Transcript
HYPER-UNIFIED STORAGE
Nexsan Unity Troubleshooting Guide
Firmware Version: Unity 2.0
Nexsan 900 E. Campbell, CA 95008 | p. 866.263.9726 | www.nexsan.com
Copyright © 2010—2017 Nexsan, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Trademarks Nexsan® is a trademark or registered trademark of Nexsan, Inc. The Nexsan logo is a registered trademark of Nexsan, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Patents This product is protected by one or more of the following patents, and other pending patent applications worldwide: United States patents US8,191,841, US8,120,922; United Kingdom patents GB2466535B, GB2467622B, GB2467404B, GB2296798B, GB2297636B
About this document Unauthorized use, duplication, or modification of this document in whole or in part without the written consent of Nexsan Corporation is strictly prohibited. Nexsan, Inc. reserves the right to make changes to this manual, as well as the equipment and software described in this manual, at any time without notice. This manual may contain links to web sites that were current at the time of publication, but have since been moved or become inactive. It may also contain links to sites owned and operated by third parties. Nexsan is not responsible for the content of any such third-party site.
Contents
Contents
Contents
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Chapter 1: Networking Errors
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Standard nxadmin troubleshooting Cannot create an aggregation because the name already exists Cannot detect external storage Cannot access IPMI from Apple OS
Chapter 2: AD/CIFS Authentication Errors Cannot join a Windows domain Check the DNS Configuration Check user password and packet signing Check user administrative privileges File name case sensitivity issues Creating shares Failed to create LdapContext Failed to find domain controllers
Chapter 3: User interface errors Unity does not run on Internet Explorer Critical decoding error occurs when loading Unity
Glossary
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About this manual
This guide provides troubleshooting steps for common problems that users encounter when installing and operating and Unity.
Audience This guide has been prepared for the following audience: IT system administrators Engineers Technicians
Conventions Here is a list of text conventions used in this document: Convention
Description
underlined blue
Cross-references (both internal and to the titles of other documents), hyperlinks, URLs, and email addresses.
boldface
Text that refers to labels on the physical unit or interactive items in the graphical user interface (GUI).
monospace
Text that is displayed in the command-line interface (CLI) or text that refers to file or directory names.
monospace bold
Text strings that must be entered by the user in the command-line interface or in text fields in the graphical user interface (GUI).
italics
System messages and non-interactive items in the graphical user interface (GUI) References to Software User Guides
Notes, Tips, Cautions, and Warnings Note Notes contain important information, present alternative procedures, or call attention to certain items. Tip Tips contain handy information for end-users, such as other ways to perform an action. CAUTION: In hardware manuals, cautions alert the user to items or situations which may cause damage to the unit or result in mild injury to the user, or both. In software manuals, cautions alert the user to situations which may cause data corruption or data loss.
WARNING: Warnings alert the user to items or situations which may result in severe injury or death to the user.
Contacting Nexsan Nexsan Headquarters
Nexsan Canada
900 E Hamilton Ave, Suite 230
1405 Trans Canada Highway, Suite 300
Campbell, CA 95008 USA
Dorval, QC H9P2V9 Canada
Support (US): +1 866-463-9726
Support (Canada): +1 866-463-9726
Support (Worldwide): +1 760-690-1111 E-mail:
[email protected] Nexsan Shipping
Nexsan UK
302 Enterprise Street , Suite A
Units 33–35, Parker Centre, Mansfield Road
Escondido, CA 92029 USA
Derby, DE21 4SZ United Kingdom Support (Europe): +44 (0)1332 291600
Related documentation The following Nexsan product manuals contain related information: Nexsan Unity Hardware Reference Guide Nexsan Unity Hardware Maintenance Guide Nexsan Unity Software User Guide Nexsan Unity nxadmin Command-line Interface Reference Guide Nexsan Unity nxcmd Command-line Interface Reference Guide Nexsan Unity Snapshots and Replication Guide Nexsan Unity Storage Expansion Reference Guide Nexsan Unity VMware Best Practices Guide Nexsan Unity NFS Interoperability Nexsan Unity Networking Best Practices Guide Nexsan Unity Performance Best Practices Guide Nexsan Unity Microsoft Best Practices Guide
Safety notices Always observe the following precautions to reduce the risk of injury and equipment damage: Computer components and disk drives are sensitive to static discharge. Take precautions to discharge any electrostatic charge from your person before and while handling components with your hands or any tools. Use an anti-static wrist-strap.
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The system only be installed in a clean, dry environment. The operating temperature is 10º to 35º C (50º to 95º F), with operating relative humidity at 20 to 95%, non-condensing. Do not install hardware in an enclosed cabinet or other small area without ventilation. Ensure correct lifting methods are used when handling hardware. Special care should be taken when removing hardware from its packaging and positioning it into its required location. When lifting hardware, two people at either end should lift slowly with their feet spread out to distribute the weight. Always keep your back straight and lift with your legs. When installing the system as a rack-mounted component, ensure that all Nexsan-supplied mounting fixtures are secure. All bolts and screws should be fully tightened. Failure to comply with this may result in the unit not being fully supported in the rack and could lead to the product falling from the rack causing personal injury or falling onto other rack components. Ensure that the rack is sufficiently stable by having wall anchors and/or stabilizing legs, and that the floor supporting the rack has sufficient strength for the overall weight loading. Only a fully-trained Service Engineer is authorized to disassemble any other part of the hardware, and then only when the hardware is powered off. The system has multiple power connections; as a result, you must remove all power leads to completely isolate the power and always use the IEC power cords which are supplied with the system. CAUTION: All Nexsan Unity Storage Systems and Nexsan Unity Storage Expansions are hotpluggable. However, the system that you are adding must be powered on AFTER you connect it to the existing system.
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Chapter 1
Chapter Networking 1: Errors
This section contains the following topics: Standard nxadmin troubleshooting
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Cannot create an aggregation because the name already exists
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Cannot detect external storage
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Cannot access IPMI from Apple OS
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Standard nxadmin troubleshooting
Standard nxadmin troubleshooting The Unity system has several physical NICs, which may be 1GbE or 10GbE. These are typically aggregated together, but whether aggregated or not, are always managed as a virtual interface. The virtual interfaces used are: nx99—Management interface, the controller and GUI VIP addresses are bound to this. nx0—Data access. 10GbE ports should always be bound to this. nx1—Optional second data interface. private0—The internal 10GbE inter-controller link. Networking problems can prevent cluster services from starting. For example, a disconnected data port can potentially block access to the interface and keep resource groups offline. Link aggregation, particularly LACP, can cause problems. If link aggregation is in use, it is important to ensure that both ports are connected to the same switch and that the switch is properly configured for LACP.
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Task
Command
View aggregate interfaces, and check LACP status (off/active)
nic show-aggr
View more detailed LACP info
nic show-aggr -L
Check status of individual ports
nic show-aggr -x
Check network throughput and statistics
nic show-link -s
Tip Remember the GUI performance graphs; they're useful for checking for high network load. Ensure that all network addresses and appropriate masks are present
cat /etc/netmasks.conf
Check IP addresses
cat /etc/hosts
Note If you see "duplicate", an IP clash has been detected and the interface is offline.
ifconfig -a
View DNS configuration
cat /etc/resolv.conf cat /etc/nsswitch.conf
Check link details (Jumbo Frames, MTU, LACP, speed, etc.)
network get link
Check for IP conflict
# ifconfig -a | grep duplicate
View physical or aggregate link status
# nic show-phys # nic show-aggr # nic show-link
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Chapter 1: Networking Errors
Task
Command
Show all MAC addresses
# nic show-phys -m
Check network error statistics
# nic show-link -s # netstat -i
Check if Jumbo frames are enabled
# nic show-linkprop -p mtu nx0
View all network properties
# nic show-linkprop # nic show-linkprop nx0
Ensure that nx99 on C1 can talk to nx99 on C2 and vice versa
ping –I
Check that data and internal ports can communicate with each other
Cannot create an aggregation because the name already exists ► Problem: A change in the hardware where the primary data network interface, nx0, was using other devices but they no longer exist. However, the name is kept somewhere. nic create-aggr -l igb0 -l igb1 nx0 nic: create operation failed: object already exists
► Solution: Rename an adapter to nx0, then rename it back. nx0 will then be free to use as an aggregation name. nic rename-link igb0 nx0 nic rename-link nx0 igb0
Cannot detect external storage ► Problem: The setup wizard does not recognize attached external storage (such as a Nexsan E60 RAID Unity Storage Expansion).
► Solution: The problem may be the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU). You need to determine the maximum MTU setting that will work. 1. Note the MTU setting on the external storage device. 2. From the Nexsan Unity’s CLI, use the ping command, specifying the IP address of the external storage and an MTU setting that is lower than what the external storage device is set to. ping -s 3. If the ping times out, redo the command, setting the MTU setting even lower. 4. Repeat the previous step until the ping returns a normal response.
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Cannot access IPMI from Apple OS
5. Note the MTU setting of the last ping command. 6. Set the external storage to use the MTU setting of the ping command that returned a normal response.
Cannot access IPMI from Apple OS ► Problem: Beginning with version 10.8.1, Apple OSX has a security feature called “Gate Keeper.” The default Gate Keeper settings can interfere with the launch of the Unity IPMI remote console.
► Solution: To fix this issue, you must set Gate Keeper to allow the launch of applications from all sources: 1. On the Apple computer, open System Preferences. 2. Select Security & Privacy (in the Personal section). 3. Select the General tab. 4. In the bottom left corner of the dialog box, click the lock icon. The administrator password dialog opens. 5. Enter the administrator password and then click OK. 6. Under Allow Applications Downloaded From:, select Anywhere. A security pop-up warning is displayed. 7. In the pop-up warning, click Allow from Anywhere.
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8. Close System Preferences.
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Chapter 2
Chapter AD/CIFS 2: Authentication Errors
This section contains the following topics: Cannot join a Windows domain
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File name case sensitivity issues
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Failed to create LdapContext
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Failed to find domain controllers
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Cannot join a Windows domain
Cannot join a Windows domain To authenticate users from a Windows domain, the Nexsan Unity’s CIFS service must locate a domain controller, authenticate the domain controller, and then add a computer account to the domain. Users from the domain are not able to establish a connection to the CIFS service unless this process succeeds. The following sections describe configuration issues you might have when you cannot successfully join a Windows domain: Check the DNS Configuration below Check user password and packet signing below Check user administrative privileges on the facing page
Check the DNS Configuration ► Problem: The CIFS service must be running for the smbadm join command to succeed. If Active Directory (AD) is configured, the CIFS service attempts to locate the domain controller by means of DNS. The service may not be able to locate the domain controller.
► Solution: You must reconfigure the DNS settings. To check DNS configuration:
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1. Check the following to find out what the DNS configuration error is: If the system presents the failed to join domain domain-name (INVALID_PARAMETER) error, then the fully qualified AD domain name has not been added to the search list or as the local domain in /etc/resolv.conf. If the system presents the failed to find any domain controllers error, then the IP address of the AD DNS server has not been set as the name server in /etc/resolv.conf. If neither of the above errors is presented, then the /etc/nsswitch.conf file may not be set to use DNS host look up. 2. Depending on the error discovered above, do one of the following: Add the fully qualified AD domain name to the search list or as the local domain in /etc/resolv.conf. Set the IP address of the AD DNS server as the name server in /etc/resolv.conf. Set the /etc/nsswitch.conf file to use DNS host lookup.
Check user password and packet signing ► Problem: If the following error message appears: failed to join (LOGON_FAILURE) then the problem is one of the following: The password for the user specified in smbadm join is incorrect. Packet signing is enabled on the domain controller.
► Solution: To fix the issue:
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Chapter 2: AD/CIFS Authentication Errors 1. Turn off packet signing on the domain controller. 2. Supply the correct user password. Typically, you must specify a user account that is a member of the Domain Administrators global group.
Check user administrative privileges ► Problem: If the following error message appears: smbd: failed joining domain-name (UNSUCCESSFUL) then the specified user has insufficient administrative privileges.
► Solution: You need to assign the proper administrative privileges to this user. Typically, you must specify a user account that is a member of the Domain Administrators global group.
File name case sensitivity issues ► Problem: If you experience unexpected behavior when performing basic file operations, it might be related to the file system being unable to handle case-insensitive operations.
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► Solution: CIFS clients usually expect a case-insensitive file system for correct operation. To create a share in case-insensitive mode, use the nxcmd Share Create CLI command, as described below. Note Once the share is created, you cannot change the case sensitivity setting.
Creating shares The nxcmd Share Create command allows you to add one or more shares to the specified pool(s).
► To run this command: 1. Access the CLI command shell. 2. Type the command using this syntax. 3. Press Enter. nxcmd Share Create /Pool:|all /Name: [/NumberOfShares:] [/Protocol:] [/StartingIndex:] [/Permissions:] [/PermissionsInherit:] [/AnonymousAccess:] [/Hidden:] [/CaseSensitivity:]
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[/ReservedSpace:] [/Quota:] [/EnableScheduling:] [/SnapshotNumber:] [/SnapshotAutoDelete:] [/EnableReplication:] [/SnapshotSchedule:Start:, RecurEvery:Minutes|Hours|Days|Weeks|Months] [/RecurOnDayOfWeek:] [/RecurOnMonth:Months:;Days:] Share Create parameters
Description
/Pool
Specifies the storage pool(s) where you want to add the share(s).
/Name
Specifies the name of the share(s). If you are creating multiple shares (using the NumberOfShares parameter), the nxcmd CLI appends a sequential number at the end of each share’s name, starting at 0; for example, sharename0, sharename1, and so on.
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The name must start with an (upper-case or lower-case) alphabetic or numeric character; and, with the exception of the hyphen (-), and period (.), the name can only contain alphanumeric characters, without spaces. These characters are NOT allowed: ” / \ [ ] : ; | = , + * ? < > Optional parameters: /Protocol
Specifies the protocol to use: CIFS, NFS, FTP, or All (default).
/NumberOfShares
Specifies the number of shares to create. The nxcmd CLI appends a sequential number at the end of each name that you add (starting at 0): sharename0, sharename1, and so on.
/StartingIndex
Specifies the number at which to start when creating multiple shares. This number gets appended to the share name and is incremented according to the number of shares specified with the /NumberOfShares parameter. For example, if the share name is LabShare and you specify 3 as the starting index and 3 as the number of shares to create, the nxcmd CLI will create LabShare3, LabShare4, and LabShare5.
/Permissions
Specifies users/groups that will access the share and their corresponding access permissions: r (Read-only), rw (Read/Write), f (Full).
/PermissionsInherit
Specifies the user(s) who should inherit access permissions when this parameter is set to True.
/AnonymousAccess
Specifies whether to set anonymous access permissions for the share and
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Chapter 2: AD/CIFS Authentication Errors
Share Create parameters
Description the permission type: Read, ReadWrite, and None. By default, shares have Read/Write anonymous access enabled.
/Hidden
Specifies whether to set the share as a hidden CIFS share; specify true or false (default).
/CaseSensitivity
Sets case-sensitivity on the specified share(s), specify Insensitive or Sensitive. You set case-sensitivity when you create the share; this setting cannot be changed once the share is created.
/ReservedSpace
Reserves a set amount of disk space in the storage pool for the exclusive use of the share. If you add another share to the storage pool, the space available to the new share is the difference of the total disk space in the storage pool minus any reservations that you set for other shares on the system. Enter the amount of space in KB, MB, GB, TB, or PB; for example, /ReservedSpace:100MB. CAUTION: Reserved space cannot be higher than the quota.
2 /Quota
Sets the usage quota to dynamically expand a share’s storage capacity when the share runs out of disk space. You can set a fixed quota limit to prevent the share’s storage capacity from increasing beyond a certain size. Do not set any quota if you want the share’s storage capacity to grow in relation to the storage pool’s available disk capacity. Enter the amount of space in KB, MB, GB, TB, or PB; for example, /quota:130MB. CAUTION: The quota limit cannot be less than the reserved space, nor can it exceed the total available space in the pool.
/EnableScheduling
Enables or disables snapshot scheduling for the specified share(s); specify true or false.
/SnapshotNumber
Sets the number of automatic snapshots to keep for the specified share(s).
/SnapshotAutoDelete
Enables or disables the auto-deletion of snapshots if you want the system to automatically delete snapshots when the storage pool is 80% full; specify true or false.
/EnableReplication
Enables or disables data replication for the specified share(s); specify true or false. Share data will be replicated to the site during the next scheduled data
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Share Create parameters
Description replication.
/SnapshotSchedule
Defines the snapshot schedule for the specified share(s) in this format: Start:, RecurEvery: Minutes|Hours|Days|Weeks|Months The default value is every one day.
/RecurOnDayOfWeek
Specifies the day(s) of the week for the snapshot schedule, in this format: Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,Friday,Saturday, Sunday This parameter is only valid if the recurrence period (RecurEvery) in the SnapshotSchedule command is set to Weeks.
/RecurOnMonth
Specifies the months(s) and day(s) of the month for the snapshot schedule, where: the month is in this format: All,January,February,March,April,May,June,July, August,September,October,November,December
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the day of the month is in this format: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,Last This parameter is only valid if the recurrence period (RecurEvery) in the SnapshotSchedule command is set to Months.
► Example: We create 3 shares, PayRollData0, PayRollData1, and PayRollData2, in FinancePool1; give the user Bob Read/Write access and the user Admin Full access to each share; disable anonymous accessibility for the shares; and expose the shares on the network using the NFS protocol. nxcmd Share Create /Pool:FinancePool1 /Name:PayRollData /Protocol:NFS /AnonymousAccess:None /Permissions:Bob:rw,Admin:f /NumberOfShares:3
Failed to create LdapContext ► Problem: If you get this error when joining a Windows Server 2008 Active Directory: Connecting to Microsoft Active Directory Domain - Failed to create LdapContext w2k8.nest.lan:389 w2k8.nest.lan then the domain name is incorrect.
► Solution: Fixing the domain name resolves this issue.
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Chapter 2: AD/CIFS Authentication Errors
Failed to find domain controllers ► Problem: If the following error appears after attempting to connect to AD with the smbadm join command: failed to find any domain controllers then the LMCompatibilityLevel value is different between AD and Unity.
► Solution: You must find the AD LMCompatibilityLevel value (under HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\) and apply that value to Unity.
► To change LMCompatibilityLevel in Unity Firmware v3.0 or older: 1. Access the CLI command shell (see the Nexsan Unity CLI Reference Guide). 2. Change the LMAuthenticationLevel value in the /var/opt/nest/config/site/common/NxSharedConfig.properties file to match the value of the LMCompatibilityLevel of the Active Directory. 3. Restart glassfish. 4. Attempt to join the AD again with the smbadm join command.
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► To change LMCompatibilityLevel in Unity Firmware v3.1 or newer: 1. Use Unity to join a domain (see Joining a domain in Chapter 11 of the Nexsan Unity Software User Guide). 2. In the section where you are asked to supply the Active Directory Domain Name, User Name, and Password, use the LM Compatibility Level drop-down list to select the value that was in HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\) on the AD domain. 3. Click Apply.
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Chapter 3
Chapter User3: interface errors
This section contains the following topics: Unity does not run on Internet Explorer
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Critical decoding error occurs when loading Unity
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Unity does not run on Internet Explorer
Unity does not run on Internet Explorer ► Problem: You get the following error message when using Microsoft Internet Explorer: Either scripts and active content are not permitted to run or Adobe Flash Player version 10.1.0 or greater is not installed. and you are certain that you have Adobe Flash Player version 10.1.0 or later installed.
► Solution: You need to allow Unity to run in IE: 1. In Internet Explorer, go to Tools > Internet Options > Security. 2. Select Internet. 3. Clear the check box next to Enable Protected Mode (requires restarting Internet Explorer). 4. Click the Custom Level button to open the Security Settings - Internet Zone dialog. 5. Set the following parameters: ActiveX controls and plug-ins > Run ActiveX controls and plug-ins: Enable
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ActiveX controls and plug-ins > Script ActiveX controls marked safe for scripting: Enable Scripting > Active Scripting: Enable 6. Click OK to close the Security Settings - Internet Zone dialog. 7. Click OK to close the Internet Options dialog. 8. Restart Internet Explorer.
Critical decoding error occurs when loading Unity ► Problem: When opening Unity the browser reports a critical decoding error (such as “SOAP Response cannot be decoded”), the problem may be that the browser is not set to accept third-party cookies.
► Solution: You need to enable third-party cookies in your browser for Unity to establish an authenticated session to remote sites.
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Glossary
1 10Gb Ethernet A 10 gigabit per second (Gb/s) Ethernet connection using either fiber-optic cables or twisted-pair copper wires. 10Gb iSCSI An iSCSI connection that runs on a 10Gb Ethernet network.
Anti-static wrist-strap An antistatic device used to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) by safely grounding a person working on electronic equipment. Also called an ESD strap or a grounding bracelet. ASP model Application Service Provider. In this model more than one organization is defined.
Asynchronous data replication Use asynchronous data replication allows you to replicate data between two Unitys —a primary and a remote (or secondary) system—over a LAN or WAN connection. The asynchronous Active Directory data replication function provides off-site Microsoft Active Directory® is a directory disaster recovery protection. It delivers highservice that stores directory information on a performance asynchronous replication of your network and makes this information available to data over both LAN and WAN networks, network users and administrators. AD stores providing protection from site-specific and information about user accounts, such as regional disasters. The Unity asynchronous data names, passwords, phone numbers, and so on, replication function uses snapshot-based and enables other authorized users on the same replication technology: when you initiate data network to access this information. replication, the asynchronous data replication function takes a snapshot of the data on the ADAM primary and sends either the entire contents up (Active Directory Application Mode) security to the snapshot to the remote. In the case of an model. ADAM allows customers who do not initial data replication; or, only the changes since have a trusted relationship between their the last replication—in the case of an incremental corporate server and the Assureon server to update. Because the asynchronous data manage user security. replication function takes a snapshot of the source data (on the primary system), the data always remains accessible to clients during
A
Glossary
replication. Additionally, the asynchronous data Authentication Protocol (CHAP). You can use replication function keeps track of data transfers CHAP authentication to restrict iSCSI access to during replication by checkpointing the data LUNs on the Unity appliance to servers stream. If data replication is interrupted—due to a (initiators) that provide the correct user name network disconnect issue—the asynchronous and password (or secret) combination. The data replication function automatically restarts Unity appliance’s iSCSI implementation replication from the most recent checkpoint. The provides several layers of CHAP authentication. asynchronous data replication function includes CIFS features that reduce bandwidth consumption (Common Internet File System) The protocol during data replication, and consequently used in Windows environments for shared minimize the infrastructure cost of data folders. replication and disaster recovery. Specifically, the asynchronous data replication function only Command-line interface replicates the data that changed since the last A means of interaction between a human user replication—which significantly reduces and a computer program, or between two replication time and bandwidth requirements, programs, where the user (or client) passes particularly where only small parts of large files commands in the form of a line of text to a change or where only share metadata has computer program. The Nexsan Unity appliance changed on the primary site. offers a command-line interface. Abbreviated “CLI”. Automatic replication
B
In asynchronous replication, an automatic replication refers to a scheduled replication that Controller The controller in the Unity appliance acts as the occurs according to a schedule you define. You interface between the Unity appliance and can configure a separate replication schedule for network clients. The Unity appliance has two each storage pool on the Unity appliance. controller nodes, represented by the Clusters node in Unity™, for which you can configure both cluster and network settings. Can also be referred to as Controller Node or Node.
Bit The smallest unit of digital data, representing a 0 or a 1. Abbreviated “b”.
D
DHCP Boot drive (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) A The device from which a computer’s operating communication protocol that lets network system is loaded. Typically, an internal hard administrators manage centrally and automate disk drive (or one of several partitions on such a the assignment of Internet Protocol (IP) drive) is used for this purpose, but any attached addresses in a network. storage device—such as an optical disc drive, a USB flash drive, a SATADom, or other attached Digital certificate storage—can be used. Used to grant certain users access to specific files over the internet. Use of certificates increases security for customers who do not have a corporate Active Directory.
C
CHAP authentication iSCSI initiators and targets prove their identity to each other using the Challenge Handshake
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Glossary
DIMM Ethernet Dual In-line Memory Module. The type of A local area network (LAN) architecture using a random-access memory (RAM) that the Nexsan bus or star topology and supporting data transfer Unity appliance uses. rates of 10, 100, and 1000 Mbps. It is one of the most widely implemented LAN standards. The Directory Service 802.11 protocols are often referred to as A directory service is the software system that “wireless Ethernet.” stores, organizes and provides access to information in a directory. A directory service Event log called a naming service, maps the names of A record of system events that tracks network resources to their respective network informational, warning, and error events, such addresses. With the name service type of as when significant milestones are reached or directory, a user does not have to remember the when errors occur during activity. physical address of a network resource; providing a name will locate the resource. Each Expansion Controller A module of Unity Storage Expansions that resource on the network is considered an object connects via SAS to a Unity Storage Expansion on the directory server. Information about a Controller Node. particular resource is stored as attributes of that object. Information within objects can be made secure so that only users with the available permissions are able to access it. In LDAP, the name is called the Distinguished name (DN) and Failover is used to refer to a collection of attributes The capability of a system to switch over (relative distinguished names) which make up automatically to a redundant or standby system the name of a directory entry. upon the failure or abnormal termination of the previously active system. In Nexsan Unity DNS appliances, failover describes one Controller (Domain Name System) A program or computer Node taking over the host connections and server that implements a name-service protocol. storage pool control of the other Controller Node It maps a human-recognizable identifier to a when that controller fails. system-internal, often numeric, identification or
F
addressing component (usually an IP address). DNS Name Domain Name System. Translates the domain name of the device to point to the configured IP address.
FASTier™ Nexsan’s proprietary cache system that uses SSD or NVDIMM technology to increase random I/O performance of SATA and SAS disk drives. FCC
E
The Federal Communications Commission; the federal agency that regulates electromagnetic emissions.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) The sudden and momentary electric current that flows between two objects at different electrical Fibre Channel A gigabit (Gb) speed network technology potentials caused by direct contact or induced primarily used for storage networking and the by an electrostatic field. Potentially harmful to current standard connection type for storage electronic components. area networks (SANs). Despite its name, Fibre
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Glossary
Channel signaling can run on both twisted-pair copper wire and fiber-optic cables.
FSW Monitor Ensures that all clients are running properly. Also provides information to the server about the client and tells the FSW to update.
Fibre Channel port Any entity that actively communicates over a Fibre Channel network. Usually implemented in Full replication In asynchronous replication, full replication a device such as disk storage or a Fibre Channel refers to a replication operation that sends all the switch. Depending on the system, the Fibre data on the primary Unity appliance to the Channel ports on Nexsan Unity Storage remote Unity appliance. Only the initial Expansions can support 2Gb/s, 4Gb/s, or 8Gb/s replication, when you first set up asynchronous connections. data replication between two systems, is a full Fibre Channel switch replication. All successive replications are A network switch compatible with the Fibre incremental. Channel protocol. Allows the creation of a Fibre Channel network, which is currently the core component of most storage area networks (SANs). Gateway Fibre Channel target An internetworking system that joins together A storage system end-point on the Unity the different subnets of a network or two appliance that uses Fibre Channel connectivity. networks that use different base protocols. A Each storage pool can have one or multiple Fibre network gateway can be implemented Channel targets. Fibre Channel targets can be completely in software, completely in hardware, seen by all ports on the Unity appliance. or as a combination of both.
G
File System A system or subfolder which has been exposed on the network via CIFS protocol and/or the NFS protocol.
Gb Gigabit. Approximately one billion (1,000,000,000) bits. Gb/s
Filter Driver Responsible for processing shortcut requests and making the shortcut appear transparent to the user or application attempting to read the data. Firmware Software stored in read-only memory (ROM) or programmable ROM (PROM), therefore becoming a permanent part of a computing device. FSW File System Watcher. Responsible for transferring data from the client to the server, as well as shortcutting data. Also known as Assureon client services.
Nexsan Unity Troubleshooting Guide
Gigabits (Gb) per second. Used to describe the speed of network data transmission. Gigabit interface converter A standard for transceivers, commonly used with Gigabit (Gb) Ethernet and Fibre Channel, with a hot-swappable electrical interface. Gigabit interface converter ports can support a wide range of physical media, from copper to optical fiber, at lengths of hundreds of kilometers. Graphical user interface (GUI) A type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices using images rather than text commands. Nexsan Unity Storage Expansions use a graphical user interface for system configuration
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Glossary
environments. It provides manageability components that simplify network administration and account management across both platforms. IDMU allows you to manage user accounts and passwords on Windows and UNIX systems using Network Information Service (NIS). IDMU also allows you to automatically synchronize passwords between Windows and UNIX operating systems.
H Host A computer, server, or other device which accesses the shares in a Nexsan Unity appliance storage system. The host can be connected to the storage system with a Fibre Channel connection, an iSCSI connection, or a SAS connection.
IIS
Internet Information Services. IIS is a web HTTP server software package. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, ILM hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the Information Lifecycle Management. Refers to a foundation of data communication for the World range of policies and strategies for administering Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that storage systems. Typically used to represent a uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes storage solution that manages the file from its containing text. HTTP is the protocol to creation to disposition. exchange or transfer hypertext. Incremental replication HTTPS In asynchronous replication, incremental (HTTP Secure) Communications protocol for replication refers to a replication operation that secure communication over a computer sends only the data that changed since the last network, with especially wide deployment on the replication (whether that one was full or Internet. Technically, it is not a protocol in itself; incremental). rather, it is the result of simply layering the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) on top of Ingestion the SSL/TLS protocol, thus adding the security Synonymous with archiving. It is the process of capabilities of SSL/TLS to standard HTTP moving data from the client to the server. communications.
I I/O Input/Output. The communication between an information processing system (such as a computer or a Nexsan storage system’s Controller Node), and the outside world (either an operator or another information processing system). Inputs are the signals or data received by the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent from it
Initiator An application or production system end-point that is capable of initiating an iSCSI session with an iSCSI target, sending iSCSI commands and I/O requests. Initiators are also identified by unique addressing methods. IP (Internet Protocol) The network layer for the TCP/IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks.
IP address (Internet Protocol address) A numerical label IDMU assigned to each device (such as a computer, Microsoft Identity Management for UNIX. IDMU printer, or Nexsan Unity Storage Expansion) on makes it easy to integrate users of Windows a computer network that uses TCP/IP for operating systems into existing UNIX communication.
Nexsan Unity
www.nexsan.com 27
Glossary
IPMI
pool name. You can change a target’s public (Intelligent Platform Management Interface) The alias at any time. IPMI interface allows you to perform iSNS administrative tasks to remotely manage the (Internet Storage Name Service) Protocol Unity appliance in the event that you are unable designed to facilitate the automated discovery, to connect to the Unity appliance using a management, and configuration of iSCSI conventional method: through Unity™ or from the devices on a TCP/IP network. You can nxadmin CLI. configure iSCSI targets to use an iSNS server.
IQN (iSCSI qualified name) Unique identifier of a device in an iSCSI network. iSCSI uses the form iqn.date.authority:uniqueid for IQNs. For LACP example, iqn.1999-02.com.nexsan:::. This name multiple individual Ethernet links to be indicates that this is an iSCSI device from aggregated together to form a single logical Nexsan, which was registered as a company in channel. LACP allows a network device to February of 1999. The naming authority is negotiate an automatic bundling of links by simply the DNS name of the company reversed; sending LACP packets to the peer (directly in this case, com.nexsan. Following this is the connected device that also implements LACP). site name, the storage pool name where the target exists, and a user-defined unique ID to LAN identify the target. (Local area network) A computer network that links devices within a small geographic area, iSCSI such as a building or group of adjacent buildings. (Internet Small Computer System Interface) A transport protocol that provides for the SCSI LDAP protocol to be carried over a TCP/IP network. (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol). LDAP is a protocol used to communicate with a iSCSI Target directory service. It defines operations to refer to A storage system end-point on the Unity an entity in the directory, to describe the appliance that processes iSCSI commands and attributes of an entity, and the security features I/O requests from an initiator. Each storage pool that can be used to authenticate to the directory on the Unity appliance can have one, or multiple, and control access to the entities within the iSCSI targets, with a maximum of 256 targets directory. The protocol is carried directly over per storage pool (0 to 255). In turn, each target TCP for connection-oriented transport (receipt of can have a maximum of 256 LUNs (0 to 255). data is acknowledged) and User Datagram Each target on the Unity appliance is identified Protocol (UDP) for connectionless transport (no by a unique addressing method (IQN). acknowledgment upon sending or receiving iSCSI Target public alias data). This is a symbolic name that you can assign to a target on the Unity appliance. The public alias is LED (Light Emitting Diode) LEDs are used for seen by some iSCSI initiators; it can help you indicator lights on the front and back of Nexsan identify the target. The public alias for a storage Unity Storage Expansions. pool’s default target—that is, the target that the Unity appliance creates for a storage pool when you first add a LUN to the storage pool—is the
L
Nexsan Unity Troubleshooting Guide
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Glossary
LUN
Mb A LUN is a term used to describe a block of Megabit. Approximately one million (1,000,000) storage on the Unity Appliance. Uniquely bits. numbered, this creates what is referred to as a Mb/s Logical Unit Number, or LUN. LUNs can be (Megabits (Mb) per second) Used to describe exposed over iSCSI and Fibre Channel. When the speed of network data transmission. associated with an iSCSI target, a LUN forms a unique iSCSI block device that can be accessed by one or more iSCSI initiators. When exposed MPIO (Multipathing I/O) MPIO is designed to provide multiple paths to to the common Fibre Channel target on the Unity SAN storage. It provides connection failover and appliance, a LUN forms a block device identified load balancing benefits to strengthen the by a unique HBA port WWN that can be stability of a network storage environment. accessed by one or more FC initiators.
LUN mask A LUN mask uses authentication to make a Logical Unit Number accessible to selected storage targets.
M
N NAS (Network-attached storage) File-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to clients on the network. Network-attached storage uses specialized hardware, software, or both, and is often a specialized device built from the ground up for storing and serving files.
Management target Each storage pool on the Unity appliance has a Management target (mgmt) assigned to it by the system, by default. The management target NDMP allows a VSS (Volume Snapshot Service or (Network Data Management Protocol) Protocol Volume Shadow Copy Service) host to create used to transport data between network and manipulate shadow copies (point-in-time attached storage (NAS) devices and backup snapshots) of the data in LUNs on the Unity devices. This removes the need for transporting appliance. The VSS host connects to a storage the data through the backup server itself, thus pool’s Management target via iSCSI to view, enhancing speed and removing load from the create, and manage snapshots of the LUNs in backup server. the storage pool. You can assign a CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) NetBIOS user to the Management target to restrict access (Network Basic Input/Output System) API that to LUN snapshots in a storage pool, to specific allows applications on separate computers to VSS hosts. communicate over a local area network. NetBIOS offers 3 services: Name service (UDP Manual replication port 137), Datagram distribution service (UDP In asynchronous replication, an offline, or port 138). and Session service (TCP port 139). manual, replication is a replication process that you start manually on a storage pool. With offline replication, you can replicate the data in the storage pool to the remote Unity appliance, or to a USB storage device attached to the primary Unity appliance.
Nexsan Unity
Network-attached storage (NAS) File-level computer data storage connected to a computer network providing data access to clients on the network. Network-attached storage uses specialized hardware, software, or
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Glossary
both, and is often a specialized device built from the ground up for storing and serving files. NFS (Network File System) A protocol allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a network in a manner similar to how local storage is accessed. Used in most UNIX environments for folder or device sharing. NIS
O Offline replication In asynchronous replication, an offline, or manual, replication is a replication process that you start manually on a storage pool. With offline replication, you can replicate the data in the storage pool to the remote Unity appliance, or to a USB storage device attached to the primary Unity appliance.
(Network Information Service) One of the three UNIX directory services supported by the Unity OU appliance. NIS is a client–server directory (Organizational Unit) A useful type of directory service protocol for distributing system object that is contained within domains is the configuration data such as user and host names organizational unit (OU). OUs are Active between computers In a UNIX network Directory containers into which you can place environment. It was originally called Yellow users, groups, computers, and other OUs. An Pages or YP. A NIS/YP system maintains and OU cannot contain objects from other domains. distributes a central directory of user and group An OU is the smallest scope or unit to which you information, host names, e-mail aliases and can assign Group Policy settings or delegate other text-based tables of information in a administrative authority. Using OUs, you can computer network. create containers within a domain that represent the hierarchical, logical structures in your NMP organization. You can then manage the (Network Management Protocol) Suite of configuration and use of accounts and resources network protocols that define the processes, based on your organizational model. OUs can procedures and policies for managing, contain other OUs. You can extend a hierarchy monitoring and maintaining a computer network. of OUs as necessary to model your NMP conveys and manages the operations and organization's hierarchy within a domain. Using communications performed on a computer OUs helps you minimize the number of domains network. that are required for your network. You can use OUs to create an administrative model that you NTFS can scale to any size. A user can have New Technology File System. Developed by administrative authority for all OUs in a domain Microsoft, NTFS includes features that improve or for a single OU. An administrator of an OU reliability such as automatically repairing hard does not have to have administrative authority drive errors, detailed transaction logs, and fault for any other OUs in the domain. tolerance. NTP (Network Time Protocol) A protocol designed to synchronize the clocks of devices over a network.
P PCIe Peripheral Component Interconnect Express. A computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), PCI-eXtended (PCI-X), and Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) standards.
Nexsan Unity Troubleshooting Guide
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Glossary
Pool
Typically, a queue is used to process data A storage pool is a user-defined virtual grouping asynchronously. of volumes on the Unity appliance. Pools allow you to organize your storage into logical groups; expose file systems as shares to CIFS clients (Windows-based systems) and NFS clients (UNIX/Linux-based systems); and replicate all RAID 10 RAID 10 provides very high performance and the data in the pool, or just a subset of it, for redundancy. In a RAID 10 implementation, data disaster recovery. Unity™ allows you to create is simultaneously mirrored and striped. RAID 10 as many storage pools as there are available can, under certain circumstances, support volumes (RAID sets) on the system. If the Unity multiple drive failures. It is ideally suited for appliance has both internal storage (E5100™) situations where both high performance and and a Unity5100X™ Unity Storage Expansion redundancy are important. RAID 10 connected externally via SAS, you can create implementation on Unity has some unique storage pools by combining volumes from both requirements, and please refer to the NST5100™ Storage and the Unity5100X™— "Understanding storage pools, volumes, and provided the RAID level configurations are the storage enclosures". same on both storage systems (or, enclosures).
R
RAID 5 RAID 5 provides redundancy by writing data and parity information across three or more drives, thereby increasing performance. You need at least 3 disk drives for a RAID 5 implementation. Primary RAID 5 can withstand a single disk failure In asynchronous replication, a primary site without losing data or access to data. It is ideally refers to a Unity appliance that contains the data suited for transaction processing, database to be replicated (to a remote, or secondary, applications, file and print servers. Unity appliance). a Unity appliance can be the primary site in a replicated environment and also RAID 6 RAID 6 is similar to RAID 5, but with better fault perform double-duty as the remote data tolerance. RAID 6 stripes blocks of data and replication site for another Unity appliance. parity across an array of drives like RAID 5, Public alias except that it calculates two sets of parity This is a symbolic name that you can assign to a information for each parcel of data. This target on the Unity appliance. The public alias is significantly improves fault tolerance: RAID 6 seen by some iSCSI initiators; it can help you can withstand the failure of any two drives in the identify the iSCSI target. The public alias for a array without losing data or access to data. storage pool’s default target is the pool name. RAID 6 is ideally suited for the same You can change a target’s public alias at any applications as RAID 5, but in situations where time. additional fault tolerance is required. We recommend adding Nexsan FASTier cache devices to a RAID 6 implementation to improve write performance. Power supply unit (PSU) A module that regulates electrical power to the components of Nexsan Unity Storage Expansions.
Q
Queues A data structure that processes data or messages in a first in/first out order (FIFO).
Nexsan Unity
Random-access memory (RAM) A memory chip that allows stored data to be accessed at any time in any order. Commonly used in computers as main operating memory.
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Glossary
Values in random access memory are often volatile; information is lost if power is removed from the module.
SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) A serial version of the SCSI interface. A point-to-point architecture that uses a disk controller with four or more channels that operate simultaneously. Each full-duplex channel, known as a SAS port, transfers data at 1.5Gb/s, 3Gb/s, or 6Gb/s in each direction. SAS also supports Serial ATA (SATA) drives, which can be mixed with SAS drives in a variety of configurations.
Read-only memory (ROM) A memory chip that stores values but cannot be changed by normal program instructions. Values in read-only memory are nonvolatile; they are retained even when the unit is powered down.
Remote In asynchronous replication, a remote or SATA secondary site represents the system to which (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) A data from the primary Unity appliance is connection standard for fixed and removable replicated. In a deployment where asynchronous hard disk drives. replication is not implemented, a remote Unity appliance represents a site that is being Scheduled replication In asynchronous replication, a scheduled managed remotely from another Unity appliance replication refers to an automatic replication that or site. occurs according to a schedule you define. You Reparse point can configure a separate replication schedule for An attribute of a file. It is used by NTFS to each storage pool on the Unity appliance. determine how to open the file. SCSI Replica (Small Computer System Interface) A collection A duplicate of a file system on a Nexsan Unity of standards and proposed standards for appliance copied onto another Nexsan Unity input/output (I/O) communication, primarily appliance. At the time of replication, replicas intended for connecting storage subsystems or contain all of the data on the original volume. devices to hosts. Replicas can be promoted to full file systems, after which replication between the two file Secondary In asynchronous replication, a remote or systems is no longer possible. secondary site represents the system to which Replication data from the primary Unity appliance is A function of Nexsan Unity appliances that replicated. In a deployment where asynchronous allows the user to make replicas of a volume replication is not implemented, a remote Unity onto another Nexsan Unity appliance to protect appliance represents a site that is being data in the event of a disaster, or as part of a managed remotely from another Unity appliance backup and restore architecture. or site. Server A computer system in a network that provides data to be shared with multiple users.
S SAN (Storage area network) An architecture that provides for attachment of remote computer storage devices to servers in such a way that the devices appear as locally attached to the operating system.
Nexsan Unity Troubleshooting Guide
SFP (Small Form-factor Pluggable) A type of gigabit interface converter (GBIC) in a compact form factor. The Fibre Channel ports or 10Gb iSCSI ports on Nexsan storage devices are SFPs.
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Glossary
SMB
storage pools by combining volumes from both (Server Message Block) CIFS—also referred to the NST5100™ Storage and the Unity5100X™— as SMB—is used by Windows-based systems to provided the RAID level configurations are the share files and printers across the network. Use same on both storage systems (or, enclosures). this sharing method if your environment consists Subnet mainly of Windows-based systems. A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible SMTP subdivision of a TCP/IP network. All computers Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Used by a client in a subnet have IP addresses with the same (e.g. Outlook) to relay messages to the receiving prefix. Addresses in the same subnet are mail server. reachable without going through a router, and thus can be reached by broadcast. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) The Subnet mask SNMP agent included in the Unity appliance A means of restricting IP addresses on a subnet allows you to send SNMP traps to a Network to a specific range. Management Station—such as, HP OpenView or Synchronous data replication CA Unicenter—when a Critical, Error, and/or Use the synchronous data replication feature to Warning event is generated by a source synchronously replicate a storage pool between component of the Unity appliance. two Nexsan storage systems connected to SSD Unity via SAS (or Fibre Channel). The (Solid State Disk) A high-performance storage synchronous data replication feature essentially device that contains no moving parts. mirrors all the data contained in a storage pool between a source Nexsan storage system and a SSL target Nexsan storage system—both of which (Secure Sockets Layer) A commonly used are connected to the same Unity appliance via protocol for transmitting private documents via SAS (or Fibre Channel). You designate the the Internet. SSL works by using a public key to storage system to use as the source (the encrypt data that is transferred over the SSL system on which you create the storage pool connection. The SSL protocol secures the and store your data) and the target, where the following data: I/O, serial port, and VSIP source data is mirrored. Synchronous replication communication; it does not apply to audio and ensures that a copy of the data, which is video transmission. identical to the source copy, is created at the time the source copy is updated. In synchronous Storage pool replication, an I/O-update operation is not A storage pool is a user-defined virtual grouping considered done until completion is confirmed of volumes on the Unity appliance. Pools allow on both the source and target. An incomplete you to organize your storage into logical groups; operation is rolled back on both the source and expose file systems as shares to CIFS clients target, ensuring that the target is always an (Windows-based systems) and NFS clients exact mirror image of the source. (UNIX/Linux-based systems); and replicate all the data in the pool, or just a subset of it, for disaster recovery. Unity™ allows you to create as many storage pools as there are available volumes (RAID sets) on the system. If the Unity TCP/IP appliance has both internal storage (E5100™) (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet and a Unity5100X™ Unity Storage Expansion Protocol) The set of communications protocols connected externally via SAS, you can create used for the Internet and other similar networks.
T
Nexsan Unity
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Glossary
TCP provides reliable delivery of messages Volume A volume represents a virtual subset of the between networked computers. IP uses numeric aggregated disk space available on Unity. Unity IP addresses to join network segments. presents the disk space available as volumes. Thin Provisioning The total number of volumes available on Unity Thin Provisioning allows you to dynamically internal disk storage, as well as on storage allocate disk space to a client system (initiator) systems attached externally to Unity, depends connected to the a LUN on the Unity appliance. on the RAID level (5, 6, or 10) and RAID sets With Thin Provisioning, you can flexibly allocate that you specify during initial setup. For disk space (on an LUN) to the client system example, on a Unity system with 15 disk drives (initiator), in order to expand the storage installed in the front bay of the system, a RAID 5 capacity available to the client system at any configuration with 2 RAID sets results in 2 time. Thin Provisioning allows you to specify the volumes with 7 disks drives in each volume, and size of the virtual volume that initiators on the 1 hot spare assignment for the array. network see when they connect to a LUN, irrespective of the actual space that you reserve VSS (Volume Shadow Service) The Unity appliance's for the LUN in the storage pool. VSS Hardware Provider enables a VSS host to create and manipulate shadow copies (point-intime snapshots) of the data in LUNs on the Unity appliance. The VSS Hardware Provider UNC paths supports Windows Volume Snapshot Service Universal Naming Convention. A file name (or Volume Shadow Copy Service). The VSS format that is used to identify the location of Hardware Provider serves as the interface folders, files and other resources on a local-area between Windows Volume Shadow Copy network (LAN). A UNC path uses backslashes Service running on a host system and the Unity or double slashes preceding the name of the appliance. computer.
U
Unity
V
W
Web-based graphical user interface for managing Unity appliance and Unity storage WAN devices. It provides a hierarchical view of a (Wide Area Network) A computer network that Unity appliance site and overall system spans a relatively large geographical area. components; as well as wizard-based Typically, a WAN consists of two or more local configuration tools for creating storage pools, file area networks (LANs). systems, shares, replication sites, and for performing other storage management tasks on Windows Service An application that runs whenever the server is the system. turned on, regardless of whether a user is logged in or not. Accessed by launching "services.msc".
Wizard Virtual Directory A graphical user interface type that presents a There is an xml fragment representing the asset user with a sequence of dialog boxes that lead that is sotred at the end of the asset itself. the user through a series of well-defined steps.
Nexsan Unity Troubleshooting Guide
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Copyright © 2010—2017 Nexsan, Inc.. All Rights Reserved.
This product is protected by one or more of the following patents, and other Nexsan® is a trademark or registered trademark of Nexsan, Inc.. The Nexsan pending patent applications worldwide: logo is a registered trademark of Nexsan, Inc.. United States patents US8,191,841, US8,120,922; All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
United Kingdom patents GB2466535B, GB2467622B, GB2467404B, GB2296798B, GB2297636B
Document Reference: 20170615AM102034
Firmware Version: Unity 2.0
