112 patellaris Foramen, optic Glands of Moll Glands, meibomian , , 21 , 27 28 INDEX. 150 PAGF. Gland of Hartler 30 Gland, lachrymal 20, 38 Great oblique muscle 48 Gonorrlioeal conjunctivitis " 55 ophthalmia Granular " 55 lids .57 . 57 conjunctivitis Glaucoma Humor, 121 vitreous 112 Hyaloid membrane 112 Haw 20, 28 Hyaloid artery 112 ... 20 Hiatus, orbital Helmholtz 128 CO Harder's gland Hordeolum 32 , Hygrophthalmic canals 38 Hypertrophy of lachrymal gland 40 Hypopyon 72 Hernia of cornea 73 Introduction 5 Image, inverted 5, 15, Interstitial keratitis 17 .71 Incidence, angle of 8 11, 84, Iris " sphincter muscle of 86 14 Impressions, luminous 16 Image, position of 17 . . . . Inverted image In j uries of sclera " " cornea Inflammation of cornea 5, 15, 17 83 87 68 « INDEX. 151 Page. 46 Inferior rectus muscle " " Internal 47 " Inferior oblique Iritic 48 12t ....... angle 91. 124 Iridectomy 99, 125 Irido-cyclitis 90 tumors of Iris, 91 Iridavulsion 99 Irido, choroiditis 110 Internal ophthalmia 58 Jequirity bean 77 infusion * 68 Keratitis ' vasculosa 70 ' phlyctenulosa 70 ' ' " ' ' " interstitialis 71 diffusa 71 parenchymatosa. 71 suppurativa 71 73 Keratocele cribrosa 79 Lids, Abscess of 30 Lamina 84 Ligamentum pectinatum Lachrymal gland • " " " sac " gland, hypertrophy of " duct " fistula • • 20, 38 40 dislocation of 39 40 43, 43 45 Luminous impressions 16 Lids, granular 57 Levator palpebrae superioris muscle 24, 26 INDEX. 152 PAGE. 8,11,18 Light 113 Lens Ligamontuiii pcctinutum 96, 121 iridis 127 Liobold Lenticula 113 fossca 77 Leucoma ' ' 77 adhcraiis Muscle— Ciliary, 24 of Riolini Posterior n ctus 46 Eetractor oculi 46 Superior rectus 46 Inferior " 46 Internal " 47 External " 47 Superior oblique Inferior " 48 '• 48 .. 20 Temporal muscle 24 Obicularis Levator palpelirae superioris Muscle of accommodation Meibomian follicles Moll, glands of Meibomian glands Membrane nictatans 24, 26 97 50 27 28 20, 28 Method, Crede's 56 Membrane, Bowman's 65 • * Deccmet's Hyaloid Ocular 66 112 20 Meridians -.16 Mites 124 Motor-oculi nerves 14 INDEX. 153 PAGE. Macula lutea Membrana Moon 15, 73, 110 pupillaris persistans 90 blindness 99 Nubecula 73 Nebula 73,77 Nictatans, Membrana 20 Nerve, optic " 79, oculo-motor 117 48 Nerves, short ciliary 85 fifth pair 98 Nictitation 33 Nasal duct 39 Oblique illumination 133 Optic nerve 21,79,117 " " " axis " foramen 21 Optical center IC atrophy of 119 16,17 Orbits 7 Orbital cavity 19 Ocular sheath " membrane 20 . . 20 ^ Orbital hiatus 20 Ophthalmic artery 21 Orbital cellulitis 23 ' ' periostitis ' tumors ' 23 23 Ophthalmoscope Orbicularis muscle Ora serrata 24 94, Ophthalmia, sympathetic " 128 tarsi 99, 107 103 31 INDEX. 154 Ophthalmia, periodic Operation, PAGE. 99 Wharton Jones Opthalraia, internal 35 110 Oculo-motor nerve 48 Onyx 72 Operation, Saemisches 74 54 Ophthalmia contagiosa " ' " catarrhalis 51 gonorrhoeal 55 neonatorum 55 60 Phlyctenular conjunctivitis " keratitis 70 Punctum lachrymalia 24 Parenchymatous 71 keratitis 31 Phtheriasis Paracentesis 74, 75 33 Ptosis Pannus 76 Puncta 39 Porous opticus 79 Phlegmonous dacryocystitis 44 Posterior retractor oculi muscle 46 Pink eye 51 Paralysis of muscles 48 Purulent conjunctivitis 54 16 Poles of the eye Petit, Canal of Panophthalmitis 112, 113, 96 22, 98 Position of image 17 Periorbita 20 Pterygium 62 Pinguecula 63 INDEX. 155 PAGE. 23 Periostitis— Orbital Palpebrae 20, 4 Preface Persistent 24 hyaloid artery 112 Prism 12 Primary colors 12 Projection, field of . . 12 , Purple, visual 12 Pentastoma Tfenoides , Periodic ophtlialmia 125 99 Pectinate ligament ; Reflection, angle of 96 8 Rods and cones 15 Riolini, ciliary muscle of 24 Recurrent opthalmia 99 Retina 106 Roemer 18 Sound waves 18 Squint 49 Staphyloma of cornea 69 Suppurative keratitis 71 Spherical aberration 11 Superior rectus muscle 46 Staphyloma, cicatricial Sphincter muscle of the Simpathetic cervical 78 iris 14 14 Sylvius, aqueduct of 15 Sclera 79 Staphyloma of sclerotic 81 Sight IS Steele jg Sheath, ocular INDEX. 156 staphyloma of Sclerotic, PAGE. 81 18 Scleritis Sclera, annular staphyloma of 83 Sebacious glands 27 Staphyloma, annular of sclera 83 Stye 33 Symblepharon 35 Sac, lachrymal 39 Soot-balls 85 Sphincter pupillae 85 Short ciliary nerves Stricture, lachrymal duct Synechia. 87 , Superior oblique muscle " Small 85 42, 43 " 48 48 49 Strabismus Sympathathie ophthalmia 103 Snow 117 blindness Spaces of Pontana 121 Synechia, anterior 73 Saemische's operation 74 Schlemm, canal of Tinia tarsi 121 31 26 Tarsi Tumors of conjunctiva 63 Tract, uveal 84 Third pair of nerves 14 Tumors 90 of iris Tapetum 7 Test, catoptric 131 Trigeminus 14 Temporal 20 fossa INDEX. 157 PAGE. Tumors, dermoid 64 • Tenon's capsule Tumors 21 23 of orbit Trachoma 57 Trichiasis 33 Uveal tract 84 Uvea 85 Ulcus cornea Visual purple Vision 16 Vascular keratitis Venae vorticosae Vitreous humor Graefe Warts Wounds " 12 7 Visual axis Von 73 . 70 105 112 124 64 of cornea " 67 lids 37 Xerophthalmia 63 Yellow spot Zinn, zonule of 15,17,110 14, 94, 112, 113 WILLIAM R, JENKINS* Veterinary Books. 1897. (*) (**) Single asterisk designates New Books. Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. ANDERSON', " Vice in the Horse " and other papers By E. L. Anderson. Demy, on Horses and Riding. 8vo, cloth — " How of Cr. 2 00 and to Ride Scliool a Horse." By Edward Horse Gymnastics. With a System L. Anderson. 8vo {**)BA CH. 1 00 Jndge a Horse." A concise treatise as to its Qualities and Soundness; Including Bits and Bitting— Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driving One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. By "How to W. Bach. Captain F. 12mo, cloth, fully illustrated $1 00; paper BANHAM. 50 "Tables of Veterinary Posolog-y and Tlierapeutics," with weights, George A. Banham, F. B.C. VS. BA UCHER. measures, 12mo, cloth etc. By 75 Metliod of Horsemansliip." Including the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 ' ' 2 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins BELL. "The Yeterinarians Call Book (Perpetual)." By Roscoe R. Bell, D.V.S., Protsssor of Materia Medica, Therapeutics and Hygiene in the American Veterinary College, New York President of the Long late U. S. Goverment Island Veterinary Society Veterinary Inspector, etc. A visiting list, that can be commenced at any time and used until full, c(>ntaining much useful information for the student and the busy practitioner. Among contents are items concerning Veterinary Drugs; Poisons; Solubility of Drugs; Composition of Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva; Respiration; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound in 1 25 leather, with flap and pocket ; ; : {*)BItADLE¥. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Professor of Anatomy in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. The author presents the most important facts of veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, consistent with lucidity. 12mo, cloth. By O. Charnock Bradley, ; Part Paet I. Limbs 1 25 The Trunk 1 25 The. : II. : CLEMENT. "Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- By A. W. Clement, V.S. Records of tions." autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately represent the appearances of the tissues and organs so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were not the examiners conclusions stated. To make the pathological conditions clear to the r«ader, definite system absence in of dissection is necessary. some The the English language, of any guide in making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced Clement to write this book, trusting that it would prove of practical value to the profession. 8mo, cloth, |i ^lustrated 75 Dr. ; . 851-853 Sixth (**) CADIOT. Avenue (cor. iSth New St.), York. 3 IRoaring in Horse?,' Its Pathology and Treatment. This work represents the latest development in operative methods for the alleviation ' of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. Thos. J. Watt Dollar, M.R.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 CHAUVEAU. "The Comparative Anatomy of tlie Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by George Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. 8vo. cloth with 585 Illustrations 5 75 CLARKE. "Horses' Teetli." A Treatise on their Anatomy, Pathology, Dentistry, etc. Revised and enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth 2 50 — " Chart of Horses." the and Teeth Pocket edition. COURTNEY. Fossil " Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." Cloth 75 "xHanual of Veterinary Medicine and S. Crown, 8vo, By Edward Courtney, V. cloth (**) of 25 CLEA rEL AND. Surgery." Feet .2 COX. 75 " Horses In Accident and Disease." The sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which have been observed, such as in choking the disorders and accidents occurring to the stomach and intestines : ; affection of the brain ness, etc. By J. fully illustrated and some special forms of lameRoalfe Cox, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, ; 1 50 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 4 CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The Improvement, description, characterisBy Geo. W. Curtis, tics, merits, objections, etc. Cloth, $2 00; half M.S.A. Superbly illustrated. origin, history, sheep, $2.75 DALZIEL. ; half morocco 3 50 " British Dogs." Describing the History, and Club Standards, etc., etc. With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. Characteristics, Points, By Hugh — Dalziel. Vol. " Tlie Fox Terrier." British Dogs) — "Fox I., $4 00. Vol. II., 8vo.4 CO Illustrated. (Monographs on 1 00 Terrier Sttul Book." Edited by Hugh Dalziel. Containing Pedigrees of over 1,400 of the bestknown Dogs, traced to their most remote known an1 00 cestors Vol. I. Pedigrees of 1,544 Dogs, Vol. II. Show Eecord, &c.l 00 Vol. III. Pedigrees of 1,214 Dogs, Show Eecord,&c.l 00 Vol. IV. Pedigrees of 1,168 Dogs.Show Record,&c.l 00 Vol. V. Pedigrees of 1,662 Dogs, — "The — "St. Bernard Stud Book." Vol. I. St. Bernard." Show Record, Illustrated 1 00 Edited by Hugh Dalziel. Pedigrees of 1,278 of the best-known Dogs, traced to their most remote known ancestors. Record, &c Vol. II. &c.l 00 Pedigrees of 564 Dogs, Show 1 Show Record, 00 &C..1 00 ; 851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSfh "The Diseases of Dog's." St.), Netv York. 5 Their Pathology, Diagnosis and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine MateriaMedica. — — By Hugh Dalziel. " Diseases of Horses." 12mo, paper, 60c. ; cloth, 80 12mo, cloth GO l Being concise "Breaking- and Training Dogs." directions for the proper education of dogs, both for the field and for companions. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Part I, by Pathfinder Part II, by Hugh Dalziel, 12mo, cloth, illus .... 2 60 . — " The Collie." Hugh — Its History, Points, "The Greyhound." DANCE. The and Breeding. By Dalziel. Illustrated, 8vo, paper, 50c., cloth 1 00 Svo, cloth, illus 1 " Veterinary Tablet." Folded in cloth case. Dance is a synopsis of the diseases tablet of A. A. of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms and cures DANA. 75 By "Tables in Comparative Physiology." Prof. C. L.Dana, DAY. 00 M.D "The Race-horse 25 in Training-." Svo {**)DUN. Uses." By Wm. Day, 3 50 "Veterinary Medicines, Their Actions and By Finlay Dun, llevised edition (almost V.S. entirely re- written) Svo, cloth 3 50 DWYER. Bits and Bitting, <' Seats and Saddles." Draught and Harness and the Prevention and Cure of Restiveness in Horses. By Francis Dwyer. Illustrated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 ' 6 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins OFLEMIJVG. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturition, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. By Geo. Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. With 212 illustrations. New edition revised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25 773 page8,8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 — "Babies and Causes, History. Hydrophobia." and Prevention. Symptoms Fleming, M. R.C.V.S. 3 75 Svo, cloth — " Propagation of Tuberculosis." Stating Injurious Effects from the consumption of the Flesh and Milk of Tuberculous Animals. By Geo. Fleming, M.D., M.R.C.V.S., and others. Svo, cloth 1 £0 — "A Treatise on — • Natural Geo. By — Practical Horseshoeing." Fleming, M.R.G.V.S. Cloth "Tuberculosis." Point of View 75 a Sanitary and -Pathological 25 "The Contagious on 12mo, paper influence — From By Geoige Their Diseases of Animals" the wealth and health of nations. 25 Part I, by Dr. valuable work, the most practical treatise yet issued on the subject in the English language, is devoted to the common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- "Operative Veterinary Surgery." This Geo. Fleming, M.R.C.V.S. trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 Orders are no%r received for tbe second volume^ which is expected by December. 851-853 Sixth — " Avenue (cor. 48f/i St.), Human and Animal York. 7 A Study Variolie." Comparative Pathology. — New Paper "Animal Their History, Nature, and Plag'ues," Prevention. By George Fleming, F. R. C. V. S., etc. First Series. Svo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series. 3 00 8vo, cloth — By " Roaring- in Horses." F.R C.V.S. A treatise on of the Horse, indicating and {** in 25 curability. its Disejises 1 50 "Parasites and Para- of A human or veterinary medi- cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or may disorder method of treatment of the Domesticated Animals." work which the students of animals, Fleming, peculiar Svo, cloth, with col. plates ;FLEMING-NEUMANN. sitic Dr. George this breeder or rearer refer for full information regarding — the external and internal Parasites vegetable and which attack various species of Domestic Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor animal — at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. D.,F.E.C.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth. 7 50 FHIEDBEBGEB - FBOHNEB. "Patliology and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." Translated by Prof. L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S. 12 00 2 vol GBESS WEL L. Ox." "The Diseases and Disorders of the By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by James B. Gresswell. — Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus 3 50 " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illustrated, cloth 1 75 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 8 GBESS WELL. Manual of "The Theory and Practice of Equine iHediciiie." By J. B. Gresswell, F.R C.V.S., and Albert Gre,sswell, M.R.C.V.S., second edition, 2 75 enlarged, 8vo, cloth — " Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics." James B. Gresswell, F.E.C.V.S. 16mo, cloth . — " . By .1 50 For the use of Veterinaand Veterinary Students. By James B. and 75 Albert Gresswell, M.R.G.V.S Cloth The Bovine Prescriber." rians — •' The Equine Hospital Prescriber." Drawn up for the Veterinary Practitioners and Students. By James B. and Albert Gresswell, M.R.C.V.S. use of Drs. Cloth — 75 "Veterinary Pharmacopaeia, Materia Medica and By George and Charles Gresswell, Tlierapeutics " with descriptions and physiological actions of medi2 75 cines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown, Svo.cl . {**)GOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histology." By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in the American Veterinary College, New Yorli; etc., etc. Histology Anatomy is is the basis of the physician's art, as the foundation of the surgeon's science. Only by knowing the processes of life can we understand the changes of disease and the action of remedies as the architect must know his building materials, so must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate structure of the body. To present this knowledge in an accessible and simple form has been the author's task. Svo.. cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated 1 00 Avenue 851-853 Sixth (cor. i8th St.), New York. 9 {*)HdSSLOCH. " A Couipend of Veterinary Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics." By Dr. A. C. Hassloch, V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics, and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at thie NewYorli College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- rative Medicine, N. Y, 12rao, cloth, 225 pages . .1 50 HA YES. " Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners." An every day Horse Book, Illustrated. By M. H. Hayes. 12nio, cloth — "Riding." — "Illustrated On the Flat and Across Countiy. A Guide to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes. Second edition, 16mo, cloth 4 25 Hayes. — 5 00 Horse Breaking." 12mo, cloth, illustrated By Captain M. H. 8 40 "Tlie Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. Hayes and Mrs. Hayes. 12mo, cloth, illustrated 4 25 {'*)HEATLEY. "The Stock Owner's Guide." A for every man who owns an handy Medical Treatise oxorcow. By George cloth S. Heatley, M.K C.V. 12mo, 1 25 — " The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical Guide for every Horse Owner. 12mo, cloth 1 50 — "Practical Veterinary Remedies." 12mo, cloth... l 00 HILL. icine " The Principles and Practice of Borine MedBy J. Woodroffe Hill, F.K.C.V.S. (Temporarily out of print). and Surgery." Cloth. 10 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins HILL. " The Management and Diseases of the Dog" Containing lull instructions for Breeding, Rearing and Kenneling Dogs. TLeir Different Diseases. How to detect and how to cure tliem. Their Medicines, and the doses in which they can be safely administered. By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.R.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 2 00 fully illustrated HINEBAUCH, the use "Veterinary Dental Surgery." For Practitioners and Stockmen. of Students, 2 00 12mo, cloth, illustrated Sheep 2 75 • {**)HOARE. " A Manual and Pharmacology." By of Yeterinary Therapeutics E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.b. r2mo, cloth, 56u pages 2 75 "Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina* * * Cannot help but be of the greatest assistance to the young veterinarian and the every day busy rians. practitioner."— ^Jrte>'tca?i Veterinary lievieic. {*)KOBERT, "Practical Toxicology for Physicians Students " By Prof. Dr. Rudolph Robert, Director of the Pharmacological Institute, Dorpat, Russia. Translated and edited by L. H. Friedburg, Ph.D., of Dept. of Chemistry, College of City of New York, Prof, of Chemistry and Toxicology at the American Veterinary College, New York, and New York Homoepathic Medical College and Hospital. Author- and ized edition. KOCH. Koch. (In press.) By Dr. R. "JEtiology of Tuberculosis." 1 00 Translated by T. Saure. 8vo, cloth Sol'SSS Sixth Avenue {cor. 4:8th St.), Neiv York. KEATING. "A New Uiiabridj^ed 11 Pronoiinoiii^ Dictionary of Medicine." By Jolm M. Keating, M.D., LL.D., Heniy Hamilton and others. A voluminous and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientific terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentuation, Etymology, etc. With an appendix containing important tables of Bacilli, Microcci Leucomaines, Ptomaines; Drugs and Materials used in Antiseptic Surgery Poisons and their antidotes Weights and Measures; Themometer Scales; New Officinal and Unofficiuai Drugs, etc., etc. 8 vo, 818 pages 5 00 ; ; LAMBERT. "Tiie Germ Theory of Disease." Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and tlie domesticated animals. By James Lambert, F.R.C.V.S. 8vo. paper .25 LAW. "Farmers' Veterinary Adviser." A Guide to the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domes-tic Animals. By Professor James Law. Illustrated. 8v<), cloth 3 Ui) LIA UTARD. " Median Neurotomy in tlie Treatment and Periostosi-; of the Fetlock." Repetitor of Clinic and Surgery to the Alfort Veterinary School. Tranf-lated with adiliClironic Tendinitis By C. Pellerin, late it, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Having rendered good results when performed by himself, the author believes the operation, which consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in tional facts relating to excising a portion of the peripherical end, the mean." of improving the conditions, and consequently tht values of many apparently doomed animals. Agriculture in particular will be benefited. The work is divided into two parts. The first covers the study of Median Neurotomy itself; the second, the exact relations of tlie facts as observed by the author. 8 vo. boards 1 00 , Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 12 {")LIAUTARD. "Manual of Operative Veterinary Surgery " By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College Chevalier du Merite Agricole de France, Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 600 illustrations 6 00 — "AniinaiJ Castration." A concise and practical Treatise on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The only work on the subject in the English language. Illustrated with forty-four cuts. 12mo, cloth... 2 00 (*) " Vade Mcciim of By Equine Anatomy." A. Liautard, M.D.V.S. Dean of the American Veterinary College. 12mo, cloth. New edition, with illustrations. .2 00 . — "Translation of Zundel on the Horse's Foot." 2 00 Cloth — . " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." By Dr. A. Liautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 12mo, cloth — "On 50 the Lameness of Horses." By M.D.,V.S A. Liautard, 2 60 LONG. "Booli of the Fig." Its selection. Breeding, 4 25 Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth {**)L VPTON. Law " Horses Lupton, F.Il.C.V.S. — : Sound and Unsound," with By J. Irvine relating to Sales and Warranty. "The Horse." Ought trated. to Be. 8vo, cloth, illustrated As he Was, as he By Crown, 8vo J. I. Is, 1 25 and as he Lupton, F.K.C.V.S. Illus1 40 851-853 Sixth MAGNEB. Magner. Avenue {cor. iSth St.), New York. 13 "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. Upwards of 1,000 pages, illustrated with 900 engravings. -Svo, cloth, $5.00; sheep, morocco $6.00; full 7 50 .. MAGNEM. The Struc(1) The Structure of "Teterinary Diagrams." ture of Horses Feet (in colors). Horses Feet (Effects of Bad Treatment of the Mounted and Varnished The Education (2) The Shoeing of the Horse. Horse, Mounted and Varnished MAYHEW. "The Feet). 2 UO . . of the 2 00 niustrated Horse Doctor." An accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases to which the Equine Race is subject together with the latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Prescriptions written in plain English. By E. Edward ; Maynew, M.R.C.V.S. Illustrated. Entirely edition, Svo, cloth McBBIDE. new 2 75 "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 12mo, cloth 2 50 McC03IBIE. "Cattle and Cattle Breeders." Cloth. 1 00 M'FADTEAJV. "Anatomy of the Horse." A DisGuide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.R.C.V.S. This book is intended for Veterinary students, and section offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- ous other engravings and excellent text, the most valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. cloth — 8vo, 5 50 " Comparative Anatomy of mals." By J. M'Fadyean. the Domesticated AniProfusely illustrated, and to be issued in two parts. Pirt I— Osteology, ready. Paper, $2 50 cloth 2 75 ; (Part II. in preparation.) 14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R, Jenkins MILLS. "How to Keep a Dog in the Citj." By Wesley Mills, M.D V.S. It tells how to choose manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to keep him clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 , {**)MOLLEIt, "Opcratiye Veterinary Surgery." By Professor Dr. H. Moller, Berlin. Translated and edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, by John A. W. Dollar. M.R.C.S. Prof. MoUer's -work presents the most recent and complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery, and is the standard text-book on the 8ubje(it throughout Germany. Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, while the better known are presented under new and suggestive aspects. As Prof. Moller's work represents not only his own opinions and practice, but those of the best Veterinary Surgeons of various countries, the translation cannot fail to be of signal service to American and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veterinary and Comparative Surgery. 1 vol., 8vo. MORETON. 722 pages, 142 illustrations " On Horse-breaking." MOSSELMAJS-LIEJ^A UX. 5 25 12mo, cl...50 "Veterinary Microbiology." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, National Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Translated and edited by R. E. Dinwiddle, Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Arkansas 2 00 State University. 12mo, cloth, 312 pages 851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh St.), New York. 15 {**)NOCAItD. " The Animal Tuberculoses, and their Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Translated by H. Scurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the demonstration of the small part played by heredity, and the great part played by contagion in the propagation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreasonable to suppose that the same is the case for human tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis parents were protected from infection by cohabitation or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, VFOuld dwindle away into insignificance. pages PEGLEM. "The Book PELLEBIN. ]2mo, cloth 143 1 00 of the Goat." 12mo, cloth.l 75 "Median Neurotomy in the Treatment and Periostosis of the Fetlock." of Chronic Tendinitis By C. Pellerin, late repetltor of Clinic and Surgery to the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Additional Facts Relating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D., V.M. Svo, boards, illustrated 1 00 See also under Liautard. PBOCTOB. " The Management and Treatment of the Horse " in the Stable, Field and on the Road. By William Proctor. Svo 2 40 PETERS. culin." "A Tuberculous Herd-Test with TuberBy Austin Peters, M. R. C. V. S., Chief Inspector of Cattle for the New York Health during the winter of 1892-93. State Board of Pamphlet 25 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins i6 REYNOLD. "Breeding and Management of Draught 8vo, cloth Horses." 1 40 ROBERTSON. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." text-book especially adapted for the use of Veterinary students and Veterinarians. By W. Robertson, Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the Eoyal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 A 6 25 pages, revised edition {**)ROBERGE. "The Foot of the Horse," or LameDiseases of the Feet traced to an Unbalanced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 5 00 foot. By David Eoberge. 8vo, cloth ness and {**) all SMITH. '*A Manual of Teterinary Physiology." By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author of "A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." Throughout this manual the object has been to conThe dense the information as much as possible. broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render them of use to the student and practitioner. In this second edition rewritten the whole of the Nervous System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with the Development of the Ovum has been added together with many additional facts and illustrations. About Second one hundred additional pages are given. edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- — — 3 75 trations {")SMITH. " Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth 2nd 3 25 — 851-853 Siscih Avenue STORJSTMOUTH:. {cor. 48th St.), New Yorh. 17 "Manual of Scientific Terms." those in Botanj', Natural History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Rev. Especially referring to James Stornmouth 3 00 , {**)STIIANGEWAT. New 'Veterinary Anatomy. and edited bj' I. Vaughn, F.L.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8vo. " edition, revised M.R.C V.S., 5 00 cloth i*)SUSSDOIlF. Size 40x27. by Prof. \V. Colored Plates specially for Lectures. By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. Translated Owen Williams, of the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Plate 1. — '' Diagram of the Horse." Left or near side view. Plate 2. — " Diagram Right side view. of the Mare." Plate 3 "Anatomy of the Cow," showing the position of the viscera in the large cavities of the body. " unmounted mounted on 4. " The Ox." Price, Plate linen, with 1 75 roller.. .1 75 extra Showing right side view position of the viscera in the large each " of the cavities of the body. VETEMINABY DTAGBAMS Size, 28^ in. No. 1. x 22 inches. in Tabular Form. Price per set of five. . . .4 75 "The External Form and Elementary Ana- Eight coloured illustrations of the Horse." External regions 2. Skeleton 3. Muscles (Superior Layer) 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) 5. Respiratory Apparatus 6. Digestive Apparatus 7. Circulatory Apparatus 8. Nerve Apparatus with letter-press descrip- tomy 1. ; ; ; ; ; ; tion ; ; 1 "The Age 25 Forty-two of Domestic Animals." figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicating the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with full description 75 No. 2. Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 18 3. "The Unsonii(lness and Defects of the Horse." Fifty figures iilustratiag— 1. Tlie Defects of Conformation 2. Defects of Position 3. Infirmities or Signs No. ; ; of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnesses ; 5. Defects of the Foot 75 description witli full 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox.' Fifty figures descriptive of tiie Anatomy and Pliysio75 logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and Butcher's Joints of the Ox." Ten coloured illustrations — 1. Skeleton; 2. Nervous System; 3. Digestive System (Right Side) 4. Respiratory System 5. Points No. ; 8. Ox ; Muscular System Digestive System (Left Side) of a Fat ; 6. ; of a Calf ; 10. ; 7. 9. Vascular System Butcher's Sections Butcher's Sections of an Ox description WALiLEY. ; with full 1 25 "Hints on the Breeding and Rearing of 80 12mo, cloth Farm Animals." "Four Boyine Scourges." Foot and Tubercle.) Mouth Disease, (Pleuro Cattle Pneumonia, Plague and - With an Appendix on the Inspection of Illustrated, 4to, cloth. .6 40 Live Animals and Meat. By Dr. Thomas "Tlie Horse, Cow and Dog." A poetical account of the "TroublWalley. ous Life of the Horse " " The Life of a Dairy Cow," and " The Life of a Dog " with an article on Animal ; ; Characteristics. 12rao, cloth. .89 851-853 Sixth C) Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New I ork. 19 WALLET. "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College: Professor of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five coloured illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 of the An experience of over 30 years in his profession and a long official connection (some sixteen years) with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to gather a large store of information on the subject, which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opinions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat Inspection. DWILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of VeterMedicine." New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S.Svo., el. .6 00 inary — (**) 'Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth 6 00 ZUNDEL. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By A. Ziindel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth illustrated ZTJILL. 2 00 "Typhoid Fever; or in the Horse." Pamphlet By Prof. W. Influenza M.D.,D.V.S. Contsig^ious L. Zuill, 25