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dealing with leisure a quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential thesis report P.J.M. Rosmulder | b1257900 Msc. Urbanism | TU Delft 28-01-2011 | BK-T Graduate Thesis Report P.J.M. Rosmulder b1257900 [email protected] 28 january 2011 Part of: AR3U100 – Graduation Lab Urbanism Urban Acupuncture Studio, jan-dec 2010 Mentors: Rene van der Velde Jaap van den Bout Department of Urbanism Faculty of Architecture TU Delft Images by author, unless stated otherwise Cover: mountainbiking at Gulberg, Mierlo o Closed bridge over the Dommel, Eindhoven dealing with leisure a quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential Special thanks to all who have supported me during my graduation. I want to thank Jaap and René, for their guidance and inspiration; Sander, for giving me the opportunity to experience the real deal and for his usefull advices; Remco, for stimulating my zest for study; Marijn and Ellen, for helping with the model and Rian and my parents for helping me out when I needed it. . finishing the quest - foreword Reading guide: The lay-out of this report is following the quest I have made the past year, step by step. The final version of the research thesis can be found in the summary, presenting the results in the right order. After that, each chapter will illustrate the separate topics of this thesis. The chapters are arranged in the order as described in the methodology section. First, the theory on ‘leisure landscape’ is explained. After that follows the theory on the ‘in-between landscape’ in the Netherlands. These two theoretical chapters are applied in the case study of the Brainport region. This section consists out of a location analysis, a problem statement, schedule of requirements and a number of designs to improve the area. An evaluation captures the used methods into one thesis, as presented in the summary. In the epilogue I will give a quick review of my time at the SRE, where I have been able to take a look into the daily practice of creating a regional plan for the Realm of Dommel and Aa. o runner at the Broekstraat, Mierlo This is my graduation thesis, the outcome of a long and challenging year. When I chose the subtitle of my project, “a quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential”, I did not realise that it literally would become a quest. At times when I found myself stuck and I no longer could oversee the big picture, I put on my walking boots and closed the door behind me. I walked, just walked. Into the polder, there and back again, leaving my troubles behind me. By looking at the polder landscape of Midden-Delfland I could recapture the reality. I could see the abstract theories becoming physical interventions. During the year I saw people walking their dogs, playing golf, cycling at ease, rowing on the Schie, buying honey from a farmer, racing on their bikes, making a tour on the motorbike, piking daisies, skating, taking a photograph of a old farm or a young lamb, walking hand in hand, going bird watching, fishing and even ice-skating. I could see how the landscape was used, how it was important for the inhabitants of the surrounding urban areas. I could also see the problems that occur here. My regular walking route is closed now, because of the construction of the A4 highway. Whenever it started to rain I cursed the detour I had to make to get back home. Sometimes I got tired of walking the same stretch over and over, wishing there would be more paths heading into the landscape instead of walking back and forth near the urban periphery. But each and every time I returned from a walk, I was eager to start working again. The moment outside helped me to structure my thoughts and recapture the spirit to finish this project. Often I remembered the reasons that got me engaged in this project in the first place. Recalling these fascinations got the fire inside me burning again. The first fascination that determined my project was my own living environment. I grew up in a village next to Eindhoven in the south of the Netherlands. Here rapid urbanization has taken over the former countryside. The area in between the cities is scattered with a refuse dump, a golf course, a zoo and an industry area. It seemed to me that there was little or no regional plan to guide these developments. In the meantime I know that I should call this region the Brainport Region (UrbanAffairs and VHP, 2006) and that this area in-between cities should be called ‘het rijk van Dommel en Aa’ (the Realm of Dommel and Aa; these are two brooks that run through the area). The question is if these new identities can solve the spatial problems that still exist here. Another fascination that has driven me to start this research was a project that I did at university concerning the city of Utrecht (Josselin de Jong, 2009). With an enthusiastic group of international students we did an analysis of the landscape surrounding the city. Our mentor, Frank de Josselin de Jong, stated eight factors which would determine the success of a landscape for recreational use (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008). He had tested this method extensively on city parks within the city boundary, our task was to make the leap towards the landscape. Although the method wasn’t perfect, we proved that it could be useful to find strategic interventions to improve the recreational structure. Tragically the one person that has inspired me with his method is no longer among us. By now, while I’m finishing the final graduation report, the temperature has dropped below freezing point. My feet, numb from the cold, slowly regain their normal colour. The quest has nearly come to an end. I hope that the story of my quest will apply to your imagination. Although I am obliged to write a scientific report, I have tried to turn this thesis about my quest into an inspiring tale about how the Dutch in between landscape can be revised on the basis of its recreational potential. Peter Rosmulder Delft, December 1st, 2010 . p. 6 index o Signs, Heiderschoor graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 1. summary - the thesis 2. dealing with leisure - the graduation project 08 3. part I - the recreational landscape 16 18 20 22 24 4. part II - the in between landscape 32 34 36 38 A. layout B. green is good A. the statistics B. literature review C. additional literature D. typological analysis Spaarnwoude A. literature review B. the contemporary ‘large’ city park C. how to revise the landscape in between 10 12 14 5. case study: Brainport - analysis 40 A. spatial analysis 42 B. recreational structure 46 C. conclusion 48 6. Brainport - design 50 A. concept 52 B. Medevoort 60 C. Oudven 62 D. Gulberg 64 E. Mulakkers - Conclusion 66 7. Epilogue: the real world 74 bibliography 76 Attachments A. theory - review paper B. Methodology: summary C. project area - map Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. 80 86 88 p. 7 1. summary – the thesis This thesis proposes a strategy for the revision of Dutch in-between landscape on the basis of its recreational potential for the urban context. A regional design for the Brainport region is used as a case study to test the theoretical background. This theoretical framework is split up into two main topics: the recreational landscape and the in-between landscape. To revise an in-between landscape based on its recreational potential, one must start by analyzing the area. First the natural underground, combined with the cultural transition made by mankind, must be mapped. The natural and cultural value of the landscape determines whether the landscape is able to cope with a chosen recreational function. Secondly the urban context and the urban networks in the area ought to be mapped. This determines the potential of an area to function as public domain or as a specific (recreational or utilitarian) domain. The interaction between the natural layer and the urban layer (fig. 1) establishes the size and location of the permanent open space and determines which functional recreational interventions are needed and which basic type of open green space is best suited. From a landscape architectonical point of view four types of open green spaces can be distinguished. (fig. 2) p. 8 In the basic open green type ‘landscape’ the functional aspect of the landscape, as an agricultural or ecological system, is dominant, public space is formed by the utilitarian network. In a ‘landscape park’ the functional aspect is framed in an architectural composition to become part of a open public green space. Economical, ecological and social demands are levelled out. In the ‘city park’ type the natural and cultural layers have been altered by an architectural intervention to meet the demands of the urban layer; it has become part of the public domain. Once this democratic open space is restricted by specific programming or by limited accessibility, it becomes a ‘Recreational park’. For instance a golf course, a zoo or a theme park, form parochial spaces within the open green areas in a metropolitan context. Once the accessibility is at the right level the ‘facilities’ of an open green space become important. The facilities enable people to undertake a specific recreational activity and can form an attraction to draw visitors into the landscape. The design principle ‘experience value’ contains all factors that contribute to the perception of people at leisure. The motives of people to go into the landscape differ, sometimes they come for peace and quietness, sometimes they come to sport; this influences the experience they have. en Nijmeg Oss / osch Den B dam / osch Den B l / Veghe Amster The functional recreational interventions can be related to four design principles: context, accessibility, facilities and experience value. (fig..3) The design principle ‘context’ concerns the reach and the variety of an urban edge. The more people are available to use the landscape, the more potential it has for an intensive recreational program. If the context is clear, the design principle ‘accessibility’ is used to determine how the urban edge best can be crossed. Factors like connectivity determine where the most people profit from a new access point. g lbur am / Ti Rotterd pen Antwer graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Together the applicable basic type of open green space and the functional recreational interventions form the schedule of requirements for the in-between landscape. The types of open green space form a basic zoning plan for the area. The recreational design principles put a number of interventions forward, both in the urban edge as well as in the area itself. The spatial interventions that support the schedule of requirements influence thus both the urban framework and the framework of the landscape. Landscape Landscape-Park City-Park Recreational park (Fig. 2) Design principles for recreation The spatial design guides the spatial interventions and offers the arrangement and materialization of both the spatial landscape-architectonical and urban-design elements. The design decisions will be influenced by the vision and ambitions of the metropolitan region (i.e. a regional masterplan), the current condition of the location (spatial problems) and landscapearchitectural and urban-design theories. < (Fig. 1) (Fig. 3) Natural, Cultural and Urban Design principles layer of Brainport for recreation Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 9 with leisure - the graduation project 2. dealing p. 10 o Parking place of the zoo, Mierlo graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Aim of the Project Expected Products The main aim of the project is to revise the Dutch landscape in between cities based on its recreational potential for the urban context. • Review Paper: literature study about existing monitoring tools that analyse the recreational use of the Dutch landscape. • Typological research: analysis of the recreational use of green buffer zones in the Netherlands. At the moment there are hardly any tools or strategies for urban designers to deal with the recreational program in a green buffer zone. Such a strategy, which can provide spatial designers with appropriate design principles, is the main objective of my graduation project. The strategy will be derived from both literature review and typological analysis of recreational areas in the Netherlands. The strategy will be tested in a case study: the Brainport area. A spatial design for the case study will help to evaluate the strategy. • Location analysis: morphological analysis of the natural and cultural structure and spatial problems of the design location. • Location design: master plan for the ‘Realm of Dommel and Aa’. • Development of a strategy: for designers dealing with recreation in Dutch in-between landscapes. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. Research Questions - What are the current trends in leisure and how do they affect the landscape? - How is leisure currently present in the Dutch green buffer zones? - What tools are already developed to monitor the recreational use of the Dutch landscape? - Which design principles can be used to revise the Dutch landscape in between cities based on its recreational potential? - What is a metropolitan landscape park? How is it constructed? - How can spatial problems in a Dutch green buffer zone be solved by constructing a metropolitan park and improving the recreational structure? p. 11 2a. | lay-out | This thesis deals with two main topics: leisure and landscape. Next to that it attempts to combine the two worlds in which an urban designer should be active: theory and practice. The theory should give the input for practical solutions, which at their turn can be used to rate the effectiveness of the theory. (fig. 4) Theory The theoretical input on leisure is derived from a literature review and typological analysis of the recreational use of green buffer zones in the Netherlands. First the current needs and trends in leisure are studied. This information can be found in publications by the CBS, CPB and the knowledge centre for recreation (Boode et al., 2009, Aa et al., 2008, Huis et al., 2008). Additional social studies help to understand the developments in leisure (Goossen and Boer, 2008, Metz, 2002, Mommaas et al., 2000). A literature review is produced to give an overview of tools that are already developed to monitor the recreational use of the Dutch landscape. This review provides an overview of spatial factors that are commonly used and explores the theoretical background behind these spatial factors. The literature review and the leisure studies structure the typological analysis of green buffer zones. The area of Spaarnwoude is used as a location to test the analysis method. Once the structure of the recreational analysis is assessed, it can be repeated on other green buffer zones like Midden-Delfland or Park Lingezegen. The comparison between different types of buffer zones provides useful information for the design of the ‘realm of Dommel and Aa’. At the P2 presentation the above mentioned steps were evaluated to determine which design principles can be used to revise the Dutch landscape in between cities based on its recreational potential. p. 12 references The theoretical input on in-between landscapes is derived from a literature review and a quick-scan of contemporary large parks. A number of studies on the landscape form of the metropolis and the relationship between city and landscape are combined to get a good overview of the functioning of the open green spaces in the urban context of the Netherlands. Together with a study on contemporary large parks this theoretical background helps to define four basic types of open green spaces. The study on contemporary large parks gives a good overview of the feasibility of the design theories in daily practice. AA, B. V. D., BERKERS, R. & BOODE, S. (2008) Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoefteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum. BOODE, S., BERKERS, R. & HOFFMANS, W. H. (2009) Recreatief groen in de stedelijke regio’s; Beleidsopgave voor groen in het kader van de integrale verstedelijkingsopgaven. Den Haag: Kenniscentrum Recreatie. BRULS, E. J., GOLEN, A. J. V. & MIDDELKOOP, M. V. (2002) Wandelen en toegankelijkheid, bedreigingen en knelpunten. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie. GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. (2008) Recreatiemotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landschap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. Practice The case study is meant to bridge the gap between theory and practice. The whole thesis, and in particular the case study, has been completed in consultation with the SRE (Samenwerkingsverband Region Eindhoven). This is the inter municipal union in which municipalities cooperate in order to promote common interests. The SRE has much specific knowledge of the area, which was useful to execute the spatial analysis of the location. Both the landscape and the urban structure of the study area were investigated. Next to this a recreational analysis was also executed, to give an insight into the (potential) recreational structure. Based on the conclusions from both studies a spatial design was made for the ‘Realm of Dommel and Aa’ (RvDA), as a test case for the design principles. The thesis and the design were presented to the project group of the RvDA, that is working on a inter municipal regional structure plan. HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. (2008) Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. METZ, T. (2002) Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotterdam, NAi Uitgevers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. (2000) De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers. After the completion of the spatial design for the case study an evaluation will be executed in collaboration with the SRE. This will help to examine the practicability of the strategy. graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder reSearch theSiS TU The in-between landscape - quick scan - case studies - literature review Leisure Landscape - typological analysis - case studies - literature review Theory G lobal conclusions Criteria for suCCessful leisure landsCapes + = Building-Blocks for a Metropolitan L andscape park analysis Method & design prinCiples SRE? The in-between landscape - -analysis interaction natural/cultural natural and layer landscapeurban analysis Leisure Landscape - current facilities - current recreational and future strategies facilities practice local TesTing analysis meThod & design principles on BrainporT Spatial Design Realm of Dommel and Aa ‘middengebied’ evaluation Strategy evise In& -Bdetween LrinCiples andscapes esign p analysistoMRethod Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. (Fig. 4) Lay-out of the graduation thesis p. 13 2B. | green is good | references Societal Relevance COETERIER, J. F. (2000) Hoe beleven wij onze The societal relevance of this thesis could be stressed by giving an overview of articles dealing with the spatial quality of the Dutch landscape that have appeared in various newspapers. People also find a forum on the internet where they can complain about the cluttering of the landscape or how annoying motor-crossers ruin their quiet afternoon in the forest. These statements could be supported by figures with the total economical value of leisure in the Netherlands (35,3 billion euro in 2007 (Huis et al., 2008)) or numbers about the amount of jobs that exist because of leisure. (in Brabant: 132.000 FTE, 15% of total employment (ZKA, 2006)) (see also fig. 5&6) omgeving? Resultaten van 25 jaar omgevingspsychologisch onderzoek in stad en landschap, S.l., S.n. GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. (2008) Recreatiemotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landschap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. (2008) Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. MINISTERIE VAN LNV (2009) de waarde van groen. Nieuwkoop: ecodrukkers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. (2000) De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers. De waarde van This however, has already been done by the Dutch government, who has gathered the value of green for the city in one publication (fig.7). They state that ‘urban’ green is valuable for the health of people, for social interaction and cohesion, that green has economical value, that green helps to diminish climate change and that urban green serves as a link between city and countryside. Groen TUMMERS, L. J. M. & TUMMERS-ZUURMOND, J. M. (2000) Het land in de stad de stedebouw van de grote agglomeratie, Bussum, Thoth. VELDE, R. V. D. & WIT, S. D. (2009) The landscape form of the metropolis. Footprint, 55-79. VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. (2002) Modelling recreational visits to forests and nature areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1, 5-14. (fig.7) ‘The value of green’, by the platform Green&the City (Ministerie van LNV 2009) WOESTENBURG, M. (2010) Het metropolitane park is helemaal geen park. Blauwe Kamer. Wageningen: Stichting lijn in landschap. Tijd voor vrijetijdsbesteding Verplichte, persoonlijke en vrije tijd, bevolking van 12 jaar en ouder, 1975-2005 (in uren per week) 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Verplichte tijd 40,7 40,8 40,7 42,0 42,6 43,9 Persoonlijke tijd 76,3 76,8 75,3 75,5 75,0 76,6 Vrije tijd 47,9 47,0 49,0 47,2 47,3 44,8 Ontwikkeling in bodemgebruik in Nederland (ha): 1996 - 2003 Totaal Landbouw Verkeer 1996 3.380.050 2.360.382 112.503 2000 3.378.329 2.326.047 113.039 2003 3.375.616 2.304.074 114.268 Verschil 1996 – 2003 (ha) -4.434 -56.308 1.765 Verschil 1996 – 2003 (%) -2% 2% 2005 44,3 76,2 44,7 kregen vanaf 1985 steeds minder vrije tijd. Aan verplichtingen betaald werk, opleiding en zorgtaken werd in 2005 per week drieënhalf uur meer besteed dan in 1975. De hoeveelheid vrije tijd is ongelijk over de bevolking verdeeld. Het gebrek aan vrije tijd concentreert zich bij mensen in de leeftijdsgroep 20-64 jaar, die werk en zorg combineren, en vooral bij tweeverdieners met jonge kinderen. Bebouwd 304.823 318.330 328.867 24.044 8% Semi-bebouwd 37.780 48.573 50.615 12.835 34% q q 6 5 ■ Nederland werd er tussen 1996 en 2003 niet groener op. De oppervlakte bebouwd en semi-bebouwd terrein (o.a. bouwterrein, delfstofvindplaatsen en stortplaatsen) groeide met 36.879 ha. 35 1996 Vrijetijdsbesteding, bevolking 12 jaar en ouder 6% 6% 32% Gedrukte media Sport en bewegen Elektronische media Uitgaan 2000 2003 Sociale contacten Vrijwilligerswerk, mantelzorg en kerkgang Hobby's Vrijetijdsmobiliteit 25 x 1000 ha 4% Bos&Natuur 478.396 483.463 484.090 5.694 1% 20 15 10 5 20% ■ Veel vrije tijd wordt binnenshuis besteed. Zo is mediagebruik - lezen, tv, 0 besteding. Het onderhouden van sociale contacten - op visite gaan, een praatje Sporten en bewegen en uitgaan zijn de belangrijkste vormen van vrijetijdsbeste- audio, computer - met bijna 19 uur per maken en telefoneren - komt met buitenshuis. (fig. 5) Recreational land use inruimthedingNetherlands (Huis et al., 2008) week veruit de meest gekozen vrijetijds9 uur per week op de tweede plaats. Bron: CBS-Statline, Bodemgebruik in Nederland 2003 Parken en plantsoenen Sportterreinen Volkstuinen Toerisme en vrije tijd vormen een belangrijke pijler van de Brabantse economie. En nu is ook onderzoek gedaan naar de economische betekenis van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector in Brabant en de Brabantse regio’s. Hieruit blijkt dat in Brabant 11,5 miljard euro wordt besteed aan toerisme en vrijetijdsbesteding en dat levert direct 96.100 arbeidsplaatsen en indirect nog eens 35.600 banen op. AFBAKENING SECTOR Er is een brede benadering van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector gebruikt. Dagtoerisme - vrijetijdsbesteding van Nederlanders en buitenlanders (bijvoorbeeld funshoppen, uitgaan, sporten, buitenrecreatie, attracties, evenementen) totale oppervlakte recreatiegebied nam tussen 1996 en 2003 toe met bijna 9% tot ruim 93.000 ha. Vooral de groei aan parken en plantsoenen valt op. Dat is gunstig voor de recreatie dicht bij huis. Ook de ruimte voor sport, dag- en verblijfsrecreatie neemt toe. De oppervlakte volkstuinen daalde de afgelopen jaren licht. 14% Bron: SCP, www.tijdbesteding.nl 2008 Zakelijk toerisme - ééndaags zakelijk verblijf van Nederlanders en buitenlanders - meerdaags zakelijk verblijf van Nederlanders en buitenlanders Overig - reisbemiddeling voor uitgaand toerisme (reisbureaus e.d. in Brabant) - aanschaf duurzame recreatiegoederen (caravans, boten e.d.) INDELING REGIO’S De economische impact van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector is berekend voor Brabant als geheel en voor vijf Brabantse regio’s: Meierij, MiddenBrabant, Noordoost-Brabant, Zuidoost-Brabant en West-Brabant. De afbakening van deze regio’s wordt hiernaast getoond. ONDERZOEKSRESULTATEN Het onderzoek is in 2006 eerst uitgevoerd voor de gehele provincie NoordBrabant. In het najaar van 2007 heeft een verbijzondering naar de regio’s plaatsgevonden. Alle gegevens hebben betrekking op het jaar 2005. Verblijfsrecreatie Dagrecreatie BESTEDINGEN PER REGIO Meierij € 1.331,8 miljoen WERKGELEGENHEID BRABANTSE SECTOREN VERGELEKEN - BANEN Midden-Brabant € 2.086,3 miljoen (fig.6) Factsheet on leisure in Brabant (ZKA, 2006) Noordoost-Brabant € 1.340,9 miljoen West-Brabant € 3.613,0 miljoen Zuidoost-Brabant Totaal p. 14 tijd in Brabant. Brabants Bureau voor Toerisme. Verblijfstoerisme - toeristische vakanties van Nederlanders en buitenlanders - vakanties van vaste gasten uit Nederland en buitenland (met eigen accommodatie zoals stacaravan of tweede woning) ■ De 30 8% Recreatie 86.166 88.877 93.702 7.536 9% De oppervlakte recreatie-, bos- en natuurgebied groeide slechts met 13.230 ha. De groei van deze groengebieden gaat ten koste van de oppervlakte landbouwgrond. Die nam af met ruim 56.000 ha. Ontwikkeling oppervlakte recreatief grondgebruik 1996-2003 10% Toerisme en vrijetijdsbesteding leveren geld en banen op! Bron: CBS-Statline, Bodemgebruik in Nederland 2003 Bron: SCP, www.tijdbesteding.nl 2008 ■ Nederlanders ZKA (2006) Economische betekenis toerisme & vrije Ruimte voor vrijetijdsbesteding € 3.128,7 miljoen € 11.500,9 miljoen VERGELIJKING SECTOREN Om de betekenis van de toeristische en vrijetijdssector te kunnen plaatsen in de totale Brabantse economie, wordt de werkgelegenheid in de sector vergeleken met enkele andere belangrijke economische sectoren in de provincie. Zoals de rechtergrafiek laat zien, is de sector toerisme en vrije tijd qua werkgelegenheid tien keer zo groot als de landbouwsector. De werkgelegenheid in de zakelijke dienstverlening is van vergelijkbare omvang, het aantal FTE’s in de industrie is zo’n 30% hoger. De toeristische en vrijetijdssector is al met al goed voor 15% van de totale werkgelegenheid in Brabant. MEER INFORMATIE Brabants Bureau voor Toerisme graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Scientific Relevance A number of authors from different fields of interest have done scientific research on the topic of the leisure landscape. They answered questions like: ‘how do we perceive the landscape?’ (Coeterier, 2000) or ‘how can we model the amount of visits to recreational areas?’ (Vries and Goossen, 2002). Seldom these studies come up with spatial solutions to improve an area. Social studies, like Mommaas’ (2000) research at the leisure industry in city and countryside, describe the relation between leisure and landscape. However, this doesn’t necessarily provide designers with spatial solutions to deal with the changes that they illustrate. The research by Alterra on experiential value of the landscape acknowledges that there should be design criteria that designers can work with. So far they don’t really know how to define them: In the mean time, architects, planners and urban/landscape designers already started designing the new metropolitan parks, the parks of the future. (fig.9) At a debate organised by the NVTL (Nederlandse vereniging van tuin- en landschapsarchitecten) it turned out that there is no clear definition of what a metropolitan park should be (Woestenburg, 2010). This thesis tries to combine various theories to add a new standpoint to this debate. “These design criteria shouldn’t be strict rules. There must be room for the creativity of the designer, but at the same time the design must meet the needs of the future users.” (Goossen and Boer, 2008, p. 52) (fig.8) The inversion of city and landscape (Tummers, 2000) Other authors are more interested in the in between landscapes. The shift in balance between city and countryside is noticed by Tummers and Tummers-Zuurmond (2000), who talk about inversion of city and landscape (het land in de stad, fig.8). This topic is currently extended into a debate about the landscape form of the metropolis. Van der Velde en de Wit address this topic in their essay: “The question is not so much if metropolitan form is determined by landscape, but how we can use it to structure and give meaning to territories: a delicate choreography of mega-shapes and the micro-topography of landscape places.” (Velde and Wit, 2009, p. 76) (fig.9) Subject for debate: Park 21, Haarlemmermeer (Woestenburg, 2010) Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 15 3. p. 16 Part I - the recreational landscape o Rowing boat at the Eindhovens Kanaal, Geldrop graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Introduction All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are under pressure (Hazendonk et al., 2008). Urbanization has changed the way we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, nature as wilderness. Thus, productive landscapes are transformed into recreational landscapes to meet the demands for leisure activities (Buijs et al., 2006). These activities are also changing over time. Traditional activities like cycling or walking are supplemented with the latest fashionable activities like GPS-tracking or a game of ‘farmers-golf’. Private resorts and fenced festival areas are changing the public space into private consumer paradises (Metz, 2002). These changes are noticed by a number of authors. Tracy Metz (2002) writes about the changing way we spend our free time and the way it affects the land- and cityscape. Hans Mommaas (2000) also focuses on the leisure industry in city and countryside. He notices that the Dutch population has less free time, but wants to experience more; they are looking for effective ways to recreate. The current trends in recreation are not necessarily a problem, as long as it is dealt with in the right way. references All kinds of networks are rolled out for the active inhabitant, but they don’t know how to reach it from their home. You will get lost on a miserable industry area next to the highway before you even can reach the landscape. In the ‘greening plan’ (groenstructuurplan) from the municipality of Utrecht the problem is clearly stated: “The green lines in Utrecht are currently only partly available as long connections.” (Zeijl, 2007, p. 14) “The current connections aren’t found suitable for travelling longer distances, because of their barriers, their design and their position.” (ibid, p. 18) BUIJS, A. E., PEDROLI, B. & LUGINBUHL, Y. 2006. From hiking through farmland to farming in a leisure landscape: changing social perceptions of the European landscape. Landscape Ecology, 21, 375-389. HAZENDONK, N., HENDRIKS, M. & VENEMA, H. (eds.) 2008. Greetings from Europe, Landscape & Leisure, Rotterdam: 010 uitgeverij. METZ, T. 2002. Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotterdam, NAi Uitgevers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers. ZEIJL, J. W. V. 2007. Groenstructuurplan Utrecht, stad en land verbonden. Amersfoort: Van Amerongen. (It must be said that this plan by the municipality is a good attempt to deal with one of the many aspects of the changing recreational structure.) Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 17 3a. | the statistics | references AA, B. V. D., BERKERS, R. & BOODE, S. (2008) To be able to start a solid research on recreation in the Netherlands, an overview of the current recreational activities among the Dutch population is needed. In Holland, there is an enormous amount of data available. On the next page the most important numbers are given. (fig.10) This data is abstracted from a number of publications (see references), among which the following publications were most useful: ‘Recreatie bij de hand’ (Huis et al., 2008) > in this publication by the knowledge institute for recreation the most important statistics are summarized. the car is the most used. The land use for recreation is only 3% of the total land use in the Netherlands, but this percentage is growing. Most of this space is taken by sport fields. One-third of the leisure activities by inhabitants of an urban area in the Netherlands are executed in the landscape. Another one-third consist out of ‘urban’ activities that are placed in the landscape. In Brabant the activities do not differ much. The people from Brabant like to eat and drink a bit more than the people ‘from above the great rivers’. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoefteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum. BOODE, S., BERKERS, R. & HOFFMANS, W. H. (2009) Recreatief groen in de stedelijke regio’s; Beleidsopgave voor groen in het kader van de integrale verstedelijkingsopgaven. Den Haag: Kenniscentrum Recreatie. BRULS, E. J., GOLEN, A. J. V. & MIDDELKOOP, M. V. (2002) Wandelen en toegankelijkheid, bedreigingen en knelpunten. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie. GOOSSEN, M. & BOER, T. A. D. (2008) Recreatiemotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landschap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. HUIS, F., HOENDERKAMP, K. & HOFFMANS, W. H. (2008) Recreatie bij de hand. Leiden: Drukkerij de Bink. METZ, T. (2002) Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotterdam, NAi Uitgevers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. (2000) De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie ‘Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoefteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking.’ (Aa et al., 2008) naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers. > This publication focuses on the recreational activities of the inhabitants of urban areas in the Netherlands. Dealing with leisure A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities From the statistics it can be concluded that the ‘traditional’ leisure activities, walking and cycling, are still executed most. Despite trends and hypes, like a sudden boost of interest in wellness facilities, most people choose outdoor activities as leisure activity. This is mostly done in the direct living environment. For destinations within 5 kilometer from home people walk or cycle, if the destination is further away, p.1 Presentation 15-04-2010 P.J.M. Rosmulder Msc Urbanism TU Delft p. 18 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 2. eisure activities - the hours leisure activities - the activities (fig.10) recreational data: based on references; adjusted/processed by author 2. 24% Outdoor Recreation, 17% (fun)shopping, 15% sports, 11% eat/drink/party, 11% other, 7% visiting attraction, 5% wateractivity, 3% visiting event, 2% wellness, 2% visiting a sportsgame sports & exercise, 6% going out, 4% voluntary works 2. leisure activities - the places Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones Figuur 3.4: Top twintig van meest ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten van alle stedelingen, als percentage van het totale aantal ondernomen activiteiten . Leisure Activities overall (>1h) 8% travel, 6% 2. 2. leisure activities - the places Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones Figuur 3.4: Top twintig van meest ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten van alle stedelingen, als percentage van het totale aantal ondernomen activiteiten . Leisure hours 42% media, 20% social interaction, 14% hobby, leisure activities - landscape activities Amount ofleisure leisure hours: - landscape 44,7 h/week top 20 activities by inhabitants of an top 20 activities by inhabitants of an urban area in the Netherlands: urban area in the Netherlands: 36% is strictly urban 36% is strictly urban 28% is strictly landscape, 36% is unclear 28% is strictly landscape, 36% is unclear 5,3 h/week Hours spent outside: where? how? where? Walking: how? 1. living environment, Walking: 2. village/town/citypark, 1. living environment, 3. forest/heath 2. village/town/citypark, 3. forest/heath cycling: 2. 2. Transport: leisure activities - the city walking Transport: < 1km: < 1km: 1-5 km: walkingcycling > 5 km: driving 1-5 km: cycling > 5 km: P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Buitenactiviteiten van stedelingen = close to home! isure activities - the numbers = close to home! (average) money spent during a single trip Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. leisure activities - the in-between p. 26/52 3.3 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Buitenactiviteiten van stedelingen De Nota Ruimte noemt een aantal activiteiten die prioriteit dienen te krijgen bij het toegankelijk en bereikbaar maken van buitengebieden als de bufferzones . Als voorbeeld noemt men wandelen, fietsen, varen en paardrijden. Zijn dit ook de activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? Voor het beantwoorden van deze vraag concentreren we ons op de in het buitengebied ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten op minder dan 10 kilometer van de woning. In totaal houden we 2.155 activiteiten over, verdeeld over 15 vorm en van vrijetijdsbesteding. Deze 15 recreatievormen vinden, met uitzondering van paardrijden in een manege, allemaal plaats in de buitenlucht. driving Voor het beantwoorden van deze vraag concentreren we ons op de in het buitengebied ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten op minder dan 10 kilometer van de woning. In totaal houden we 2.155 activiteiten over, verdeeld over 15 vorm en van vrijetijdsbesteding. Deze 15 recreatievormen vinden, met uitzondering van paardrijden in een manege, allemaal plaats in de buitenlucht. top 20 activities by inhabitants of an urban area in the Netherlands: 25 Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones Stichting Recreatie, Kennis - en Innovatiecentrum Agricultural use Traffic Built area 2.304.074 ha. 114.268 ha. 378.867 ha. Recreation 93.702 ha. 36% is strictly urban Who does What? children (0-14): adolescent (15-30): P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder adults (30-49): seniors (50-65): elderly (65+): p. 53/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder urban area in the Netherlands: 25 Stichting Recreatie, Kennis - en Innovatiecentrum Vermaak ‘gezelligheid’ stEdElijkE REcREatiE 28% is strictly landscape, 36% is unclear plezier komt op de tweede plaats, vóór recreëren aan het water. Stedelingen doen ook aan paardensport en varen per motor- of zeilboot, maar zij doen dit minder frequent. De populariteit van deze activiteiten, en daarmee ook de vraag, bevindt zich ongeveer leisure activities - the numbers op hetzelfde niveau als skaten of skeeleren. 36% is strictly urban 28% is strictly landscape, 36% is unclear Vissen en recreatie aan het water zijn de enige vrijetijdsactiviteiten van stedelingen die duidelijk op één plaats worden ondernomen. Over de gehele linie blijken de actieve recreatievormen dan de stationaire recreatievormen. Angeliefder urban atmosphere is required for these 0 0 activities, it can not take place in the landscape. “urban” functions are being pushed towards the landscape interesse ‘educatie, kunst & cultuur’ tREkplEistER p. 23/52 with leisure - A questten for tools to revise the in between landscape integrate leisure activities. Figuur 3.5: Populariteit van Dealing buitenactivitei binnen 10Dutch kilometer van tode woning door alle stedelingen, 2007. p. 27/52 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. = 3% of NL 2. leisure activities - the places activities in the landscape Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones Figuur 3.4: Top twintig van meest ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten van alle stedelingen, als percentage van het totale aantal ondernomen activiteiten . (<10km from home) Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones  top 20 activities by inhabitants of an urban area in the Netherlands: plezier komt op de tweede plaats, vóór recreëren aan het water. Stedelingen doen ook aan paardensport en varen per motor- of zeilboot, maar zij doen dit minder frequent. De populariteit van deze activiteiten, en daarmee ook de vraag, bevindt zich ongeveer op hetzelfde niveau als skaten of skeeleren. 2. 36% is strictly urban 28% is strictly landscape, 35% walking 21% cycling (water-recreation / horse riding) van stedelingen Vissen en recreatie aan het water zijn de enige vrijetijdsactiviteiten leisure activities - the numbers die duidelijk op één plaats worden ondernomen. Over de gehele linie blijken de actieve recreatievormen geliefder dan de stationaire recreatievormen. 36% is unclear 2. billion euro’s for outdoor recreation top 20 activities by inhabitants of an In figuur 3.5 visualiseren we het resultaat. Wandelen blijkt de activiteit te zijn die stedelingen verreweg het vaakst ondernemen. Daarbij gaat het om het ondernemen van een recreatieve wandeltocht, maar ook wandelsport en joggen. Fietsen voor het 2. Forest & nature 484.090 ha. (fun)shopping: e. 32,69 Wellness/beauty e.Rosmulder 23,61 P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 56/52 dining/party e. 17,39 growth recreation 1996-2003: 9% P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. Event/festival e. 16,31 p. 56/52 culture e. 12,74 Visit sport match e. 08,65 Recreational land-use Attractionpark e. 08,18 Sport area 35% Hobby e. 03,73 park 29% Sporting e. 03,92 camping/hotel/other 21% Waterrecreation e. 03,72 ‘day-recreation’ 11% leisure activities - the people allotment garden 4% Outdoor recreation e. 03,40 pendings x total amount of trips/year = 3,3 Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. De Nota Ruimte noemt een aantal activiteiten die prioriteit dienen te krijgen bij het toegankelijk en bereikbaar maken van buitengebieden als de bufferzones . Als voorbeeld noemt men wandelen, fietsen, varen en paardrijden. Zijn dit ook de activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? In figuur 3.5 visualiseren we het resultaat. Wandelen blijkt de activiteit te zijn die stedelingen verreweg het vaakst ondernemen. Daarbij gaat het om het ondernemen van een recreatieve wandeltocht, maar ook wandelsport en joggen. Fietsen voor het P 1 Presentation P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. 1. rural areaDealing with leisure - A questp.for20/52 leisure activities - -the space tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. cycling: 2. village/town/citypark 1. rural area3. living environment 2. village/town/citypark Land-use in the Netherlands 3. living environment P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder 2. Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. p. 22/52 3.3 Figuur 3.5: Populariteit van buitenactivitei ten binnen 10 kilometer van de woning door alle stedelingen, 2007. 2. Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. leisure activities - landscape p. 24/52 3.3 Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Buitenactiviteiten van stedelingen Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. De Nota Ruimte noemt eenBron: aantal activiteiten die prioriteit dienen te krijgen bij het CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting toegankelijk en bereikbaar maken van buitengebieden als de bufferzones . Als leisure activities. voorbeeld noemt men wandelen, fietsen, varen en paardrijden. Zijn dit ook de activiteiten die stedelingen het meest ondernemen? Recreatie KIC. De in figuur 3.5 genoemde activiteiten vinden allen plaats in een groene omgeving. Dit is het gevolg van de gemaakte selectie, zodat het recreatiegedrag van alle stedelingen in het volgende hoofdstuk worden vergelekenofmet top 20 kan activities by inhabitants an het gedrag van de stedelingen nabij bufferzones. Wanneer we -niet alleen kijken naar het P 1 Presentation P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. urban area in the Netherlands: In figuur 3.5 visualiseren we het resultaat. Wandelen blijkt de activiteit te zijn die p.vaakst 55/52 stedelingen verreweg het recreatiegedrag ondernemen. Daarbij in gaat groene het om het ondernemen gebieden –zoals natuur, bos en landelijk gebied – blijken van een recreatieve wandeltocht, maar ook wandelsport en joggen. Fietsen voor het ook toertochtjes met de auto of motor en bez oek aan de volkstuin redelijk populair . 36% is strictly urban Stichting Recreatie, Kennis - en Innovatiecentrum 25 Voor het beantwoorden van deze vraag concentreren we ons op de in het buitengebied ondernomen vrijetijdsactiviteiten op minder dan 10 kilometer van de woning. In totaal houden we 2.155 activiteiten over, verdeeld over 15 vorm en van vrijetijdsbesteding. Deze 15 recreatievormen vinden, met uitzondering van paardrijden in een manege, allemaal plaats in de buitenlucht. 84% playground, 78% cycling, 75% walking 89% movie/theatre, 76% night out, 67% walking 84% walking, 73% movie/theatre, 72% cycling 83% walking, 76% cycling, 56% museum 67% walking, 52% cycling, 45% museum Buitenactiviteiten in categorieën 28% Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. (w is strictly landscape, De 15 activiteiten uit figuur 3.5 vallen in de volgende drie CVTO-categorieën: 36% is unclear    Buitenrecreatie Zelf sporten Waterrecreatie en –sport 26 p. 25/52 Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Stichting Recreatie, Kennis - en Innovatiecentrum in the landscape: most people ‘just’ walk or cycle. Bron: CVTO (2007), bewerking Stichting Recreatie KIC. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. De in figuur 3.5 genoemde activiteiten vinden allen plaats in een groene omgeving. Dit is het gevolg van de gemaakte selectie, zodat het recreatiegedrag van alle stedelingen in het volgende hoofdstuk kan worden vergeleken met het gedrag van de stedelingen nabij bufferzones. Wanneer we niet alleen kijken naar het P 1 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for to p.recreatiegedrag 55/52 in groene gebieden –zoals natuur, bos en landelijk gebied – blijken ook toertochtjes met de auto of motor en bez oek aan de volkstuin redelijk populair . p. 19 Buitenactiviteiten in categorieën 3B. | literature review | The paper ‘Mapping Leisure’ gives a theoretical background by exploring the already existing modelling tools on recreation. The abstract of this paper can be found on this page (fig.11), the whole article is in Appendix A. This paper compares a number of analysis models that focus on the recreational use of the Dutch landscape or on the success of urban green areas. It is important to explore both scales, since the in-between landscape has potential to act on both levels. The comparison is based on four variables: context, accessibility, facilities and experience value. These four variables were recognizable in most of the models examined. are unique because of its remote position and extensive public. The same is true for the program: a large variety of functions can bring liveliness to a park, but it can also disturb the peace and quietness. The variable ‘Experience value’ is hard to put into an objective method. Still, a number of authors have stated spatial criteria that determine how people perceive their environment. For recreation, a division between people can be made based on motives for recreation. When someone is looking for peace and quietness they will think of a group of people as a disturbance, while someone who is more socially orientated will like the company of others. mapping leisure The variable ‘context’ deals with the supply of visitors to a green space. If there is a high density of inhabitants nearby, the park is more likely to become a viable place. Here the factor competition is also important. If there are a number of parks next to each other, the potential visitors are divided over the parks within reach. This way competition reduces the number of visitors to a park. mapping leisure a quest for spatial criteria to model the recreational use of Dutch landscapes Peter J.M. Rosmulder b1257900 _ [email protected] Delft University of Technology, Department of Urbanism 6th Graduation Lab Urbanism Conference The variable ‘accessibility’ addresses whether people can actually reach an urban green space. This raises the question how far people are willing to travel to reach their destination? This depends on a number of factors, among which are: the size of the park, the location, and the program. The physical access is also defined by the number of ‘gates’ of a park. These gates are places where one can cross the barrier of a park, but also a place where you can park your car or get of the public transport. The variable ‘Facilities’ deals with the fitness for use of the green space. This can be split up in routing and program. Since the statistics have proven that walking and cycling are still the main activities among the Dutch population, the density of paths is an indication for the success of a green space. On the other hand, some areas Abstract – The Dutch landscape in between cities is increasingly under pressure of urbanization. The (Fig. 11) abstract theory review traditional agricultural land use is no longer viable here. The green buffer zones (rijksbufferzones), defined 50 years ago to prevent the cities from growing together, are now being addressed to accommodate various leisure facilities (Herngreen et al., 2008). From a number of different professions research is conducted on the relationship between leisure and landscape. Each research tackles a part of the problem, but an integral method linking the various professions is missing. This literature review will focus on four analysis models. Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003), de Vries and Goossen (2002) and Hoffmans (1998) have each developed a GIS-based monitoring tool. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) have made a manual analysis method to examine the success of city parks. Through comparison on a number of variables the models will be reviewed. This comparison will give me an overview of the most important spatial criteria for the recreational use of the Dutch landscape. The spatial criteria will be used in my graduation project. It will give me a theoretical background on which I can start developing my own design principles that will help to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential. Key words – recreation; green buffer zones; leisure landscape; experience value; GIS-based monitoring tool 1 Introduction p. 20 Peter J.M. Rosmulder All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are under pressure. Urbanization has changed the way we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional are being used to express arguments to resist the uprising pressure on the scarce public space graduate thesis2003, report - P.J.M. (Herzele and Wiedemann, Spek et al., Rosmulder 2009, Vries and Goossen, 2002) Conclusion ‘Context’ and ‘Accessibility’ are two external factors, ‘Facilities’ and ‘Experience value’ are mostly internal qualities of an urban green space. The precise balance between the importance of internal or external factors changes according to the scale level one has as starting point. If the city park is the main subject of study, the context proves more important than when a nature area is studied. The internal qualities and facilities are more important on a regional scale, where there is more room for differentiation and specialization. Based on the studied literature, a matrix was constructed with two axis: scale (or time) on one side and the four variables ‘context’, ‘accessibility’, ‘facilities’ and ‘experience value’ on the other side. The scale levels are local and regional. On a local scale, people use the green spaces for making a short tour, a stroll, of 1-2 hours, starting from the doorstep of one’s home. When looking for leisure for 4-8 hours, the regional level is important. Here most people use the car to reach a specific destination with unique qualities that is worth travelling for. The matrix is showed here. (fig.12) (Fig. 12) design principles for recreation Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 21 3C. | additional literature | Next to the sources incorporated in the theory review, a number of other sources is explored. These writings did not provide a direct input, but are certainly valuable for the process of the graduation project and to put the recreational aspect of the landscape into perspective. They also give critical input for the design for the case study. A short summary: - Tracy Metz (2002) ‘Fun!’ This book was studied, to get a better understanding of the changes in recreational activities of the Dutch population. In striking essays Metz clearly describes the current need for experiences; people want to spend their leisure hours with more intense activities. The essays are supported by evocative photographs, showing the Dutch at leisure. (fig 13) Also the position of the government is addressed, who doesn’t seems able to respond to the changing trends. Metz describes the example of ‘Buitenborgh’: References - ‘Landkaartmos’ & ‘Landschap in meervoud’ In both books a number of essays on the changing Dutch landscape are combined. These essays give a good overview of the current developments from a spatial, social and even philosophical point of view. - ‘a new public domain’ & ‘variations on a theme park’ The discussion on the public domain is very important. In relation to leisure the term ‘disneyfication’ is used sooner or later. This implies a strong thematic program and a bounded freedom. The function of green spaces as public space is very important. This aspect is incorporated in the typological analysis as the factor ‘right of entry’, but it should cover more than only the legal side of the topic. This will be further explored in part II. HAJER, M., REIJNDORP, A. & BRINKMAN, E. 2001. In search of new public domain analysis and strategy, Rotterdam, NAi Publishers. KOLEN, J. & LEMAIRE, T. 1999. Landschap in meervoud perspectieven op het Nederlandse landschap in de 20ste/21ste eeuw red.: Jan Kolen en Ton Lemaire, Utrecht, Van Arkel. METZ, T. (2002) Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotterdam, NAi Uitgevers. SIJMONS, D., FEDDES, F. & STICHTING ROTTERDAM-MAASKANT. 2002. Landkaartmos en andere beschouwingen over landschap door Dirk Sijmons; met Fred Feddes...[et al.], Rotterdam, Uitgeverij 010. SORKIN, M. 1992. Variations on a theme park; the new American city and the end of public space, New York, Noonday. “It was out of the question to build permanent homes here because this area is a part of the Green Heart, and that has to remain open. Holiday apartments, however, fall under different regulations, so on paper the ‘gnome village’ does not affect that fiercely desired openness.” (Metz, 2002, p. 190) (Fig.13) images from ‘Fun! Leisure and landscape’ (metz, 2002) p. 22 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 23 3d. | typological analysis | Spaarnwoude The typological analysis is a method to analyse locations on one specific topic. To test the design principles that were found in the theory review, a typological analysis of Spaarnwoude (fig.14) was made. If you think about leisure landscapes in the Netherlands, Spaarnwoude is bound to show up sooner or later. Designed in the sixties, it still provides a green space for the inhabitants of Haarlem, Velsen, IJmuiden and Amsterdam-West. The area is also national known for the many festivals that are organized here, like Dance Valley, Mysteryland and Awakenings. The matrix, as introduced in the previous paragraph, is filled in for the test case of Spaarnwoude (fig.15). The layers will be addressed one by one. (fig.14) Design for the recreational area of Spaarnwoude, only partly executed (Bruggen et al., 1969) p. 24 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder (Fig. 15) Spaarnwoude - design principles for recreation Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 25 Context Density: (inwoners) (1 km) (3 km) - Local scale The inhabitants that want to make a short tour from their home, have to live within 1 km of the border of Spaarnwoude, in order to reach is within 15 min (based on an average speed of 4 km/h). The percentage of the border that is effective is the border that can be reached by inhabitants. In Spaarnwoude only 50% of the border is effective for a short route. Next to that there is very little variety in the context. 003.972 058.002 170.358 Effective border Reach (1km/3km) 15000/2 Situation in 2007 5064/2 6928/2 16525 15525 3148/2 2700 5477 6000 (20701-2700)/2 8024 8344/2 1200 1535 1500/2 12564/2 1600 21116 7000 3280 6500 3522 7667 3234/2 6350 4500 200 2500 p. 26 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder accessibility - local scale When people are walking or cycling, they don’t want to pay to access an area, they prefer areas that are freely accessible. In Spaarnwoude there are a number of golf courses that are only accessible for golfers. Next to golf, also camp sites form an enclave in the recreational landscape. Measuring the effective border (context) is just one step. Secondly it is important to look at the number of entries along this border. By drawing the lines from this access points, it can be illustrated how effective an entry is. Public, free access M Private, access on road/paths Parking place Commercial, payed access Public transport stop Not accessible M ? C M Right of entry - regional scale On a regional scale most visitors come by car to the area. This means that the supply of parking places should be sufficient. By taking the connectivity of these parking places it can be illustrated how well these places are attached to the urban tissue. Although some parking places along the border of Spaarnwoude are well attached to some neighborhoods of Haarlem, the lines don’t go inside the area. The parking places in the centre of the area are not connected with the urban areas but well connected with the national and regional road network. The public transport system covers a great part of the area, this is fine. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. Point of access (bike/walking) Parking place Public transport stop Connectivity of access points (car) p. 27 facilities Color according to motive: - local scale Important on a local scale are the density of the routing network, the barriers and the number of attractions that form a goal for a short route. Cycling path Paard Walking path Paard eet ATB route eet KIJK! KIJK! fort Information terras Amusement vogel Quietness golf Activities atelier drink Paard eet Infocentrum eet pannenkoek Snack - Regional scale On this scale all of the program is addressed. The routes that are part of a larger network are interesting for people that want to make a longer tour, especially towards the urban centres. eet Eet fort Vogel Vogel kerk eet sluis fort terras molen KIJK! Vogel eet Paard Vis Paard fort molen kerk eet Routing Barriers boer fort shop Program (goal for short route) Color according to motive: fort Paard vaar schaats Speel Paard hond! eet terras Amusement vogel Quietness golf Activities festivaleet Snowplanet ATB klim KIJK! KIJK! Slee ATB evenement atelier Speel Speel Speel outdoorPaard drink Speel Resort Speel trein kano vlieg SpeelVogel Hoteleet paintbal golf Infocentrum eet Snack Vis Speel Surf eet fort pannenkoek Speel golf Naakt Speel Vogel schaats Kampeer vaar eeteet Speel Vis Vis Speel Eet Information Cycling path hotel city centre Walking path camp site Beverwijk IJmuiden Waterland > Resort Hotel Zaandam Snack Kampeer < kust Santpoort Fiets! golf cycling route Vis B&b Vogel kerk eet vaarsluis fort terras molen KIJK!Speel SpeelVis SpeelVis outdoor groep zeil kerk boer Vogel Paard vaarfort groep molen kerk Speel boerengolf! eet Speel outdoor boer fort Speel shop eet Program golf Haarlem Halfweg eet Paard Vis Speel kampeer Speel Speel festival Speel evenement Speel Speel outdoor Speel groep Osdorp Hoofddorp kampeer LF - 20b Hotel fort Routing (cycling routes and urban centres) p. 28 groep golf Routing (long distance cycling/walking) Locations for stay graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder experience value 50-60 dB Former land Former IJ-lake - Local/regional level The experience value of an area is more or less similar for visitors from the region. Factors that can influence the experience value are the historic qualities of an area, the quietness and the land-use. Empirical research has proven that people rather walk in a forest than in a polder landscape. For cycling the opposite is true. Spaarnwoude has two unique historic layers: the former IJ dike and the remains of the Dutch defence line. The area scores bad on quietness, noise from Schiphol airport and the highways disturbs the quietness of the polder. In other areas there are a lot of facilities, what means that there are more visitors. In land-use a clear division exists between the former land and the new polders. The recreational motives are all present in Spaarnwoude. The motive ‘information’ for people who want to get to know something while at leisure is mostly present around the water front. The recreational areas Oosterbroek and Houtrak are much more suited for amusement. As stated in the introduction, Spaarnwoude is nationally known for its festivals. In 2008 over 100.000 people visited a festival here. Meadows Oppervlakte: Forest - 44% privé / natuur - 30% openbaar Grassland - 9% commercieel - 2% bebouwing Town 15% infrastructuur/onbekend 60-70 dB Paard >70 dB vaar Unesco world heritage site schaats Speel hond! Paard eet festival eet Snowplanet klim KIJK! ATB KIJK! Slee ATB Golf course evenement Speel trein atelier Speel Speel Speel outdoor Paard drinkSpeel Resort kano Hotel eet paintbal golf pannenkoek Speel Snack Speel Surf eet Infrastructure Speel Vogel vlieg Kampeer eet Infocentrum Vis Water eet eetvaar golf Speel Naakt Speel Vis Eet fort schaats Speel Fiets! golf Vogel Snack Vis Vis Vogel kerk eet vaar sluis fort terras molen Speel kerk outdoor outdoor groep KIJK! Speel Speel Vis Vis boer golf golf Vogel zeil eet Vis Paard Speel Paard kampeer Speel Speel Speel evenement festival Speel Speel Speel outdoor outdoor vaar fort groep molen Speel kerk boerengolf! eet outdoor Speel fort shop Speel boer eet fort History Noise and busyness Land use 19.000 Information Amusement Oosterbroek 43.000 Quietness Activities 25.000 Houtrak 11.000 Motives for recreation 7.000 4.000 Festivals (2008) p. 29 Spaarnwoude: Observations At my visit to the area I’ve taken photographs of striking objects or surroundings that influence the recreational use of the area. The overall conclusion is clear: Spaarnwoude is solemnly designed for recreation. However, this leads to an interesting paradox: “The more you make an area suited for recreation, the more inappropriate it becomes.” (Coeterier, 2000, p. 219) To me it seemed like there was an overload of information and regulations. Because the use of the area is so clearly defined it becomes annoying. The horse riders have their own sandy track next to the asphalt track for the cyclists. The skaters are warned a number of times for a dangerous decline, the cars are lead straight to their destination, a parking place. The number of routes is overwhelming, every five meters you have to stop to re-orientate. Still, the area functions well for people who want to recreate, it is efficient in reaching its goal. p. 30 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Conclusion The typological analysis, strengthened by the observations, tell the story of Spaarnwoude: designed and developed as a recreational landscape. Because of this, the area functions good on a regional level with a lot of parking places and facilities. By zoning the area into a busy and a natural part, people with various motives can enjoy themselves here. There is, however, no middle course, it is all or nothing. This leads to an overload of paths and facilities. The biggest problem of the area is the accessibility on a local scale, the area is not integrated with the urban context, it is caught within barriers. The effective barriers are not always exploited in a optimal way. * reservation for business fare * skaters attention - dangerous decline! Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 31 4. p. 32 Part II - the in between landscape o Farmer harvesting leek, Brandevoort graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder introduction The division between city and countryside is disappearing in our current network society. An uniform urban system is spread out over the country, linking centralities, both urban and natural. The scarce open space has to stand strong to resist the pressure of urbanisation. The government is trying at hardest to do something against the cluttered areas at the edge of our cities. The ‘rijksbufferzones’ (green buffer zones between cities, that have to be kept free of built program) have been used over 50 years to draw a strict line between urban and rural (Herngreen et al., 2008). But is this a sustainable way to protect the landscape? The discussion on the green buffer zones, as a kind of in-between landscape, and the overall landscape form of the metropolis is rising within the profession. The ministry of VROM proposed in their ‘Randstad 2040’ vision to transform the main function of the green buffer zones from agricultural to recreational (Ministerie van VROM, 2008). However, the solution presented by the ministry isn’t clear. They’ve come up with the term metropolitan park, while no-one knows exactly what this is supposed to be (Woestenburg, 2010). references In areas that aren’t secured as green buffer zones, the cluttering continues. Because most of the in-between landscapes extent over multiple municipalities, there rarely is a common vision. Even when municipalities agree that something should be done, they point to each other to pay for the costs. It’s no coincidence that the in-between areas in the Netherlands are associated with leisure activities. The buffer zones are mostly located next to residential neighbourhoods and are criss-crossed with the main infrastructural networks between the cities. The open landscape offers room for functions that require a good connectivity or that take up a lot of space. The big boxes next to the highway where some people happily spend their afternoon shopping, are cluttering the much appreciated landscape according to others. Instead of a recreational structure that manages the left-over open space in between cities, the leisure facilities are addressed as annoying and inconvenient. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. HERNGREEN, R., SLOOTEN, I. V. & MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2008. 50 jaar Rijksbufferzones; jubileumboek, ‘sGravenhage, VROM. MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2008. Structuurvisie Randstad 2040, naar een duurzame en concurrerende Europese topregio. Den Haag. WOESTENBURG, M. 2010. Het metropolitane park is helemaal geen park. Blauwe Kamer. Wageningen: Stichting lijn in landschap. p. 33 The current metropolitan arrangement of urban nodes and natural voids is the result of an ongoing process, influenced by the spatial planning policy of the Dutch government. (Cammen, 2003) After the explosive growth of the urban area, a strict division between the city and the landscape is no longer practicable. Instead, a homogeneous mixture of suburban spaces bridges the gap between dense urban nodes. The Netherlands contains a number of urban regions which consist of multiple urban nodes, a suburban periphery and remnants of landscape; one of which is the Brainport area. (Ministerie van VROM, 2004) From Buffer Zone to Metropolitan Park To prevent the Dutch landscape from further urbanization the government constructed nine ‘green buffer zones’ fifty years ago. (fig.16, Herngreen et al., 2008) Today the buffer zones still successfully function as green barriers between cities. However, there is renewed interest in the buffer zones because of shifts in the function of the landscape in the current metropolitan context in Holland. The traditional agricultural function of the buffer zones is no longer feasible in the overcrowded Randstad. Farmers are struggling to find successors for their businesses. (Aa et al., 2008) According to the government, now is the time to change the agricultural buffer zones into metropolitan landscape parks for city inhabitants. (fig. 18; Ministerie van VROM, 2008) This will improve the quality of life in the cities and help to solve the ecological tasks emerging from climate change in a sustainable way. It will give the green buffer zones new significance in the Dutch metropolitan landscape and will improve overall competitiveness of the Netherlands globally. (fig. 17) feasible, either from an economical, social or from a sustainable point of view. (Provincie Gelderland et al., 2010) Large recreational areas, like the 935ha. Amsterdamse Bos, were the result of post-war labour provision projects. Research has shown that people no longer greatly value these man-made recreational areas. (Gemeente Amsterdam et al., 2008) Because people have less leisure time but want to experience more, there is a need for ‘natural’ areas with a strong identity. Since one can travel further as a result of increased mobility, the natural areas will have to compete to attract visitors. (Mommaas et al., 2000) Het Landelijk Dagblad • uitgave van de NVTL • verschijnt thematisch • Jaargang 12 • Nummer 1 • 2010 | Literature review | Het Landelijk Dagblad 4a. HET METROPOLITANE PARK: VORMGEVEN AAN DE BUITENRUIMTE TUSSEN STEDEN (fig.17) discussion in the practice (NVTL, 2010) (fig.16) protest to protect the buffer zone (Herngreen et al., 2008) NVTL nederlandse vereniging voor tuin- en landschapsarchitectuur netherlands association for landscape architecture The question is what this metropolitan landscape park should look like and how it ought to function. Turning the landscape into one big traditional city park is not p. 34 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The L and in the City In their thesis Tummers and Tummers-Zuurmond (2000) urge planners and designers to actively design open spaces in metropolitan areas. By analysing thriving urban parks and metropolitan regions the authors have formed a strategy that helps to determine a well proportioned open space that can counteract against the urban pressure. The three-field inversion system that the authors propose consists of three steps: 1. An open space with a permanent status has to be defined, 2. The edge must be predominantly occupied by builtup areas, 3. A special, preferably public, program is peripherally located inside the open space. This three-field inversion formula has effectively been used to plan open green spaces in new-built neighbourhoods, but the authors state that it can also be used to plan city parks and urban agglomerations; the periphery and the public facility have to be scaled up to suit the type of open space. The Belgian researcher H. Leinfelder (2005, 2008) projects this formula onto the Flemish context and links it with theories on the functioning of the open space as a public space, or even as a part of the public domain. He states that the change from an open space to a public space does not mean that it always has to be made accessible by adding paths. By creating public space on the edges or implementing a public program peripheral inside the open space the people passing by can get in touch with the parochial users of the open space. Parochial space is public space that is clearly claimed by a specific group of users. (Lofland, 1998) The strategy of linking flow spaces (meant for mobility, movement) to meeting places (where people can stay and rest) and creating a public domain by strengthening the cultural heterogeneity by combining parochial spaces of subcultures, was already proposed for the urban context. (e.g. Hajer et al., 2001, van der Wouden, 2002) The projection of this strategy onto the open spaces outside the city delivers a new tool to improve the meaning of the open landscape for the urban inhabitant. Leinfelder (2008) argues that the three-field inversion formula is a good tool to improve the public value of the open space. ZES references AA, B. V. D., BERKERS, R. & BOODE, S. 2008. Toekomstige recreatievraag in rijksbufferzones, behoefteraming van de grootstedelijke bevolking. Den Haag: Stichting Recreatie, Kennis- en Innovatiecentrum. CAMMEN, H. V. D. 2003. Ruimtelijke ordening van grachtengordel tot Vinex-wijk door Hans van der Cammen en Len de Klerk, Utrecht, Spectrum. GEMEENTE AMSTERDAM, SMEETS, H. & GEDDET, J. 2008. Het grote groenonderzoek 2008. In: AMSTERDAM, D. R. O. (ed.). Amsterdam. HAJER, M., REIJNDORP, A. & BRINKMAN, E. 2001. In search of new public domain analysis and strategy, Rotterdam, NAi Publishers. HERNGREEN, R., SLOOTEN, I. V. & MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2008. 50 jaar Rijksbufferzones; jubileumboek, ‘sGravenhage, VROM. LEINFELDER, H. 2005. “op een eenzaam veld zult ge een rund tegenkomen...”; Naar een alternatieve ruimtelijk-conceptuele benadering van het buitengebied in vertedelijkend Vlaanderen. S.i.: S.n. LEINFELDER, H. 2008. Binnenste buiten Over open ruimte als publieke ruimte in een verstedelijkende (vlaamse) ruimtelijke context. LOFLAND, L. 1998. The public realm: exploring the city’s quintessential social territory, Aldine de Gruyter. MINISTERIE VAN VROM 2004. Nota ruimte, ‘sGravenhage, Sdu Uitgevers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers. NVTL 2010. Het metropolitane park: vomgeven aan de buitenruimte tussen steden. Het landelijk dagblad, 12. PROVINCIE GELDERLAND, DHV & SAB 2010. Park Lingezegen; intergemeentelijke structuurvisie. TUMMERS, L. J. M. & TUMMERS-ZUURMOND, J. M. 2000. Het land in de stad de stedebouw van de grote agglomeratie, Bussum, Thoth. (fig.18) Metropolitan landscape parks in the Randstad in 2040 VAN DER WOUDEN, R. 2002. Meervoudig ruimtegebruik als culturele opgave : ontwikkelingen in de openbare ruimte. Nova terra : kwartaaluitgave over meervoudig ruimtegebruik, 2, 35-39. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 35 4B. | The Contemporary | ‘Large’ City Park references Currently a number of large parks are under construction in the Netherlands and foreign metropolitan areas. A quick view of these designs will give an insight into how the buffer zones can improve the quality of life for citizens and the ecological function of the natural landscape. (a selection is shown in fig.19) From this brief overview of designs for large contemporary parks, it can be concluded that the term ‘large parks’ can be used to indicate city parks, but also to specify a regional plan. In general, a large city park is at least 300 hectares big, resembling the archetype of metropolitan parks, New Yorks Central Park. The maximum size for a city park that can be perceived as one unity is approximately 1000 hectares; the Amsterdamse bos is a good Dutch example, measuring 935ha. The design for park Lingezegen, a contemporary green buffer zone between Arnhem and Nijmegen, shows that it is not workable to treat a buffer zone as a single (traditional) urban park. (Provincie Gelderland et al., 2010) Instead, the designers have divided the area into a number of sections, which are all treated differently. Some areas are developed as traditional city parks while others are being altered to make room for ecological or agricultural needs. (Feddes / Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, 2007, Veenenbos en Bosch Landschapsarchitecten, 2010) The designers have tried to link the fragments by imposing continuous recreational routes and by developing a guidebook that prescribes one style for all interventions; such as bridges, benches and signposts. The regional plan for the Emscher park uses the same strategy, connecting separate landscape or urban parks (like Duisburg Nord and CentrO) by introducing a consistent bicycle network and marketing strategy. (Regionalverband Ruhr, 2010, Sack, 1999) p. 36 Within the regional plans there is still room for a large city park. But even these large parks are no longer feasible or manageable in the crowded Dutch context with its high land prices. (Hendriks, 2010b) By constructing a basic spatial framework in which private investors can cooperate, a large park can still be built, but with a minimum of public expenses. The basic framework ought to be strong enough to capture all the separate facilities in one park. This is where the skilfulness of the designer and the consistency of the manager are tested. A strong border with clear entrances to the park, like executed in the Leidsche Rijn park (Hendriks, 2010a), or a consistent use of the same materials, like executed in Park Lingezegen (LandLab, 2010), are good examples of a spatial framework. The creation of clear entrance points is a starting point from which the interventions to create a park can be planned. As the supervisor of Park Lingezegen states: “just by putting up a sign that says ‘welcome to Park Lingezegen’, you have created a park.” (NVTL, 2010, p.30) These ‘quick wins’ will help to bring the park into the daily system of the users. Once people are familiar with the park, they are more likely to visit it, or even to contribute to the construction of it. The creation of new city parks and regional plans will help to increase the quality of life for inhabitants and the ecological and economical functioning of the landscape. The downside, however, is that these new parks are being constructed in the left-over spaces of our urban conglomerations. The position of Park 21 is determined by the noise hinder of the airplanes from the national airfield of Schiphol (Hendriks, 2010b); the regional plan for park Lingezegen consists of a number of fragments, separated by infrastructure and urban expansion program. The green buffer zone does not shape the urban body, but the urban body shapes the buffer zone. FEDDES / OLTHOF LANDSCHAPSARCHITECTEN 2007. Plantoelichting de Woerdt; deelgebied van park Lingezegen. Utrecht: DLG. HENDRIKS, M. 2010a. Een megapark voor Leidsche Rijn. Blauwe Kamer Landschapsarchitectuur en stede- bouw, 9. HENDRIKS, M. 2010b. Van wie is de stadsrand? Blauwe Kamer Landschapsarchitectuur en Stedenbouw, 4, 11. LANDLAB 2010. Parkstijl voor Park Lingezegen. NVTL 2010. Het metropolitane park: vomgeven aan de buitenruimte tussen steden. Het landelijk dagblad, 12. REGIONALVERBAND RUHR. 2010. Route der Industriekultur [Online]. [Accessed 21 nov 2010]. SACK, M. 1999. Siebzig Kilometer Hoffnung Die IBA Emscher-Park, Erneuerung eines Industriegebiets von Manfred Sack, Stuttgart, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. VEENENBOS EN BOSCH LANDSCHAPSARCHITECTEN 2010. Schetsontwerp Recreatiestrip Waterrijk Park lingezegen. Arnhem: DLG. preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder (fig.19) a selection of ‘large parks’ - designs of Park Leidsche Rijn and Park Lingezegen 3. Figuur 1a. De plankaart van het ‘streefbeeld 2025’ voor Park Lingezegen. Bron: Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen / Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, 2008. the theory - large parks Figuur 1b. De plankaart van de ‘basisuitrusting’ van Park Lingezegen. Bron: Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen / Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, 2008. De Park Het Waterrijk 1 De gemeente Nijmegen is in de aanloop van het planproces betrokken geweest, maar inmiddels niet meer als initiatiefnemer betrokken. De vijf genoemde partijen vormen later dit jaar het Openbaar Lichaam Park Lingezegen dat Leidsche Rijn Park Central Park Amsterdamse Bos Het Landbouwland verantwoordelijk is voor het tot stand komen van het park. Ook zijn het Staatsbosbeheer en de Dienst De Buitens Landelijk Gebied bij de uitvoering en het beheer van het park betrokken. Een deel van de realisatie van het Park verloopt via de ruilverkaveling Over Betuwe-Oost. Toekomstvisie Park Lingezegen, afbeelding veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009 PARK LINGEZEGEN: ONTWERPEN AAN DE UITVOERING De Woerdt Het plangebied van Park Lingezegen ligt middenin de stadsregio Arnhem-Nijmegen; een gebied dat zich sinds de jaren vijftig kenmerkt door een snelle en intensieve verstedelijking. Het is een onregelmatig gevormd areaal van vijftienhonderd hectare nog resterend landelijk gebied dat door de overheid is aangewezen als Rijksbufferzone. De opgave voor Park Lingezegen ligt in het open houden van het gebied om ontwikkelingsruimte te bieden voor recreatie, landbouw, natuur en water. Met de aanleg van het park worden die doelstellingen gerealiseerd. 29 > Het park is een initiatief van de provincie Gelderland, de gemeenten Lingewaard, Overbetuwe en Arnhem en het Waterschap Rivierenland1. Deze partijen sloten in 2008 een bestuursovereenkomst voor de aanleg van Park Lingezegen. Daarbij zijn het masterplan voor het park, een uitvoeringsagenda en een beeldplan vastgesteld. Met deze plandocumenten zijn de inhoudelijke uitgangspunten en de ontwikkelingsrichting voor het park vastgelegd. Tussen masterplan en uitvoering in het veld ligt een lange weg. Er moeten gronden worden verworven, de planologische kaders moeten worden aangepast, de belangen van een groot aantal ondernemers en bewoners moeten worden afgewogen en talloze onderdelen van het plan vragen om nadere uitwerking. Eén van de belangrijkste vraagstukken daarbij is hoe aan de inhoudelijke ambities van het masterplan vast te houden. Dit artikel doet verslag van de recente plan- en ontwerphistorie van Park Lingezegen. Door een pro-actieve en intensieve inzet van (landschaps)ontwerpers wordt geprobeerd de kwaliteitsambities uit het masterplan in het complexe Park Lingezegen 4 deelgebieden, 4 ontwerpen 1 huisstijl Park Lingezegen 3. Realm of Dommel and Aa Spaarnwoude 28 p. 26/100 3. the theory - large parks besluitvormingsproces overeind te houden en uitwerking te geven. MASTERPLAN Het masterplan voor Park Lingezegen bestaat uit twee samenhangende delen: een streefbeeld van het park voor 2025 (figuur 1a) en een plankaart voor wat ‘de basisuitrusting’ is genoemd (figuur 1b). Het masterplan is opgesteld door Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, onder verantwoordelijkheid van de Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen (2008). Het streefbeeld geeft aan hoe het park er rond 2025 uit kan zien. Uitgangspunt bij het ontwerp is de diversiteit van het Betuwse landschap. Op grond van bestaande verschillen zijn vijf deelgebieden te onderscheiden, ieder met een eigen karakter. De Linge en de belangrijkste waterlopen (hier zegen geheten, vandaar de naam Park Lingezegen) vormen, samen met andere doorgaande structuren zoals recreatiepaden, lanen, bossen en wetlands, het verbindende raamwerk van het plan. De basisuitrusting omvat het publieke deel van het park dat door de gezamenlijke overheden wordt aangelegd. Het gaat in grote lijnen om de aanleg van recreatiepaden, lanen en wegbeplantingen en om projecten die te maken hebben met de uitvoering van de ecologische en waterhuishoudkundige doelstellingen (ecologische verbindingszone, wetlands, waterberging). In de bestuursovereenkomst is vastgelegd dat het grootste deel daarvan, driehonderdtachtig hectare, in 2013 is uitgevoerd. Voor de aanleg van deze basisuitrusting is geld beschikbaar gesteld. PUBLIEK EN PRIVAAT Beide onderdelen van het plan, streefbeeld en basisuitrusting, weerspiegelen dat de aanleg van het park afhankelijk is van de inspanningen van publieke en private partijen. De basisuitrusting wordt gerealiseerd door de gezamenlijke overheden. Daarnaast zijn er onderdelen van het park, zoals intensieve recreatieve voorzieningen en nieuwe landgoederen, die afhankelijk zijn van private initiatieven. Bedrijfsleven, particulieren en investeerders zijn gevraagd om met initiatieven te komen. Er wordt > Het Landelijk Dagblad P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure the theory - large parks Park Leidsche Rijn intensieve kern, extensief lint DuiDelijke grenzen Wildernis Beeld: overal gelijk én veel afwisseling Beheer: weinig aan doen Aanlegkosten: goedkoop Grote eenheden Mozaïek Beeld: Beeld: forse brokken verwant aan ‘De Park’ Beheer: Beheer: meest manipuleerbaar moerasFiguur minder subtiel 3b. Een impressie van de recreatiestrip -boulevard- Aanlegkosten: Aanlegkosten: aan de oostoever van de Rijkerswoerdse Plassen in Waterrijk duurder duurst (veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten en UrbanXchange, 2010). Figuur 3a. De drie modellen voor de ontwikkeling van nieuwe natuur in het Waterrijk (veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009). UITWERKING MASTERPLAN Het masterplan is een belangrijke mijlpaal voor de realisatie van Park Lingezegen. Maar voordat kan worden overgegaan op het daadwerkelijk aanleggen van het park zijn formele procedures noodzakelijk (de planologische nieuwbouw): er is een milieueffectrapport (MER) opgesteld, er ligt een intergemeentelijke structuurvisie en er wordt gewerkt aan nieuwe bestemmingsplannen. Om die voor de uitvoering noodzakelijke stappen inhoudelijk goed te richten - en daarmee de kwaliteitsambities te waarborgen - is de basisuitrusting van het masterplan in een serie gerichte ontwerpstudies nader uitgewerkt. Dat gebeurt onder inhoudelijke begeleiding van de supervisor van Park Lingezegen. DOORONTWERPEN AAN PARK LINGEZEGEN In de periode tussen het vastleggen van de bestuursovereenkomst en de start van de formele planologische procedures (MER, structuurvisie, bestemmingsplannen) is besloten het masterplan inhoudelijk verder uit te werken. Er zijn daarvoor vier ontwerpteams aan het werk gezet voor het ‘doorontwerpen’ van het plan voor de deelgebieden De Park, Waterrijk, Landbouwland/De Buitens en De Woerdt 2. De opdracht daarbij was het nader uitwerken van de basisuitrusting van het plan. Dat heeft geresulteerd in vier ontwerpen voor de deelgebieden die hieronder worden toegelicht. p. 25/100 P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. DE PARK Het deelgebied De Park (Abe Veenstra; figuur 2a) zal worden ontwikkeld als het meest parkachtige deel van Park Lingezegen. Het is een parkdeel dat relatief dichtbij bestaande en nog te ontwikkelen woongebieden ligt. Als min of meer traditioneel stadspark is het vooral bedoeld voor aan- en omwonenden. De naam is ontleend aan het voormalige kasteel De Park, waarvan de contouren nog resteren in de verkaveling en een aantal beplantingselementen. In het doorontwerp zijn de drie hoofdelementen uit het masterplan nader vormgegeven. Het gaat om: p. 27/100 • De voormalige kasteelplaats (figuur 2b). Deze is als een - in eerste instantie - open terrein vormgegeven, door zware beplantingen omgeven en op de omgeving aangesloten door middel van lanen in vier richtingen. • Het Romeinse lint (figuur 2c). In het masterplan wordt uitgegaan van een ecologische en recreatieve structuur diagonaal door het gebied bestaande uit water, ecologische oevers, paden en begraasd grasland, met aangrenzende (boom)weiden en bosblokken. Deze waterlijn verwijst - in gestileerde vorm naar één van de voormalige stroomruggen van de Rijn uit de Romeinse periode. • Het landschapsmozaïek. De rest van het deelgebied bestaat uit het typerende Betuwse patroon van landbouwpercelen, bosblokken, boomgaarden en wegen. Een deel behoort tot het grondgebied van de golfbaan. De ontwerpopgave daarbij is een invulling te vinden die recht doet aan het Betuwse landschap. van de waterrecreatie. Toekomstvisie Park Lingezegen, afbeelding veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009 Veenenbos en Bosch landschapsarchitecten hebben drie modellen gepresenteerd voor het ontwikkelen van die natuurdoelen. De drie (wildernis – grote eenheden – mozaïek; figuur 3a) variëren in mate van ingrijpen (weinig of veel vergraven), in het ruimtelijk patroon van de habitats (spreiding en omvang van de riet- en Figuur 4. De uitwerking van de basisuitrusting in Landbouwland en de Buitens (Dienst Landelijk Gebied, 2009). bosgebieden) en het beheer (intensiteit waterbeheer en begrazing). Ook voor de recreatieve invulling van de Het plangebied van Park Lingezegen ligt middenin de stadsregio Arnhem-Nijmegen; een gebied dat zich oevers van de Rijkerswoerdse plassen zijn drie modellen bebouwing die past in het beoogde landgoedkarakter. EEN BLIK VOORUIT: VELDREALISATIE > • Het noordelijke lint wordt als recreatieroute in com- sinds de jaren vijftig kenmerkt door een snelle en intensieve verstedelijking. Het is een onregelmatig ontwikkeld. PARK LINGEZEGEN: ONTWERPEN AAN DE UITVOERING Aan de zuidzijde vormt de bestaande situatie een uitsteHet realiseren van een park met de omvang, ambities en gevormd areaal van vijftienhonderd hectare nog resterend landelijk gebied dat door de overheid is kend uitgangspunt voor de gewenste nieuwe situatie. de context als Lingezegen is een complexe opgave door aangewezen als Rijksbufferzone. De opgave voor Park Lingezegen ligt in het open houden van het gebied Met een beperkt aantal middelen, zoals herstel van een de intensiteit en omvang van de noodzakelijke overlegom ontwikkelingsruimte te bieden voor recreatie, landbouw, natuur en water. Met de aanleg van het park kwelkade, het openstellen van paden en de aanleg van circuits en besluitvormingsprocedures. Daarmee is het worden die doelstellingen gerealiseerd. typisch een park van de eenentwintigste eeuw. Het waarlaanbeplantingen, kunnen de parkdoelstellingen worden borgen van de inhoudelijke ambities uit het masterplan bereikt. Een deel daarvan is inmiddels gerealiseerd (één is daarbij niet altijd even gemakkelijk. Essentieel daarvan de ‘quick-wins’ van het park). bij is om op de juiste momenten en op het juiste abstracpark dat door de gezamenlijke overheden wordt aangebesluitvormingsproces overeind te houden en uitwerking Het park is een initiatief van de provincie Gelderland, In het masterplan en de uitwerking voor De Woerdt DOORWERKING VAN DE DOORONTWERPEN tieniveau met concrete uitwerkingen van die ambities te legd. Het gaat in grote lijnen om de aanleg van recreate geven. de gemeenten Lingewaard, Overbetuwe en Arnhem en stellen Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten voor dit Met de doorontwerpen zijn de inhoudelijk ambities en komen. intensieve recreatiestrip aan de oostoever (figuur 3b). tiepaden, lanen en wegbeplantingen en om projecten die het Waterschap Rivierenland1. Deze partijen sloten in doelen van het masterplan uitgewerkt en waar nodig Bij het uitwerken van het masterplan Park Lingezegen parkdeel te ontwikkelen als stadslandgoed. In het doorte maken hebben met de uitvoering van de ecologische MASTERPLAN 2008 een bestuursovereenkomst voor de aanleg van concreter gemaakt. Deze nadere inhoudelijke vertaalin het MER en de structuurvisie en bestemmingsplannen ontwerp is die ambitie uitgewerkt, waarbij in het gebied en waterhuishoudkundige doelstellingen (ecologische Het masterplan voor Park Lingezegen bestaat uit twee Park Lingezegen. Daarbij zijn het masterplan voor LANDBOUWLAND slag van het masterplan was precies gereed bij de start zijn wat dit betreft positieve ervaringen opgedaan met boselementen en lanen zijn geprojecteerd, afgewisseld verbindingszone, wetlands, waterberging). In de besamenhangende delen: een streefbeeld van het park voor het park, een uitvoeringsagenda en een beeldplan vastvan het werk aan de ‘planologische nieuwbouw’. Dat een expliciete, specifieke en pro-actieve inzet van het met weilanden, akkers en boomgaarden (figuur 5). In de uitwerking van het masterplan voor het Land2025 (figuur 1a) en een plankaart voor wat ‘de basisuitgesteld. Met deze plandocumenten zijn de inhoudelijke stuursovereenkomst is vastgelegd dat het grootste deel ontwerp en de ontwerpers. Via de door de provincie Samen geven raamwerk met een statige allure, was ook de opzet: met de resultaten van het masterplan bouwland en de Buitens, doordeze de een Dienst Landelijk rusting’ is genoemd (figuur 1b). Het masterplan is opgeuitgangspunten en de ontwikkelingsrichting voor het daarvan, driehonderdtachtig hectare, in 2013 is uitgeingerichte projectorganisatie, met de supervisor op waarbinnen ruimte is voor landbouwgebruik en woonen de doorontwerpen is inhoudelijk richting gegeven aan Gebied, staat het agrarische cultuurlandschap centraal. steld door Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, onder park vastgelegd. voerd. Voor de aanleg van deze basisuitrusting is geld bestuurlijk niveau en de procesmanager van de Dienst functies. De waterloop die het gebied in noord-zuid de MER-varianten en de toetsing daarvan. De belangTussen masterplan en uitvoering in het veld ligt een beschikbaar gesteld. verantwoordelijkheid van de Stuurgroep Park LingezeHet doel is de openheid de landbouwgronden Landelijk Gebied op ambtelijk niveau als inhoudelijk richting van doorsnijdt, de Bemmelse zeeg,in vormt de kern rijkste beslispunten en daarbij behorende opties, oplosgen (2008). Het streefbeeld geeft aan hoe het park er lange weg. Er moeten gronden worden verworven, de de laagste gebiedsdelen, de kommen, te versterken van de ecologische verbindingszone singsrichtingen of argumenten zijn in de ontwerpstudies geweten, hebben de ontwerpproducten sturing gegeven in diten deelgebied. PUBLIEK EN PRIVAAT rond 2025 uit kan zien. Uitgangspunt bij het ontwerp is planologische kaders moeten worden aangepast, de terug te vinden. Met de uitkomsten van het MER is aan het proces van de ‘planologische nieuwbouw’. In het plan is ook voorzien in een strategie om bedeze bruikbaar en beleefbaar te maken en houden. VanBeide onderdelen van het plan, streefbeeld en basisuitde diversiteit van het Betuwse landschap. Op grond van belangen van een groot aantal ondernemers en bewoners daarmee tegelijkertijd de inhoudelijke basis gelegd en de Er is voor gekozen bij de realisatie in het veld, waarglastuinbouw om te zetten. Op bepaalde plekken uit het gebied zijnstaande de (ver)gezichten op de stuwwallen rusting, weerspiegelen dat de aanleg van het park afbestaande verschillen zijn vijf deelgebieden te ondermoeten worden afgewogen en talloze onderdelen van het koers vastgesteld voor het opstellen van de structuurvisie bij definitieve ontwerpen, bestekken en werkelijke uitwordt, mede ten behoeve van de financiering van de hankelijk is van de inspanningen van publieke en private scheiden, ieder met een eigen karakter. De Linge en de plan vragen om nadere uitwerking. Eén van de belangvan Arnhem en Nijmegen van belang. Bij het agrarisch en de nog formeel vast te stellen bestemmingsplannen voering door aannemers aan de orde is, inhoudelijk en afbouw van de glastuinbouw, gedacht aan nieuwe woonpartijen. De basisuitrusting wordt gerealiseerd door de belangrijkste waterlopen (hier zegen geheten, vandaar rijkste vraagstukken daarbij is hoe aan de inhoudelijke cultuurlandschap horen ook de linten op de voormalige gezamenlijke overheden. Daarnaast zijn er onderdelen de naam Park Lingezegen) vormen, samen met andere ambities van het masterplan vast te houden. Dit artikel stroomruggen; de plekken waar van oudsher erven, 32 Het Landelijk Dagblad doet verslag van de recente plan- en ontwerphistorie van het park, zoals intensieve recreatieve voorzieningen doorgaande structuren zoals recreatiepaden, lanen, beplante lanen en boomgaarden zijn aangelegd. en nieuwe landgoederen, die afhankelijk zijn van private bossen en wetlands, het verbindende raamwerk van van Park Lingezegen. Door een pro-actieve en intensieve Het masterplan zet in op het herstel van die linten, Figuur 6:(landschaps)ontwerpers Plaatsing van de eerste brug in parkstijl in deelgebied initiatieven. Bedrijfsleven, particulieren en investeerders het plan. inzet van wordt geprobeerd de zijn gevraagd om met initiatieven te komen. Er wordt > De basisuitrusting omvat het publieke deel van het kwaliteitsambities masterplan in het complexe met bijbehorende beplanting. De Park (één vanuitdehet quick-wins) binatie met bestemmingsverkeer ontwikkeld en mar- Het doorontwerp voor Waterrijk heeft stroomrug duidelijk en komgronden. keert de overgang tussen lint heeft eennog meer utilitair karakter. • Het zuidelijke gemaakt dat de ruimte in het masterplan zodanig De weg is de verbinding tussen de dorpen Bemmel en was, dat nadere besluiten over recreatie en natuur nodig Elst. Een vrijliggend fietspad is in het plan opgenowaren. Een aanvullende ontwerpverkenning, voor de men, omdat dit ook een belangrijke schoolroute is. recreatiestrip en de oevers van de plassen, was noodDE WOERDT zakelijk. Deze heeft - in het MER en de structuurvisie > geleid tot een keuze voor het ontwikkelen van een WATERRIJK Bij de uitwerking van Waterrijk, door Veenenbos en Bosch Landschapsarchitecten, gaat het om uitbreiding van waterrecreatie, het aanleggen van wetlands en de realisatie van waterberging. Met de wetlands wordt een belangrijk deel van de ecologische opgave voor het park ingevuld. Het gaat daarbij vooral om de ontwikkeling van rietmoerassen en bossen conform Model Rietzanger en IJsvogelvlinder in het kader van de ontwikkeling van nieuwe natuur, waarvoor aanzienlijke ingrepen (grondverzet, waterhuishouding) noodzakelijk zijn. Extensieve vormen van recreatief medegebruik dienen zich daarbij naar de natuurontwikkelingsplannen te voegen. Het doorontwerp (figuur 4) komt tot de volgende Bij de recreatie gaat het erom hoe het reeds bestaande uitwerkingen: recreatiegebied de Rijkerswoerdse Plassen, een strand28 Het Landelijk Dagblad en wandelgebied met enige voorzieningen, verder te • Voor het beoogde recreatieve gebruik en de daarbij Figuur 2a. Het doorontwerp voor deelgebied De Park (Abe Veenstra Landschapsarchitect, 2009) 5. De uitwerking van het ‘stadslandgoed’behorende De Woerdtrustige (Feddes/Olthof Landschapsarchitecten, sfeer is het een voorwaarde het 2009). ontwikkelen. Om deFiguur keuzemogelijkheden binnen P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing gebied verkeersluw te maken. Het sluipverkeer kan masterplan nader aan te geven zijn in de ontwerpstudie worden geweerd door afsluiting van de oprit van de modellen uitgewerkt. De modellen gaan in op de uitwerking van de natuurontwikkeling en op de locatie A325 in het gebied. > bij het beoordelen van de private initiatieven en bij de Bronnen: procesmatig voort te gaan op die lijn. Zo zijn weer verdere inrichting en het beheer van het park. nieuwe ontwerpstudies uitgezet, waarbij gekozen is Het Landelijk Dagblad 31 Stuurgroep Park Lingezegen / Feddes/Olthof Landvoor continuïteit door ontwerpers uit de eerdere fasen LINGEZEGEN KRIJGT AL VORM schapsarchitecten, 2008. Masterplan Park Lingezegen. te blijven betrekken. Onder leiding van de ontwerpers De eerste nieuwe elementen van Park Lingezegen zijn wordt gewerkt aan definitieve planvoorstellen voor uitgevoerd, nog klein en bescheiden, maar het park bijvoorbeeld de Kasteelplaats en het Romeinse lint in Abe Veenstra Landschapsarchitect, 2009. De Park; gewerkt aan spelregels waarmee de overheden beoorde> De Park en voor de linten in het Landbouwland. Bij het uitwerking van het masterplan Park Lingezegen. komt langzaam maar zeker tot leven. De eerste stappen len of dienodig initiatieven Waterrijk is gebleken dat een nadere verkenning zijn binnen ook doorde deplannen gebruikerspassen. gezet (figuur 6). Het is een is van de uitwerking van ecologische opgaven. veenenbos en bosch landschapsarchitecten, 2009. grote uitdaging die koers vast te houden. Aan de ene Uitwerking Waterrijk Park Lingezegen. PARKIDENTITEITkant - waar dat al mogelijk is - direct elementen van het park aanleggen en het zo betekenis geven voor de RUIMTELIJK KWALITEITSKADER with leisure p. 37 4C. How to Revise | the Landscape In Between | The Dutch buffer zones face multiple difficult tasks. On the one hand, the open spaces have an important task in fulfilling the ecological duty that our generation faces. In addition to that there is an equally important task of protecting the precious Dutch cultural landscape, the product of ongoing transformation. These tasks have to be combined in some way to meet the current urban demands for open and public green spaces (i.e. to improve the quality of life for its inhabitants (Ministerie van LNV, 2009)). If the buffer zones have an inevitable importance for the city, they can withstand the constant pressure of urbanization. In addition, changes in the field of recreation and leisure industries also place claims on the open space in the metropolitan areas. (Metz, 2002, Mommaas et al., 2000) The multiple tasks that the buffer zones face can be solved by using multiple basic landscape architectonical types of open green space. These types, or ‘buildingblocks’, are: || (natural and cultural) landscape || landscape park || city park || recreational area (fig.20) The building-block ‘landscape’ resembles the natural and cultural layer of the Dutch landscape. (Bobbink, 2009) The functional aspect of the landscape, as an agricultural or ecological system, is dominant, the public space is formed by the utilitarian network. The central part of Midden-Delfland is a good example of this type. In a ‘landscape park’ the functional aspect is framed in an architectural composition to become part of a open public green space. Economical, ecological and social p. 38 demands are levelled out. In Park Lingezegen this type is often used to preserve the orchards, while creating room for people at leisure. Once the social aspect becomes the dominant facet, the public space meets the typology of the building-block ‘city park’. Here the demands of the public domain are met; this is a democratic open space where the urban inhabitants can experience freedom. (Sorkin, 1992) The natural and cultural layers have been altered by an architectural intervention to meet the demands of the urban layer. This type is often located on the urban periphery, like the Amsterdamse bos. If this democratic open space is restricted by specific programming of the open space or by limited accessibility, it becomes an explicit parochial space. ‘Recreational areas’, like a golf course, a zoo or a theme park, form appropriate parochial spaces within the open green areas in a metropolitan context. As long as such enclaves are developed in the right proportion to the scale of the open green space they form a welcome addition. (Metz, 2002) For the development of the Dutch buffer zones it is important that each of these four building-blocks will be situated, scaled and detailed to such an extent that it fits the situation of the buffer zone. From the typological analysis it can be concluded that Spaarnwoude is most suitable as landscape with recreational areas. This is because of the good accessibility by car and the poor connectivity with the urban tissue. Midden-Delfland also has a large area which can be characterised as the buildingblock landscape, but the edges are developed into a park-like structure to meet the recreational demands of the surrounding neighbourhoods. The division between the ‘building-blocks’ is not strict, there is a gradual change from one to the other. The park-like periphery of Midden-Delfland does not always function as a landscape park, while it also is no true city park. Park Lingezegen does not have a large share of landscape, the area is too narrow and too much scattered by infrastructural lines. By turning the remaining natural and cultural identities into a landscape park, they are being preserved. Each of the ‘building-blocks’ have their own properties and conditions. Before designing a new recreational landscape park in a green buffer zone, one must first consider which of the basic landscape architectonical open green types fits where. What is the potential of the subareas, how can it best be used? By taking this step first, the valuable ground is used in the most optimal way. Combined with the functional recreational interventions this determines the success of an in-between landscape. references BOBBINK, I. 2009. Land InSight a landscape architectonic investigationof locus, Amsterdam, SUN. METZ, T. 2002. Pret! Leisure en landschap, Rotterdam, NAi Uitgevers. MINISTERIE VAN LNV 2009. de waarde van groen. Nieuwkoop: ecodrukkers. MOMMAAS, H., HEUVEL, M. V. D. & KNULST, W. 2000. De vrijetijdsindustrie in stad en land een studie naar de markt van belevenissen, Den Haag, Sdu Uitgevers. SORKIN, M. 1992. Variations on a theme park; the new American city and the end of public space, New York, Noonday. preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder (fig.20) overview of landscape architectonical open green types - collage by author 3. 3. the theory - basic open green types the theory - basic open green types het landschap p. 29/100 3. P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure het landschap landschapspark p. 30/100 3. the theory - basic open green types P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure the theory - basic open green types het pretpark landschap p. 31/100 P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 32/100 P 4 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure p. 39 5. p. 40 Case study: Brainport - analysis o Recreational bicycle network at Urkhoven, Eindhoven graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder introduction As explained in the introduction, the situation in my former living environment was one of the fascinations that lead me to my graduation topic. Let me introduce Brainport and why it is a good test case for this graduation project. Five years ago Brainport didn’t exist. Eindhoven was the main urban node in the south-east corner of Brabant, Helmond was the other one. In between these two cities, a number of former rural villages became the living environment of commuters working in the main cities. Slowly a regional urban network began to grow, forming one agglomeration. The SRE (samenwerkingsverband Regio Eindhoven) was founded, an intermunicipal co-operative union in which municipalities co-operate in order to promote common interests. The main goal was to present the agglomeration as one region, one identity. Because the region has a large number of knowledge based companies and industries, ‘brainport’ became that new identity (Urban-Affairs and VHP, 2006). The national government acknowledged the position of brainport next to the harbour of Rotterdam and Schiphol airport (Ministerie van VROM, 2004). Over the years, the green core of Brainport became fragmented, torn between different visions. The natural structures are crossed in east-west direction by the infrastructural lines between Eindhoven and Helmond. To follow the brooks or the forest band from north to south is difficult, you have to cross the canal, the railway track and a highway. A business area was placed, separating the stream valley and the forest area. The recreational facilities that are located in the project area are ‘gated landscapes’ like a golf course, a holiday park and a zoo. The route network that covers the area is dense, but doesn’t create a direct and high quality link between recreational facilities. The SRE has been occupied with the Realm of Dommel and Aa since 2005. In the regional structure plan there was already an indication for a landscape development plan on a part of the project location. In 2006 the publication of the ‘brilliant landscape’ (het geniale landschap) elaborated the spatial potential of the forming of a knowledge based economy. This study was based on case study research of other known knowledge based regions. Some of the conclusions of this study are incorporated into the ‘spatial program Brainport’ and the MIRT exploration. The MIRT is an instrument from the national government to combine infrastructural tasks with spatial quality. In the Brainport region there is a need for a new road around the cities. (to complete the ‘diamond’) The central area of the region is in all these plans the quiet buffer between the cities, a counterbalance to the high dense developments in the city centres and along the national highway A2. This starting point is linked to the wishes of the ‘international knowledge worker’, who seeks a high urban service level combined with a rural living climate. The ‘vision for the central area’ (wensbeeld middengebied) was the formal starting point to start thinking about the central area. This document is accepted by all municipalities involved. A competition was held to find a name for this central area: ‘the realm of Dommel and Aa’. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. At the moment the SRE is working together with the municipalities to create a formal structure plan that will set the rules for the development of this new regional park. Now that the municipalities in the region operate as one, spatial problems can be dealt with according to a regional vision. Although there already are some recreational facilities available, the central area doesn’t function as a metropolitan park for the whole region. Naming the central area the ‘realm of Dommel and Aa’ is a first step (ANP, 2010). In my vision, this area is a great example of a in between landscape that can be revised based on its recreational potential for the whole urban agglomeration. This way the project area can contribute to the quality of life and thus the competitiveness of Brainport. p. 41 5A. | spatial analysis | The design area is the central part of the whole project area. Here the potential for recreational use is highest, the urban program has left its mark on the landscape. The north and south zones are suited for a more extensive form of recreation. L andscape Composition The natural background of the Brainport region is formed by a number of stream valleys, running from south to north. They are separated by a stroke of higher rough grounds, covered with heat lands or sandy dunes. In between the stream valleys and the higher ground there are fertile meadows and wetlands, with characteristic marshy land. The fertile stream valleys are transformed to be suited for agricultural use. The sandy waste lands are cultivated by planting large plots of forests. Settlements arose along the streams (Eindhoven along the Dommel, Helmond along the Aa) or on the safe higher ground (Mierlo, Nuenen, Stiphout). Some wetlands could not be transformed and remain untouched. The wetlands around the Dommel and to the south of Helmond are still present. The stream the Aa has been straightened to make way for large scale agricultural land use. Because of this the area is much opener than the valley of the Dommel, where rows of trees and boscages create an ever changing view. The agricultural settlements are characterised by open fields, separated by a row of trees. Often the settlement can be seen from the fields, and vice versa. The cultivated sandy grounds now consist out of straight sand paths running through a dense pine forest. In some parts of the forest a patch of heat land or a mere can be found, creating an open place. Nature organizations are busy to bring back some of these original heat lands and sand dunes. p. 42 natural layer cultural layer graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder stream valley forest area spatial structure and pictoral lay-out agricultural lands Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 43 Urban network Between the agricultural settlements a network of roads is laid out. These lines are still recognisable today, some of them still function as the main infrastructural lines. In the 19th century the main cities are connected by a railway line and a canal. After the second world war the number of inhabitants of the region grew. Based on the provincial ‘prosperity plan’ (fig.21) each parish had to be self sufficient, people had to be able to live and work in their own community. This meant that each town grew individually. Today, the last shift of urban extension plans is being built, taking over former agricultural settlements. In the core of the area the industrial area of Eeneind is being extended into the valley of the Dommel. The infrastructure has intensified. A highway between Eindhoven and Helmond crosses the area, some old lines are upgraded into a regional system connecting the villages. Sometimes these line form the barrier between the city and the landscape, sometimes the landscape is fenced by a row of expensive villas. A remainder of the urban influence in the landscape is the hill of the former waste dump called ‘Gulbergen’. The waste dump is being covered at the moment. (fig.21) p. 44 historic growth urban layer graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Urban Edge Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 45 | recreational structure | Context & Accessibility The design location can be analyzed with the typological research based on the recreational potential of the landscape. The potential of the design location for ‘making a stroll’ is very clear. Most of the area is well integrated between the urban areas. There are also a large number of access point already available for hikers and cyclists. Some borders can be improved. 5B. The provision of parking places is minimal at the moment. A serious threat is the forming of enclaves which scatter the landscape. A holiday park, a golf course and a zoo create a barrier in the area. experience value Effective border Point of access (bike/walking) At the moment, the motives for recreation are not clearly marked in the area. This can be improved. . LEGENDS Parking place Public, free access Public transport stop Private, access on road/paths Right of entry p. 46 Parking places Commercial, payed access Parking place Not accessible Public transport stop graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Facilities Croy Although the routing network is already wide spread, it can certainly be improved. Currently there are a lot of barriers that divide the area. The waterways, the Dommel and the Eindhovens canal, form a pleasant barrier, it is no problem to follow these lines for a while. The railway track and the highway are problematic. The longer cycling routes all pass by the area instead of through it. The facilities and recreational program are extensive at the moment. Only Gulbergen and some swimming ponds are an attraction for a day-out. In current plans, however, the area around the settlement of Vaarle, is proposed to be transformed into a leisure centre, with holiday park, wellness centre and a care farm. Cycling path Dommeldal Walking path Helmond Nuenen ATB route de Peel Eindhoven Long cycling routes Strabrechtse heide sport bos Routing sport Landgoed Watermolen speel strand Vis evenement dierentuin evenement minigolf speel golf KIJK! Watermolen Eet golf Eet hotel bungalow & camping speel Eet beekdal Vis kasteel This program should be connected to the highway by a new road. These plans could create a new barrier in the area, a new holiday park means an extension of the build-up area. cycling route Meadows city centre Forest Program Grassland kijk! Information Town terras Amusement Golf course vis Quietness golf Activities Water Infrastructure Land use Barriers p. 47 5C. | Conclusion | The interaction between the natural underground and the urban network leads to a number of conflicts. The problems in the Realm of Dommel and Aa can be split into three topics: the barriers, the urban edge and the enclaves. The barriers have split up the natural structures. The Dommel is crossed by the rail way track, the highway and a regional road. Next to that, the relationship between the wet valleys and the dry higher grounds is disturbed by the industry area. The urban edge can be improved to stimulate the use of the landscape. Now some neighbourhoods are caught behind a infrastructural line or the houses are located with their backs towards the landscape. Thus creating a wall of fences. The recreational program form enclaves in the landscape. The construction of a new leisure park is a real threat to the openness of the landscape. Especially the sandy zone in the middle is no longer experienced as one because of the many fences. Barriers p. 48 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder D 3130 29 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1143 1157 1144 1158 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1114 1115 1113 1106 18 30 17 21 29 3 28 4 27 22 14 15 14 13 1501 245 244 246 243 241 247 242 239 4 5 304 31 330 329 324 323 327 319 26 58 434 436 36 65 57 5655 59 439 433432 435448 443 87 86 99 83 98 97 96 93 506 95 94 121 120 119 113 112 104 111 105 110 508 507 515 516 84 81 72 100 101 91 92 505 503 514 513 521 529 85 82 90 73 60 103 102 504 502 509 512 520 530 7071 80 61 501 510 511 519 531 88 75 74 7879 62 69 122 451 452 457 459 458 466 467 472 89 48 47 46 76 77 63 68 446 450 453 456 461 460 468 54 445 454 462 463 465 469 53 440 447 449 422 455 421 412 464 406 470 473 52 441 444 423 420 413 411 407 405 474 431 429 430 424 419 414 410 404 442 428 425 418 415 408 402 403 45 37 64 67 427 426 417 416 409 401 49 43 44 38 35 66 27 318 317 34 28 25 326 325 3029 23 24 328 314 315 39 33 331 322 321 312313 316 40 32 306 305 302 209 50 42 41 311 307 303 301 210 106107 118 114 115 116 117 109 108 517 522 518 532 528 523 527 533 526 534 544 524 535 543 536 525 542 537 541 1524 51 259 258 310 308 237 228 221 208 211 6 1516 1520 1525 260 256 309 236 229 227 222 220 320 3 262 248 238 235 230 226 223 261 8 240 234 233 225231 224 212 263 266 109 7 1 5 218 213 9 2 8 7 6 5 264 11 6 2 3 4 232 219 214 1110 21 1 265 12 20 28 217 215 12 1920 22 12 6 13 27 1502 471 1517 252 19 1 216 13 1718 24 1 11 27 2 17 14 2 10 21 3 16 15 13 23 3 6 9 26 4 15 19 16 4 5 7 25 5 14 18 24 25 15 16 22 24 6 13 20 23 40 12 23 7 12 38 39 11 10 21 22 37 2 3 9 17 8 5 25 36 35 1 8 18 20 2 26 35 34 4 7 19 3130 1 1112 20 11 27 34 13 33 32 6 37 43 1 910 2526 2928 33 14 15 16 31 38 36 2 8 1819 34 39 4142 3 7 1617 2324 3233 5 40 4 17 2122 3031 19 28 5 109 18 25 33 2829 20 27 26 6 1211 2019 2726 25 7 1413 2221 2928 3736 1101 1133 1506 1102 1124 1507 1103 1159 1511 1104 1151 1512 1105 1142 Urban edge 1503 1508 1513 38 1415 1504 1509 1514 16 17 18 1505 1510 1515 8 9 10 1561 1564 1567 1518 3534 1562 1565 1568 1519 30 31 32 1553 1521 1526 540 539 538 1531 1539 1547 1554 1522 1527 1532 1540 1548 1555 1533 1541 1549 1556 1570 1523 1528 1534 1542 1550 1557 1535 1543 1551 1558 1571 1575 1529 1536 1544 1552 1559 1572 1576 1581 1588 1595 1602 1560 1573 1577 1582 1589 1596 1603 1609 1583 1590 1597 1604 1610 1578 1584 1591 1598 1605 1611 1579 1585 1592 1599 1606 1612 1586 1593 1600 1607 1613 21 22 2324 8 1615 2423 32 4039 1563 1566 1569 1574 1580 1587 1594 1601 1608 1614 251 ON 253 GR 250 TE 254 AT 257 PL 255 RK 249 PA 1530 1546 1545 1538 1537 Enclaves The enclaves are formed by recreational program, residential property power stations and sewage locations Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 49 6. p. 50 Brainport - design o Playing hide and seek in the Park, Eindhoven graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Introduction The problems, as described in the previous chapter, can be solved by using the theoretical background described in part I and II. First the ‘building-blocks’ of basic green types will be used to divide the area into understandable units, next the functional recreational analysis can be used to propose interventions to the recreational structure of the area. First the schedule of requirements, derived from the analysis and based on the theoretical background, will be presented. Next four sub-designs are made to explore the various types of landscape and the numorous recreational interventions. These sub-designs are: • Medevoort - local recreation in a city park • ‘t Broek & Oudven - phasing of a landscape park • Gulberg - regional route through leisure landscape Finally all layers will be combined in a design for Mulakkers. Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 51 6A. | Concept | The two main nodes in the urban network are Eindhoven and Helmond. The villages in between are connected to either one of them: Geldrop and Nuenen ‘belong’ to Eindhoven, Mierlo, Stiphout and Brandevoort depend on Helmond. Although the cities and the villages are presented as one urban region, there is a clear gap between the two sides. Between the two clusters runs a stroke of two kilometers of open land. Between Mierlo and Geldrop this is a pine forest, between Brandevoord and Nuenen this is an open agricultural land, between Stiphout and Nuenen this is a forest again. This stroke can be characterized as the ‘landscape’ type. This way the agglomeration is connected to the larger nature areas of the Strabrechtse Heide in the south and the Groen Woud in the north. Next to this stroke of landscape each of the two sides have a number of internal open green areas, like the Dommeldal in Eindhoven. Only when the ecological value is inevitable, like at the Urkhovense Zeggen, the area should be emptied. Regional structure Landscape zone p. 52 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Problem - Enclaves Schedule of requirements for the landscape stroke D 1511 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1143 1157 1144 1158 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1107 17 19 8 18 20 21 3 28 4 27 22 14 15 14 13 245 244 246 243 241 247 242 239 5 6 304 31 330 329 324 323 327 319 26 58 434 436 36 65 57 5655 59 439 433432 435448 443 87 50 86 83 98 97 96 93 506 95 94 121 120 119 113 112 104 111 105 110 508 507 515 516 84 81 72 100 99 101 91 92 505 503 514 513 521 529 85 82 90 73 60 103 102 504 502 509 512 520 530 7071 80 61 501 510 511 519 531 88 75 74 7879 62 69 122 451 452 457 459 458 466 467 472 89 48 47 46 76 77 63 68 446 450 453 456 461 460 468 54 445 454 462 463 465 469 53 440 447 449 422 455 421 412 464 406 470 473 52 441 444 423 420 413 411 407 405 474 431 429 430 424 419 414 410 404 442 428 425 418 415 408 402 45 37 64 67 427 426 417 416 409 401 49 43 44 38 35 66 27 318 317 34 28 25 326 325 3029 23 24 328 314 315 39 33 331 322 321 312313 316 40 32 306 305 302 42 41 311 307 303 301 209 106107 118 114 115 116 117 109 108 517 522 518 532 528 523 527 533 526 534 544 524 535 543 536 525 542 537 541 1524 51 259 258 310 308 237 228 221 208 210 1516 1520 1525 260 256 309 236 229 227 222 220 320 4 262 248 238 235 230 226 223 261 8 240 234 233 225231 224 212 3 403 1501 263 266 109 7 1 5 218 213 211 2 8 7 6 5 264 11 6 2 3 4 232 219 214 11109 21 1 265 12 20 28 217 215 12 1920 22 12 6 13 27 1502 471 1517 252 19 1 216 13 1718 24 1 11 27 2 17 14 2 10 21 3 16 15 13 23 3 6 9 26 4 15 19 18 24 16 4 5 7 25 5 14 20 23 40 12 25 15 16 22 24 6 13 38 39 11 21 22 37 2 10 23 7 12 25 36 35 3 9 17 8 5 12 26 35 34 1 7 36 2 91011 11 34 13 33 32 6 37 313029 1 8 292827 33 14 15 16 31 38 43 1 7 20 1108 30 4 39 4142 2 17 242526 313233 34 18 5 40 4 109 18 25 212223 282930 171819 1109 1132 5 3 34 33 1110 1123 29 27 26 131211 28 2726 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1106 19 28 25 7 6 212019 20 8 313029 373635 1101 1133 1506 1102 1124 1507 1103 1159 1512 1104 1151 The enclaves are formed by recreational program, residential property power stations and sewage locations 1503 1508 1513 1105 1142 Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. 1504 1509 1514 16 17 18 1505 1510 1515 8 9 10 1561 1564 1567 1518 141516 1562 1565 1568 1519 30 31 32 1553 1521 1526 540 539 538 1531 1539 1547 1554 1522 1527 1532 1540 1548 1555 1533 1541 1549 1556 1570 1523 1528 1534 1542 1550 1557 1535 1543 1551 1558 1571 1575 1529 1536 1544 1552 1559 1572 1576 1581 1588 1595 1602 1560 1573 1577 1582 1589 1596 1603 1609 1583 1590 1597 1604 1610 1578 1584 1591 1598 1605 1611 1579 1585 1592 1599 1606 1612 1586 1593 1600 1607 1613 21 22 2324 161514 242322 32 403938 1563 1566 1569 1574 1580 1587 1594 1601 1608 1614 251 ON 253 GR 250 TE 254 AT 257 PL 255 RK 249 PA 1530 1546 1545 1538 1537 p. 53 The remaining green parts function as either a landscape park or a city park to the urban nodes that they are adjacent to. In Eindhoven these types are already there: city park ‘De Karpen’, the walking area of ‘Eckart’, the landscape park of ‘Urkhoven’ and the city park of Geldrop next to the old castle. On the side of Helmond much can be won: the agricultural settlements of Medevoort and ‘t Broek can support a function as a landscape park or even a city park, like at the ‘Oudven’ between Helmond Brandevoort and Mierlo. The parks on the side of Helmond will be discussed individually later. 6. 4. 5. 7. 1. 8. 3. 9. .2 problem - urban edge Schedule of requirements for the local recreation p. 54 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The last remaining open green type is the ‘recreational area’. There is a large potential for the central core to serve as a leisure landscape. The waste belt of Gulbergen forms a unique high point in the area. The hill is located in the former forest zone. By moving the recreational program to the west side of the Gulberg, the east slope can remain extensive. On the west side the recreational facilities can be reached from the regional route at Eeneind. The plans for the area of Vaarle cannot be executed in the landscape type, it would destroy the openness and the agricultural identity of the landscape. The facilities proposed in these plans could be placed next to the regional road at Eeneind. This way the recreational program is much more clustered around existing facilities, like the swimming pond of Eenode. The former station settlement of Eeneind has potential to serve as a starting point for a day out. The exact placement of these facilities will be further researched in the conclusion: the design for the Mulakkers. Problem - new enclave at Vaarle Replacing Recreational Nodes Sketch of new division of leisure and landscape Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 55 By proposing a simple zoning scheme, the potential of the area is well served. There are a number of interventions needed to make sure that the basic types can function well. The first functional recreational intervention is the creation of clear regional routes. In north-south direction they can follow the natural lines, one alongside the Dommel, one over the former sandy grounds, now forest or agricultural area. In east-west direction the recreational routes can follow the existing infrastructural lines of the canal and the highway, that can be downgraded to parkway. Often these lines are already partly present; all that is needed is an acupunctural intervention, to cross the barrier or open up a fence. This will be further illustrated in the design for the ‘Woudloper’. Opening up the enclaves and the barriers on a regional level is not enough, the local level should also be facilitated. Again acupunctural interventions are needed. Not all barriers need to be breached, some barriers are effective at protecting the landscape or guiding the visitors. The amount of bridges across the stream or the road should be based on the urban context and the recreational value. The same goes for the amount and the intensity of recreational facilities and parking places. The experience value, based on the recreational motives, will help to give the area a clear identity. This process of improving the local recreational level will be further addressed in the designs for Medevoort and Oudven. The complete overview of the strategy to revise Dutch in between landscape on the basis of the recreational potential is shown in the conclusion: the design for Mulakkers. Here the local recreational level meets the regional program and the landscape meets the urban network. p. 56 Problem - barriers Regional recreational routes preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 6. 4. 5. 7. 1. 8. 3. 9. .2 Schedule of requirements Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 57 6A | medevoort | 6. 4. 5. 7. 1. 8. 3. 9. .2 6d | mulakkers | 6C | gulberg | 6B | oudven | sub-designs p. 58 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder P. P. P. P. Potential recreational structure Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 59 P. P. P. P. Routing Program Water Park Current situation 6B. | Medevoort | The agricultural settlement of Medevoort is located between Brandevoort, Mierlo-Hout and the High-Tech Automotive Campus (HTAC) in the north. The area is separated from the context by the highway, railway track and a regional road. The area has a huge potential to serve as a walking area for both inhabitants and people who work in the area. Both villages do not have a city park. The new city park connects the urban nodes of Brandevoort and Mierlo-Hout with the HTAC and the landscape to the north. The circular track reminds of a racetrack, while it functions to border the areas most delicate natural area, a wet forest area. (broekbos) The asphalt track can be used by researchers from the HTAC to test remote vehicles or it can serve as a running track. New paths cross the highway, railway track and regional road. In the north they connect to the regional recreational routes, in the south they head towards the railway stations. p. 60 The lands closest to the urban tissue is transformed into park grounds, playfields and a orchard in the south-west corner. Special program, like a farm that sells local products, attracts people into the landscape. In the park the paths are paved, inside the circular track they continue as sandy tracks. This emphasizes the remote character of the wet forest. The ditches for the water are accentuated to make clear how the water is being transferred. At strategic places the forest is opened up to create a sightline or to create a secluded place for peace and quietness. preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder P. P. P. Design for Medevoort Impression Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 61 6C. | oudven | Oudven is a small patch of land between two agricultural ribbons, the canal and a regional road, next to the centre of Mierlo. In the north the new extension of Brandevoort is rising, in the east Luchen is being built. Despite the location next to the centre of the village, the area is not used by the inhabitants. A green house and a sport park fill most of the area. By crossing the Geldropseweg, the regional road, the attachment of Mierlo with the landscape is improved. This is an intervention that is easily executed, but has a large effect. In the second phase a bridge over the canal will connect Brandevoort with the urban tissue. The area to the north, around the settlement of ‘t Broek, can serve as a landscape park. Paths can be added on the edge of the fields, opening up the agricultural land. Some farms could serve as a recreational attraction. Phase I The land should not be transformed into a classical city park, the agricultural identity should be preserved. Walking routes are not paved, the bicycle route can be paved with the same red stone as the agricultural ribbon. Intervention p. 62 Phase II preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder the theory - case local leisure D 24 32 p. 32/85 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1143 1157 1144 1158 1145 1159 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1134 1135 1136 1137 1138 1139 1140 1141 1125 1126 1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132 1116 1133 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 1107 1108 1124 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 24 31 33 34 12 19 26 27 20 13 24 20 6 6 9 10 11 5 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 210 264 252 327 315 319 26 326 325 58 57 87 50 84 83 81 72 79 61 82 90 73 71 78 62 85 89 48 75 74 77 63 86 88 49 76 37 64 47 46 45 39 36 65 66 27 318 43 44 40 38 35 29 28 25 314 316 34 30 23 24 328 70 80 60 67 69 100 99 Current Barriers 434 317 436 426 417 416 432 435 443 52 468 53 441 444 101 96 92 93 122 451 103 102 504 502 510 505 503 509 511 519 514 512 506 120 119 113 112 104 507 515 521 529 111 105 110 508 513 520 530 121 501 452 531 95 94 446 450 453 457 459 458 466 467 472 98 97 91 54 440 445 454 456 461 460 465 469 471 68 447 449 422 462 463 412 464 406 470 473 55 455 421 411 407 405 474 448 423 420 413 410 404 431 429 430 424 419 414 408 402 403 442 428 425 418 415 409 401 56 59 439 433 516 106 107 118 114 115 116 117 109 108 517 522 518 532 528 523 527 533 526 534 1524 257 329 544 524 535 543 536 525 542 537 541 1532 51 42 41 32 33 31 330 324 323 427 6 260 259 258 322 321 313 209 1502 1501 261 256 331 312 221 208 211 8 7 311 306 320 9 21 310 307 305 301 212 10 19 22 309 304 303 302 213 11 18 23 1 5 7 8 5 11 18 25 32 1101 1151 1553 30 13 2 262 248 308 228 540 539 538 1531 1539 1547 1554 1506 14 3 247 238 237 229 227 222 220 1540 1548 1555 1507 22 4 246 243 242 239 236 230 226 223 219 214 12 1516 1520 1525 1533 1541 1549 1557 1556 P 3 Presentation - P.J.M. Rosmulder 1511 27 15 16 245 244 241 240 235 225 224 13 263 266 9 8 231 215 14 10 7 232 218 15 17 265 11 6 234 233 217 16 25 17 13 1 5 1 24 40 12 2 3 4 2 216 1521 1526 1534 1542 1550 1512 1517 1522 1527 1535 1543 1551 1558 1503 1508 1513 1518 1504 1509 1514 1519 1102 1142 1544 1552 1559 1505 1510 1515 1570 1523 21 28 4 10 17 18 20 29 3 9 16 23 19 30 2 8 15 22 29 11 10 28 27 3 17 1528 1536 1560 1561 1564 1571 1575 1529 7 21 28 9 14 12 20 21 26 4 16 19 18 15 19 22 25 5 15 20 23 39 36 31 1 33 8 43 1 9 17 25 7 37 42 2 10 18 26 6 38 38 24 6 14 21 22 37 1 2 23 7 13 26 25 36 35 3 12 27 35 34 11 28 34 13 33 32 29 33 14 15 16 31 4 39 41 3 11 19 27 34 17 5 40 4 14 1562 1565 1567 1572 1576 1581 1588 1595 1602 28 35 1103 1563 1566 1568 1573 1577 1582 1589 1596 1603 1609 1583 1590 1597 1604 1610 1578 1584 1591 1598 1605 1611 1579 1585 1592 1599 1606 1612 1586 1593 1600 1607 1613 1569 1574 1580 1587 1594 1601 1608 1614 37 5 12 20 30 27 26 6 13 21 29 36 1104 the theory - case local leisure 38 14 22 30 39 15 23 31 40 18 16 17 18 29 28 25 8 9 10 19 24 7 30 31 32 20 21 22 23 8 16 251 ON 253 GR 250 TE 254 AT 255 PL 1105 2. RK 249 PA 1106 2. 1530 1546 1545 1538 1537 Dealing with leisure Oudven Bird’s eyeand view‘t- Broek. current situation and proposal Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 63 6D. | gulberg | The Gulberg is a special object in the Realm of Dommel and Aa. Rising 60 metres above the ground level it forms a landmark in the area. At the moment the last part of the former waste belt is being covered. On the north side a golf course is already in use, on the east slope mountain bikes climb up the hill. The first intervention in this area is opening up the golf course. The service road of the golf course can be used as a recreational route, only a few links are missing. The golfers are not disturbed by this change, while it opens up the hill for a larger crowd. At the highest point a platform can be added to create a stunning view of the area. The regional route continues to the agricultural settlement of Vaarle to the north and the forest to the south. By using the same section and materials the route is recognisable. The golf course exists of 27 holes, but the golf association wants to expand to 36 holes on the other side of the mountain. This will be a unique course in the region. The new holes can be put on the shallow parts of the hill, the steep sides can be used for hiking or cycling. The west side of the hill, next to the forest area and the industry park can be intensified with recreational program. A former country estate can be transformed into an information centre with information about the natural underground and the current facilities. The hillside can be used as a open air theatre or even as a basis for a toboggan run. Existing buildings of the company that is covering the waste belt can be re-used for recreational purpose. Future structure - new routes, gate and golf-course Current lay-out of 6. 4. 5. 7. 1. 8. 3. 9. p. 64 .2 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder design proposal for recreational route Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 65 6E. | mulakkers - conclusion | Situation The crucial detail of the spatial strategy proposed for the Realm of Dommel and Aa deals with the contrast between the urban and natural layer. The design for the area between Tongelre, Opwetten and Eeneind also has to deal with both local and regional recreational facilities. In this short explanation I will explore how the different layers influence the area and how this can be incorporated in a spatial design. Natural Underground The most striking feature of the design area is the brook ‘de kleine dommel’ running through it. This brook has shaped the landscape and was a good reason for people to settle in this area. The hamlets of Opwetten, Eeneind, Coll and Loovelden are based on the rich agricultural lands next to the stream. The Opwettense and Collse watermill remind us of the importance of the water for these settlements. The east bank is higher than the east bank; in general the wetlands of the brook are smaller than in the area south of Coll, where a swamp-like ‘zeggen’ landscape exists. The brook is now mostly controlled within a fixed course, bounded by large agricultural fields on the east bank, on the west bank is filled with smaller meadows with natural structures between the fields. These small scale agricultural or natural fields are generally considered to be the ‘normal’ brook landscape. The larger fields on the east are considered to vast and without the necessary variation. Natural underground p. 66 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Pictural values Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 67 Urban Context As the whole area, this part is also crossed by numerous infrastructural lines. The railway line towards Helmond in the south and the A270 highway in the north form strong barriers in the course of the Dommel. The railway tracks can be crossed between the hamlets of Coll and Loovelden and in Eeneind. The highway can be crossed between Tongelre and Opwetten and between Eeneind and Nuenen-South. The highway is part of a infrastructural debate in the region. The road could, after the construction of a new ring road, be downgraded to a regional road or parkway. These plans however are not further examined. A more concrete development is the construction of a utilitarian cycling path alongside the highway between Helmond and Eindhoven. Currently the highway consists out of two times two lanes with a third service or bus track. Beside the intersection with the Opwettenseweg all crossings are on different levels. Other infrastructural lines that cross the area are the power lines. The power station is located south of the railway track. From this station power lines head north, east and southwards. In the design area three lines cross at the west side, in front of the dwellings at the border of Eindhoven. The pylons are placed rationally across the area, without considering the underground or a mutual spatial disposition. The power station is marked by a tall mast with a ring at the top, a real landmark that never has been acknowledged like that, but always has been a pariah in the landscape. Situation power station p. 68 (images Google Earth) Situation A270 (images Google Earth) Urban network graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The urban structure bordering the landscape consist out of residential neighbourhoods, nature areas and industry areas. In the south-west corner the late sixties early seventies neighbourhood of Tongelre is bordered by a small industry area, of which a large section is currently without user. Further to the north, the old hamlet of Tongelre is bordered with rationalistic flats that stand freely in the open space. The Opwettense weg forms the border towards the agricultural landscape that borders the Dommel in the north. The north-west corner, marked by the Opwettense watermill, will transform drastically under the construction of the new neighbourhood of Nuenen West. The north-east corner is bordered by a sport park, a eighties neighbourhood in Nuenen South and the recreational area around the lake of Eenode. The south-east corner at last is formed by the hamlet of Eeneind, with a characteristic settlement formed around a former station area. Now the town is enclosed by industrial areas, the newer the larger. In the south, between the industry area and the power station, the Dommel searches its way underneath the railway track through a wet forest. It can be concluded that the urban structure is forced upon the natural underground without too much consideration. Power lines, the highway, railway tracks and residential areas are all structures that have no connection with the underlying grounds. The most important problems to be solved are the transformation of the A270 into a parkway and adding the utilitarian cycling path, the revision of the industry area in Tongelre, the construction of Nuenen West. There are chances to improve the industry area of Eeneind by creating working places for starting entrepreneurs in the creative or high-tech industry. In the future there is a chance to improve the link between the landscape and the internal green structure of Tongelre when the seventies neighbourhoods need to be reconstructed. Urban tissue of Tongelre Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 69 Functional Recreational Structure The recreational potential of the area can be explored based on ten spatial criteria, linked to the design principles of context, accessibility, facilities and experience value. • The reach of the area is especially great in the southwest and north-east corner, where the urban structures of Eindhoven and Nuenen border the area. The variety of program is given by the industrial areas of Tongelre and Eeneind. Competing green areas are located along the Dommel in the north and south, and in the east by the recreational cluster of Eenode. • The right of entry in the area is only limited in private allotment garden complexes. The power station is a enclave that is not accessible. • The accessibility in the east is good, there are three access points from Tongelre and one from Opwetten. Only the east lacks good access points. • Recreational gates where people can start their visit to the area are not yet clearly defined. The watermills form a good starting point, but are not yet exploited this way. This also accounts for the industrial relicts at Eeneind and the recreational cluster of Eenode. • The connectivity of the west side is strong on a local level, the integration with the residential area of Oud-Tongelre is excellent. The east bank has a strong connectivity to the regional road structure, because of the regional routes crossing Eeneind. • Barriers are formed by the highway, the railway track and the Dommel. The last one is a functional barrier, it is not experience as a line that disturbs the area. • The agricultural use of the area limits the routing structure in the area. Only the west bank next to Tongelre has some paths linked to the hamlet of Loovelden. Regional routes heading north-south or east-west are going around the area, there is no link going through the landscape. p. 70 6. 4. 7. 8. 3. 9. Schedule of requirements for Mulakkers • The current recreational program consists out of the ‘natural’ pool at the Eenode lake, combined with a minigolf track and a fishpond. The watermills and two chapels are interesting objects that are not exploited yet. There is a large sports facility in Nuenen, a allotment garden and two scouting groups in Eindhoven. Recently a huge garden centre is opened at Eeneind, forming a destination for visitors from the surrounding towns. These facilities can be combined into recreational motives; ‘being active’ in the northeast, ‘interest’ in the south, ‘social’ in the east and ‘quietness’ in the centre. preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder .2 Type of Open Green Space and Schedule of Requirements From the urban context, the natural underground and the functional recreational structure it can be concluded that the area has the greatest potential as city park on the west bank and around the Opwettense watermill, and as landscape park combined with recreational areas on the east bank. The natural qualities as a brook landscape are stronger in the area to the south, where the small scale of the landscape is better preserved and the wetlands are more extensive. The agricultural cluster is too small to be feasible, this layer of the brook landscape is expressed in the area north of the Opwettense watermill. The infrastructural lines that cross the area are the reason that it can no longer only function as a truly natural or a truly (agri)cultural landscape. strengthening natural backbone framing the open space However, the urban context that seems to be the weakness here can be turned into the strength of the area. The presence of the power station and the electrical infrastructure connected to it forms a unique element in the region. The good local connectivity with the neighbourhoods to the west and the opportunity to reconnect the urban structure to the south-west by revising the in-between industry area, leads to transform the open green space on the west bank into a energy (or electricity) minded city park. This fits with the regional brainport ambition of ‘sustainable energy’ and with the recreational motive ‘interest’; people can learn something about the energy provision in the region. Local recreation Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 71 Facilities The good regional connectivity and the existence of regional programme like the garden centre and the open air swimming pool means that the east bank has an opportunity to grow to a fully-fledged recreational cluster. People at leisure often search for a area with a genuine identity to make the experience more interesting. The historical station area of Eeneind can strengthen the identity of the recreational cluster and the some buildings that are part of the cultural heritage can become a recreational gate for people to start their day out. The higher grounds at the east bound make the area suitable for a build program, the large scale of the agricultural land is not valued highly. The adding of a bungalow park can give the recreational cluster a new meaning without damaging the natural underground. From historical point of view the settlements have always been constructed on higher grounds. The link with the regional road network and the A270 means that the accessibility is good enough for a extra-regional program like a bungalow park. The internal organisation of the bungalow park should contribute to the town of Eeneind; for instance by making the park facilities semi-public. Regional recreation (holiday park) Routes Recreational Routes The Dommel forms the connector between the facilities on both sides. Lands directly adjacent to the brook can be used to strengthen the ecological buffer. The energy park and the recreational cluster can be linked to the water by creating side streams. A restaurant with terrace at the waterside or a educational playground (to show children how to win energy by using a modern watermill) are examples how the energy park and the recreational clustered could be linked to the brook, and thus to the underlying natural structure. By adding two bridges the local users can take a stroll without having to take the same path twice. A recreational north-south route, crossing both the railway and the highway will attach the area and the recreational cluster to the regional network. In east-west direction the utilitarian cycling path can be redesigned to combine it with recreational usage. This will link the recreational cluster with the ‘Gulberg’, the new-town of Brandevoort, the park ‘Medevoort’ and the city centre of Helmond in the east and city park ‘de Karpen’ and the city centre of Eindhoven (and even the Philips stadion and Strijp-S) in the west. p. 72 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder Design concept Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 73 7. p. 74 epilogue - the real world o Picknick at ‘t Witven, Stiphout graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder When I started this graduation proces I thought that nothing was done in Brainport to improve the central core of the region. Once I started my research I quickly learnt that the SRE was working on a regional structure plan. Boldly I contacted the SRE to see if a collaboration would be an option. Luckily the project team was enthusiastic about my research proposal and we agreed on a internship for the rest of the year. During the past months I have been granted a look behind the scenes of a project of municipal cooperation. The processes that take place in order to produce a legal document that is approved by all municipalities and that meets all (inter)national standards were unknown to me. At university you learn how to create a theoretical basis on which a design intervention is argued. In reality you have to work with a given situation; most of the times the theoretical arguments are being washed away by economical or political arguments. I do understand why it works like this, but it often means that ambitions and visions are being ignored and that quality is lacking. Secondly the complicated process of Dutch spatial planning means that it takes a lot of time to get something done in the real world. Five years ago the SRE started to work on the Realm of Dommel and Aa. In the mean time, a new industry area and a bungalow park are placed into the scarce remaining landscape. The area is losing quality, despite that at the same time the SRE is trying to improve the area. An ambitious political statement helps to protect the area, a pragmatic shortterm vision will destroy the qualities. But even if there is a common ambition on a local level, it does not mean that this can be realized. There are a lot of factors that influence the process of changing a large scale plan. A change of political parties, either on a local or national level, will change the opinions, the visions and the ambitions; and eventually the design. Because if the economical or political means are missing, there is nothing that you can do as a designer. Still, I am excited to take the next step in my own career. I have learnt at university to think of a creative solution to spatial problems. In a time when political and economical means are lacking, the designer has to come up with a creative way to improve the spatial quality. Maybe there are new ways to generate money, new actors to involve in changing the landscape. Maybe a long term vision can only be realized if the government is actively grasping opportunities that arise. If an industry area is vacant for a long time because of a bad real estate market, it perhaps can temporarily be used to improve the quality of life of the inhabitants by opening up the gates and creating a green corridor between the empty halls. Maybe the Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. industrial buildings can be used by artists or young entrepreneurs. The question is if the municipality should initiate such an change or if this is the task of the real estate agents. It could also be the task of a designer to connect parties and to communicate the chances to the people involved. 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VEENENBOS EN BOSCH LANDSCHAPSARCHITECTEN (2010) Schetsontwerp Recreatiestrip Waterrijk Park lingezegen. Arnhem: DLG. VELDE, R. V. D. & WIT, S. D. (2009) The landscape form of the metropolis. Footprint, 55-79. VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. (2001) Planning tools for the recreational function of forest and nature areas. 12th ELRA Congress: “Cultural events & leisure systems”. Amsterdam: Euro Leisure (ELRA) Secreatiaat. p. 78 preliminary thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder dealing with leisure a quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities appendixes A. B. C. - review paper methodology: summary project area - map theory 80 86 88 P4 - Preliminary Thesis Report P.J.M. Rosmulder Msc Urbanism TU Delft Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 79 A. | theory - review paper | mapping leisure Peter J.M. Rosmulder mapping leisure a quest for spatial criteria to model the recreational use of Dutch landscapes Peter J.M. Rosmulder b1257900 _ [email protected] Delft University of Technology, Department of Urbanism 6th Graduation Lab Urbanism Conference Abstract – The Dutch landscape in between cities is increasingly under pressure of urbanization. The traditional agricultural land use is no longer viable here. The green buffer zones (rijksbufferzones), defined 50 years ago to prevent the cities from growing together, are now being addressed to accommodate various leisure facilities (Herngreen et al., 2008). From a number of different professions research is conducted on the relationship between leisure and landscape. Each research tackles a part of the problem, but an integral method linking the various professions is missing. This literature review will focus on four analysis models. Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003), de Vries and Goossen (2002) and Hoffmans (1998) have each developed a GIS-based monitoring tool. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) have made a manual analysis method to examine the success of city parks. Through comparison on a number of variables the models will be reviewed. This comparison will give me an overview of the most important spatial criteria for the recreational use of the Dutch landscape. The spatial criteria will be used in my graduation project. It will give me a theoretical background on which I can start developing my own design principles that will help to revise the Dutch in between landscape based on its recreational potential. Key words – recreation; green buffer zones; leisure landscape; experience value; GIS-based monitoring tool 1 Introduction p. 80 All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are under pressure. Urbanization has changed the way we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, nature as wilderness (Buijs et al., 2006). Productive landscapes are transformed into recreational landscapes to meet the demands for leisure activities. These activities are also changing over time. Traditional activities like cycling or walking are supplemented with the latest fashionable activities like GPS-tracking or a game of ‘farmers-golf’ 1 . Private resorts and fenced festival areas are are being used to express arguments to resist the uprising pressure on the scarce public space (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, Spek et al., 2009, Vries and Goossen, 2002) The main aim of this literature review is to find spatial factors that determine whether or not a specific location is suited to accommodate leisure activities. Therefore I will focus at three GIS-based planning models, that are used to predict or analyze the use of the Dutch landscape for recreation. The three GIS-based models will be compared with a manual (non GIS-based) analysis model, to give a 1 Introduction All over Europe cultural and natural landscapes are under pressure. Urbanization has changed the way we perceive landscape. Instead of a functional image we think of nature in a hedonistic way, nature as wilderness (Buijs et al., 2006). Productive landscapes are transformed into recreational landscapes to meet the demands for leisure activities. These activities are also changing over time. Traditional activities like cycling or walking are supplemented with the latest fashionable activities like GPS-tracking or a game of ‘farmers-golf’ . Private resorts and fenced festival areas are changing the public space into private consumer paradises (Metz, 2002). Various professions conduct research on the balance between leisure and landscape. Spatial designers are discussing how a 21st century metropolitan park should function (Haarlemmermeer, 2008). Planners and politician are searching for the right controls to regulate the use of the landscape (Leinfelder, 2005). A number of state of the art modelling tools (like GIS and GPS) are being used to express arguments to resist the uprising pressure on the scarce public space (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, Spek et al., 2009, Vries and Goossen, 2002) The main aim of this literature review is to find spatial factors that determine whether or not a specific location is suited to accommodate leisure activities. Therefore I will focus at three GIS-based planning models, that are used to predict or analyze the use of the Dutch landscape for recreation. The three GIS-based models will be compared with a manual (non GISbased) analysis model, to give a critical comment on the use of computer software. The four models all deal with approximately the same set of variables. Each variable is based on a specific theoretical background. The theoretical background will give me input for my graduation project. In my graduation project I’m studying the recreational potential of green buffer zones in the Netherlands. The buffer zones are a result of a building restriction ordered fifty years ago by the government to prevent urban sprawl in the landscape between the main Dutch cities (Herngreen et al., 2008). Today the original agricultural use of the landscape is diminishing. This gives way to the leisure landscape that Metz (2002) describes vividly in her book Fun!. The goal of my research project is to find a way to revise the Dutch green buffer zones to integrate leisure activities. graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder First I will introduce the models that will be reviewed and the researchers that have developed these models. The body of the paper deals with the main variables that are used in the models. These variables are context, accessibility, facilities and perception and experience value. To illustrate the complex interrelation between the variables, I will give an overview on how they are combined in the models. To conclude I will focus at the use of GIS software and the influence it has on the outcome of the monitoring and analysis models. 2 Authors and models The main input for this literature review will be given by four different models. The models each have a different lay-out and goal. I will give a short introduction on the authors and their field of interest. The main goal of the GIS-based planning tool developed by De Vries and Goossen (2002) is to model recreational visits to forest and nature areas. The authors are researchers at the department of landscape and spatial planning of Alterra, a research institute from the Wageningen university in the Netherlands. The GIS-based planning tool is based on a fixed demand for recreational facilities from a given residential area. This demand is divided amongst forest and nature areas within reach. The recreational quality of the forest and nature areas determines the distribution of visitors over the areas. The output of the model is an estimated number of visitors to a specific nature area. Van Herzele and Wiedemann, Belgium specialists in spatial planning and social geography, are using a GIS-based tool to monitor the provision of accessible and attractive urban green spaces (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003). Their tool is citizen based, which means that they are taking the city as the main object of the study. The other models described in this section each take the landscape or a certain natural area as object. Van Herzele and Wiedemann are addressing both accessibility and attractiveness. The output of this GIS-based monitoring tool is an overview of the number of nature areas that inhabitants from a given residential area (or city) can reach. A division in quality aspects between the given areas can also be made. Hoffmans (1998) describes in his thesis a monitoring tool to map the perception value for recreation of green spaces outside the city. His thesis is part of the college for geographical information systems. The monitoring tool that he describes only addresses the perception value of the landscape, no other variables are used. The thesis gives a good overview how the complicated topic of perception can be grasped in a geographical information system (GIS). The above mentioned researchers are all related to spatial planning or social geography. From the profession of spatial design little attention has been given to fundamental research on the topic of recreational use of the living environment. The non GIS-based monitoring tool developed by researchers of the TU Delft is an exception to this rule. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) state in their analysis method eight success and failure factors for urban parks. Although the method is designed for urban parks, it can also be used to research the recreational potential of the Dutch landscape (Josselin de Jong, 2009). This ‘manual’ analysis method provides a critical review of the use of GIS-based methods. 3 Main Variables To compare the above mentioned models I have selected a number of crucial variables that are used by most of the authors. The question is not only why, but also how the variables are used in the monitoring tools. 3.1 Context: density & competition According to De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) a large share of the success of a city park depends on its context. When there is a high density of potential visitors in the districts surrounding the park, it is more likely to become a vital public space. By dividing the amount of potential visitors by the total area of the park, the authors end up with a density of x visitors/hectare. De Vries and Goossen (2002) use the number of inhabitants of a city to calculate how many visits a nature area will get. They don’t judge whether a high number of visitors is positive or negative. This is partly because they focus at nature and forest areas outside the city. Here busyness isn’t the main goal. When there are multiple destinations within reach, people have to decide where they go for their leisure. The urban green spaces have to compete with each other, eager to attract the ‘customer’. The question is on which scale the green spaces are complementary to each other and when they are competitors. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) conclude that a park only experiences competition from parks that are Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. equal in size or bigger. This means that a neighbourhood park is no substitute for a city park, but a regional park is. The authors name six different scale levels, each with their own size and reach. When people from a residential area can reach three parks from their home, De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel distribute the inhabitants equally over the three parks. This distribution is based on the assumption that the parks are equal in quality, the visitor doesn’t have a preference for a specific type of green area. It would be better to incorporate the quality of a park in this decision making process, like de Vries and Goossen (2002) do in their model. The inhabitants from a given neighbourhood are distributed among the available nature areas according to a fixed rule. The distribution depends on the distance to a nature area and its quality. This definition of quality will be addressed later on in this review. It must be noted that De Vries and Goossen only look at other nature and forest areas as competition to the addressed area. They conclude, based on empirical research by De Boer and Visschedijk (1994), that urban green spaces don’t compete with natural and forest areas. The same assumption is made for agricultural areas: “For agricultural areas we would like to argue that in the Dutch situation these are not often considered destinations that one is willing to travel to, in the way that one does to a forest or nature area. Their main function is more that of an extension area, i.e. an area for walks and cycling trips that start at the doorstep of one’s home.” (Vries and Goossen, 2002, p. 7) Because Van Herzele and Wiedemann p. 81 (2003) have made a citizen based monitoring tool, they don’t deal with the issue of competition. To inhabitants a larger number of urban green spaces within reach means a better quality of life. The density of the neighbourhood is used to calculate the percentage of inhabitants that can reach a basic level of green facilities. 3.2 Accessibility: mode of transport and reach The variable ‘accessibility’ has two meanings. The first is to which degree people (legally) have access to a plot of land. This right of entry is addressed later as part of the perception value. The second definition of accessibility is whether people can reach a given destination within an acceptable travel time. This depends on a number of factors: kind of activity, durance of the activity and the mode of transport. Mommaas (2000) states that people’s leisure activities are expanding over a greater distance. We travel more often and to places further away. For my graduation project it is important to know which kind of transport people use and how long they are willing to travel. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) and Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) are dividing urban green areas in a number of scale levels, ranging from a neighbourhood park to a regional park. They both conclude that people are willing to travel further if the park is bigger. Although they use the same way of working, the numbers that they use differ. This partly depends on the mode of transport: Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) restrict p. 82 their model to walking or cycling trips that start at one’s home. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) also include the use of a car. De Vries and Goossen’s model (2002) focuses only on car-based trips. They have developed another model that only models cycling trips (Vries and Goossen, 2001). mental map, the chance is very little that you will ever go to the park. On the other hand, if the park is part of your daily system, it is more likely that you visit it sometimes (Buurmans and Bois, 2007). The connectivity provides a qualitative specification of the area already covered by the basic reach circles. How the accessibility is modelled differs between the authors. Since De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) don’t use GIS, they are limited to using circles of theoretical reach. Afterwards this circle is diminished by identifying barriers that limit people to reach a park. This method may be less accurate than the use of a GIS model, it is suited for a quick-scan. The GISbased planning tools that Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) and De Vries and Goossen (2002) have developed measure distance and especially the barrier-effect much better. Thanks to the vector based software they can calculate the distance to a nature area’s individual entrance points. Still, they are not using the software to its full potential. By excluding travel speed, they only know something about travel distance, not about travel time. Mommaas explains why time is the decisive factor: “… a large share of the Dutch population is confronted with the paradox of a rising supply of potential leisure activities and an equal or even less amount of free time. Because of this the leisure time is spend more consciously.” (Mommaas et al., 2000, p. 10) 3.3 Facilities: Program and routing The previous variables dealt with the context of the urban green spaces. The authors differ in opinion whether internal or external factors determine the success of an urban green space. Hoffmans (1998) only focuses at the perception quality of the landscape, which is an internal factor. In De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel’s (2008) method 6 out of 8 factors are external, only routing and identity (which includes facilities) are internal qualities of the park. De Vries and Goossen (2002) and Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) have both split up their models in accessibility (extern) and attractiveness (intern) of urban green spaces. Attractiveness, the quality of an area, depends on a number of factors. Program and facilities is one of these factors that determines the attractiveness. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) use next to basic reach two other factors to measure the accessibility of a city park. First they look at the number of entrances to a park. This gives an indication of the permeability of the park’s border. Beside this they map the public transport stops surrounding the park. As a last indicator the connectivity of a park is mapped. With connectivity the authors mean the way the park is embedded in the urban fabric. This is related to the cognitive map that humans (and animals) use to navigate through space (Bois, 1995). The method used is remotely related to the space syntax method, that also addresses the ‘depth’ of an urban network (Hillier and Hanson, 1984, Read, 1996). The connectivity of a park is given by taking three steps in all directions from the park’s border. The network that is given this way resembles the cognitive structure to which the park belongs. To put it more simple: the more expansive the connectivity, the more people will know the park. If a park isn’t part of your I will first focus at De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel’s (2008) model, because they look at external program that surrounds the park. According to the authors the availability of a variety of urban program leads to a more vital public space. As Jacobs (1961) has clearly described in ‘the death and life of great American cities’, a successful park is visited by a mixed crowd during the day. If a park only depends on local inhabitants to use it, the park will be deserted most of the day. An office, a hospital, a school or a restaurant provide visitors during other parts of the day. The mix of diverse people with diverse interest is what makes the public space so appealing. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) refer to the observations of Jacobs by mapping external facilities which could provide visitors to the park. The absolute number of visitors originating from this program is not predictable, but the amount of functions can be used to compare city parks. The second factor that attributes to the dynamism of a city park is the routing that passes along or through the park. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel map the continuous routes and the routes that are leading to a specific function inside the park, like a school or museum. The people on these routes aren’t considered visitors, they are passing-by. Howevgraduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder er, these by passers do contribute to the liveliness of a park. The authors notice that there is a limit to the amount of traffic that passes through a park. “Too much movement can be disturbing and for instance playing children can be troubled by passing cyclists. This is one of the complains from visitors of the Vondelpark. Probably there is an optimum to be found.” (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008, p. 15) The supply of facilities inside the park, is part of what the authors call ‘identity’. I will address this further in the next paragraph. Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) state attractiveness as a kind of bonus that will add value to the accessible green spaces. ‘Facilities’ is one of five attributes that determine this attractiveness. The most important facility according to the authors is physical access, paths and entrances. Next to this the supply of program and basic facilities is named. Benches, playgrounds and sport are considered positive to the attractiveness of an urban green space. At the same time, too much or unsafe facilities are considered unattractive. When there are too much facilities or when a facility is unsafe isn’t mentioned by the authors. De Vries and Goossen (2002) use seven indicators that state the success of forest and nature areas for recreation. This is derived from empirical research by Goossen & Langers (2000). Although they have found 18 important indicators, only 7 could be incorporated in the GIS-based monitoring tool. One of these indicators is ‘the density of cycling and walking opportunities’. Other basic or special facilities aren’t part of their model. Next to the internal routing network, the authors look at another facility: “Besides these quality indicators, the presence of a parking place was also assessed. If present, for carborn visits the quality score was to be increased with 0,5 point (on a scale from 1 to 10).” (Vries and Goossen, 2002, p. 8) 3.4 Perception and experience value Experience and perception are related to each other. Coeterier explains this in his book about the perception of the (Dutch) landscape (Coeterier, 2000). He clarifies the relation between the objective environment and its subjective representation. First we perceive the objective landscape, we simply observe it. Through a process of appreciation an individual person gives value to what one sees. This leads to an experience, a subjective version of the reality. The interactions between behavior, perception, appreciation, experience and personality are complex and dynamic. This means that it is very difficult to predict the perception or even the experience of a landscape. Still, a number of attempts have been made to give an objective view on how the subjective qualities of a landscape work. Coeterier (1996) names eight factors which determine the perception of a landscape. These factors are not to be addressed individually, the objects only have meaning in their relation to other objects: “From people’s reactions to landscape change it became evident that attributes cannot be isolated. A onesided approach to planning, emphasizing use or maintenance, is felt as an impoverishment. Only together they form a complete landscape.” (Coeterier, 1996, p.38) Based on Coeteriers eight factors, Van Herzele and Wiedemann (2003) state five quality attributes : space, nature, culture & history, quietness and facilities. I’ve addressed ‘facilities’ already in the previous paragraph. The attribute ‘space’ deals with the feeling that you’re in an unbound nature area. Fragmentation and disturbance are the main threads. ‘Nature’ deals with natural (living) elements like plantation, natural water areas, but also animals. The ‘historic and cultural’ oneness of an area is measured by the number of cultural relicts and landscape patterns. Finally ‘quietness’ is named to be an important attribute. Van Herzele and Wiedemann recall a number of recent studies which prove this (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, p. 114). The quality attributes are used to provide data on how many people can reach a park with a certain value. Hoffmans (1998) explains in his thesis the following objects: land use, relief, disturbance, right of entry, banks and shores. He has split up the method into walking and cycling, the two activities that are most common in the Dutch landscape (Huis et al., 2008). For each of these activities he uses values to classify the objects. The objects and their values are derived from Goossen & Langers (2000). These indicators are derived from empirical research and can be separated in utilization quality and perception quality. “Fitness for use are those indicators which are functional and practical, like a road or a special cycle-track to cycle on or a river or lake for sailing. Perception quality are those indicators which give an experiential value. How beautiful or ugly is the landscape for cycling, how noisy, etc.” (Goossen and Langers, 2000, p. 242) Which indicators Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. belong to which category isn’t clarified. The authors state that the kind of land use is an important factor whether people at leisure enjoy the landscape. Modern agricultural land use is appreciated less than forest, industrial areas less than beaches. Relief is a factor which is positive for hikers, while the average cyclist experiences it negatively. Banks and shores are appreciated by both activities. Quietness (or disturbance) is valued by both cyclists and hikers. The attribute right of entry is complicated. If limited to walking and cycling as main activity, the access should be free. If hikers have to pay to access an area, they are less likely to visit it (Bruls et al., 2002). This is not necessarily true for all leisure activities. Because Hoffmans (1998) focuses primarily on the landscape, he excludes towns, city parks, and amusement parks. The historic value of an area is also left outside the model. Hoffmans describes an example where a new forest is constructed in a historic polder landscape: “Someone who knows the area well, judges that the forest doesn’t belong here. People at leisure who want to make a hike in the forest will think of it is an enrichment.” (Hoffmans, 1998, p. 9) As stated before, De Vries and Goossen (2002) base the quality of a nature area on seven indicators, which are also selected from a list of 18 indicators by Goossen & Langers (2000). The seven indicators that are used in the GISbased planning tool are: right of access, land use, tranquility, density of walking and cycling opportunities (paths and quiet roads), relief, banks & shores and distance to cities. The authors don’t p. 83 explain what these indicators exactly mean or how they are measured. In the end the quality is measured by a score ranging from 1 to 10. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) have summed up all internal qualities of a city park in the attribute ‘identity’. This includes facilities for daily use and special functions. The other objects are ‘physical elements’, ‘significance’ and ‘recognizable elements’. The authors admit that this is just a brief selection of elements that form the characteristics of a city park: “The concept ‘identity’ is used as a control factor, to test whether the context factors can be put into perspective by the qualities of the park itself.” (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008, p. 16) 4 Combining the variables The above listed variables are the starting point for the development for my own analysis method, which will help me to indicate the recreational potential of the Dutch in-between landscape. There are a number of conclusion to be drawn from the four models that I’ve reviewed. 4.1 Use of GIS-software First of all the use of GIS software has a great influence on the strength of the analysis model. The analysis method developed by De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) of the TU Delft shows that a successful analysis method doesn’t necessarily has to be based on GIS software. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel had to approach the reach by drawing a circle on a map. GIS can do these calculations faster and more accurate, because it can be based p. 84 on the actual road distance. Once traffic speed is included also travel time can be calculated easily. At the same time the software has it limits. De Vries and Goossen (2002) only could use seven out of eighteen quality indicators in GIS. Complex subjective issues like attractiveness are hard to incorporate in a static GIS-model. Van Herzele and Wiedemann acknowledge this: “A methodological problem in the application of parameters of attractiveness ... is the variation of values within the same space. In an attempt to cope with this problem, average values were used. However, physical spaces are not the same as perceptual spaces. Determination of the space’s limits in map-making do not necessarily correspond with the extent of perceived spaces.” (Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, p. 123) When performing an analysis by hand, a researcher can take these differences in account. The usability of GIS software also depends on the main goal of the model. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) recognize that their method doesn’t lead to accurate absolute figures. Their main goal however is to compare parks with each other. When the model is meant to provide reliable data for policy makers or area managers the accuracy is very important, as De Vries and Goossen explain: “One of the most important questions regarding the model that has been developed thus far is its validity. To what extent does the model predict actual numbers of visits accurately?” (Vries and Goossen, 2002, p. 12) 4.2 Scale For the use of an analysis model it is important to realise at which scale the model is meant to operate. The scale on which a green space is acting determines whether or not there is any competition from other types of parks. De Josselin de Jong and Van der Mispel (2008) only address city parks in their method. This leads to different lead variables than De Vries and Goossen’s model, which deals with forest and nature areas outside the cities (Vries and Goossen, 2002). I’ve explained this before for the attribute ‘busyness’, but it also applies to the reach an urban green space has and the facilities it will successfully offer. Van Herzele and Wiedemann’s model covers green spaces of various sizes. They are aware of the variety of scales they are dealing with: “… the catchment area may differ according to the type of green space. For example, for parks in the city centre a smaller minimum surface can be ac- cepted in comparison with less equipped green spaces like nature reserves and farmlands in the urban fringe.”(Herzele and Wiedemann, 2003, p.112) The scale of a green area partly determines the importance of the context of the green space. A neighbourhood park is more dependent on visits from people that live next to it (Josselin de Jong and Mispel, 2008) than a nature area which can rely on car based visits from a whole urban region (Vries and Goossen, 2002). 4.3 Trends & hypes The recreational activities that take place in the Dutch landscape are changing. This is partly due to the movement of urban functions, like shopping malls and entertainment centres, towards the urban fringe zones. Both Mommaas (2000) and Metz (2002) address this topic. The analysis models discussed here hardly pay any attention to this. The main interest still lies with walking and cycling. Next to the shift of urban functions, both authors recognise that the experience value becomes more important. Mommaas (2000) states that people are looking for effective ways to recreate : many different experiences in a short amount of time. Metz describes the role of the countryside: “If you ever had the illusion that the Dutch countryside is an oasis of peace, remote from or sovereignly elevated above the bustle of the city, forget it. The countryside is increasingly becoming a green décor for modern amusement; it is packaged, marketed and offered for consumption, the more ‘authentic’ the better.” (Metz, 2002, p. 181). This ‘fun-factor’ or experience value is really difficult to capture in a GIS-based monitoring tool, especially when you consider that trends and hypes are relative and change over time. 4.4 Leisure motives The way people experience their environment depends on a number of factors, among which the identity of a person is an important factor (Coeterier, 2000). Still, for recreation a division between groups of people can be made. Researchers from the Alterra institute have done a literature review on this topic and came up with a division based on recreational motives. (Goossen and Boer, 2008) The motive one has for recreation partly determines how one experiences the environment. If someone’s main motive is ‘quietness’ a crowd of people is experienced as negative, while someone with the motive ‘sociability’ will enjoy the company of other humans. graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder The division in motives is quite complex. Activities can be part of multiple motives, people can have different motives for their trips and physical objects can apply to multiple motives. Still, the authors argue that if you know why people go at leisure, the area can be suited for it. If an area provides all five motives, it enlarges the attractiveness of the area. The leisure motives aren’t incorporated into the models that I’ve looked at for this theory review. 5 Conclusions The attempts to develop a GIS-based planning tool to grasp the recreational use of the Dutch landscape have provided me with a good overview of the theoretical background that determines the recreational potential. As long as the analysis models are used in a proper way, they can be useful to understand the problems related to the recreational use of the landscape. These are however no design machines, that can predict the right solution. A critical designer will always be needed. Coeterier (2000) illustrates this explicitly: “The more you make an area suited for recreation, the more inappropriate it becomes. Overexploitation destroys the qualities that attracts people. The power of an area can also be its weakness. 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Recreatiemotieven en Belevingssferen in een recreatief landschap. Wageningen: Alterra, Wageningen. GOOSSEN, M. & LANGERS, F. 2000. Assessing quality of rural areas in the Neth- READ, S. A. 1996. Function of urban pattern. Pattern of urban function Delft, Publikatieburo Bouwkunde. SPEK, S. V. D., SCHAIK, J. V. & BOIS, P. G. D. 2009. Sensing human activity: GPS Tracking. Sensors, 9, 30333055. VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. 2001. Planning tools for the recreational function of forest and nature areas. 12th ELRA Congress: “Cultural events & leisure systems”. Amsterdam: Euro Leisure (ELRA) Secreatiaat. VRIES, S. D. & GOOSSEN, M. 2002. Modelling recreational visits to forests and nature areas. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 1, 5-14. erlands: finding the most important indicators for recreation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 46, 241-251. HAARLEMMERMEER, G. 2008. Hét recreatieve hart van Haarlemmermeer [Online]. Available: http://www.park21.info/ [Accessed 1 april 2010]. 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Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 85 B. | methodology: summary | 1. What are the current needs and trends in leisure and how do they affect the landscape? 1.1 Literature study: Leisure 1.1a 1.1b 1.1c How do people from urban areas in the Netherlands spend their free time? - statistics: CBS, CPB, Kenniscentrum Recreatie How do people from the Eindhoven region spend their free time and how does this differ from the national average? - statistics: CBS, CPB & information by the SRE What trends and hypes are currently to be seen in the leisure industry? - literature study: Mommaas, Metz, Alterra, knowledge centre Recreation 2. What tools are already developed to monitor the recreational use of the Dutch landscape? 2.1 Review Paper: monitoring and modelling tools p. 86 - Tools from Alterra, ministry of VROM & LNV, TU Delft, Free University Brussels 2.1a 2.1b How do these tools function? What kind of techniques are used? Which spatial factors are used as the most important input for the tools? 3. How is leisure currently present in the Dutch green buffer zones? 3.1 Typological analysis: green buffer zone - Possible locations to be compared: Spaarnwoude, Midden-Delfland, Park Lingezegen, RvDA 3.1a What kind of recreational activities are under- taken in the green buffer zones? - Map analysis, tourist information 3.1b How is the green buffer zone connected with the surrounding urban areas ? - Map analysis 3.1c How does the cultural and natural structure of the area affect the leisure? 3.2 Literature: green buffer zones 3.2a 3.2b What was the original purpose of the green buffer zones? - literature by VROM What visions are developed for the future use of the green buffer zones? - literature study 4. Which design principles can be used to revise the Dutch landscape in between cities based on its recreational potential? 4.1 Evaluation: output from 1.1, 2.1 & 3.1 4.1a 4.1b What spatial factors can be derived from the output so far? Which are most important? How can the spatial factors be clustered into workable design principles? graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder 5. What is a metropolitan landscape park? How is it constructed? 5.1 Literature study 5.1a 5.1b 5.1c What are good examples of a metropolitan landscape park? - Professional magazines What is the role of open green spaces in the metropolitan context? - literature study (o.a. Land in de stad) What are common building-blocks that are used in metropolitan landscape parks? - Map analysis 6. How can spatial problems in a Dutch green buffer zone be solved by constructing a metropolitan park and improving the recreational structure? 6.1 Analysis of project area: Realm of Dommel & Aa 6.1a What are distinctive spatial characteristics of the Brainport region? 6.1b 6.1c 6.1d What is the position of the project area within the Brainport region? What are spatial problems in the project area? What is the specific recreational potential of the project area? - typological analysis, based on output from 3.1 & 4 - mapping the urban structure - mapping the natural and cultural landscape structure 6.2 Spatial design: Realm of Dommel & Aa 6.2a Which parts of the area are best suited for recreational purposes? - designing sectors, based on 5.1c and 6.1d 6.2b How can the recreational structure be improved? - designing network by imposing acupunctural recreational interventions 6.2c How can the green buffer zone be transformed into a metropolitan landscape park? 6.3 Evaluation: concept 6.3a How well are the spatial problems in the area solved by the recreational structure? - integrating variants and interventions into one concept master plan - comparing output of 6.1c and 6.2c, based on 4 Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 87 C. | project area - map | Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. preliminary thesisplan - P.J.M. Rosmulder Dealing with leisure - A quest for tools to revise the Dutch in between landscape to integrate leisure activities. p. 89 p. 90 graduate thesis report - P.J.M. Rosmulder