Multi-modem

Transcript

Multi-Modem User Manual 2011.06.07 Version 1.5 Revision History Revision History Revision Date Document Version Pages Description 7. 2. 2008 1.0 All Renewal by hjnoh 10. 31. 2008 1.1 Partial 2008 added by hjnoh 5.22.2009 1.2 Partial Fixed by hjnoh 11.11.2010 1.3 Partial Add New Device 1.7. 2011 1.4 Partial Add New Device 6.7.2011 1.5 Partial Fixed by hsjung Copyright 2011 SystemBase Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Website: http://www.sysbas.com Tel: +82-2-855-0501 Fax: +82-2-855-0580 th 16 Fl. Daerung Post Tower-1 212-8 Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul, Korea For any inquiries or comments, contact [email protected] 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 4 Features ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Application ..................................................................................................................................... 6 RAS Server ............................................................................................................................ 6 FAX Server ............................................................................................................................. 7 Multi-2MPCI External Form ........................................................................................................... 8 Specification .................................................................................................................................. 9 Multi-4MPCI External Form ......................................................................................................... 10 Specification ................................................................................................................................ 11 Multi-4MPCIe External Form ....................................................................................................... 12 Specification ................................................................................................................................ 13 Installation & Test Procedure ....................................................................................................... 14 Installation ............................................................................................................................ 14 Test ....................................................................................................................................... 14 Change the country code ..................................................................................................... 14 Windows Device Driver Installation ........................ 오류! 책갈피가 정의되어 있지 않습니다. Windows Device Driver Configuration ................................................................................. 17 Windows Device Driver Removal ......................................................................................... 19 RAS Installation ........................................................................................................................... 20 Windows 2000 RAS ............................................................................................................. 20 Appendix ...................................................................................................................................... 25 Using AT Commands............................................................................................................ 25 3 Introduction Introduction Nowadays, we are living in the flood of information. And it is so natural and important to obtain information just like we breath. We use the modem frequently to gain information from many places for not only personal uses but also industrial uses. The technologies about modem are getting more and more important for various fields of industry. There are various kinds of modems, such as internal modems, external modems, integrated modems, and so forth. For the personal users, it is a good idea to use internal modems, due to cost reduction and simple usage. And, for those who want more efficient communication, they can use the external modems strong to noise. However, the ISP providers who require many lines at one time have to use large-sized and expensive multi ports together with the integrated modems. The product having the above benefits of these three modems is the all-in-one “Multi-Modem.” The Multi-Modem integrates the multi serial port adapter and four modems into one board, mounting it on a PC. As a result, it is strong to noise without occupying an installation space and provides many lines at a low cost. We truly thank all of our customers for purchasing the MULTI-4MPCI/PCIe Multi-Modem, and we will do our best to make the best products. Please enjoy your PC communications. CEO, Myung-Hyun Kim 4 Features Features  Combines the multi-serial port adapter with V92, V90 modems.  PCI or PCIe type product for IBM-compatible PC  Supports Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7  Strong noise resistance by mounting not only the UART built-in the modem chip but also additional high perfomance UART with external modem design technology.  5 The widely-used Conexant modem chips are mounted. Application Application RAS Server  RAS server is a server PC installed with many modems to use network resources, by directly connecting to the network of a company or head office through a telephone line from the remote location.  By mounting the multi-modem on the server PC and installing the related software under Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7 environment, the RAS server is simply constructed. (Refer to the RAS-related contents.)  Remote users can use their PCs at home or other places under the same environments of PCs of a company or head office, which are directly connected to the network, by integrating the RAS servers installed in the company. (Able to construct the maximum 16modem RAS server by mounting the multi-modem) 6 Application FAX Server  FAX server can transmit/receive fax documents by a PC under LAN environments.  By mounting the multi-modem on the server PC and installing the related software under Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista/2008/7 environments, the Fax server is simply constructed.  All users connected to the network can immediately transmit/receive fax documents through the Fax server without installing the fax modem to a user PC. (Able to construct the maximum 16-modem Fax server by mounting the multi-modem) 7 External Form Multi-2MPCI External Form  Multi-Modem Adaptor  Bracket 8 Specification Specification Data Modem - ITU-T V.92,V.90, V.34, V.32 bis, V.32, V.22 bis, V.22, V.23, V.21, Bell 212A/103 - V.42 LAPM, MNP 2-4 error correction - V.42 bis/MNP 5 data compression Fax Modem - V.17, V.29, V.27 V.21 channel 2 - EIA/TIA 578 Class 1, Bus Interface PCI Local Bus Spec 2.3 Circuit Protection Surge protector attached Ports RJ-11 X 2 Size 12.0(Width) X 5.8(Height) cm Weight 72g 9 External Form Multi-4MPCI External Form  Multi-Modem Adaptor  Bracket 10 Specification Specification Data Modem - ITU-T V.90/K56flex/V.34, V.32 bis, V.32, V.22 bis, V.22, V.23, V.21, Bell 212A/103 - V.42 LAPM, MNP 2-4 error correction - V.42 bis/MNP 5 data compression - MNP 10EC™ enhanced cellular performance - V.250 and V.251 commands Fax Modem - V.17, V.29, V.27 V.21 channel 2 - EIA/TIA 578 Class 1, T.31 Class 1.0, EIA/TIA 578 Class 2 commands Bus Interface PCI Local Bus Spec 2.1 Circuit Protection Surge protector attached Ports RJ-11 X 4 Size 15.1(Width) X 9.9(Height) cm Weight 100g 11 External Form Multi-4MPCIe External Form  Multi-Modem Adaptor  Bracket 12 Specification Specification Data Modem - ITU-T V.92,V.90, V.34, V.32 bis, V.32, V.22 bis, V.22, V.23, V.21, Bell 212A/103 - V.42 LAPM, MNP 2-4 error correction - V.42 bis/MNP 5 data compression Fax Modem - V.17, V.29, V.27 V.21 channel 2 - EIA/TIA 578 Class 1, Bus Interface PCI Express Base Spec 2.0 Circuit Protection Surge protector attached Ports RJ-11 X 4 Size 13.0(Width) X 11.0(Height) cm Weight 72g 13 Installation & Test Procedure Installation & Test Procedure Installation 1. Turn off the computer. 2. Open the computer body to mount the modem on an empty slot. 3. Turn on the computer. 4. Install the drive by referring to the manual. Test 1. Run the hyper terminal of the auxiliary program. 2. Select the port to be tested, and enter the telephone number. 3. Press the Cancel button, and enter the “AT” command. 4. If the "OK" message appears, the installation is normally done. Change the country code The products are set default code(B5 – USA ) When used in other countries, need to change the country code. 1. Run the hyper terminal of the auxiliary program. 2. Select the port to be tested, and enter the telephone number. 3. Press the Cancel button, and enter the “AT” command. 4. Enter the “AT+GCI= 5. If you want to see present country code, type “AT+GCI?” Country Country Code USA B5 UK B4 Germany 42 Hong kong 50 Japan 00 Korea 61 14 Windows Device Driver Installation Windows Device Driver Installation You may refer to this section to install device driver for Windows OS. 1. Turn off your PC and insert Multi-Modem adapter into anyone of PCI or PCIe slots. 2. Connect the port box to the board. 3. Turn on the PC. 4. Start Windows OS. 5. Regardless of appearing any window page, execute the CD. Execute the SB Multi-Modem 1.6408 driver.exe. 15 6. Just waiting until above picture is disappeared. 7. Finish the installation. Windows Device Driver Configuration Windows Device Driver Configuration This procedure is not needed for versions after VA2, since they have hardware settings 1. Invoke the “Device Manager,” select the “SystemBase Multi-4/PCI” (or SystemBase Multi-4MP/Multi-2MP) and right-button-click. Then, select the “Properties.” 2. Select the “Settings” tab, and click “All Port Remap…” button. 3. Select the COM Port name of first port of the Multi-Modem. The port names will be arranged with this name. You may use those port names without system reboot. 4. The O/S may ask the modem driver again after port name remapping. If that occurs, set the location of the modem driver as below: 16 Windows Device Driver Removal(2000,XP,2003,Vista,2008/7) Windows Device Driver Removal 1. Insert the provided device driver disk into the CD-ROM drive. (If you see auto-run program of driver disk, terminate it.) 2. Execute the uninstaller program. Execute the SB Multi-Modem 1.6408 driver.exe. 3. If you execute this file, the window will be appeared like below. If you want to re-install this driver, you must re-boot your computer. . 17 Windows 2000 RAS Installation RAS Installation Windows 2000 RAS 1. Run „Start Menu‟ -> „Programs‟ -> „Management tool‟ -> „Routing and remote access. 2. If you select the „Routing and remote access use and configuration‟, the „Routing and remote access server setup wizard‟ will run. 3. Press the „Next‟ button to select the „Remote access server‟, and press the „Next‟ button. 18 Windows 2000 RAS Installation 4. Select the „Install the advanced remote access server‟ on the „Remote access server settings‟ screen, and press the „Next‟ button. 5. Press the „Next‟ button on the „Remote client protocol‟ screen, and select the item appropriate for LAN environments on the „IP address assignment‟ screen, then press the „Next‟ button. If the DHCP server exists on the LAN, select „Automatically‟. And if the DHCP server does not exist, select the „Within the range of the specified address‟. (At this time, please contact the LAN manager to ask which IP is available.) 19 Windows 2000 RAS Installation DHCP is a protocol that enables network managers to manage and assign IP addresses on networks of an organization. For the TCP/IP on the Internet, each computer should have inherent IP addresses to have access to the Internet. When computer users of an organization have access to the Internet, the IP addresses must be assigned to each computer. In case of not using the DHCP, users should manually enter the IP addresses on each computer, and if the computers move to the area included into another part of a network, it is necessary to enter new IP addresses. From a DHCP, network managers can manage and assign the IP addresses from the center. In addition, when computers are connected to another area of a network, new IP addresses are automatically transmitted from the DHCP. 6. Select the „New address range‟ from the „Address range assignment‟. 7. Select „No‟ on the „Multi remote access server management‟ screen, and press the „Next‟ button. 20 Windows 2000 RAS Installation 8. 21 Press the „Finish‟ button. Then the RAS service will run. Windows 2000 RAS Installation 9. The management screen of RAS (Remote Access Server) is as follows. 10. If you install the multi-modem, the modem is automatically registered as follows. 11. If you call the server from the client, you can use the RAS service. 22 Using AT Commands Appendix Using AT Commands  What are AT commands ? The Hayes developed various commands for directing operation methods of a modem from the beginning, and a set of these commands soon became industrial standards. All these commands begin with „AT‟, therefore they are called „AT Commands‟. Nowadays, most modems receive these sets of commands and the MULTI-4MP Multi-Modem accepts the AT Commands as well.  Usage of AT Command - Start a story or the similar communication program on a computer to enter the command mode, and enter a command. Then, press the enter key to run the command. Enter it regardless of capital or small letters. Ex) AT&V  - A/ AT Commands : Final Repeat Command Reruns the AT command that was run for the first time. This command should end in '/'. Do not press the enter key. - ATBn : Bell/CCITT SELECT Selects CCITT of 1200, 2400 BPS and the bell mode. Not-valid when the ANT\ command (automatic selection) is run. Register: S27 (BIT6) Parameter: 0,1(0 = CCITT, 1 = BELL) - ATDn : Dial The ATD relates to dialing and its parameter is as follows. Parameter : 0 ~ 9 ABCD *#LPTR!@W,: ATDT = Electronic (Default) ATDP = Mechanical - ATEn : COMMAND ECHO Controls an echo for an inputted command while the modem is inputting the command. Parameter : 0,1(0 = Echo No, 1 = Echo Yes) 23 Using AT Commands Default : 1 - ATHn ; Switch-Hook Control This command is used when connecting or opening the hook relay in the state of inputting a command. In the online status, it is also used when entering the offline status, after escaping in the command status by the Escape Sequence "+++". This command is applied in the asynchronous mode only. Parameter : 0,1 H0 : On-Hook : Open (When putting the receiver down) H1 : Off-Hook : Connected (When picking up the receiver) - ATIn : Product Code and Memory Identification If the “IO” command is inputted, the modem shows the product code of the device. If the “I1" command is inputted, the modem shows the product code of the device. The "I1" command is output with the 3-digit results by calculating the check sum of ROM of the modem. The "I2" command examines the memory inside of the modem. If the memory is normal, it delivers an “OK” message, and if it is abnormal, it shows an “Error” message. . Parameter : 0 ~ 2 I0 : Product code identification I1 : Outputs FIRMWARE check-sum I2 : Calculates FIRMWARE check-sum and outputs an “OK” or “Error” message. - ATLn : Speaker Volume Control . Parameter : 0 ~ 3 . Default : 2 L, L0, L1 : Low L2 : Medium L3 : High - ATMn : Speaker Control Controls the operations of the speaker when the modem receives a carrier or is dialing, and it is capable of turning on or off the sound of the speaker. . Parameter : 0 ~ 3 . Default :1 M, M0 : No speaker function M1 : Operates until the receiving carrier is detected. M2 : Operates all the time 24 Using AT Commands M3 : Turns off the speaker while dialing, and turns on the speaker until receiving the carrier from the modem of the other party. - ATNn : Modulation Handshaking Connected at a predetermined speed only. If the leased line is selected, this command is ignored and the modem operates as if the ATNO is inputted. . Parameter : 0,1 . Default :1 N0 : Performs the connection procedure at a speed value saved in S37. If the S37 value is “0”, it is decided at a speed detected by the AT command, and in other cases, the speed will be determined by the S37 value. In addition, you should select communication standards of CCITT and BELL with the ATB command. N1 : Able to perform the handshaking at any speeds supported by two modems with the automatic detection function. At this time, the ATB command is ignored and only CCITT mode is available. - ATOn : Returns to the On-Line state If the modem is in the state of command, it is converted to the online status by the Escape Code (+++), and if the DTR is set to AT&D1, it is converted to the off-state from the on-state, thereby converting to the data mode by the ATO command without disconnection. . Parameter : 0, 1 00 : The modem returns to the data mode. 01 : Returns to the data mode while the modem is operating, and starts retraining. - ATQn : Result Code Display The modem decides whether to transmit the result code to the terminal. (Refer to the ATXn) . Parameter : 0, 1, 2 . Default :0 Q0 : The result code is displayed. Q1 : The result code is not displayed. - ATSr? : Reading S Register Sees the contents of every S register. . Parameter : 0 ~ 99 . Default 25 : None Using AT Commands . Result : OK- For valid parameters - ATSr=n : Writing to S Resisters Writes the n value in a register specified by „r‟. Registers such as S1, S13~S15, S17, S20~S24, and S27 cannot be written by this command. . Parameter : r = 0 ~ 99, n = 0 ~ 255 . Refer to the S registers. - ATVn : Result Code Form Decides whether to make the result transmitted to the DTE in a long or short form. In case of the long form, you should carry out the and . However, in case of the short form, you should carry out the only. . Parameter : 0,1 . Default :1 V0 : Delivers the result code in a short form. V1 : Delivers the result code in a long form. - ATWn : Negotiation Progress Reporting This command enables the negotiation progress of the error-correction mode to be output. By outputting it, the carrier speed and an error correction protocol are displayed in decimal numbers and characters, for example, 77 and protocol: LAPM means that the error correction protocol is LAPM. (Refer to the ATXn). If it passes the error correction link and the connection is made, the CONNECT XXXX message is output. . Parameter : 0, 1 . Default :0 W0 : Does not output the error-correction call progressing. W1 : Outputs the error-correction call progressing. . CONNECT XXX : The result code outputs the DEC speed. - ATXn : Extended Result Code The modem decides whether to respond to a dial tone or busy tone as well as defining how it can handle the result code of the CONNECT message. Waits for the time (default 5 seconds) specified by the S6 register, and performs dialing 26 Using AT Commands regardless of dial tone existence. This is called „BLIND DIALING‟. . Parameter : 0 ~ 4 . Default :4 X0 : Connect message-CONNECT Dialing - Dialing after waiting for a dial tone. BUSY tone check - NO X1 : Connect message-all messages (CONNECT 1200 seconds) Dialing - Dialing after waiting for a dial tone. BUSY tone check - NO X2 : Connect message-all messages Dialing - Waits for a dial tone. BUSY tone check - NO X3 : Connect message-all messages Waits for the time specified in the dialing- S6 register, and performs dialing. BUSY tone check-YES X4 : Connect message-all messages Dialing- Waits for a dial tone. BUSY tone check-YES - ATYn : Enable Long Space Disconnect If a space signal with 1.6 second or more than 1.6 second is received online, it defines whether to cut off the line. In addition, if the AT&D2 command is selected or the ATH command is received, it defines whether to send a space signal with 4 seconds to the modem of the other party. . Parameter : 0 ~ 1 . Default :0 Y0 : long space disconnect prohibition Y1 : long space enable disconnect permission - ATZn (n=0.1): Initialization Command This command performs the initialization process of the modem, and exists in the last part of all commands. While resetting, it performs initialization with clear serial port buffers and the specified n profile. . Parameter : 0 ~ 1 . Default 27 :0 Using AT Commands Z0 : Calls the profile of the NV-RAM location area „0‟ stored by the AT&W0 command. Z1 : Calls the profile of the NV-RAM location area stored by the AT&W0 command. - AT&Cn : DCD Option Controls the RLSD (Received Line Signal Detected) DCD (Carrier Detect) signal of the serial port. If the synchronous mode is selected, this command is ignored and it operates as if the AT&C1 is inputted. . Parameter : 0~1 . Default :1 C0 : Turns on the DCD signal regardless of the carrier received from the remote modem. C1 : Turns on the DCD signal only when the carrier is received from the remote modem. - AT&Dn : DTR Option This command obtains functions of a modem relating to the DTR signal of the serial port, in connection with the AT&D and AT&Q (AT&M) commands. . Parameter : n = 0 ~ 3 . Default :2 &D0 &D1 &D2 &D3 &Q0 NONE 2 3 4 &Q1 1 2 3 4 &Q2 3 3 3 3 &Q3 3 3 3 3 &Q4 1 2 3 4 1. The modem is disconnected and the OK result code is transmitted. 2. In the case of the data mode, it enters the command mode to turn off the DTR. In the meantime, the automatic answering function is not available. 3. The modem is disconnected and the OK result code is transmitted. During the off status of the DTR, the automatic answering function is not available. 4. The modem is initialized. (Has the same result as the ATZ command.) 28 Using AT Commands - AT&F : Restore Factory Default Setting Initializes as the factory default. . Parameter : None . Default : None . Result : OK - AT&Gn : Set Guard Tone Controls the generation of guard tone. This command is not given functions and is supplied to maintain compatibility in the application fields. . Parameter : n = 0 ~2 . Default :0 G0 : No guard tone (Initial value) - AT&Kn : DTE/Modem Flow Control The modem decides how it can handle the data flow between the DTE (computer) and the modem. If the modem terminal buffer is full, the modem transmits XOFF or turns off the CTS to stop the data flow. If the buffer is nearly empty, the modem transmits XON or turns on the CTS to start the data flow. . Parameter : n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . Default :3 &K0 = Does not control the flow. &K3 = Enables the RTS/CTS flow control. &K4 = Enables the XON/XOFF flow control. &K5 = Enables the Transparent XON/XOFF flow control. &K6 = Enables the RTS/CTS, XON/XOFF flow control. - AT&Ln : Line Type Selects the leased line or dial-up line. Even though the modem selects the single line connection, the power level changes when the leased line operation is selected. (Refer to S91) . Parameter : n = 0, 1 . Default :0 L, L0 : Dialup line L1 29 : Leased line Using AT Commands - AT&Pn : Make/Break Dial Pulse Ratio Selects the intervals between the off hook (make) and the on hook while using a pulse dialing. . Parameter : n = 0, 1, 2 . Default :0 &P0, P : 39% 61% make/break @10PPS &P1 : 33% 67% make/break @10PPS &P2 : 33% 61% make/break @20PPS &P3 : 33% 71% make/break @20PPS - AT&Qn : Communication Mode Basically, this modem supports three communication modes; asynchronous, synchronous, and error correction modes. In the case of a parallel host interface, the synchronous mode and the direct mode are impossible. . Parameter : n = 0~6 . Default :5 &Q0 = Direct Mode Asynchronous System By this mode, the DTE speed relates to the speed of the telephone line. &Q1 = Synchronous Mode 1 Operation Operates with an asynchronous mode in the command mode, and converts to a synchronous mode when connected. By performing the DTR signal with the On To Off changes or when the received carrier is lost during the time (default 1.4 second) defined in the S10, it is disconnected or converts to the command mode. &Q2 = Synchronous Mode 2 Operation When the DTR is detected with the On To Off changes, it automatically dials the saved telephone number. By performing the DTR signal with the On To Off changes or when the received carrier is lost within the time (default 1.4ch) defined in the S10, it is disconnected. &Q3 = Synchronous Mode 3 Operation When cutting off the connection, or while the DTR signal carries out the same functions as the data/talk switch, or the DTR signal whose mode is converted into the asynchronous mode is carried out with the On to Off changes, or the received carrier is lost within the time (default 1.4ch) defined in the S10, it is disconnected. &Q4 = NO Operation This command shows the OK result code, but does not operate. &Q5 = Error Correction Operation The modem is negotiated by the error correction link. If the link is not negotiated, it is disconnected or falls back to the general asynchronous connection (Initial value). 30 Using AT Commands &Q6 = Normal Mode Asynchronous Operation The DTE speed is different from the telephone line speed in this mode. - AT&Rn : Serial RTS/CTS Option Controls the CTS signal in the synchronous mode. The CTS signal is always on in the asynchronous mode. . Parameter : n = 0, 1 . Default :0 &R0 : Changes the CTS when the RTS is changed to the on-state from the offstate. &R1 : Ignores the RTS. - AT&Sn : DSR Option Controls the DSR signal. . Parameter : n = 0, 1 . Default :0 AT&S0 : Always operates while the modem is running. AT&S1 : Operates only when the DSR is online. If the carrier is lost, the DSR is turned off. - AT&Tn : TEST Command (Test And Diagnostic) Selects the test command, and the test command is selected at more than (AT&Q0) 1200 BPS speed only in a direct mode of the asynchronous mode. . Parameter : n = 0, 1, 3~8 . Default :0 T0 : Suspends the on-going test. Before carrying out this command, the mode should be converted into the command mode. If the ATO command is inputted in the command mode, the local modem or remote modem returns to the normal data transceive mode again while performing remote digital loopback cast. T1 : Starts Analog Loopback. This test checks the state between the local DTE and the modem. Data received from the DTE FH is looped back by the modem to return to the DTE again. T3 : By starting digital loopback from the local modem to the remote location, data received from the remote modem returns to the remote location without transmitting the data to the local modem. T4 : Enables the modem to respond to the request of the remote modem in a remote loopback 31 Using AT Commands test. T5 : Prohibits it from responding to the approval request of the modem in remote digital loopback. T6 : Starts the remote digital loopback. Data received from the local DTE is transmitted to the remote modem and looped back to the local modem and the DTE from the remote modem. T7 : Starts a self test pattern of the remote digital loopback. This test is the same as T6, and the local DTE does not transmit data. And the local modem compares regular data with transmission data to count errors. Then, the local modem transmits error count values of the final 3 digits to the DTE. T8 : Starts a self test of analog loopback, and it is the same as the T6 test. It forms a simple analog loopback with the test of T1, allowing a test with the transceive functions of the local modem without connecting the substantial telephone line. - AT&V : Present configuration and user profile display Shows the presently-used state and the state of the user profile saved in the NVRAM. (Refer to the AT&Yn) - AT&Wn : Stores the user profile in the NVRAM. This command stores the present command and the S register value in the NVRAM. It can keep WO and W1 user profiles and calls them by the ATZn command. . Parameter : n = 0, 1 . Default : None - AT&Yn : Initialization of user profile When power is supplied, it reads one of the two user profiles as an active profile. . Parameter : n = 0, 1 . Default :0 &Y0 : The user selects a profile 0 &Y1: The user selects a profile 1 - AT&Zn : Telephone number saving Saves the telephone numbers in a specified buffer by „n‟. . Parameter : n = 0~3 . Error : If „n‟ is out of the range, and in case „x‟ is over 24 digits. - AT\Gn : Modem Flow Control(Modem to Flow Control) 32 Using AT Commands . Parameter : n = 0, 1(If „n‟ is bigger than 1, use 1) . Default :0 \G0 : Flow Control Disable (XON/XOFF) \G1 : Performs modem flow control by XON/XOFF. This command controls while being normally connected. In the case of the error correction mode of MNP, this command is ignored because the error correction function is included in the error control mode in itself. 33