Poster Session - (asian Aerosol Conference) 2017

Transcript

POSTER SESSION POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0521 ] PS-AC01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Chemical Speciation and Radioactive Particle Analysis of Asian Dust Using Non-Destructive Analytical Techniques Kishore Babu DASARI1*, H. CHO1, S. H. CHOI2 and Y. –H. YIM1 Center for Inorganic Analysis, Division of Metrology for Quality of Life, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Republic of Korea 2 Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 1 ABSTRACT g/m3 is not a rare case anymore. These transboundary particles containing toxic pollutants and radioactive particles are matters of extreme concern. 7Be is a naturally occurring cosmogenic radionuclide and the best tracer to reveal the information on its generation, transport and deposition. μParticulate matters (PMs) in the air environment are attracting a lot of interest due to their potential hazards to human respiratory health, especially for infants, children and elders. Environmental performance index (EPI) 2016 clearly shows South Korea’s air quality is getting worse compared to the other Asian counties. EPI ranking of Korea is 80th, while those for Japan and China are 39th and 109th, respectively. During last decade, transboundary particle flows from China has been increased due to expanding desertification and industrialization. Particularly during the spring period (March to June), PM10 concentration reaching 400 Radioactive particles are also used to distinguish the geological origin of dust particles. We collected total suspended particles including recent yellow dust period (April 20th to May 10th, 2017) at Daejeon, South Korea. The samples were collected in different periods at a roof of building. The present study highlights the identification of the origin of yellow dust, speciation analysis and quantification of radioactive particle. HYSPLIT back trajectory model was applied to find the origin of the PMs on specific date and time. Korean Peninsula is found to be under the influence of environmental air from China and Mongolia due to northwestern wind at the season. Synchrotron accelerator based X-ray absorption near edge spectrometry (XANES) technique was applied to analyze PMs without any chemical treatment, which allows the identification and semi-quantitation of individual chemical species of arsenic, chromium and iron elements. XANES experiment was carried at 7D XAFS beam line of Pohang accelerator laboratory (PAL) using 3 GeV X-ray energy. Quantification of radioactive elements, 7Be and 40K, was carried out using high resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. Efficiency transfer method was used to find the absolute efficiency of voluminous samples. High levels of 7Be (20-40 Bq.kg-1) and 40K (150-350 Bq.kg-1) are found from PMs collected during this year spring session include yellow dust storm. Further calculations and analysis is in progress and will be discussed during the conference. Keywords: Asian Dust, TSP, Natural radioactivity, Speciation, Non-destructive techniques Corresponding author: [email protected] 2 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0519 ] PS-AC02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Decomposition of Gas Using a Visible Photo Catalyst Impregnated Activated Carbon Filter Hooncheol JEON1*, Sunyoung MOON1, Deok HUH1 and Hyungho PARK1 1 Air Solution R&D Lab, LG Electronics, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The pollution of the atmospheric environment has become serious, and the use of household air purifiers is increasing. The air purifier has a HEPA filter to remove dust and deodorizing filter to remove harmful gas. It is recommended replacing the filter once every six months or once a year. Since the replacement of the filter is burdensome to the customer, a regenerative deodorizing filter has been developed so that the filter can be regenerated and used continuously. In this study, activated carbon deodorizing filter can be reused by using photocatalyst. The photocatalyst is activated by light and decomposes the harmful gas. Most of photocatalyst are activated by UV light, but the photocatalyst that reacts to visible light was used for easy regeneration at home. The harmful and odor gas generated in the home are adsorbed by the activated carbon deodorizing filter of the air purifier. The purpose of the testing is to verifying photocatalytic deodorizing filter’s service life by measuring the amount of gas absorbed to the filter under visible light exposure. The experimental method is as follows. Inject test gas until initial gas concentration. Measure initial gas concentration and turn on the fan in the chamber. Measure gas concentration by using gas detector tubes in the chamber though gas sampling hole every hour until no longer gas concentration is decreased in the chamber. Expose the filter in a chamber under fluorescent lamp for 3hours (light luminance on filter surface is 1,000±50 lux). Then, the adsorption process of injecting gas and the regeneration process by light are repeated without opening the chamber until gas removal effect is lower than 50%. Removed gas mass is calculated by equation (1).  (Ct – C0) x Mw / V(1) Ct = gas concentration after a certain period of time (ppm) C0 = Initial gas concentration (ppm) Mw = Molecular weight of gas (g/mol) V = gas volume of 1 mole at 25℃ ((dm)3/mol)  The amount of gas adsorption of general deodorizing filter was much higher than that of deodorizing filter impregnated with photocatalyst. The photocatalytic deodorizing filter can be used for a long period of time by regenerating by visible light. Keywords: Activated Carbon Filter, Visible Photocatalyst, Deodorizing Filter 3 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0497 ] PS-AC03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Seasonal Variation Characteristics of Organosulfates Isolated from Urban Aerosol in Beijing: A Study by Ultra-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Jingyi ZHANG1*, QUAN SHI1 and Yongmei LIANG1 1 China University of Petroleum (Beijing), China ABSTRACT As a tracer of secondary organic aerosols, the research of organosulfates is a hotspot in atmospheric chemistry in recent years. In this work, the semi-quantitative analysis method of organosulfates by ultra-highresolution mass spectrometry was carried on the preliminary explored. The seasonal variation characteristics of organosulfates in water soluble organic compounds of atmospheric aerosol collected in Beijing were analyzed using negative electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with a Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometer (FT-ICR MS).The relative quantitative response factors for internal standard (deuterated dodecyl sulfate) of organosulfates in the winter sample are significantly different from that in summer, though the sulfur content in water soluble organic compounds isolated from the winter sample is closed to that from summer, as a result of the imparity of ionization efficiency of organosulfates which have different hydrocarbyl structure in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. In order to comparing the molecular composition of organosulfates in different seasons, the organosulfates are classified into three categories according to the degree of unsaturation, aliphatic organosulfates (DBE = 0,1), biogenic organosulfates (DBE = 2,3) and aromatic organosulfates (DBE≥4). The dominant organosulfates that were detected in the four seasons had distinctly different molecular characteristics. The molecular composition of organosulfates in aerosol samples collected in spring were similar to that in autumn, biogenic organosulfates which derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) accounted for above 50%. Specifically, the proportion of biogenic organosulfates in the summer sample could be reached 64% due to vigorous activity of plant, while the organosulfates in the winter sample were dominated by aromatic products which accounted for 55 %, their precursors might be VOCs emitted from anthropogenic source, such as fossil fuel combustion. It didn’t appear to be much different that the proportion of aliphatic organosulfates with low degree of unsaturation in the four seasons accounted for 22%, 17%, 25% and 22% respectively. Long-chain alkanes from vehicle emissions might be their precursors. Keywords: organic aerosols, ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry, organosulfates, molecular characteristics, semi-quantitative analysis method 4 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0490 ] PS-AC04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Feedbacks Between Atmospheric Aerosol Microphysics and Photochemical Aging Pablo CORRAL1*, Peter ALPERT1, Jing DOU2, Ulrich KRIEGER2, Beiping LUO2 and Markus AMMANN1 1 Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland 2 ETH Zurich, Switzerland ABSTRACT Aerosol aging refers to the multitude of physical and chemical transformations atmospheric particles undergo, which play an important role in the impact of aerosols on climate, air quality and health. Aging processes can follow photochemical pathways initiated by particle phase chromophores, which act as photocatalysts inducing oxidation of non-absorbing molecules [1]. Iron (Fe(III)) carboxylate complexes absorb light below about 500 nm, followed by ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) resulting in the reduction of iron to Fe(II) and oxidation of the carboxylate ligands, a process that represents an important sink of organic acids in the troposphere [2]. Our goal is to investigate the feedbacks between these photochemical processes and the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol particles. To achieve this scope we expose iron citrate films to UV light and report the production of radicals and organic compounds. Experiments are conducted in a coated wall flow tube coupled either to a chemiluminescence detector for the detection of NO2 as product of HO2 radicals with an excess of NO or proton transfer time of flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) for volatile organic compounds. Low-volatility products are identified by extracting the film and analyzing using UHPLC-MS. Finally, the internal structure and oxidation spatial gradient within single aerosol particles are tracked over time using an X-ray microspectroscopic method. In total, these data will be used to better understand aerosol chemical and structural evolution due to photochemical oxidation and better quantification of chemical mechanisms and degradation kinetics under varying environmental conditions. [1] George G., Ammann M., D’Anna B., Donaldson D. J., Nizkorodov S. A., Heterogeneous photochemistry in the Atmosphere, Chem. Rev., 2015, 115 (10), pp 4218-4258 [2] Weller, C., Horn, S., and Herrmann, H.: Photolysis of Fe(III) carboxylate complexes: Fe(II) quantum yields and reaction mechanisms, Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 268, 24-36, 2013. Keywords: Aerosol aging, Microphysics, Photochemistry 5 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0394 ] PS-AC05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Size Resolved Aerosols by the Different Regional Influences in the West Coastal Korea During KORUS-AQ Campaign Min-Suk BAE1*, Zang-Ho SHON2, Sea-Ho OH1, Taehyoung LEE3, Seung-Shik PARK4 and Gyutae PARK3 1 Mokpo National University, Republic of Korea 2 Dong-Eui University, Republic of Korea 3 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea 4 Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The measurements for size-resolved chemical compositions were conducted at a west coastal site in Republic of Korea during the KORea-US Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign between May 28 to June 20, 2016. The clean background sampling site, Anmyeon (36° 320N; 126° 190E, 45.7 m above sea level (ASL)) station has been operated as a Global Atmosphere Watch supersite (GAWS) of World Meteorological Organization in Korea. The site receives both marine as well as continental air masses during different days according to the prevailing wind patterns. The goal of this study is to characterize the size-resolved main chemical compositions (i.e. organic carbon (OC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble ions, and benzene carboxylic acids (BCA)) of aerosol particles at the West coastal Korea with the influence of different regional range transfers using a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDI). PM2.5 mass, OC, EC, WSOC, and BCA were determined by SUNET carbon analyser, total organic carbon (TOC) analyser, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS). In addition, an optical particle sizer (OPS) (Model 3330, TSI Inc.) and Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) (Model 5012, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.) were operated for sized resolved volume concentrations and black carbon (BC), respectively. The influence of different regional range transfers were determined by residence-time weighted concentrations (RTWC) analysis. The five most abundant water-soluble species (in decreasing order) were chloride, sodium, non-sea salt (nss) sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate. During regional impact periods, sulfate and WSOC contrations were enhanced as strongly as other species in the sub-micrometer stages. 1,2-benzene carboxylic acid is the most abundant compound in the sub micrometer stages as well. The size resolved the most abundant chemical properties in the region, comparison of different ionic balance approaches (i.e. size resolved ratio of NH4+ measured and NH4+ neutralized) and comparison of optical and chemical size distributions will be presented. Keywords: MOUDI, RTWC, size distribution Corresponding author: [email protected] 6 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0209 ] PS-AC06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Ratio of Plant-Derived Carbon in PM2.5 in Summer and Autumn in Kazo, Japan Kouki SASAKA1*, Qingyue WANG2 and Kazuhiko SAKAMOTO3 1 Center for Environmental Science in Saitama, Japan Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Japan 3 Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Japan 2 ABSTRACT In Japan, the primary carbonaceous particles from motor vehicle and waste incinerator have been reduced due to strict measures against exhaust gas. However, the relative contribution of carbonaceous particles derived from plants and biomass has been increasing throughout a year. Thereby, the compositional analysis for the organic particles has become increasingly important to identify the generation process and the product categories. In order to reveal the source of the organic particles in PM2.5 and those generation processes, we carried out compositional analysis of PM2.5 collected at Kazo (Japan) in the summer and autumn of 2014. We obtained the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosol from carbon profile analysis, GC-MS analysis of the molecular marker compounds (MMCs), and the carbon isotopic analysis for the same summer samples. Recently we reported that the photochemically secondary production from plant-derived volatile organic compounds has a contribution to the carbonaceous aerosol in the summer. We also showed the contribution of primary emission from biomass burning is dominated in the autumn. On the other hand, the results of carbon isotopic analysis of summer PM2.5 samples suggested that the contribution of plants is higher than that of fossil fuel. However, the carbon isotopic analysis of PM2.5 is limited, and its seasonal difference is still incompletely understood in many points. Therefore, we were carried out also the carbon isotopic analysis of the autumn samples, and examined the changes in the ratio of plant-derived carbon in PM2.5 of the summer and autumn. The concentration of carbonaceous component is higher in the autumn than in the summer. As mentioned above, the analytical results of the MMCs suggest that biomass burning is the main sources of carbonaceous component of PM2.5 in the autumn. The ratio of plant-derived carbon are higher than those of fossil fuel-derived carbon, it was found that the plant-derived carbon greatly contributes to PM2.5. Keywords: PM2.5, Carbon isotopic analysis, molecular marker compounds, plant-derived carbon, biomass burning Corresponding author: [email protected] 7 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0175 ] PS-AC07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Secondary Organic Aerosol During the Biomass Burning Season in Northern Southeast Asia I-Ting KU1*, Olga POPOVICHEVA2, Guenter ENGLING3 and Neng-Huei LIN4 1 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taiwan 2 Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation 3 California Air Resources Board, USA 4 Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan ABSTRACT Emissions of biomass burning aerosols during spring in Southeast Asia have important influence on regional air quality, climate and human health. Herein, we explore the PM1 and PM2.5 chemical composition and source apportionment during the 2014 biomass burning season (March to April) to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) associated with combustion activities in Doi-Ang Khang, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Daytime and nighttime samples were characterized with respect to chemical composition, including carbonaceous species (OC, EC and WSOC), functionalities of organic/inorganic compounds, ion species, anhydrosugars, and isoprene derived SOA molecular markers (2-methyltetrols). Average concentration ratios of PM1/PM2.5 for most species were found to be high and good correlations were observed between various species concentrations in PM1 and PM2.5 samples, indicating that most of the aerosol components were present in submicron particles (PM1) and might have come from similar emission sources. Using a simplified receptor-based method to estimate the impact of biomass burning emissions on organic carbon in PM1 and PM2.5, the average aerosol mass contributions were 49.4% and 50.3%, respectively. Significantly higher concentrations of 2-methyltetrols were observed compared to previous studies around the globe. Correlation analysis among chemical species (aerosol source tracers and gases) and meteorological conditions as well as air mass history analysis indicated potential sources in Southeast and South Asia. These findings reveal that air quality in northern Thailand was significantly influenced by biomass burning activities and SOA formation. Keywords: Thailand, Biomass combustion, Organic carbon, Elemental Carbon, SOA markers Corresponding author: [email protected] 8 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0075 ] PS-AC08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Effects of Inorganic Seed Aerosol on the Oxidation State of Secondary Organic Aerosol - α-Pinene Ozonolysis Dan Dan HUANG1*, Xuan ZHANG2, Nathan DALLESKA2, Hanna LIGNELL2, Matthew COGGON2, Chi Ming CHAN1, Richard C. FLAGAN2, John H. SEINFELD2 and Chak K. CHAN3 1 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 2 California Institute of Technology, USA 3 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ABSTRACT Organic and inorganic materials are ubiquitous components in ambient aerosols. Inorganic seed particles are routinely used as sites to promote condensation of organic oxidation products in laboratory chamber studies of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. The presence of organosulfates even in neutralized ammonium sulfate (AS) aerosols suggests that interactions between the organic and the condensed neutralized inorganic species occur. AS is commonly used as seed particles in environmental chamber studies. A relatively unstudied aspect of SOA formation is the effect of inorganic seed composition on the properties of the SOA. Here we compare the oxidation state and molecular composition of α-pinene-derived SOA by varying the types and surface areas of inorganic seed aerosol that are used to promote the condensation of SOA-forming vapors. The oxidation state of α-pinene SOA is found to increase with inorganic seed surface area, likely a result of enhanced condensation of low-volatility organic compounds on particles versus deposition on the chamber wall. α-Pinene SOA is more highly oxygenated in the presence of sodium nitrate (SN) seed than AS seed. The relative abundance of semi-volatile monomers and low-volatility dimer components that account for more than half of α-pinene SOA mass is not significantly affected by the composition of seed aerosol. Enhanced uptake of highly oxidized small carboxylic acids onto SN seed particles is observed, which could potentially explain the observed higher SOA oxidation state in the presence of SN seed aerosol. Overall, our results demonstrate that a combined effect of seed aerosol composition and surface area leads to an increase in the O:C atomic ratio of α-pinene SOA by as much as a factor of 2. Keywords: Oxidation state of alpha-pinene SOA increases with increasing seed surface area, Alpha-pinene SOA is more oxidized in the presence of nitrate-containing seed aerosol than with ammonium sulfate seed aerosol Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 9 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0068 ] PS-AC09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Reactive Uptake of Dimethylamine by Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Sulfate – Sucrose Mixed Particles Yangxi CHU1 and Chak K. CHAN1,2,3* 1 Division of Environment, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 3 School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 2 ABSTRACT Short-chain alkyl amines can undergo gas-to-particle partitioning via the reactive uptake by ammonium salts, whose phases have been thought to largely influence the extent of amine uptake. Previous studies mainly focused on particles of single ammonium salt at either dry or wet conditions without any addition of organic compounds. Here we report the uptake of dimethylamine (DMA) by ammonium sulfate (AS) and AS – sucrose mixed particles at different relative humidities (RHs) using an electrodynamic balance (EDB) coupled with in situ Raman spectroscopy. DMA is selected as a representative of short-chain alkyl amines due to its ambient abundance and sucrose is used as a surrogate of viscous and hydrophilic organics. Effective DMA uptake and complete displacement of ammonium were observed for most cases, except for the water-limiting scenario at < 5% RH and the formation of a thick and ultra-viscous sucrose coating at 10% RH and below. DMA uptake coefficients (γ) were estimated based on the particle mass measurements using the EDB during DMA uptake. Addition of sucrose can increase γ by absorbing water or inhibiting AS crystallization, and decrease γ by elevating particle viscosity and forming a coating layer. DMA uptake can be facilitated for crystalline AS, or retarded for aqueous AS, with hydrophilic viscous organics (e.g. secondary organic material formed via the oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds) present in aerosol particles. Keywords: Alkyl amine, Ammonium sulfate, Viscosity, Organic coating, Uptake coefficient 10 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0030 ] PS-AC10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Pollution Characteristics of Carbonaceous Aerosol in Handan City During a Heavy Haze in Winter Wenjing CHENG1,2*, Wei HU3,4, Wei PIAN1,2, Shanshan YAN1,2 and Jinbo ZHAO1,2 1 Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, China 2 Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Exploitation, Hebei University of Engineering, China 3 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, China 4 Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Japan ABSTRACT Carbonaceous aerosol is important in atmospheric particulate matter due to the adverse effects on environmental pollution and climate change. In this study, the atmospheric particulate samples, collected during a haze process in a heavy industrial city of Handan in North China Plan on Jan 2016, were analyzed by thermal optical reflectance to study the variation of organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) in PM2.5, PM10 and TSP. During the haze, the mass concentration of PM2.5 increased from 13 μg•m-3 to 226 μg•m-3, and the concentration of OC and EC in PM2.5 increased from 14.9 μg•m-3 and 4.0 μg•m-3 to 108.4 μg•m-3 and 19.4μg•m-3, respectively. Compared with Beijing, the average concentration of OC in PM2.5 was almost at the same level, while EC higher attributed to a relatively higher emission of fossil fuel or biomass burning in Handan city. With the high correlation coefficient in PM10 and TSP (r=0.88, p<0.01) and low in PM2.5 (r=0.68, p<0.01), the results indicate that the sources in PM2.5 were more completed. The OC/EC ratios in PM2.5, PM10 and TSP varied from 1.63 to 9.02, 2.41 to 5.68, and 1.98 to 4.99 with averages of 4.39±2.05, 3.18±0.98 and 2.83±0.85, respectively suggesting that vehicle exhaust and coal smoke were main sources in the haze. The ratios of SOC accounted for 71%, 58% and 60% approximately of total organic carbon (TOC) in PM2.5, PM10 and TSP, respectively. This implies that formation of secondary organic contributes largely to the rising of particle concentration during the haze. Keywords: Organic carbon, Element carbon, Secondary organic carbon, Handan Corresponding author: [email protected] 11 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Chemistry [ PS0013 ] PS-AC11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Aerosol Assisted Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly of Nanomaterials Jiaxing HUANG1 and Huali NIE2* 1 Northwestern University, USA 2 Donghua University, China ABSTRACT Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) assembly is a classical molecular thin-film processing technique, in which the material is spread onto water surface from a volatile, water-immiscible solvent to create floating monolayers that can be later transferred to solid substrates. Volatile, water-immiscible solvents are convenient for spreading, but they also greatly limit the versatility of the assembly technique and bring environmental and safety concerns. The use of water-miscible spreading solvents has not been effective or reproducible, and tends to lose most materials to water subphase due to intermixing. Electrospray (E-spray) spreading solves the intermixing problems by depleting the volume of the droplets during the initial spreading step, thus leaving little solvent for mixing [1]. Here we use three “problematic” model colloids to demonstrate that E-spray can effectively spread colloidal materials on water surface from their dispersions in ethanol, ethanol/water mixture, and even water itself. Fig.1 (A) shows LB monolayer of Au/PVP nanoparticle prepared by E-spray spreading using ethanol. Here it is challenging to use common spreading solvents such as chloroform and toluene due to poor colloidal stability of Au/PVP in these solvents. Spreading water-dispersed colloids directly on water by E-spray using GO as an example is shown in Fig.1 (B). Fig.1 (C) shows E-spray-assisted LB assembly of PS colloids using ethanol as the spreading solvent. The new strategy drastically reduces the burden of material processing prior to assembly and broadens the scope of LB assembly to previously hard-to-process materials. It also avoids the use of toxic volatile organic spreading solvents, improves the reproducibility. Keywords: Langmuir−Blodgett assembly, aerosol, water-miscible, spreading solvents, nanomaterials Corresponding author: [email protected] 12 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0520 ] PS-AE01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Decrease of VOC Emissions from Vehicular Emissions in Hong Kong from 2003 to 2015: Results from a Tunnel Study Shun-Cheng LEE1*, L. CUI1, X.L. WANG2, K.F. HO3, Judith C. CHOW2 and John G. WATSON2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 2 Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, USA 3 School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ABSTRACT Vehicular emissions are one of major anthropogenic sources of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in Hong Kong. During the past twelve years, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region has undertaken a series of air pollution control measures to reduce vehicular emissions in Hong Kong. Vehicular emissions were characterized by repeated measurement in the same roadway tunnel in 2003 and 2015. The total net concentration of measured VOCs decreased by 44.7% from 2003 to 2015. The fleet-average VOC emission factor decreased from 107.1 ± 44.8 mg veh-1 km-1 in 2003 to 58.8 ± 50.7 mg veh-1 km-1 in 2015, and the total ozone (O3) formation potential of measured VOCs decreased from 474.1 mg O3 veh-1 km-1 to 190.8 mg O3 veh-1 km-1. The emission factor of ethene, which is one of the key tracers for diesel vehicular emissions, decreased by 67.3% from 2003 to 2015 as a result of the strict control measures on diesel vehicular emissions. Even though n-butane, i-butane, propane, and i-pentane had the highest EFNDV in 2015, EFNDV of n-butane, i-butane, propane, and i-pentane decreased by 62.3%, 60.6%, 78.4%, and 61.0%, respectively, from 2003 to 2015. Ethene had the highest EFDV (25.70 ± 2.62 mg veh-1 km-1) in 2003, but the EFDV of ethene has been decreased by 76.8% in 2015. The contributions by VOC groups to total OFP were different in 2003 and 2015 with the large decrease of alkenes’ contribution from 53.7% in 2003 to 45.1% in 2015. However, alkenes and hydrocarbon aromatics were always the two major contributors to total OFP from vehicular emissions in Hong Kong in both 2003 and 2015. Total road transport VOC emission factor in Hong Kong decreased by 46.8% from 2003 (679.2 mg veh-1 km-1) to 2015 (361.2 mg veh-1 km-1). Meanwhile, from the tunnel results in this study, the emission factor of total measured VOCs decreased from 107.1 ± 44.8 mg veh-1 km-1 in 2003 to 58.8 ± 50.7 mg veh-1 km-1 in 2015 with the percentage of 45.1%. The decrease percentage was comparable between simulation result (46.8%) and tunnel experiment result (45.1%). To 2020, the total road transport VOC emission and emission factor is estimated to be 3,803 tonnes, and 279.6 mg veh-1 km-1, respectively. The large decrease of VOC emissions from on-road vehicles demonstrates the effectiveness of past multi-vehicular emission control strategy in Hong Kong. Keywords: Volatile organic compounds, Vehicular emissions, Tunnel, Emission factor Corresponding author: [email protected] 13 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0488 ] PS-AE02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Electricity Output Trend in North Korea Using the Data Produced by North Korea Min Ju YEO1* and Yong Pyo KIM1 1 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Reliable data on energy usage in North Korea are needed to understand the characteristics of air quality. However, data from the North Korean government are limited. Recently, the North Korean government has reported data on the energy usage in several reports to the international agencies including the second National Communication on Climate Change and the Project Design Documents (PDDs) of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). There are 6 registered CDM projects hosted by North Korea, developed as small hydropower plants. Data of the electricity output of each power plant connected to the Eastern Power Grid (EPG) or Western Power Grid (WPG) in North Korea were provided in the PDDs of CDM. In this study, we (1) reviewed the electricity output data in North Korea in the reports produced by North Korea including PDDs of CDM and (2) compared the electricity output data with the estimated data from various sources such as International Energy Agency (IEA). Keywords: North Korea data, electricity output in North Korea, Clean Development Mechanism, power grids in North Korea Corresponding author: [email protected] 14 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0402 ] PS-AE03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Determination of Source Profiles for Laboratory-Generated Aerosols from Various Sources and Their Comparison with US EPA Source Profiles Kwangyul LEE1, Kihong PARK1, Wajih Ur REHMAN1* and Hungsoo JOO1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) relies on the near-accurate estimation of source profiles for estimation of source contributors to a receptor site. This means that the source profiles have to be carefully calculated or measured by ambient sampling near the source or sources site(s). Any variation in the Source Profiles have to be taken into account or the final statistical parameters in the CMB model execution will be compromised. In this study, source profiles are developed as part of our PM2.5 Research Consortium at Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea. These laboratory developed source profiles (which exhibit the source profile in the Korean peninsula), are then used to assess a source apportionment study in which ambient data was collected over a sufficiently long period to carry out Source Apportionment using the CMB model. The same measured data is also used to quantify Source Contribution Estimate (SCE) using US EPA Source Profile (speciate_4.5_0). As there are spatial and seasonal differences in a Source Apportionment study, it is vital to use the right type of source profile. Generally, locally developed Source Profiles are preferred over a Source Profile in a different region of study. For example, the characteristics of ‘Oil Combustion’ Source Profile developed in USA will be different than the ones developed in Korea or China. Differences in Source Apportionment results, if any, that arise when we use our laboratory-developed source profiles than characteristically similar US EPA Source Profiles for the same measurement data were examined. It is essential to understand the differences in the light of CMB Model statistical parameters (R2 and Chi Square). The Source Apportionment results in the presence of air mass backward trajectory data from HYSPLIT and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) will be carried out to verify our CMB source apportionment results. Keywords: Source Apportionment, Source Profiles, Source Contribution Estimates, Chemical Mass Balance (CMB), Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) Corresponding author: [email protected] 15 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0373 ] PS-AE04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Estimation of Non-Exhaust (Tire and Break Wear) PM Emissions from Road Traffic in Seoul Metropolitan Area Sehyun HAN1*, Ki-Joon JEON1 and Yong-Won JUNG1 1 Inha University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Particulate matter (PM) generated in an automobile can be classified into an exhaust (or tailpipe) PM by fuel combustion and non-exhaust PM generated during driving of vehicle. Exhaust PM emissions from vehicles have been significantly reduced due to recent strengthening of regulations and improvement of control technologies. On the other hand, non-exhaust PM emissions such as tire wear and break wear particles were relatively inadequate in scientific knowledge and control measures. Recent studies indicate that non-exhaust PM emissions from road traffic are also an important source of air pollution in major cities (Grigoratos and Martini, 2014; Thorpe, 2008). The tire wear particles arise from frictional contact between the road surface and the vehicle tire tread and the brake wear particles are generated by wear of the brake lining material and the brake disk/ drum due to frictional contact between the brake system components during braking. The aim of this study is to establish a methodology of non-exhaust PM emissions from road traffic to improve Korea air pollutant emission inventory data (Clean Air Policy Support System, CAPSS). To this end, we reviewed and compared the wear particle emission characteristics (wear factor, PM fraction, emission factor, etc.) of domestic/overseas research data and emission inventory. And then we estimated the tire wear and brake wear PM emissions in Seoul Metropolitan areas by applying the Europe EMEP/ EEA emission inventory methodology (EMEP/EEA, 2013). Acknowledgments: This study was funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) and Inha University. Keywords: Non-exhaust PM, Tire wear, Brake wear, Road traffic emissions, PM10 & PM2.5 Corresponding author: [email protected] 16 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0355 ] PS-AE05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Comparison and Evaluation of the Air Pollutant Emissions in North Korea from Various Sources Min Ju YEO1* and Yong Pyo KIM1 1 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Recently, concern about the environmental problems in North Korea has been growing. However, data published by the North Korean government have been limited, irregular and quantitatively deficient. Thus, the data of North Korea have been generally estimated by using the mirror statistics. Inevitably, uncertainty of the estimated data of North Korea is high and the differences among the data sets from various sources are large. In order to understand the actual conditions of environmental quality and environmental management in North Korea, it is important to analyze and understand the data produced by North Korea. For example, the emission factor or the removal efficiency used for calculation of the air pollutant emissions reflects the management or operation conditions of the air pollution control facilities in North Korea. Recently, the North Korean government has reported data on the emission amounts of air pollutants in several reports including the second National Communication on Climate Change submitted to the United Nations to participate the climate change regime. In this study, we (1) reviewed the data in the reports submitted to the UN and compared those with the estimated results from the various outside sources and (2) suggested further research directions on emissions of air pollutants of North Korea. Keywords: air quality in North Korea, air pollutant emissions, official data of North Korea Corresponding author: [email protected] 17 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0323 ] PS-AE06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Physical Characterization of Tire Wear Particles Under Various Driving Conditions Using a Tire Simulator Seokhwan LEE1*, Kibaek KIM1 and Yongrae KIM1 1 Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Recently, as interest in climate change and air pollution grows, studies are under way to reduce particulate matter (PM) and even strict legislation is being developed. To date, much attention has been focused on emissions to reduce traffic pollution, but recent studies have shown that non-exhaust sources such as road dust and wear of automotive components (tires, brakes, etc.) accounts for the same amount of exhaust emissions. The non-exhaust particles consist mainly of PM10 or PM2.5 and are of particular concern because they adversely affect human health. In particular, fine particles and ultrafine particles can cause respiratory diseases, and their concentration is highly correlated with human mortality. A number of studies have been conducted to investigate the characteristics of tire wear particles (TWPs) that refer to particles collected during on-road driving conditions or road simulator experiments. Among them, our previous study (Kwak et al., 2013) showed that road wear particles (RWP) consisted of many crustal materials generated from road surface wear and road dust. Further research (Kwak et al., 2014) investigated the physical and chemical properties of ultrafine particles generated during on-road driving and road simulator experiments under different driving conditions. This study provided more accurate information on the mechanism of generation of traffic-related size-separated particles and the potential effects of human health. In this study, we would like to conduct experiments in a more controlled environment than the actual driving or road simulator. Thus, a tire simulator surrounded by a control chamber was used to eliminate interference from roads or the atmosphere. The tires came in tight contact with the wrapped roller with 80 grit sandpaper. We can control the driving speed, tire contact load, acceleration, deceleration, and tilting angle. The airflow was supplied by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtering system. The particle mass concentration, particle mass size distribution, particle number concentration and particle number size distribution in the control chamber are measured using Dusttrak, Aerosol Particle Sizer (APS), Condensed Particle Counter (CPC) and Fast Mobility Particle Sizer. Experimental results show that PM formation of fine-sized and ultrafine sized particles was not significant at constant speed driving conditions. However, the tilting angle, deceleration, and acceleration had a great influence on the formation of fine particles as well as ultrafine particles. Keywords: Tire wear particles, Tire simulator, Non-exhaust particles, Airborne particles Corresponding author: [email protected] 18 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0320 ] PS-AE07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Study on BC Emission from Vehicles Using Different Types of Fuel KyungHoon KIM1*, Jihwan SON2, Jounghwa KIM2, Sunmoon KIM2, Gyutae PARK1, Kijae SUNG2, Ingu KIM2, Taekho CHUNG2, Taehyun PARK1, Seokwon KANG1, Ji Hee BAN1, Jeong Soo KIM2, Jung-Hun WOO3 and Taehyoung LEE1 1 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 3 Konkuk University, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Black carbon (BC) is an anthropogenic aerosol from fossil fuels, and biomass burning. It absorbs solar radiation, and heats the atmosphere leading 0.4W m-2 radiative forcing. BC is a particle that can cause serious effects on human body as well. Toxicological studies of black carbon suggests that BC may be an important carrier of toxic chemicals to human body. The recent researches show that one of the main precursor of BC is vehicle emission, but the inventory of BC emission rate from vehicle is inadequate in South Korea. This study tries to find differences of BC emission from different sizes of vehicles using different types of fuels. Fuels used in vehicles are gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and diesel. BC was directly measured from the tail pipe of vehicles using Aethalometer (AE33, Magee Scientific Corporation). This study was conducted in Transport Pollutant Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, South Korea. Measurement was progressed with the five different test modes of speeds. Speed modes includes 4.7, 17.3, 34.1, 65.4, and 97.3 km h-1. Emission rate of BC was high in the slowest speed mode, and showed decrease with increase of the speed of vehicles. Gasoline vehicles had the relatively higher emission rate of BC than the Diesel vehicle with DPF (Diesel Particle Filter), while the emission rate of BC for LPG was observed to be the lowest. This measurement was funded by Korea Ministry of Environment as “Climate Change Correspondence Program” and supported by National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), South Korea. Keywords: Black Carbon, Emission, Vehicle, AE33 Corresponding author: [email protected] 19 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0291 ] PS-AE08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Emissions of Nanoparticle and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in 3D Printing Operations Jong-Sang YOUN1*, Eunji HAN1, Sehyun HAN1, Yong-Won JUNG1, Ki-Joon JEON1 and Eungyoung YANG1 1 Inha University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The original purpose of the three-dimensional (3D) printers was to create the prototype before launching the product. In recent years, however, applications have been expanded to industrial, medical, education, and even personal use. Although the applications of 3D printer is increasing, but research on air pollutants emitted by 3D printer have not been conducted well. As a potential sources of particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), understanding the physicochemical properties of air pollutants emitted from 3D printing is crucial. This study examines physicochemical and gaseous data on particulate matter and volatile organic compounds sampled from fused filament fabrication (FFF) type 3D printers (FINEBOT and Delta Robot) which have same type of feed stock filaments such as polylactic acid (PLA). To measure air pollutants, we used scanning mobility analyzer, personal particle sampler with TEM grid, and tedlar gas sampling bags along with low volume pump. Nanoparticle size distribution with aerodynamic diameter of 10 - 400 nm exhibit bimodal profiles with a dominant peak between 70 and 100 nm and a smaller mode in the size ranges less than 20 nm. At the beginning of the 3D printing operation, result shows the new particle formation and it was enhanced as the number of operating 3D printers increased. The chemical properties of the nanoparticle sampled by personal sampler exhibit the enhancement of silicon (Si) and sulfur (S) during 3D printing operation. Of the 45 gaseous species analyzed, 16 of them were considered as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), known to be carcinogens or cause serious health effects. This study was funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as ‘‘the Environmental Health Action Program(2016001360005)” Keywords: 3D printer, nanoparticle, VOCs, indoor air quality, HAPs Corresponding author: [email protected] 20 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0256 ] PS-AE09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Study on Potential Aerosol Formation from Different Vehicle`s Fuel Types Using HR-ToF-AMS in an Oxidation Flow Reactor Gyutae PARK1*, Taehyoung LEE1, Jihwan SON2, Jounghwa KIM2, Sunmoon KIM2, Kyunghoon KIM1, Kijae SUNG2, Ingu KIM2, Taekho CHUNG2, Taehyun PARK1, Seokwon KANG1, Ji Hee BAN1 and Jeong Soo KIM2 1 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Recent research proposed that Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) is important class of predicting future climate change scenarios. However, there has been lack of studies to investigate SOA formation all over the world. This study tried to focus on understanding potential mass formation and degree of oxygenated organic aerosol between primary and secondary organic aerosol by chassis dynamometer for in-use vehicle. The study on potential aerosol formation from different vehicle’s fuels was conducted at the facility of Transport Pollution Research Center (TPRC), National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. Three different types of fuels such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel were tested on the NIER driving mode and the constant speed mode (110 km/h). An oxidation flow reactor (OFR) used in the study was the Aerodyne Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) flow reactor. The PAM reactor is a cylindrical camber 46 cm long and 22 cm ID with a volume of approximately 13.3 liters. Two UV lamps (185 and 254 nm) are used to produce oxidants (O3, OH, and HO2) in the PAM (referred to as the OFR-185 method), or OH production from photolysis of injected (externally produced) O3 using 254 nm UV lamp (referred to as the OFR-254 method). In this study, OFR254 method was operated with a residence time in the range of 2-3 min. During the study, relative humidity (RH) and temperature were under 25% and 30℃. Chemical composition of aerosol from vehicle emission and through PAM was measured by the High Resolution-Time of Flight-Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HRTOF-AMS). The HR-ToF-AMS provides non-refractory aerosol mass concentrations including nitrate, sulfate, hydrocarbon-like and oxygenated organic aerosol in real time. This study was funded by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea. Additional data processing and analysis was supported by Korea Ministry of Environment as “Climate Change Correspondence Program”. Keywords: Potential Aerosol, Potential Aerosol Mass flow reactor, Oxidation Flow Reactor, Vehicle, AMS Corresponding author: [email protected] 21 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0241 ] PS-AE10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Dangerous Emissions Sources and Their Assessments in India and Russia Olga POPOVICHEVA1* and Tunde ETCHIE2 1 Moscow State University, Russian Federation International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN) Trust New, India 2 ABSTRACT Recent estimates released by the World Health Organization revealed that ~7.3 million people die annually as a result of air pollution: 3.0 and 4.3 million premature deaths attributed to ambient and household air pollution, respectively. The burden is borne disproportionally across the globe, with India and Russia, which is our research focus, listed among the topmost 10 countries with the greatest health Impact. However, monitoring the effectiveness of interventions targeting this health burden would rely heavily on the ability to accurately and precisely measure and characterize air pollutants in various microenvironments and emitted by different major national sources. In India, measurements of air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and personal exposure assessment were performed in typical microenvironments where people spend most of their time by a synchronized system of gravimetrically calibrated real-time electronic active and passive air samplers. Results revealed ambient PM2.5 in the rural areas studied are comparable to the neighboring urban areas. Mean 24-h PM2.5 in the cooking area of rural household reliant on solid fuels like animal dung, crop residues, wood and coal, is about 8 times higher than ambient PM2.5, with significant positive correlation. This suggests that emissions from cooking with solid fuels contribute significantly to rural ambient air pollution. Indian women cooking with solid fuel are exposed by the highest level of PM2.5, with 24-hour mean (standard deviation) exposure concentration of 510 (580) µg /m3. In Russia, the most dangerous source of population exposure is wildfires. Central Russia was seriously affected by wildfires in August 2010, with PM2.5 concentration over 300 μg/m3. In Moscow during extreme smoke event the highest observed values reached 1.7 mg/m³ and exceeded 34 times the EU 24-hour PM10 threshold. Carbon content, functionalities of organic/inorganic compounds, tracers of biomass burning, ionic composition, and microstructure of polluted aerosol are analyzed during such events. To effectively reduce the effect of air pollution, the international Program for comprehensive PM assessments and source evaluations is suggested, with one of the first step to replace solid fuel with clean energy cooking source, like electric and gas energe. Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: emission soures, PM2.5, cooking, wildfires 22 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0150 ] PS-AE11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Metal Composition and Sources Apportionment of PM2.5 in the Vicinity of The Electric Arc Furnace Steel Plant in Central Taiwan Jun-Wei WU1* and Hui-Tsung HSU1 1 China Medical University, Taiwan ABSTRACT m [3] In addition, chemical analysis showed that concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Ag, Sn, V, and Zn in EAF dust were significantly greater than background soil concentrations [4] To the best of our knowledge, toxic metals released from the EAF and their impacts to the vicinity atmospheric environments were rarely investigated. The purpose of this study is to characterize the metal composition of PM2.5 around the electric arc furnace steelmaking plant and PM2.5 sources were identified with USEPA PMF model.μPrevious studies showing that exposure to air pollutants is associated with adverse health effects [1]. Therefore, there are many studies on the chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 [2] However, there are relatively few studies on metal composition and sources apportionment of PM2.5 in the vicinity of the electric arc furnace (EAF) steel plant. However, studies have indicated that more than 90% of the particles generated in EAF are lower than 10 In this study, two sites were selected for one-year sampling. One of the sampling sites, Neipu elementary school, is located approximately 0.5 km south-east of the electric arc furnace steel plant. The second sit, Taian elementary school, is located approximately 4.2 km north-east of the EAF factory. This site is mainly surrounded by farmland. The Da-An River is approximately 0.39 km north of this sampling site and this site was used as the control site because it is located further away from the EAF steel factory and is less affected by the EAF steel factory emissions. The sampling campaign was carried out from March 2016 to February 2017. Samples were taken over a minimum of 5 days for each month, resulting in 60 sample days for each sampling site. The results of this study provide a quantitative assessment of source contributions to inhalable particulate matter pollution in the vicinity of EAF. This can provide valuable information for understanding the relationship between source emissions, ambient concentrations, and human health. Keywords: metal composition, PM2.5, electric arc furnace, positive matrix factorization 23 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0148 ] PS-AE12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Using Bivariate Polar Plots and Positive Matrix Factorization to Characterize the Emission Sources of PM2.5 in Sheng-Gang, Taiwan Ruei-De PAN1*, Hui-Tsung HSU1 and Ruei-Hao SHIE2 1 China Medical University, Taiwan Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT This study investigated seasonal variations in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) mass and metallic concentrations. Two sampling sites were selected, ne at Gaomei elementary school (240 11′ N, 1200 56′ E) and othe other at Sheng-Gang (240 16′ N, 1200 47′ E). Fine particulate matter was collected using Harvard impactor (Air Diagnostics and Engineering, Harrison, ME, United States). The trace elements in PM2.5 were analyzed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In order to have a better characterization of the emission sources in the study area, several approaches were applied. Specifically, a non-parametric smoothing technique, bivariate polar plots, was used with useful graphical technique to show the wind speed and wind direction dependence of air pollutant concentrations [1]. The advantages of this study include the combination of positive matrix factorization (PMF) and bivariate polar plots that can not only estimate the contribution of different emission sources but also identify the potential sources. Furthermore, considering particulate pollutants that originate from China could increase the particle concentration [2], backward trajectory model will be used to determine the cross-border transport trajectory at the sampling sites. Enrichment factor (EF) can confirm the atmospheric particles from nature or anthropogenic emission sources. The above methods provide a comprehensive assessment of emission of PM2.5 in study areas. The results of this study provide detection and characterization of PM2.5 from different sources in this area. It can help policymakers to recognize the characteristics of anthropogenic particles and the impact on air quality in the study areas, and make strategies on emission control to improve public health. Keywords: PM2.5, Source apportionment, Bivariate polar plots, Positive Matrix Factorization, Backward trajectory Corresponding author: [email protected] 24 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0142 ] PS-AE13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Methodologies to Estimate of NOx Emission from Mobile Sources in Korea Nakyung KIM1*, Jihyung HONG2 and Yong Pyo KIM3 1 Konyang University, Republic of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 3 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Northeast Asia including China, Republic of Korea (Korea) and Japan is characterized by high emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants. An emission inventory data set is essential as an input for modeling studies, and also a very important tool to evaluate the emission control strategies. To quantify and to make projection of emissions of anthropogenic air pollutants, several studies on emission inventories have been carried out. However, there are only a few Asian inventories (Streets et al., 2000; Ohara et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2009), and mainly focused on China. Clean Air Policy Support System (CAPSS) is an integrated air quality management system based on the emission inventory which used to evaluate the efficiency of total air pollutant control or air quality management policies of Korea developed by National Institute of Environment Research (NIER). The emission inventory includes 7 air pollutants, CO, NOx, SOx, TSP, PM10, VOC, NH3 since 1999. This is a very fine emission inventory covers Korea divided into a 1 km × 1 km grid. Since 2000, Green House Gas (GHG)-CAPSS emission inventory including CO2, CH4, N2O was estimated (Hong et al., 2008). From 2011, PM2.5 emission inventory was estimated, additionally (NIER, 2016). CAPSS is made by bottom up approach method based on statistical data, and more than 250 kinds of statistic data is gathered from about 150 related organizations to estimate the emissions. At first, CAPSS used emission source classifications based on the EMEP/CORINAIR emission inventory guidebook (SNAP 97), and it was modified to consider the own characteristics of Korea in 2007 (NIER, 2013). In this study, we introduce the methodology to estimate CAPSS emission inventories from on road mobile sources and report the trend of the emission amount. Keywords: CAPSSmobile source, emission inventory, NOx, mobile source, 2013 Corresponding author: [email protected] 25 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0084 ] PS-AE14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Investigating Tourist Exposures to Ultrafine and Multi-Sized Particles in an Asian Street Market Li-Te CHANG1*, Chin-Sheng TANG2 and Shih-Chun Candice LUNG3 1 Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taiwan 2 Department of Public Health, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan 3 Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taiwan ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that ultrafine particles (UFP), which are abundant in number but contribute little to the mass, are more toxic than larger particles. On the other hand, metropolitan areas in Asia usually have high population densities and high traffic volumes, with most people residing in communities with a mixture of homes, shops, restaurants and street markets. In fact, restaurants with limited controls and street markets with vendors lined along the streets could produce significant amounts of PM emitted to the ambient air. In the current study, levels of particles were monitored in a tourist’s breathing zone. Continuous multi-sized particulate matters and UFP exposure levels were measured using a light-scattering monitor (series 1.108, Grimm) and a condensation particle counter (model 3007, TSI), respectively. In addition, consumer-level GPS receivers were adopted to define activity patterns, where the capabilities of GPS and real-time particle monitors were then combined to address the issues of spatially referencing PM pollution variation and identifying hotspots in an urban street market in metropolitan Taichung area, Taiwan. Results showed that personal particulate exposures were significantly different among time frames, with the lowest exposure levels found in weekday daytime. The highest median exposure levels of PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and UFP were found in weekday nighttime (80.76 ug/m3, 48.39 ug/m3 and 111370 pt/cm3 in respective), while the highest median exposures of PM1 and PM10 were shown in weekend nighttime (46.31 ug/m3 and 124.79 ug/m3, respectively). Additionally, number of opening food/drink business could significantly impact 15-min PM2.5, PM1 and UFP mean exposures in nighttime. If other conditions stay the same, as a street market consumer passes by one food/drink business, PM2.5, PM1 and UFP exposures will increase up to 0.30 ug/m3, 0.15 ug/m3 and 670 pt/cm3, respectively. Keywords: ultrafine particles, Asian street market, tourist exposures Corresponding author: [email protected] 26 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0017 ] PS-AE15 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Wildfire in the Boreal Eurasia: Temporal and Spatial Variations and Controlling Factors C. ZHU1*, Y. KANAYA1, H. KOBAYASHI1 and M. SAITO3 1 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan ABSTRACT Wildfire is an important process affecting vegetation dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, and the climate. Pollutants emitted from fires in the Boreal Eurasia could be transported to the Arctic and the consequential deposition could accelerate the Arctic warming. However, there are so far limited knowledges on the wildfire pattern in the boreal Eurasia and the causes. Our purposes are to clarify the temporal and spatial pattern of wildfire and to investigate the factors affecting wildfire occurrence in the boreal Eurasia during 20052014. Focusing on a domain in 50–75°N, 30–180°E, we divided the boreal Eurasia into 15 sub-regions and investigated the wildfire occurrences based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MCD64A1 burned area product. Interannually, large land losses occurred in 2010 and 2012 over the whole domain. Seasonally, wildfires occurred since April, peaked in July to August, and continued until October. Spatially, four high fire-prone regions were identified locating at the southwestern Russia, Kazakhstan, eastern Siberia and the Far East. Furthermore, we investigated the relations of burned area in August with temperature, precipitation and soil drought index (Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI) in each sub-region. It was found that the burned area in the Kazakhstan had negative relations with precipitation (r=0.82, p < 0.01) and PDSI (r=0.63, p < 0.1) of the month. On the other hand, in the Far East, burned area in August had negative relations with precipitation (r=0.85, p < 0.01) and PDSI (r=0.73, p < 0.1) in July. These results indicate that wildfire occurrence were fostered by the dry soil and air conditions. Our study implies that under a warmer world, wildfires in the boreal Eurasia tend to be severer and mega-fires more frequent. Keywords: wildfire, MCD64A1, burned area, Eurasia, climate Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 27 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Emissions [ PS0029 ] PS-AE16 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Comparison of Chemical Properties of Emission from Diesel Engine Fuelled with Conventional and 10% Biodiesel Fuel (B10) Under Transient Mode K. SHIBATA1*, K. ENYA1, N. YANAGISAWA1 and K. SAKAMOTO2 1 2nd Engine Research Dept. Isuzu Advanced Engineering Center, LTD., Japan Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Japan Environmental Sanitation Center., Japan 2 ABSTRACT In this study, chemical compositions were compared between conventional diesel and 10% biodiesel (Rapeseed Methyl Ester: RME). The diesel engine with oxidation catalyst and particulate filter comply with Post New Long Term (PLNT) emission regulation in Japan. Sampling of exhaust emission from a diesel engine was carried out in three conditions, engine out upstream catalyst, tailpipe out downstream catalyst and catalyst re-generating operation under transient mode. We analyzed elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). EC and OC were analyzed by carbon analyzer, DRI2001A using IMPROVE method. Aldehydes were measured by HPLC-UV. Thermal-desorption (TD) GC-MS were used to evaluate particle phase concentration of PAHs. These results showed that mass of carbonaceous compounds and PAHs have no significant change under engine out upstream catalyst condition and tailpipe out downstream catalyst test conditions, but, when the diesel particulate filter re-generating test condition, mass of OC and PAHs increased. The reason is probably that total hydrocarbons became increasing by using biodiesel fuel that cetane number is lower than conventional fuel. Period of the diesel particulate filter regenerating time of using biodiesel fuel was longer than that of conventional fuel, so, the result impacted fuel consumption. Other hands, mass of aldehydes decreased using biodiesel fuel to compare with conventional fuel under all three conditions. Keywords: Bio diesel fuel, RME, Regeneration, PAH, TD-GC-MS Corresponding author: [email protected] 28 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0504 ] PS-AM01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of a Numerical Model to Predict the Growth of Hygroscopic Aerosol Particles Due to Coagulation and Condensation Sung Hoon PARK1, Min Young KIM1*, Ju-Yong KIM1, Byung Wook CHO1 and Dong Wan KIM1 1 Sunchon National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The deterioration of visibility is closely related to the size distribution, spatial distribution, concentration, and optical properties of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The size, concentration, and physical/ chemical properties of aerosol particles are influenced by various mechanisms including advection, diffusion, gravitational settling, coagulation, and condensation. In particular, the growth of hygroscopic aerosol particles due to coagulation and condensation is very important to quantify the visibility degradation. Water vapor condensation onto aerosol particles is related to relative humidity and hygroscopicity of the particles. However, there are still technical limitations to accurately calculate the growth of hygroscopic aerosol particles due to coagulation and condensation particularly when the chemical composition of the particles are unknown. This study introduces a simple model to predict the growth of hygroscopic aerosol particles due to coagulation and condensation. In this model aerosol particles are grouped into sections based on their dry mass (i.e. excluding water) to remove numerical diffusion due to condensation. The hygroscopicity of aerosol is represented by an empirical parameter based on measurement. Application of the developed model to the prediction of visibility degradation due to hygroscopic aerosols in the atmosphere is presented. Keywords: visibility, numerical model, hygroscopic aerosol, coagulation, condensation Corresponding author: [email protected] 29 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0493 ] PS-AM02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Role of Glycerol During Aerosol Formation in an Electrically Heated Tobacco Product Markus NORDLUND1* 1 Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Switzerland ABSTRACT Philip Morris International (PMI) is developing a range of novel tobacco products with the potential to present less risk of individual and population harm in comparison to smoking cigarettes. One of these products is the Electrically Heated Tobacco System (EHTS) (also referred to as the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS2.2)), which is currently commercialized in over 20 markets. Using a patented HeatControl technology, the EHTS heats a specially designed tobacco stick (Electrically Heated Tobacco Product (EHTP)) that is inserted into the Holder (heating device) at temperature lower than what is necessary for tobacco to combust. The EHTP contains a specially manufactured and porous tobacco plug that undergoes a controlled heating process to release chemical compounds (present in the tobacco material) into vapors that cool down to form a respirable aerosol. As there is no combustion of the tobacco substrate, no smoke is formed. To generate a nicotine containing respirable aerosol under the controlled heating conditions of the EHTS, glycerol (due to its vapor pressure characteristics) was added to the tobacco substrate to act as an aerosol former. The aim of this work was to investigate the role of glycerol during aerosol formation, under realistic operating conditions of the EHTS, as well as for relevant gas-vapor mixture compositions measured in the generated EHTP aerosol. Chemical analysis of the EHTP aerosol showed that it consisted mostly of water, glycerol and nicotine, but also other compounds at much lower concentrations. An extended Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) for multicomponent gas-vapor mixtures were used to numerically simulate the aerosol formation taking place in the EHTP when operated in the Holder for the cases with and without glycerol present in the tobacco substrate. Results from the performed numerical simulations demonstrate that glycerol was the compound triggering aerosol formation under the simulated operating conditions of the EHTS and EHTP. Water and other compounds in the gas-vapor mixture were not able to reach supersaturation and therefore could not generate aerosol droplets from the multicomponent gas-vapor mixture at the operating conditions simulated. This implies that according to the extended CNT, an aerosol former, such as glycerol, is required to be present in the gas-vapor mixture for an aerosol to form under the tested operating conditions. Keywords: Aerosol nucleation modeling, Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT), Electrically Heated Tobacco Product (EHTP), Electrically Heated Tobacco System (EHTS), multicomponent Corresponding author: [email protected] 30 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0483 ] PS-AM03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Simple Numerical Simulation on Electrostatic Particle Removal of a Charged Conductive Fiber Jung Yeul YUN1, Hyung-Woo LEE2, Hye Moon LEE1, Dong Yun CHOI1*, Eun Jeong AN1, Soo-Ho JUNG1, Dong Keun SONG3 and Duckshin PARK4 1 Korea Institute of Materials and Science, Republic of Korea 2 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea 3 Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea 4 Korea Railroad Research Institute, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) based on coulombic attraction between charged particles and a charged collection plate have been widely adopted industrially to remove particulate matters (PMs) suspended in exhaust gas owing to their extremely low pressure drop and high removal efficiency. If a fibrous filter has high electrical conductivity, ESP technology can directly be applied to the filter. Once electrostatic forces between the particles and fibers are present, the removal efficiency can be improved substantially without increasing the pressure drop of the filter. The conductive fibers can be effectively charged by an externally applied electric potential and a strong electric field can be created around the fibers. Thus, charged particles in such an electric field experience coulombic force and move toward the fibers. To demonstrate the enhancement of the particle removal performance by Coulomb attraction force, we performed numerical simulations using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver CFD-ACE+. A 2D model, containing the half of a fiber in order to reduce the computational cost, was constructed to describe the particle motions around a unipolar charged fiber. The flow field was solved using the continuity equation and Navier-Strokes equations. The electric field was determined by the Laplace equation. The charge acquired by a particle was estimated by numerically integrating the combined charging rate equations. At each value of airflow rate, the ion charge density was updated using the charge drift equation before the numerical integration. The removal efficiency was calculated from the single-fiber efficiency obtained by the simulated particle trajectories. The corresponding calculated removal efficiencies were in good agreement with the experimentally obtained efficiency. From the numerical analysis, we verified that the removal efficiency is significantly enhanced by the coulombic attraction exerted on the charged particles in electric fields around the charged conductive fibers. Keywords: conductive fiber, particle removal, particulate matter, electrostatic effect, computational fluid dynamics Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected] Acknowledgement This work was supported by R&D program of Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning/Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes (No. 2016K000239); it was also supported by a grant from the Railway Technology Research Project of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (17RTRP-B082486-04). Keywords: conductive fiber, particle removal, particulate matter, electrostatic effect, computational fluid dynamics Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 31 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0445 ] PS-AM04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Impact of Industrial Zones on Aerosol Concentration of Nearby Cities in Korea Sungjoo KIM1* and Pyosuk SEO2 1 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Yonsei University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Factories, especially for those who are using fossil fuels, usually emit a lot of aerosol into the air and these pollutants highly affect the nearby environment. These aerosol, however, shows different dispersion pattern by climate or weather of the area. In Korea, there are several major industrial zones at different locations and aerosol from these places affects near cities’ air quality. Herein, we would like to discuss about how these pollutants from the industrial area move and affect the air quality in near provinces by analyzing records of aerosol data provided by “Air korea” and by using HYSPLIT dispersion model. Keywords: industrial zones, HYSPLIT, dispersion Corresponding author: [email protected] 32 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0441 ] PS-AM05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of Meteorological Parameters and Fine Dust Adsorbents According to the Inflow Path of Fine Dust Su Been PARK1* and Hyun Jeong CHOI1 1 Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In recent days, fine dust has become one of the most serious environmental problems, and South Korea is one of the countries which have trouble dealing with the effect of fine dust. The composition of fine dust varies depending on its source, and it can be analyzed by various equipment, such as ion chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the trajectory of fine dust can be tracked from its composition, and compared with ideal trajectory predicted by modeling system. Thus, in this research, fine dust passing through South Korea will be analyzed by its composition. Additionally, the trajectory and the climate effect of it will be predicted through mesoscale atmosphere modeling. Keywords: Mesoscale atomsphere modeling, Aerosol composition, Climate effect, Fine dust, Aerosol trajectory Corresponding author: [email protected] 33 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0431 ] PS-AM06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Particulate Matter’s Pathway Modeling According to the Urban Thermal Environment Using Envi-Met. Donghwi KIM1* and Hyun Jeong CHOI1 1 Korea Science Academy of Kaist, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In this research, we will find out the pathway of Particular Matters (PMs) in the several groups of cities with Envi-met. At first, we fix all of the variables except some variables that effects pathway and find out how the variables effect. Not only using the computer simulation model, Envi-met, but also we’ll use observation data to verify its accuracy and reliability. The research about the pathway of PM in the city can suggest some guides to design new cities and also it can help dust collecting, etc. Keywords: Pathway, Envi-met, Particular Matter, Design, Cities Corresponding author: [email protected] 34 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0386 ] PS-AM07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Urban PM10 Distribution According to the Thermal Comfort Evaluation Using the Envi-Met. Micro Climate Model Hyun Jeong CHOI1* 1 Korea Science Academy, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Buildings in the city acts as a cause of distorted wind direction, wind speed, causing the stagnation of the air flow. In the recent trend of climate change can not but consider the temperature rise of the urbanization. This study was aimed to analyze the thermal comfort of planetary boundary layer in different artificial constructions areas which has a direct impact on urban climate, and estimating the warming phenomena. Envi-met model was used to consider the urban PM10 distribution associated with urban growth in order to precisely determine the impact of the building on the weather condition of the city. The analyzed values of thermal comfort index were temperature, wind speed, humidity, horizontal and vertical turbulent diffusivity. In particular, analysis of the PPD(Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied) represents the human thermal comfort. In this study, by adjusting the arrangement and proportion of the top floor building in the urban it was found that the inflow of the fresh air and cooling can be derived low PPD. By calculating the change in the urban thermal environment created by the city’s green spaces and land-use changes could be quantitatively know about the availability of green space for urban growth. Based on this, to make the city effectively respond to climate change may require a long-term restructuring of urban spatial structure and top floor management and land-use. Keywords: PM10, Urbanization, Thermal Comfort, Envi-Met. Model, Climate Change Corresponding author: [email protected] 35 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0275 ] PS-AM08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Numerical Analysis on the Effect of Droplet Sizes on the Performance of a Spray Type Scrubber Hyuksang CHANG1* and Chanhyun LEE1 1 Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT As the amount of sulfur oxides emitted by vessels increases, the International Maritime Organization sets and controls the areas for sulfur oxides emission. In order to satisfy this regulation, a method of reducing the amount of sulfur oxides discharged by providing a scrubber as a post-treatment apparatus is mainly used. The scrubber absorbs sulfur oxides in the exhaust gas to reduce the amount of sulfur oxides. The performance of the scrubber depends on the size of the droplets. In order to evaluate this performance, we designed the counterflow type scrubber and the cyclone scrubber. By using the computational fluid dynamics method, we evaluated the amount of desulfurization efficiency and droplet evaporation according to the size of each droplet. Eulerian-Eulerian analysis method was used because the scrubber had a two-phase flow of gas and liquid inside the scrubber. With the diameters of the droplet were 100 μm, 300 μm, 500 μm and 700 μm, the performance of the scrubber was analyzed. The results that both of scrubbers showed high desulfurization efficiency and low evaporation amount at 500 μm and 700 μm. Keywords: Droplet Spray, Scrubber, Desulfurization, CFD 36 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0159 ] PS-AM09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Numerical Methods for Factor Characterization in Source Apportionment Studies H.-T. LIAO1, P.K. HOPKE2, S.-M. YI3 and C.-F. WU1* 1 National Taiwan University, Taiwan 2 Clarkson University, USA 3 Seoul National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT To accomplish a source-specific analysis, source apportionment studies are conducted using receptor models. Though a receptor model such as Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) can effectively retrieve factor profiles, the common step to link these profiles with actual sources is rather subjective. Different researchers might have dissimilar interpretations to the same or similar profiles due to lack of harmonization in the literatures or databases of measured source profiles. To address these gaps, this study proposed to develop numerical methods to match factor profiles to source fingerprints, therefore potentially reducing subjective decisions and time required in source identification process. The applicability of these methods was evaluated with both simulated and field data. A previous simulation study has synthesized a multiple time resolution data set using a factor profile matrix derived from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s SPECIATE database. The synthetic data set was applied into a modified PMF model and the retrieved factor features were used to evaluate the performance of different similarity measures including the Cosine Correlation (CC), the Euclidean Distance (ED), and their combinations. The CC treats two profiles being compared as vectors and calculates the cosine of the angle between them. The ED calculates the difference for each species between modeled and reference profiles. The calculated CCs and EDs are further scored and ranked. Results showed that the top ranked sources matched well with the assigned factors. With regard to the field data collected in central Taiwan previously, the searching algorithm can identify profiles in SPECIATE database to match the ones retrieved by PMF for traffic, industry, combustion, and petrochemical related sources. On the other hand, the contaminated marine aerosol and soil dust/regional transport factors matched with none of the top ten ranked sources. It might be resulted from lack of information on mixed and secondary sources in the SPECIATE database. Other than the database of measured fingerprints, comparing factor profiles based on published PMF results is also an alternative to identify potential sources. International cooperation with research groups interested in source apportionment studies will enable the harmonization of an expanded database, potentially improving the source identification process for source apportionment studies. Keywords: fine particulate matter, Positive Matrix Factorization, receptor modeling, profile matching Corresponding author: [email protected] 37 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Modeling [ PS0016 ] PS-AM10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Numerical Analysis on Removal Efficiency of Water Droplets in a Curved Vane Mist Eliminator D.K. SONG1* 1 Environmental and Energy Systems Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Removal of water contents, droplets and vapors, in a gas is needed in industrial field of gas processing related on energy production/conversion, and environmental treatment. Inertial separators are economic devices for separating droplets from the gas stream. A numerical model including turbulent dispersion, evaporation and condensation of water vapor at surface of droplets is needed for accurate understanding of removal process in a curved vane mist eliminator. A two-stage curved vane mist eliminator has been modeled, and fluid flow of mixture of air and water vapor and droplet trajectories were solved simultaneously. Removal efficiency of droplets with various inlet conditions of relative humidity was compared. As RH increased, the effect of evaporation decreased and inertial separation efficiencies of droplets obtained increased especially for droplets of diameter below 10 micrometers. Keywords: Curved vane mist eliminator, Removal efficiency, Water droplet, Evaporation and Condensation, CFD Corresponding author: [email protected] 38 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Physics [ PS0473 ] PS-AP01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Nucleation with Excluded Volume and the Kolmogorov-Avrami Theory Alexander SHCHEKIN1* and Anatoly KUCHMA1 1 St Petersburg State University, Russian Federation ABSTRACT The stage of nucleation of ultra-fine aerosols in the vapor-gas medium at instantaneously generated vapor supersaturation can be described within the excluded volume [1] and the extended excluded-volume (EEV) [2,3] approaches. The EEV approach takes into account the decrease of the nucleation rate in vicinities of growing supercritical aerosols and mean-field mixing of vapor concentration and temperature equalization at outer boundaries of the nonstationary diffusion shells around the aerosols due to stochastic overlapping of the shells. This approach predicts the distribution of supercritical droplets in sizes and the vapor concentration profiles at any moment of the nucleation stage as well as duration of the nucleation stage, the total number of nucleating supercritical droplets and the mean droplet size to the end of nucleation stage. Recently we have formulated an analogous kinetic approach to degassing and swelling of a supersaturated-by-gas liquid solution under fast decompression [4]. It should be noted that the EEV approach embraces the cases with any degree of the initial phase metastability and deviation from the steady-state diffusion. Here we would like to discuss a relation of the extended excluded-volume theory of nucleation with the Kolmogorov-Avrami (KA) theory of crystallization [5,6]. The KA theory is often used to describe nucleation phenomena, and some of its equations look similar to the EEV approach. However, a detailed comparison of the initial assumptions, the range of applicability, the equations and predictions of the EEV approach and the KA theory shows that even extensions of the KA theory to the case, when the rate of embryo formation depends on its size, do not give a correct descripton of the whole nucleation stage. This theory can be applied only to the initial part of the nucleation stage, when the excluded volume for a new embryo formation is much smaller than the initial volume of the system. This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant 16-0301094). [1] A.J. Pesthy, R.C. Flagan, J.H. Seinfeld, J. Coll. and Interface Sci., 82 (1981) 465-479. [2] A. Kuchma, M. Markov, A. Shchekin, Physica A 402 (2014), 255–265. [3] A.E. Kuchma, A.K. Shchekin, M.N. Markov, Coll. and Surf. A 483 (2015), 307–315. [4] A.E. Kuchma, A.K. Shchekin, M.Yu. Bulgakov, Physica A 468 (2017), 228–237. [5] A.N. Kolmogorov, Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR, Ser. Math. 3 (1937), 355. [6] M. Avrami, J. Chem. Phys. 7 (1939), 1103; 8 (1940), 212; 9 (1941), 177. Keywords: nucleation, aerosols, embryo, excluded volume, kinetics Corresponding author: [email protected] 39 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Physics [ PS0462 ] PS-AP02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Particle Size Selection in Post-Spark Dusty Plasma in Non-Uniform Electric Field Peter PIKHITSA1*, Mansoo CHOI1 and Woongsik KIM1 1 Seoul National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT We report a strong size-selective effect of the non-uniform external electric field on unitary charged nanoparticles in residual dusty plasma generated by spark discharge in nitrogen atmosphere. It has been found that the field influences the outcome particle size distribution function considerably by expelling smaller particles out of the residual plasma cloud so that they cannot neutralize or agglomerate. Meantime larger particles being dragged by the plasma cloud neutralize and disappear at walls therefore the particle size distribution function shifts to small sizes. We give a simple theory explaining the field effect and suggest its application for a patterning technique. Keywords: nitrogen plasma, post-spark plasma, metal nanoparticles Corresponding author: [email protected] 40 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Physics [ PS0438 ] PS-AP03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Designing Urban Structure to Induce Air Circulation Hyun Jeong CHOI1 and Hoyeon CHANG1* 1 Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT As the urbanization progressed, the number of people who live in cities have increased. The increase of human activity have resulted in the generation of more fine dust in cities. It is very important to understand the process by which fine dust can be removed because it can adversely affect human activities such as causing respiratory problems. This study suggests how cities’ self-purifying capacity of fine dust changes as the urbanization progresses and how they should change in accordance with the increasing amount of fine dust. Keywords: Air circulation, Aerosol diffusion, Urban planning, Modeling, Induced vortex Corresponding author: [email protected] 41 POSTER SESSION Aerosol Physics [ PS0276 ] PS-AP04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of Aerosol Suspension Time in a Rotating Chamber Sheng-Hsiu HUANG1, Chih-Chich CHEN1, Wei-Ren KE1*, Yu-Mei KUO2 and Chih-Wei LIN1 1 National Taiwan University, Taiwan Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT Survival of airborne pathogen in the environment is a critical factor contributing to successful transmission of infectious diseases. Although there have been many studies investigating the effects of environmental parameters on the survival of bioaerosol, the results were difficult to compare due to great differences in methodologies. Therefore, the aim of this work was to build a simple and robust system for retaining particles in air-borne state for prolonged periods. Subsequently, long-term effects of environmental conditions on airborne microorganisms could be studied and compared. In the present study, a rotating drum composed of a cylinder chamber route on a horizontal axis with gravity in the vertical direction was chosen because it is inexpensive and easy-to-operate. The dimension of the chamber was 29 cm in diameter and 59 cm in length. Potassium sodium tartrate particles were generated by an ultrasonic atomizer as a surrogate of bioaerosols. The particle size distributions and number concentrations were measured with an aerodynamic particle sizer and a condensation particle counter. The decay constants of particle number concentration as a function of particle size and rotating rate were determined accordingly. The experimental results were compared to a mathematical model for the prediction of optimal rotation rate resulting in maximum levitation time. In the static chamber, the trajectory of the particles is downward due to gravitational settling. When centrifugal forces are added, airborne particles adopt a spiral trajectory thereby significantly enhancing the path length to be traveled by each particle before coming into contact with the chamber wall. The results revealed that decay constant increased with increasing particle size at different rotating rates. Moreover, there were different rotating rates for different particle sizes that optimize suspension time: 3 rpm was the optimal rotating rate for 1-µm particles, and 6 rpm was shown to be the optimal rotating rate for 7-µm particles. Finally, for the 5 rpm rotating rate, the 1- and 5-μm particles spent 24 and 2.5 hours reaching 5% of initial concentration, respectively. Conversely, the 5-μm particles took 4 minute at 0 rpm. However, the suspension time that was calculated by theoretical model was longer than experimental data, and the distinctions need further discussion. Keywords: Rotating Chamber, Suspension, Bioaerosol, Centrifugal Force Corresponding author: [email protected] 42 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0517 ] PS-AA01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Combining Multiple Satellites and Models to Understand Changes in Asian Aerosol Emissions Jason COHEN1* 1 Sun Yat-Sen University, China ABSTRACT This work presents a methodology and results of a new technique to comprehensively quantify and identify the regions of new aerosol emissions throughout East and Southeast Asia. The new technique uses simultaneous tropospheric measurements of aerosols and trace gasses over the past 17 years (2000-2016) globally, with the results focused on the most specifically rapidly changing region of the Earth: East and Southeast Asia. By using measurements across different spatial, temporal, and active/passive sources, issues concerning clouds, timing of the day, and different issues with different bands are overcome. The results produce three new and interesting conclusions. First, that there is a very slowly time-changing signal, associated with existing urban areas. Second, that there is a moderately time-changing signal associated with new urban areas. Finally, there is a rapidly varying signal associated with biomass burning. Also, there is information found in the different spatial patterns, as a function of the chemistry of the species analyzed, including the ability to separate primary emissions from secondary processing in some cases. The end result is a new characterization, in space, time, and magnitude, of both anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols. The results are modeled using a multimodal aerosol model, including externally mixed and core-shell mixing assumptions. The results match neutral measurements in space, time, and quantity better than any popular or previously used dataset, and work across both urban and biomass burning data. Sone of the identified new sources include missing fires and new urban/industrial centers, which did not exist previously in any datasets. These findings are consistent with the underlying rapid development and increase in fuel use and land-use change throughout Southeast and East Asia. Furthermore, the results are consistent with our present understanding of vertical and long-range transport of aerosols over Asia, as well as the forcings of local and global scale phenomena on various intraannual and inter-annual scales. Keywords: remote_sensing, aerosol_modeling, inverse_modeling, aerosol_transport Corresponding author: [email protected] 43 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0516 ] PS-AA02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 CFD Simulations of Urban Air Quality in a Densely Populated Area Based on the Estimation of On-Road Vehicle Emissions Kyung-Hwan KWAK1*, Yeon-Uk KIM1, Jae-Hee HAHM1, Seung-Bok LEE2 and Gwi-Nam BAE2 1 Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Urban dwellers have increasingly been demanding personalized information on air quality due to its spatial variation in urban areas. An urban air quality modeling system requires a fine spatial resolution of air pollutant emissions as well as building geometry/topography and meteorological background. The variabilities of vehicle emissions realistically captured by using a mobile laboratory is useful for estimating the fine-scale spatial variations of traffic-related pollutant emissions in the urban air quality modeling system. We repeatedly measured on-road and background air pollutant concentrations using a mobile laboratory in a densely populated urban area of Seoul during the period of 20 – 24 October, 2015. The study area covers major roads with hourly traffic volumes exceeding 4,000 vehicles in the daytime on weekdays and many commercial and residential buildings. At several locations of traffic count on major roads, the measured traffic-related pollutant concentrations are well correlated with the hourly traffic volume. Then, the relationships between the measured traffic-related pollutant concentrations and hourly traffic volume are easily utilized to estimate the on-road vehicle emissions in other spaces and at other times. We simulated urban air quality based on the estimation of on-road vehicle emissions using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model adopting high-resolution building geometry/topography data. In the densely populated urban area, the traffic-related pollutant concentrations clearly decrease with increasing distance from a major road. As a result, air quality near a major road especially within a 100-m distance from the road is likely to be poor due to large amounts of on-road vehicle emissions. In addition, downwind air quality is heavily worsened in comparison with upwind air quality. Therefore, it is very crucial to inform the near-road air quality for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians, which can be distinct from ambient urban air quality. In conclusion, the urban air quality modeling system utilizing the CFD model with the realistic vehicle emission data estimated from on-road mobile monitoring is found to be valuable in densely populated urban areas where fine-scale air quality information is necessary. Keywords: Urban air quality, Vehicle emission, On-road concentration, CFD model, Mobile laboratory Corresponding author: [email protected] 44 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0515 ] PS-AA03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Analysis of Aerosol Influx by Wind Element at 1km, Using UAV in Ansan, Korea Jaehyuk BAE1, Hee Sang KIM1*, Kang-Ho AHN1, Hongku LEE1, Heeram EUN1, Yonghee PARK1 and Wooyoung KIM1 1 Hangyang Univ., Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Aerosol problems have many scientific and Visibility, human health, and global climate. There are three factors that have a significant impact on the mass concentration of Aerosol. Domestic sources of pollutants, external sources outside the country and weather conditions. Ansan is a place where many coastal landforms are built and is surrounded by industrial parks and the west coast. It is a good place to understand the correlation between the elements of wind and Aerosol. Aerosol can know the relationship between the rise and the reduction of up to 1km in the vicinity of various weather conditions on the ground, that the greatest impact on the humidity and westerly Keywords: Aerosol, Atmospheric, Windsonic, UAV, 1km Corresponding author: [email protected] 45 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0512 ] PS-AA04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of Aerosol Detection/Classification Algorithms for Next Generation Geostationary Satellite Gi-Hun HONG1*, Mi-Kyung CHOI1 and Kwon-Ho LEE1 1 Gangnueng & Wonju National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Development of aerosol detection/classification algorithms for next generation geostationary satellite Gi-Hoon Hong, Mi-Kyung Choi, and Kwon-Ho Lee* Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea Abstract: The aerosol retrieval algorithm for aerosol detection and aerosol classification which is developed for the Advanced Meteorological Imager (AMI) on board Geostationary Korea multi-purpose satellite (GK-2A) will be launched in 2018. The Himawari-8 satellite data are used as proxy for this aerosol detection product of AMI aerosol detection algorithm. The aerosols are classified as daytime volcanic ash, nighttime volcanic ash, thin dust, thick dust, thin smoke, thick smoke, nighttime dust and unknown in this algorithms. The validation of AMI aerosol detection product are also conducted by using the vertical feature mask data from CALIPSO satellite. In order to validate the AMI ADP product, the validation score method was used in this research. The percent correct (PC), critical success index (CSI), probability of detection (POD), and false alarm rate (FAR) between ADP product and CALIPSO VFM data is calculated as 0.76, 0.19, 0.28, and 0.63 for the dust and 0.99, 0.01, 0.01, 1.00 for smoke observed on 8th April 2016, respectively. The algorithm will be improved in order to increase the quality and accuracy of aerosol detection product based on the validation results. Acknowledgement This work was supported by “Development of Radiation/Aerosol Algorithms” project, funded by ETRI, which is a subproject of “Development of Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Ground Segment (NMSC-201601)” program funded by NMSC (National Meteorological Satellite Center) of KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration). 46 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0511 ] PS-AA05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Identification of Major Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in The Ambient Aerosols at Seoul Sanghee HAN1*, Yong Pyo KIM1, Ji Yi LEE2 and Jongbae HEO3 1 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea 2 Chosun University, Republic of Korea 3 Seoul National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Major contributors of the observed particulate PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) at Seoul between 2002 and 2013 during four year-long measurements were identified and the variation of their relative contributions were estimated by using a receptor model. In addition, analyses of the air parcel movement and emission related statistics were carried out to to validate the modeling results. Five factors were identified; coal usage for coke oven, vehicular emission, residential coal combustion, biomass burning, and unidentified one. It was found that the various trends of the relative contributions for each factor were affected the impact of the emissions and primary energy consumptions what is the most important finding of this study. In addition, the significant impact from North Korea for biomass burning and from China for coal usage was other findings. Keywords: Positive Matrix Factorization, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Seoul, Major contributors, long-term trends Corresponding author: [email protected] 47 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0508 ] PS-AA06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Relationship Between Visibility Distance and Atmospheric PM2.5 Concentration in Major Urban Areas Yong-Hee LEE1*, Jae-Hee HAHM1, Ha-Yoon JEONG1, A-Young KIM1, Kwon-Chan PARK1 and Kyung-Hwan KWAK1 1 Kangwon national University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Urbanization has led to an increase in emissions of aerosol and low visibility episodes. Visibility is a meteorological factor indicating the atmospheric turbidity and, is the maximum distance a person can identify objects at a ground level. Generally, people know that the atmosphere is clean when the visibility is high. However, there are certain cases where the visibility is high even when fine dust is present in the atmosphere. The purpose of this study is to investigate such abnormal cases where the visibility and the PM2.5 concentration are not inversely related to each other. Seoul and Chuncheon, located in the central region of the Korean Peninsula and Gwangju and Ulsan, located in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula were selected in this study. The hourly PM2.5 concentrations from 2015 to 2016 were used (the Ministry of Environment), while the meteorological data at 9, 12, and 15 LT at 3-h intervals were used (the Korea Meteorological Administration). Scatter plots for visibility and PM2.5 concentration are analyzed at each time to investigate the proportionality between the two factors. The visibility was classified as high and low based on visibility at 10 km, and the PM2.5 concentration was classified as high when it was 51~100 μg/m3, and as low when it was 0~15 μg/ m3. Cases that did not follow the general trend, namely high visibility-high PM2.5 (visibility > 10 km, PM2.5 concentration > 50 μg/m¬3) and low visibility-low PM2.5 (visibility < 10 km, PM2.5 concentration < 15 μg/ m3), were collected in each case to compare the characteristics. The correlation between visibility and PM2.5 concentration was investigated. The inverse relation, where in a higher PM2.5 concentration resulted in a lower visibility, was well-observed at each time. The analysis on some of the abnormal cases that are not in alignment with this inverse relation showed a lower average humidity in the case of high visibility-high PM2.5 than in the case of low visibility-low PM2.5. This indicates that low humidity is one of the important factors to the high visibility-high PM2.5 phenomena. Generally, people think that if visibility is high, they believe that the concentration of fine dust is low and proceed with their outdoor activities. However, there are cases when the PM2.5 concentration is high even though the visibility is high. The public should be notified of these changes to prevent damages to health. In this study, only the humidity was used to analyze the cause of abnormal cases. Accounting for other factors in causal analysis would be necessary in the further research. Keywords: Visibility, PM2.5, Humidity, Urban area, Atmosphric aeorsol Corresponding author: [email protected] 48 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0507 ] PS-AA07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Comparison in Air Pollutant Concentrations Between Inside and Outside Tunnels in Seoul, Republic of Korea Seung-Bok LEE1, Gwi-Nam BAE1, Kyung-Hwan KWAK2, Seung-Hyeop LEE2, Seong-Chan LIM2, Sang-Eun LEE2 and Yeon-Uk KIM2* 1 Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Kangwon National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Since a tunnel is an enclosed space, except at its entrance and exit, the dispersion of air pollutants in a tunnel is less efficient than that in the ambient atmosphere. Special attention needs to be paid to the air quality inside tunnels. Among the vehicle exhausts such as CO, CO2, NO2, NOx, and PM10, black carbon (BC) is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). Thus, it is important to reduce BC concentration within tunnels. According to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport as of 2013, the regulations on the air pollutants inside tunnels apply only to CO and NOx. This study aims at comparing the measured BC concentrations between inside and outside tunnels and examining the seriousness of poor air quality within tunnels. On-road pollutant concentrations were measured by a mobile laboratory inside and outside tunnels located in Yongsan-gu and Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea, during the measurement period from October 20 to October 24, 2015. The tunnels of interest are Namsan 1st tunnel (1,520 m) and Geumho tunnel (600 m) where daily traffic volumes are 72,830 and 78,132 vehicles, respectively, according to the 2015 statistics reported by the Seoul Metropolitan Government. The mobile laboratory comprises movable measuring instruments. The instruments used for measuring the concentrations are aethalometer (BC), FMPS (particle number), and NOx analyzer (NOx), which are capable of collecting the concentration data every 2 min, 1 sec, and 3 sec, respectively. Data was collected 20 times in total during the measurement period. The BC concentrations measured inside and outside Namsan 1st tunnel were 20.8 μg /m3 and 6.8 μg/ m3, respectively. Those inside and outside Geumho tunnel were 8.5 μg/m3 and 6.9 μg/m3, respectively. The difference between inside and outside Namsan 1st tunnel was 3.1 times and Geumho tunnel was 1.2 times. While there was little difference in the outside concentrations between Namsan 1st tunnel and Geumho tunnel, their difference in the inside concentrations was significant. This indicates that the BC concentration within a tunnel is heavily influenced by the tunnel’s length. In addition, we further analyze spatial distributions of NOx and particle number concentrations within two tunnels. The concentrations within the tunnels tend to increase steadily from their entrance to exit, which were maximized from 1/2 to 4/5 of tunnel’s length. This implies that passengers who travel through the tunnel are likely to be more exposed to harmful environment. Therefore, it is necessary to announce tunnel air quality information for drivers. Keywords: Black carbon, Tunnel, Spatial distribution, On-road measurment, Mobile laboratory Corresponding author: [email protected] 49 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0495 ] PS-AA08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Estimation of Secondary Organic Carbon Combined with Measurement of Equivalent Black Carbon During KORUS-AQ Jeonghoon LEE1*, Min-Suk BAE2 and Joon-Young AHN3 1 Korea University of Technology and Education, Republic of Korea 2 Mokpo National University, Republic of Korea 3 National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Samples from urban ambient aerosol were analyzed by a multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP, Thermo 5012) and an OC/EC Analyzer (Sunset) at Olympic Park site during KORUS-AQ. Black Carbon (BC) concentration was measured by the MAAP in real time at the wavelength of 637 nm and Organic Carbon (OC) concentration was obtained from the aerosol samples collected for 8 hours. Secondary Organic Carbon (OCsec) and Primary Organic Carbon (OCpri) were estimated from the relationship between OC and equivalent Black Carbon (eBC). The ratio of OCsec to OC obtained in this study was similar to that reported in literature where Elemental Carbon (EC) was used instead of eBC. It is interesting that two different analytic techniques, the MAAP and the OC/EC analysis, which rely on completely different physical principles for characterizing carbonaceous aerosols, compares considering that eBC concentration was measured in-situ and OC concentration was obtained ex-situ. Here, an overview of the OCsec, OCpri and eBC data obtained will be presented, along with some comparisons between OC, EC, eBC and PM2.5 measured at Olympic Park site. The contribution of secondary process in terms of particulate matter issues in Seoul metro area as well as the West Coast of Korea is open to discussion regarding how much secondary process affects the air quality. Keywords: eBC, Black carbon, Elemental carbon, Organic carbon 50 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0494 ] PS-AA09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Group Analysis of Organic Aerosol in the Atmosphere Over Seoul Based Using Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC×GC TOFMS) Data Sohyeon JEON1*, Hyungbae LIM2, Narae CHOI3, Jiyi LEE2, Yunkyong AHN1 and Yong Pyo KIM3 1 Korea Basic Science Institute, Republic of Korea 2 Chosun University, Republic of Korea 3 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Organic aerosols contain thousands of organic compounds and contribute to 20-90% of the total fine aerosol mass. For analyzing organic aerosols, a wide range of analytical techniques have been used such as gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS), liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (LC/MS), aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), etc. Among them, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-offlight mass spectrometer (GCxGC/TOF-MS) can provide higher chemical resolution than AMS and analyze more mass fractions of organic aerosols than GC/MS. In this study, we suggest a new data processing method using GCxGC/TOF-MS data for analyzing organic compounds in the ambient aerosols. TSP samples were collected on the roof of the Asan engineering building, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea (37.56 °N, 126.94 °E, 20 m above ground level). A total of 67 samples were obtained during summer (August 2013) and winter (January and February 2014) with a PUF sampler (Tisch, TE-1000) on quartz fiber filter. Filters were extracted using accelerated solvent extractor with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1, v/v). Total extracts were blown down to 0.5 mL using a nitrogen evaporator (Turbo Vap Ⅱ, caliper Life Sciences). Organic compounds in the TSP samples were separated into 6 chemical groups, depending on their retention time in two dimensions for their volatility and polarity. All area of peaks in each group was summed and variance of total area in each group was compared depending on season and diurnal cycle. Keywords: aqueous organic aerosol, heterogeneous oxidation, viscosity, particle phase water 51 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0491 ] PS-AA10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Using Chemical Speciation and PMF Modeling in Busan, Korea Geehyeong PARK1*, Eunyu KWON1, Jeonggoo CHO1 and Byeongkyu LEE2 1 Busan Institute of Health and Environment, Republic of Korea Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Ulsan, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT The IARC and WHO designate airborne particulates (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1.0) a Group 1 carcinogen because they deeply penetrate into the lung and blood stream unfiltered, causing permanent DNA mutations, heart attacks, and premature death. Thus, there has been a growing interest in the chemical speciation and source apportionment of PM2.5 and in understanding the formation mechanism of airborne PM2.5. This study analyzed airborne particulate sources, using chemical speciation and PMF modeling, of PM2.5 collected at four sites [green, residential (urban), commercial and industrial areas having different environmental situations] in Busan, Korea. One year-PM2.5 samples were collected using a PM2.5 sampler; one year-daily (24 h) samples were obtained every three days from January to December in 2016 using PTFE filters for ionic matters and metallic elements and quartz filters for carbonaceous components. All samples were analyzed by an IC for ionic matters, an ICP-OES for metallic elements, and a Carbon analyzer for carbonaceous components. Identified annual mean(±SD) concentrations of PM2.5 at each site were 18.8(±8.7), 20.6(±9.6), 23.0(±11.1), and 25.1(±10.8) μg/ m3 at green, residential (urban), commercial, and industrial areas, respectively. The highest fraction of PM2.5 in Busan was ionic materials (50.1 to 55.7%) followed by carbonaceous components (21.8~25.4%) and metallic elements (3.7~7.0%). Major ionic forms existing as ammonium sulfate [NH4HSO4, (NH4)2SO4] and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were NH4+, SO42-, and NO3- salts, which are originated from gaseous SO2, NOx, and NH3, respectively. In the receptor model analysis using a PMF method for source apportion, PM2.5 at the four sites showed major sources including secondary sulfate and nitrate, mobile sources, and heavy oil combustion and minor sources including sea salts, steel industry, crustal and soil. In particular, the most important sources to PM2.5 were secondary sulfate + heavy oil combustion; 38.5, 42.2, and 34.1 % at the green area, residential (urban), and commercial areas, respectively. The following important ones were secondary nitrate (21.5%) at the green area, mobile emission + road dust (32.0%) at the residential (urban) area, and mobile emission + road dust (31.0%) at the commercial area. However, the important sources of PM2.5 at the industrial area were secondary sulfate + secondary nitrate (34.9%) and fuel combustion + vehicle emission (33.1%), and chlorine + heavy metal emission + soil (21.4%). The contributions of sea salts to PM2.5 were 10.2, 18.4, 10.2, and 10.6% at the green, residential (urban), commercial and industrial areas, respectively. Keywords: PM2.5, Chemical speciation, PMF modeling, Source apportionment Corresponding author: [email protected] 52 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0471 ] PS-AA11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Microbial Population Structure in Aerosols from Near-Ground During Fog–Haze Days in Northern China Yunping HAN1*, Lin LI1 and Junxin LIU1 1 Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China ABSTRACT The fog-haze days present episodes tendency in Beijing in recent years, especially during winter and spring. In fact, aerosols are still important carrier of microorganism in the atmosphere of the Earth. However, there are few study comprehensive concerning microbial population in aerosols from near-ground during fog-haze days in Beijing so far. In this study, microbial population in aerosols were investigated during and after fog-haze days by clone library. Aerosols were respectively collected from breathing height of human and 20m (No shade building height) above the ground. Results showed that the bacterial diversity in aerosols during fog–haze days was lower than that after fog–haze days. The change of bacterial diversity in aerosols from 1.5 m to 20 m during fog–haze days was more apparent than that after fog–haze days. The fungal diversity in aerosols during fog–haze days was richer than that after fog–haze days, and the fungal diversity in aerosols at 1.5 m was richer than that at 20 m. Moreover, potential pathogenic bacteria, such as B. fungorum and Achromobacter sp., were also detected in aerosols at 20 and 1.5 m during fog–haze days. After fog–haze days, several species, including Achromobacter sp., Sphingomonas aurantiaca, Nevskia sp., Idiomarina sp., Legionella bacterium, and T. tyrosinosolvens, were detected at 20 m. Two potential pathogens, namely, Acinetobacter lwoffii and Psychrobacter sp. were detected at 1.5 m. For potential pathogenic fungi, 14.81% and 3.23% Aureobasidium sp. were respectively detected in aerosols at 20 and 1.5 m during fog–haze days, and 100% and 90.32% Cryptococcus sp. were respectively found in aerosols at 20 and 1.5 m after fog–haze days. Study indicated that the distribution of microbial diversity in aerosols exhibited meteorological and site-associated variations. Wind speed is a key factor that affects aerosol concentration during fog–haze days. Low wind speeds likely affect the diffusion and transport of aerosols and therefore accounted for the similarity of microbial populations in aerosols between 20 and 1.5 m during fog–haze days in our study. After fog–haze days, microbial populations, especially bacterial population, differed between 20 and 1.5m because of particle diffusion as wind speed increased (1.10–7.83 m/s). In our study, potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi detected at 20 m could be detected at 1.5 m during fog–haze days. However, this phenomenon was not observed after fog–haze days. This result implied that these potential pathogenic microorganisms posed greater harm to humans during fog–haze days than after fog–haze days. Keywords: Fog-haze days, Aerosols, Microbial population, Near-ground, Potential pathogen Corresponding author: [email protected] 53 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0463 ] PS-AA12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Classification of Aerosol Type Based on AERONET Clustering Analysis at Gangenung, Korea Sung-Kyun SHIN1* and Kwon-Ho LEE1 1 Gangneung-Wonju National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Korea is located in the downwind area of the Asian continent. Korea is thus, frequently affected by various atmospheric aerosols (e.g., dust, anthropogenic aerosol from industrialized region of China, smoke particles from forest region of Russia) due to transport by westerly wind. Moreover, these different types of atmospheric aerosol from each individual source region and origins can coexist over Korea. The inflow of mixture of various atmospheric aerosols into Korea makes the determination and identification of aerosol properties a challenging task. In this study, aerosol classification based on AERONET aerosol data from 2012 to 2016 was conducted. The aerosol optical properties and microphysical properties such as depolarization ratio (δ), singlescattering albedo (ω), and Ångström exponent (Å) derived and obtained from AERONET aerosol products are used to define several reference aerosol clusters which are characteristics of the following general aerosol type: Urban-Industrial, Biomass Burning, Mixed Aerosol, Dust, and Maritime. The classification of aerosol as one of these aerosol types is determined by its distance to each individual reference cluster. The seasonal variation in fraction of aerosol type distribution is also presented. Results show that aerosol classified as dust is dominant during the springtime. The numerical index is also suggested by using the relation among the δ, ω, and Å for the aerosol classification. The suggested method for aerosol classifications in this study will be useful in interpreting the retrieval of complex mixture of aerosol over East Asia. This work was supported by “Development of Radiation/Aerosol Algorithms” project, funded by ETRI, which is a subproject of “Development of Geostationary Meteorological Satellite Ground Segment (NMSC-2016-01)” program funded by NMSC (National Meteorological Satellite Center) of KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration). Keywords: Depolarization ratio, Single scattering albedo, Ångström exponent, AERONET, Clustering Corresponding author: [email protected] 54 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0461 ] PS-AA13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Size Distribution and Source of Black Carbon Aerosol in Urban Beijing During Winter Haze Episodes Yunfei WU1* and Renjian ZHANG1 1 Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China ABSTRACT Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in the climate and environment due to its light absorption, which is greatly dependent on its physicochemical properties including morphology, size and mixing state. The size distribution of the refractory BC (rBC) in urban Beijing during the late winter in 2014 was revealed by measurements obtained using a single particle soot photometer (SP2), when the hazes occurred frequently. By assuming void-free rBC with a density of 1.8 g cm-3, the mass of the rBC showed an approximately lognormal distribution as a function of the volume-equivalent diameter (VED), for which there was a peak diameter of 213 nm. This size distribution agreed well with those observed in other urban areas of China. Larger VED values of the rBC were observed during polluted periods than on clean days, implying an alteration in the rBC sources, as the mass-size of the rBC from a certain source varied little once it was emitted into the atmosphere. The potential source contribution functions showed that air masses from the south to east of the observation site brought a higher rBC loading with more thick coatings and larger core sizes. The mean VED of the rBC (VEDrBC) presented a significant linear correlation with the number fraction of thickly coated rBC (NFcoated); the VED of the entirely externally mixed rBC was inferred as the y-intercept of the linear regression. This VED, with a value of ~150 nm, was considered as the typical mean VED of the rBC from local traffic sources in this study. Accordingly, the contribution of the local traffic to the rBC was estimated based on reasonable assumptions. Local traffic contributed 35 to 100% of the hourly rBC mass concentration with a mean of 59%, during this campaign. A lower local traffic contribution was observed during polluted periods, suggesting increasing contributions of other sources (e.g., coal combustion/biomass burning) to the rBC. The heavy pollution in Beijing was greatly influenced by other sources in addition to the local traffic. Keywords: black carbon aerosol, size distribution, source, haze Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 55 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0434 ] PS-AA14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Removal of Nitrogen Oxide by Na2S San KIM1* 1 Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT This study was performed to remove the NOx and particles generated from the semiconductor manufacturing process. a combination system with a wet scrubber with oxidation and reduction process and a water-fim ESP was developed. in this study, we treated NO, which is hardly soluble in water, with ozone to convert NO to water-soluble NO2, The NO2 was removed by a wet scrubber spraying basic solution with ORP of 300 -mA with 0.05% Na2S solution. Nox removal efficiency was approximately 80% at L/G of 10 L/m3. During a long term removal test, H2S generated because No2 reacts with water, and hydrogen ions of HNO@ and HNO3 generate H2S to prevent this reaction, it was necessary to catch H+, so NaOH was added to the solution tank. Finally, a wet ESP with 10L/min for water film on collection area removed PM 10 and PM 2.5 mists generated from the wet scribber with L/G of 10 L/M3 by 80% and 90% respectively. In this study, we concluded that simultaneous NOx and mist removal by a combination system with a wet scrubber with oxidation and reduction process and a water-film ESP　was possible at room temperature. Acknowledgements This resarch was supproted by the R&D Center for Reduction of Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases (GG2740) funded by Korea Ministry of Environment. Keywords: NOx removal, Na2S, O3, wet scrubber Corresponding author: [email protected] 56 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0417 ] PS-AA15 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Measurement of Ultrafine and Fine Particles at Different Locations (Urban, Coastal, and Arctic Sites) KwangYul LEE1, Hee-Joo CHO1*, Jiyeon PARK1, Minhan PARK1, Hoseung CHAE1, Dohyung KIM1, Peter MCMURRY1 and Kihong PARK1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Ultrafine (<100 nm) and fine (2.5 μm) particles are very important due to its effect on radiation balance, formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and health effects in the ambient atmosphere. To investigate ultrafine and fine particle events, several intensive measurements were conducted at different locations including urban and coastal regions in Korea and Arctic regions. Using DEG-SMPS (1-12 nm), SMPS (15-660 nm), Nano-SMPS (3-60 nm), NanoScan SMPS (10-420 nm), and OPC (0.3-25 μm), continuos number size distributions were measured to observe atmospheric nucleation and particle growth event, and PM2.5 event. New particle formation (NPF) criteria was calculated and compared with previous studies. Additional detailed analyses associated with fine and ultrafine particle events based on physical and optical properties will be presented. Keywords: Fine particles, Ultrafine particles, NPF, Particle growth 57 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0406 ] PS-AA16 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Measurements of Long-Range Transported Aerosols Over the Yellow Sea Hyunok MAENG1*, Seojeong KIM1, Kwangyul LEE1, Se Pyo LEE2, Joo Wan CHA2, Sang Boom RYOO2 and Kihong PARK1 1 GIST, Republic of Korea NIMS, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT A shipborne measurement was carried out on board the GISANG 1 (Meteorological Research vessel) during two cruise periods (5/2/2016-5/13/2016, and 5/18/2016-5/30/2016) over the Yellow sea. For analysis of characteristics of PM2.5, concentrations of black carbon (BC), ionic species (NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-), and elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Si, and Ti) in PM2.5 were determined after filter sampling. In addition, morphology of particles was also examined. During the measurement periods, four high PM2.5 events were observed. These events were further classified into Asian dust event and haze event based on PM properties. To investigate the origins and pathways of air masses during the sampling periods, an air mass backward trajectory analysis was also conducted. Different chemical properties were found based on these specific PM events. General trends show that PM10 mass and mineral concentration (Al, Ca, Mg, and Si) in PM2.5 significantly increased during Asian dust events, while BC and ions in PM2.5 increased during the haze events. More thorough analysis will be conducted, and their results will be presented. Keywords: Shipborne measurement, PM2.5, Asian dust event, Haze event Corresponding author: [email protected] 58 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0404 ] PS-AA17 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Elemental Composition of Arctic Soils and Aerosols in Ny-Ålesund Measured Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Gibaek KIM1*, Young-Jun YOON2, Hae Bum LEE1, Hee-Joo CHO1 and Kihong PARK1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Republic of Korea 2 Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Two laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) systems (soil LIBS and aerosol LIBS) were employed to measure the elemental composition of soils and ambient aerosols less than 2.5 um in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (the world’s most northerly human settlement). For soil LIBS measurements, matrix effects caused by moisture content, soil grain size, and surrounding gas on the LIBS response were minimized. As Ar gas was supplied onto the soil sample surfaces, a drastic enhancement of LIBS emission lines was observed. Arctic soils were sampled at 10 locations, and diverse elements (Al, Ba, C, Ca, Cu, Fe, H, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, O, Pb, and Si) were detected in soils. The elemental distribution in arctic soils was clearly distinguishable from those in urban and abandoned mining soils in Korea. Moreover, the concentrations of most of anthropogenic metals were fairly low, and localized sources in extremely close proximity affected the elevated level of Cu in the soil samples derived from Ny-Ålesund. The number of elements detected in aerosols (C, Ca, H, K, Mg, Na, and O) was lower than those determined in soils. The elements in aerosols can mainly originate from minerals and sea salts. The elemental distribution in aerosols was also clearly distinguishable from that in soils. Our data suggest that the resuspension of local soil particles by wind erosion into aerosols was minimal. The daily variation of particle number concentration (RSD = 71%) and the elements in aerosols (RSD = 25%) varied substantially, possibly due to fluctuating air masses and meteorological conditions. Keywords: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Arctic aerosols, Arctic soils, Elemental composition, Matrix effect Corresponding author: [email protected] 59 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0399 ] PS-AA18 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Physical and Chemical Characterization of Road Dust at Urban Sites in Korea and Mongolia Kwangyul LEE1*, Tsatsral BATUNKH1, Hung Soo JOO1 and Kihong PARK1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Physical and chemical characteristics of road dust collected at urban sites in Korea and Mongolia having distinctly different urban characteristics were examined. Urban sites in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia and Gwangju, Korea were selected for collection of road dust. Road dust was collected by manual sweeping with dustpan and brush. The total mass of collected road dust was 100-400 g. The dust samples were aerosolized using solid aerosol generator. High PM mass concentrations were measured from Mongolian dust which was 2.0~2.8 times higher than those measured in Korea. A clear bimodal distribution was observed for resuspended road dust at urban sites in Korea. The first mode was peaked at 100-110 nm and the second peak was observed at 435-570 nm. Peaks from a much smaller mode (~30 nm) was additionally found for road dust from one of Mongolia sites. This may be attributed to the site location at suburban residential area which was significantly affected by ultrafine particles produced from residential coal/biomass burning. Ca2+ was major (44% ~ 65%) water-soluble ionic component, followed by SO42- for both tunnel and road dust aerosol in Gwangju Korea. Characteristics of the ionic component in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were noticeably different from the tunnel and road dust in Korea. Since dust was collected in winter season in Ulaanbaatar, the SO42- was major component due to coal burning activities. The sums of element abundances in PM2.5 were found to be 13.3% for the tunnel dust and 6.9% for the road dust in Gwangju. Those were found 5.2% for main road and 16.5% for sub-main road in Ulaanbaatar. Generally, road dusts were considerably enriched by Zn, moderately enriched by Ba and Pb, indicating that traffic related emissions were one of the major pollution sources for road dust. Keywords: Road dust, Fine particles, Chemical characteristics, Urban, Mongolia Corresponding author: [email protected] 60 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0397 ] PS-AA19 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Different Ratios of Thermal-Optical Elemental Carbon to Equivalent Black Carbon by Chemical Characteristics During KORUS-AQ Campaign Min-Suk BAE1*, Jeonghoon LEE2, Hye-Jung SHIN3 and Joon-Young AHN3 1 Mokpo National University, Republic of Korea Korea University of Technology and Education, Republic of Korea 3 National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Carbonaceous matter in PM2.5 has important effects on both climate and health. Recently BC can be identified as the second most important climate-forcing agent behind carbon dioxide. Even small amount of concentrations is enough to penetrate deep into the human respiratory tract (e.g. asthma, heart attacks, and lung cancer). BC is poorly defined in the scientific literature due to carbonaceous matter does not appear in atmospheric aerosols as a pure substance. In this reason, measurements may refer to the same quantity with different analytical names. Different properties of BC are depending on the BC methodologies. Generally, although correlations between methods are frequently high, relationships vary among sites, seasons, and aerosol types. Two analytically different carbon measurements (i.e. a filter-based elemental carbon (EC) and equivalent Black Carbon (eBC) methods) of ambient particulate matter were used to analyze PM2.5 samples. Three different campaigns were conducted (1) at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) site (37.603°N, 127.046°E) during the pre KORea-US Air Quality (pre KORUS-AQ) campaign from May 22 to May 23 in 2015, (2) at the Anmyeon a Global Atmosphere Watch supersite (GAWS) (36° 320N; 126° 190E, 45.7 m above sea level (ASL)), and (3) at the Seoul Olympic Park site (37.521°N, 127.124°E) during the KORUS-AQ 2016 campaign from May 8 to Jun 15 in 2016 using a Multi Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) and a filter-based OCEC thermal-optical carbon analyzer. The purpose in this study is to determine the correlations of thermaloptical EC and eBC associated by main chemical compositions (i.e. organic carbon (OC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water soluble cat ions & anions, and organic compounds) with the influence of different regional and/or long range transferred sources. PM2.5 mass, OC, EC, ions, WSOC, and organic compounds were determined by SUNET carbon analyser, total organic carbon (TOC) analyser, ion chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography with mass fragment determinations. In addition, an optical particle sizer (OPS) (Model 3330, TSI Inc.) were operated for sized resolved volume concentrations. The BC differences between methods can provide a moderate positive correlation with indicators of secondary productions suggesting that oxidized aerosols associated with atmospheric processing or other secondary components of ambient aerosol could be associated with the differences between these BC measurements. Keywords: EC, BC, eBC, MAAP 61 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0396 ] PS-AA20 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Classification and Identification of Organic Aerosols in The Atmosphere Over Seoul Using Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC×GC/TOF-MS) Data Sohyeon JEON1*, Hyungbae LIM2, Narae CHOI3, Jiyi LEE2, Yunkyong AHN1 and Yong Pyo KIM3 1 Korea Basic Science Institute, Republic of Korea 2 Chosun University, Republic of Korea 3 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Organic aerosols contain thousands of organic compounds and contribute to 20-90% of the total fine aerosol mass. Organic aerosols play an important role in climate change and adversely affect on human health. For analyzing organic aerosols, a wide range of analytical techniques have been used. Among them, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC×GC/TOF-MS) can provide higher chemical resolution and analyze more mass fractions of organic aerosols. However, the data sets obtained in GC×GC/TOF-MS are enormously complex. In this study, we used “statistical compare” program from LECOChromaTOF software which performs statistical comparisons from groups of different data samples to analyze organic aerosols. Organic compounds in aerosol samples were classified by applying chemical standards to suggest new data processing methods and identified according to similarity and reverse factor standards. TSP samples were collected on the roof of the Asan engineering building, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea (37.56 °N, 126.94 °E, 20 m above ground level). A total of 67 samples were obtained during summer (August 2013) and winter (January and February 2014) with a PUF sampler (Tisch, TE-1000) on quartz fiber filter. Filters were extracted using accelerated solvent extractor with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (3:1, v/v). Total extracts were blown down to 0.5 mL using a nitrogen evaporator (Turbo Vap Ⅱ, caliper Life Sciences). Organic compounds in the TSP samples were separated into 6 chemical groups, depending on their retention time in two dimensions for their volatility and polarity. Using total peak area of each chemical groups, composition of organic compounds in summer and winter was investigated. Organic compounds in each chemical group were identified according to similarity and reverse factor. Keywords: GC×GC/TOF-MS, statistical compare, organic aerosols, data processing Corresponding author: [email protected] 62 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0393 ] PS-AA21 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Relationship Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Benzene Carboxylic Acids in the Coastal Area During KORUS-AQ Campaign Min-Suk BAE1*, Zang-Ho SHON2, Taehyoung LEE3, Ju-Hee JEONG4, Chul-Un RO5 and James SCHAUER6 1 Mokpo National University, Republic of Korea 2 Dong-Eui University, Republic of Korea 3 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea 4 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea 5 Inha University, Republic of Korea 6 University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between water-soluble organic & inorganic compounds ambient particulate matter (PM) and cellular redox activity. Ambient PM2.5 samples were collected in between May 28 to June 20 of 2016 at a west coastal site, Anmyeon (36° 320N; 126° 190E, 45.7 m above sea level (ASL)) station in Republic of Korea during the KORea-US Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign. Automatic 4 hr integrated samples collected for organic carbon (OC), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), elemental carbon (EC), water soluble ions, and benzene carboxylic acids (BCA) analysis were collected on a 47-mm quartz fiber filter downstream of PM2.5 cyclones that operated at flowrate of 92 lpm in medium volume samplers. The samplers was custom made (APM inc., Rep. Korea). Flow through the medium volume samplers were controlled using a mass flow controller (MFC). The influence of both long range transfer and different regional range transfers were determined by Advanced Research WRF version 3.4, which includes fully compressible nonhydrostatic equations with hydrostatic option and back trajectories. OC, EC, WSOC, and BCA were determined by SUNET carbon analyser, total organic carbon (TOC) analyser, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry mass spectrometry (LC-MSMS), respectively. 24 hr integrated samples were collected for Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) analysis. Total samples were analyzed for macrophage ROS activity. The macrophage ROS assay is a fluorogenic cell-based method to investigate the production of ROS in rat alveolar macrophages. Correlation between ROS activity and different chemical components of PM was evaluated to identify the main drivers of PM toxicity. Results from this study illustrate that water-soluble species of PM play important roles in influencing potential cellular toxicity. Pairwise correlation scatterplots between the daily averaged ratio of WSOC to OC and EC to OC indicate that secondary productions can be highly associated with ROS. Trimestic acid in WSOC of ambient PM are highly correlated with ROS activity with r2 of 0.83. This study can provide the information of the toxicological contribution related to water-soluble compounds (i.e. aging productions) in ambient air. Keywords: ROS, WSOC, OC Corresponding author: [email protected] 63 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0387 ] PS-AA22 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Implication Of Light Absorption Enhancement And Mixing State Of Black Carbon (BC) By Coatings Guoliang LI1* and Zhi NING1 1 City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ABSTRACT Simultaneous measurement of black carbon (BC) and other aerosol chemical compositions was performed using an Aethalometer and Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) in urban area of Hong Kong. A thermodenuder (TD) was employed in tandem with the Aethalometer and ACSM at different heating temperatures (i.e., 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C and 280 °C) to remove semi-volatile aerosol fractions (i.e., coatings) by different degree. Based on the measurement of non-heated and heated aerosol, we evaluated light absorption enhancement (Eabs) of BC by coatings in seven wavelengths from UV to near IR, and further analysed the remaining aerosol composition. Results showed Eabs increased very little from 50°C (1.02 – 1.04) to 200°C (1.13 – 1.20), but surged to 1.58 – 1.64 at 280°C, probably attributed to the presence of low volatility inorganic components such as ammonium and sulfate, which might be associated to lensing effect. The absorption Angström exponent (AAE) had slight increase after heating, possibly due to higher light absorption for low-volatility brown carbon (BrCLV) at short wavelength. Furthermore, inverse calculation by Mie model showed the coating fraction for BC-containing particles was around 100% ~ 200%, and imaginary part k of BrCLV was around 0.02 ~ 0.15. This work implied the impact of source- and region- based difference on Eabs and we demonstrated that filter-based measurement for BC light absorption could be an effective method to provide critical information on BC mixing state, though comprehensive comparison or combination for different techniques are needed in further studies. Keywords: Black carbon, Coatings, Light absorption enhancement, Thermodenuder, Mixing state Corresponding author: [email protected] 64 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0385 ] PS-AA23 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Detection of Organic Component in Ambient Particulate Matter Samples Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Monica Blaise SANIEL1* 1 Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Philippines ABSTRACT Particulate matter (PM) is a widely known and globally regulated air pollutant. The organic component present in PM was found to comprise a large fraction in its distribution and has been reported to cause negative effects in the environment and human health. SERS was introduced in this study to detect the organic component using Cu nanoparticle as SERS substrate. SERS is a relatively new technique applied to atmospheric aerosol particles. SERS is used to amplify the Raman signal through localized surface plasmon resonances associated in the excitation of metal nanoparticles injected into the sample. The Cu nanoparticles were characterized using SEM-EDS, UV-Vis, and Zeta-sizer to account the shape, absorbance, and size, respectively. On the other hand, PM samples were collected in glass fiber filters using E-Bam Aerosol Monitor in two major roads in Metro Manila, Philippines and from vehicular emissions. Results from preliminary experiments showed amplified Raman signals within 1000 cm-1 to 1700 cm-1 range and may be attributed to soot and related carbonaceous substances. The blank and Cu nanoparticle-treated filter did not show Raman peaks in this region. This may show SERS as a potential method for better detection of trace substances in the atmosphere. Keywords: aerosol, particulate matter, organic component, SERS, copper nanoparticle Corresponding author: [email protected] 65 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0380 ] PS-AA24 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of NOx and NH3 on Secondary Organic Aerosol formation of Isoprene from Ozonolosis and Photooxidation Zaeem BABAR1*, Ho-Jin LIM1 and Jun-Hyun PARK1 1 Kyungpook National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Influence of NOx and NH3 on Secondary Organic Aerosol formation from the Ozonolysis and Photooxidation of Isoprene Zaeem Bin Babar1, Jun-Hyun Park1,2, Ho-Jin Lim1,* 1Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea 2Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 363-883, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In this study effects of NOx and NH3 on SOA formation from ozonolysis and photooxidation of isoprene were investigated using 8 m3 KNU smog chamber. In isoprene ozonolysis and phtotoxidation experiments, highest PM concentrations were observed in the presence of NO and NH3. The PM loaded filters were dissolved in MERCK water for various quantitative analysis including Water Soluble Organic Carbon (WSOC), Water Soluble Organic Nitrogen (WSON), NO3-, and NH4+ ions. Concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ were highest in PM generated in the presence of NO and NH3. The analysis of optical properties (UV-vis and fluorescence) showed higher absorbance and florescence in PM samples generated in the presence of NH3 than that in absence of NH3. *Corresponding author. Tel: 82-53950-7546; Fax: 82-53-950-6579 Email address: [email protected] Keywords: isoprene, SOA, NH3, NOx, optical properties Corresponding author: [email protected] 66 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0378 ] PS-AA25 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Study on the Emission Characteristics of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) from Solid Fuel (SRF and Bio-SRF) Using Facilities Sun Hwa HEO1*, Kee Won JANG1, Seung Young LIM1, Dae Il KANG1 and Sang Bo LEE1 1 National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The recent rise in energy price and the depletion of fossil fuel resources and climate change are facing simultaneous environmental crisis and environmental volume. In this situation, the development of new and renewable energy is seen as a major solution plan, waste fuel from new and renewable energy is high level of supplies. However, these waste solids eliminate pollutants, causing environmental problem among residents around the facilities. Therefore, waste fuel usage facilities are recognized as the main source of air pollutants and we urgently need to prepare for the management of this matter. In This study, emission characteristics of hazardous air pollutants were identified by choosing source using SRF and Bio-SRF. Analysis method of PAHs and VOCs are based on the Korea Standard Methods for Examination. The number of sampling times for each item was based on the three times and analyzed using GC/MS. The analysis of PAHs showed that the concentration much higher in Naphthalene than another pollutants, and Benzo(a)pyrene showed at a higher concentration in certain sources. As a result of VOCs analysis, benzene known as specific hazardous air pollutants was detected in 10 of 11 facilities, and a trace of trichloroethylene was detected in 7 facilities. Keywords: Solid Fuel, SRF, Bio-SRF, PAHs, VOCs Corresponding author: [email protected] 67 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0353 ] PS-AA26 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Source Apportionment of Semi-Continuous PM2.5 Data in South Korea Using PMF Model – Long Range Transport and Local Effects of High Concentration Events Jieun PARK1*, Eun Ha PARK1, Kwang-Joo MOON2, Jongbae HEO1, Yoo-Duck HONG2 and Seung-Muk YI1 1 Seoul National University, Republic of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Source contributions and effects of PM2.5 were compared in Seoul Metropolitan area and background site of South Korea. PM2.5 samples were collected in Bulgwang site, as a representative of Seoul Metropolitan area and Bekryung Island as a background site from January 2013 to December 2015. Chemical analysis of eight ionic species (SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), two carbonaceous species (OC and EC) and twenty-five elements were used for positive matrix factorization (PMF) in identifying source contributions. 24-hour average PM2.5 mass concentrations were sorted by PM2.5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 50㎍/㎥ for classification of High concentration events (HCEs) and non-events. Among HCEs of two cities, long range transport (LRT) and local were identified by using Residence Time Analysis (RTA) followed by Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory 4 (HYSPLIT 4) to get five day back trajectories endpoints for HCEs dates. Back trajectories were calculated with the provided Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) 0.5° meteorological data. Five countries (China, South Korea, North Korea, Mongolia, and Russia) and sea were considered for RTA and the minimum grid was 0.5° to be consistent with GDAS data. Characteristics of PM2.5 data of three years in Seoul Metropolitan area and background will be discussed. Keywords: PM2.5, PMF, RTA, Long Range Transport 68 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0350 ] PS-AA27 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Surface Flux of Particle Numbers and Ionic Species Measured Over Rice Paddy in Greater Tokyo Hiroshi HAYAMI1*, Syuichi ITAHASHI1, Hiroaki SAINO3, Kentaro HAYASHI2 and Keisuke ONO2 1 CRIEPI, Japan NIAES, Japan 3 TUS, Japan 2 ABSTRACT Dry deposition is considered as one of key processes that would influence the accuracy in PM2.5 concentrations computed by air quality models. A model inter-comparison study conducted in our former project showed that overestimates of particulate nitrate concentrations would be reduced by artificially increasing dry deposition velocities of gaseous and particulate nitrate. However, such large dry deposition velocities of gaseous and particulate nitrate have not been supported from field observations. So, the aim of this study is to measure surface vertical fluxes of gaseous and particulate nitrate over a typical ground surface. We selected rice paddy in the town of Mase for a field of this study, because the rice paddy is one of major land-use categories in Greater Tokyo. We settled a 6 m mast and two samplers with ten lines acting in sequence in rice paddy in Mase from August to December 2016. One of the samplers was used to collect gaseous and particulate matter at 1.5 m AGL, and another at 5.5 m AGL. Denuded filter packs (URG 2000 series with PTFE, nylon and citric acid impregnated quartz fiber filters) were used collect half-day samples. The samples were analyzed by ion chromatography in laboratory. Two optical particle counters (RION KC-52) were also set at 1.5 and 5.5 m AGL to monitor number concentrations of 0.3 µm and larger particles. Particle numbers at 1.5 m AGL varied with those at 5.5 m AGL in most of time. It was often found that 1.5 m particle numbers solely decreased from midnight to dawn, while 5.5 m particle numbers remained. Dry deposition velocities in order of 10-3 cm/s were estimated from the decreased tendency with time, which is consistent with typical dry deposition velocities of sub-micron particles. In most cases, particulate nitrate concentrations at 1.5 m AGL were lower than those at 5.5 m AGL, due probably to evaporation of particulate nitrate during depositing to the ground induced from faster dry deposition velocities of gaseous nitrate than particulate nitrate. We will present much more interesting results at the presentation. This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (5-1601) of Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency. Keywords: PM2.5, number concentration, nitrate, rice paddy, dry deposition Corresponding author: [email protected] 69 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0345 ] PS-AA28 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of the Cloud Condensation Nuclei at the Summit of Mt. Fuji (3776m a.s.l.) During the Summer of 2015, 2016 Konosuke SATO1*, Ryota KATAOKA1, Yoko IWAMOTO1 and Kazuhiko MIURA1 1 Tokyo University of Science, Japan ABSTRACT Atmospheric aerosols themselves have direct effects of directly absorbing and scattering sunlight and indirect effects (cloud adjustment effects) that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) during cloud formation and change the optical properties and lifetime of clouds. Whether the aerosol particles can be CCN is determined by the surrounding supersaturation degree, the dry particle size of the particles themselves, and the chemical composition (hygroscopicity) of the particles themselves. In general, the greater the degree of supersaturation in the surroundings, the greater the dry particle size and hygroscopicity of the particles, the more likely the particles are CCN. In this study, CCN observation was performed with four different supersaturation degrees at the summit of Mt. Fuji (Fuji special region weather station) during summer. Fuji is the independent peak of Japan’s highest altitude and its summit is often located within the free troposphere so we can expect aerosol observations that are not affected by local pollution. In this study, we focused on long-distance transport of aerosol, and investigated the relation between the origin of air mass and the CCN activity ratio using backward trajectory analysis. As a result, it was found that the number concentrations of CCN slightly increased in 2016 compared to 2015, and the CCN activity ratio was also higher in 2016. In addition, despite the slightly smaller dry critical particle size in 2016, the hygroscopic parameter values decreased at almost all supersaturation degrees. One of the reasons for this is that air masses flowed frequently from the continent and Okhotsk compared with 2015 when marine-derived air masses was dominant. Therefore, it is considered that the particle size became large and the activity ratio became high. From this, it can be considered that the activity ratio strongly depends on the particle size distribution rather than the chemical composition of the particles. Keywords: Cloud Condensation Nuclei, Activation Ratio, Hygroscopicity, Backward Trajectory, Particle Size Distribution Corresponding author: [email protected] 70 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0333 ] PS-AA29 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Mongolian Ecological Footprint Accounts and Its Trend Enkhjargal VOLODYA1* 1 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In Mongolia, there has been remarkable increase in population, economic growth, accompanying urbanization and lifestyle changes for the last two decades. During this period Mongolia’s political environment, economic system, and occasional harsh climate conditions were subject to changes in Ecological Footprint, which measures population demand on the earth’s ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to identify the amount of Ecological Footprint Mongolia placed on the environment between 1961 and 2012, as well as to show general trend of the population’s natural resources usage which converts the quantity to the amount of land needed to provide the resources and assimilate the waste. Ecological Footprint is usually presented together with biocapacity, which measures the biological productive supply. Biocapacity is the ecosystems’ capacity to produce biological materials used by people and to absorb waste material generated, under current management systems. If the Ecological Footprint of a human population exceeds the biocapacity of its environment, the situation is unsustainable. An indication of the proportion of the earth’s surface required to support Mongolia’s development is essential for measuring the country’s resource usage and for continuous growth within its biophysical means. As a resource accounting tool that makes demand on biological capital manageable, the Ecological Footprint allows decision makers to plan strategies for sustainable development. As Mongolia’s mining-dependent economy continues to grow, so does its demand for natural resources. Therefore, it’s critical for Mognolia to realize its sustainable development, which is determined by important indicators including the balance between the efficiency of natural resources and the earth’s regeneration capacity improvement. Keywords: Ecological Footprint, Biological Capacity (biocapacity), Global hectare 71 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0329 ] PS-AA30 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Identification of PM2.5 Sources in Japan Using Organic and Inorganic Markers by Positive Matrix Factorization Akihiro IIJIMA1*, Shinji KUDO1, Kimiyo KUMAGAI2, Hiroshi TAGO2, Yoshinori SAITOH2, Shinya KIMURA2 and Kazuhiko SEKIGUCHI2 1 Takasaki City Univ. of Economics, Japan Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan 2 ABSTRACT Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere plays an important role in the Earth’s climate and human health. The PM2.5 can be either directly emitted into the atmosphere or formed in the atmosphere from precursor gases. Main components of the PM2.5 have been reported as ammonium sulfate/nitrate and organic particulate matter. Primary and secondary organic aerosols are not easy to characterize because of its numerous and varied species. Recently, organic molecular markers have been used as an indicator of source for contributing to ambient particles. To identify the source of PM2.5 at the Kanto region in Japan, we started the two weeks observation during four seasons (the year of 2014–2015) at different sites, Mt. Akagi (forest), Maebashi (rural), and Saitama (urban). PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected on the 47 mm quartz fiber filters and PTFE filters at each the site, using two low volume samplers with a flow rate of 16.7 L min-1. The filters were changed at 10:00 local time every morning with sampling intervals during 24-h. After sampling, Organic carbon (OC)/elemental carbon (EC), ionic compounds (Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, SO42, NO3- and (COO)22-), and trace elements (Al, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Ba, and Pb) were analyzed using a Thermal/Optical Carbon Analyzer (DRI, model 2001), an ion chromatograph, and an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Organic molecular markers (for example, dicarboxylic acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and sugars) were detected by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) through extraction- derivatization (silylation) procedures. Using 167 samples obtained at three sites, source apportionment of PM2.5 was performed by positive matrix factorization (PMF, version 5.0). Twelve sources were identified for the final solution with PMF model in PM2.5 (marker species in brackets): F1_Biogenic primary organic aerosols (arabitol and glucose), F2_Biogenic secondary organic aerosols derived from monoterpene (pinonic acid), F3_Cooking food (linoleic acid and oleic acid), F4_Heavy oil combustion (vanadium), F5_Sulfate (NH4+ and SO42-), F6_Road dust and soil (Ca2+, Al, Fe, and Ba), F7_Biogenic secondary organic aerosols derived from isoprene (2-methyltetrols), F8_Regional pollution (As, Cd, and Pb), F9_Nitrate (NH4+ and NO3-), F10_Biomass burning (K+ and levoglucosan), F11_Local organic aerosols at an urban site (azelaic acid and C16 acid), and F12_Vehicle emission (EC, Cu, and Ca2+). Total 12 sources explained more than 80% of the PM2.5 mass concentrations. Keywords: Source apportionment, PM2.5, molecular markers Corresponding author: [email protected] 72 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0328 ] PS-AA31 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Chemical Composition of Aerosol Measurements in the Air Pollution Plume During KORUS-AQ Taehyun PARK1*, Yury DESYATERIK2, Jaebum LEE3, Yongjae LIM3, Junyoung AHN3, Jinsoo PARK3, Jongho KIM4, Soobog PARK4, Jeffrey COLLETT2 and Taehyoung LEE1 1 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea 2 Colorado State University, USA 3 National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 4 Hanseo University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The Korean peninsula is a great place to study different sources of the aerosols: urban, rural and marine. In addition, Seoul is one of the large metropolitan areas in the world and has a variety of sources because half of the Korean population lives in Seoul, which comprises only 12% of the country’s area. To understand the chemical composition of aerosol form long-range transport and local sources better, an Aerodyne High Resolution Time of Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was deployed on an airborne platform (NASA DC-8 aircraft). The HR-ToF-AMS is capable of measuring non-refractory size resolved chemical composition of submicron particle(NR-PM1) in the air pollution plume, including mass concentration of organic carbon, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonium with 10 seconds time resolution. The measurements were performed twenty times research flight for understanding characteristic of the air pollution from May to June, 2016 on the South Korean peninsula during KORUS-AQ 2016 campaign. The scientific goal of this study is to characterize aerosol chemical properties and mass concentration in order to understand the role of the long range transport from northeast Asia to South Korea, and influence of the local sources. To brief, organics dominated during all of flights. Also organics and nitrate were dominant around energy industrial complex near by Taean, South Korea. The presentation will provide an overview of the composition of NR-PM1 measured in air pollution plumes, and deliver detail information about width, depth and spatial distribution of the pollutant in the air pollution plumes. The results of this study will provide high temporal and spatial resolved details on the air pollution plumes, which are valuable input parameters of aerosol properties for the current air quality models. Acknowledgment: Supported by NIER (National institute of Environmental Research) and funded by NRF-2014R1A1A1007947 Keywords: KORUS-AQ, Air pollution, Particulate matter, HR-ToF-AMS Corresponding author: [email protected] 73 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0326 ] PS-AA32 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Temporal Variation and Characteristics of Organic Compounds in PM2.5 at a Background Area in Korea Jong Sik LEE1*, Eun Sil KIM2, Yong Pyo KIM3, Chang Hoon JUNG4, Ki Ae KIM1, Soo Bin HONG1 and Ji Yi LEE1 1 Chosun University, Republic of Korea National Institute of Meteorological Sciences Anmyeondo Global Atmosphere Watch Station, Republic of Korea 3 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea 4 Kyungin Womens College, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT PM2.5 has detrimental impact on human health as well as the environmental impact such as climate change. PM2.5 consisted of inorganic and organic matters and organic matters account for a large fraction (20 -80 %) in PM2.5. Generally, organic speciation in PM2.5 can only account for ~20% of organic matter in PM2.5, however, organic compounds can be used as molecular marker for providing insights into the sources and formation processes of organic matter in PM2.5. The background area is relatively less affected by primary emission sources than in the urban area, so it is suitable for understanding the formation characteristics such as secondary formation and/or long-range transport of air pollutants excluding the influence of primary emission sources. Routine measurements of PM2.5 and chemical speciation for about 100 individual organic compounds was carried out at Anmyeon Island which is a representative background area in Korea between June 2015 and May 2016 to understand temporal variation and distributions of organic compounds. Organic compounds analyzed in this study were classified into five groups, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, n-alkanoic acids (AAs), dicarboxylic acids (DCAs), and sugars. Annual average concentration of PAHs in this study was 2.83±3.44 ng m-3, which was about one-fifth of the PAHs concentrations at Seoul (11.62±11.58 ng m-3), a representative urban site in Korea. PAHs and n-alkanes, sugars concentrations showed clear seasonal variation with summer minimum and winter maximum. While, seasonal variation of DCAs and AAs were different with PAHs and n-alkanes, sugars. In this study, we will find out the formation characteristics of organic matter in PM2.5 at Anmyeon Island through the correlation and factor analysis of organic compounds with the carbon fractions in PM2.5 (OC, EC, WSOC and HULIS-C) and the analysis of backward trajectory of air parcels at Anmyeon Island. Keywords: PM2.5, Individual organic compounds, background area Corresponding author: [email protected] 74 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0318 ] PS-AA33 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of Temperature-Resolved Fractions of OC and EC in PM2.5 Based on One Year Observation at Anmyeon Island, a Background Site in South Korea Yu Woon CHANG1*, Jong Sik LEE1, Eun Sil KIM2, Yong Pyo KIM3, Chang Hoon JUNG4 and Ji Yi LEE1 1 Chosun Univercity, Republic of Korea National Institute of Meteorological Sciences Anmyeondo Global Atmosphere Watch Station, Republic of Korea 3 Ewha Womans University, Republic of Korea 4 Kyungin Women’s College, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Carbon fractions can classified as Organic Carbon (OC) and Elementary Carbon (EC) by thermal-optical definition. Two major protocols for thermal-optical methods to classify OC and EC have been applied to atmospheric particulate matter, one is the IMPROVE protocol and the other is the NIOSH protocol. In the NIOSH protocol, OC can divided by four OC fractions (OC1, OC2, OC3, and OC4 in a helium atmosphere at 310 °C, 475 °C, 615 °C, and 870 °C, respectively) and pyrolyzed-organic carbon (OP) was determined when transmitted laser light attained its original intensity after oxygen was added to the combustion atmosphere. And EC can divided by six EC fractions (EC1, EC2, EC3, EC4, EC5 and EC6 in a 2% oxygen/98% helium atmosphere at 550°C, 625°C, 700°C, 775°C, 850°C and 870°C, respectively). The NIOSH protocol defined OC as OC1+OC2+OC3+OC4+OP and EC as EC1+EC2+EC3+EC4+EC5+EC6-OP, respectively. Each temperature-resolved fractions of OC and EC has been reported to have different concentrations and distribution ratios by region and season, and different emission sources. Thus, understanding the characteristics of the temperature-resolved carbon fractions can be used to determine the specific source contribution of carbon fractions in PM2.5. In this study, the major temperatureresolved carbon fractions of OC and EC were determined based on their concentrations and composition ratios. The OC1 and OP fractions was dominant in OC during cold season, while, the major fraction was OC1 and OC4 in summer. For the distribution of temperature-resolved fraction in EC, the major fractions was EC2 and EC3. Through the correlation and factor analysis of temperature-resolved carbon fractions with the other carbon fractions (WSOC, WISOC and HULIS-C), the major factors for the temperature-resolved carbon fractions were determined. Finally, the formation process of the major temperature-resolved fractions in OC and EC of PM2.5 were characterized at a background site in Korea. Keywords: Anmyeon Island, Background site, NIOSH protocol, OC and EC, temperature-resolved fractions of OC and EC Corresponding author: [email protected] 75 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0302 ] PS-AA34 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of PM2.5 Aerosol and Precursor Gas Species and Its Source Apportionment Basma LOUAHEMMSABAH1*, Al Maliki Dugham RADHI OBAID1, Modeste MUGABO1, Seokwon KANG1, Kyunghoon KIM1, Taehyun PARK1 and Taehyoung LEE1 1 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The air pollution including aerosol and gaseous species interacts both directly and indirectly with earth radiation budget, and also effects reduction in visibility and deterioration of human health. Due to the complex chemistry involved in combustion of fossil fuels under ambient conditions, a large number of trace gas species are emitted. Gases were emitted from primary and secondary sources and interacts with particles such as New Particle Formation (NPF). Fine particles typically contain between 20-90 % of organic matter by mass, and a major component of this fraction includes water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) which are involved in the liquid-phase. Not only analysis and measurement of gases and particles are important, but also source apportionment can be necessary in our understanding that emitted sources. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) is a multivariate factor analysis tool that decomposes a matrix of sample data into two matrices, factor contributions and factor profiles to solve the chemical mass balance between measured species concentrations and source profiles. The scientific goal of this study were understanding the physico-chemical properties of PM2.5 and gases in air pollutant in Yong-in, South Korea. Real time measurements were conduected for WSOC and ionic components (NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, Na+ Mg2+, Ca2+, and etc) in PM2.5 using the particles into liquid sampler (PILS) coupled with Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analyzer and Ion Chromatography (IC) and the size distributions of aerosol was also measured by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) for the physical properties of aerosol. PM2.5 precursor gases including O3, NOx (NO and NO2) , SO2 and NH3 were measured in real time. United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) PMF was applied for the source apportionment study in order to identify the different emission sources including vehicles emission, coal combustion, biomass burning and the long-range transportation of air pollution. We will provide the identification of emission sources, physico-chemical characteristics of PM2.5 and the realationship between PM2.5 and its precursor gaseous species in Yong-in, Korea during winter 2016 and spring 2017. Acknowledgment: Supported by KOICA(Korea International Cooperation Agency) and KMA(Korea Meteorological Administration) and funded by NRF-2014R1A1A1007947 Keywords: PILS-TOC-IC, positive matrix factorization(PMF), water soluble organic carbon(WSOC) Corresponding author: [email protected] 76 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0301 ] PS-AA35 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Single-Particle Investigation of Antarctic Sea Spray Aerosols Using Low-Z particle EPMA, Raman Microspectrometry, and ATR-FTIR Imaging Techniques Xue LI1*, Hyo-Jin EOM1, Heejin HWANG2, Soondo HUR2, Yeontae GIM3 and Chul-Un RO1 1 Inha University, Republic of Korea Division of Paleo Environment Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea 3 Division of Polar Climate Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT The Antarctic region, which is isolated from anthropogenic sources, is one of the few pristine places to study natural sea spray aerosols (SSAs) with minimum anthropogenic influence [1]. There are conflicting opinions on correlations between levels of chlorophyll-a as an indicator of biological activity in seawater and organic species in SSAs [2-5]. A recent our study [1] showed differences of chemical compositional characteristics between typical summertime and wintertime Antarctic aerosol samples. However, it is not clear whether the different compositional features between two samples are due to their different sampling seasons or biological activities. To better understand about the Antarctic SSAs, additional Antarctic aerosol samples collected during Dec. 2011 and Sep. 2012 when the oceanic chlorophyll-a levels were in the range of 0.07-13.38 μg /L were chosen. Antarctic aerosol samples which are representative for each season with having different chlorophyll-a levels are investigated on a single particle basis using quantitative energy-dispersive electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA), called low-Z particle EPMA, Raman microspectrometry (RMS), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) imaging techniques. Low-Z particle EPMA is applied to get information on morphology and size from SEM images and chemical compositions from X-ray spectra. The two vibrational spectroscopic techniques are used to identify organic and inorganic molecular species through Raman and ATR-FTIR spectra. Detailed characteristics of Antarctic aerosol samples are under examination and will be presented. Keywords: Sea spray aersols, Antarctica, EPMA, RMS, ATR-FTIR imaging Corresponding author: [email protected] 77 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0284 ] PS-AA36 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Transboundary Transport of Anthropogenic Sulfur in PM2.5 at a Coastal Site in the Sea of Japan Yayoi INOMATA1*, Tsuyoshi OHIZUMI2, Naoko TAKE2 and Keiichi SATO3 1 Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Japan Niigata Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Japan 3 Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, Japan 2 ABSTRACT The sulfur isotopic ratio(34S/32S) is regarded as useful chemical tracers to investigate the source contributions of sulfate in aerosols and precipitation. The region facing to the Sea of Japan, located on the leeward of the Asian continent, is strongly influenced by transboundary transport of anthropogenic pollutants emitted from the Asian continent under the westerly wind. In this study, daily observations of 34S/32S in PM2.5 were carried out the Niigata-Maki site facing to the Sea of Japan during the intensive monitoring periods from 2013 to 2015. 34S/32Snss in PM2.5 showed a seasonal variation with relatively higher values being observed in winter (2.3-6.2‰) compared with values in the other seasons (1.0-4.2‰ in spring, -0.1-4.5‰ in summer, 1.3-5.8‰ in autumn). These data were classified by using the air mass transport routes: directly transported air mass after leaving the Asian continent (TRB), the air mass transported over the Japanese islands after leaving the Asian continent (including domestic sources; DOM), and the air mass transported over the Pacific Ocean and the Japanese islands in summer (NPO). It was found that the 34S/32Snss values for TRB (3.9±0.1‰) are higher than those for DOM (3.1±1.0‰). The 34S/32Snss values for TRB are close to the values in aerosol observed in northern China. On the other hand, it was reported that 34S/32S in sulfate emitted from Japan was relatively low because the SO42- in Japan are dominantly emitted from oil combustion. The lower 34S/32S nss in DOM are resulting with mixing of the emissions from the Japanese islands and the transboundary transported SO42-. Therefore, relatively higher values in TRB are due to the large contribution from the anthropogenic sources, mainly coal combustion, in the Asian continent. The 34S/32S nss values (2.0±1.2‰) for NPO were relatively lower to those for DOM, suggesting that SO42- are strongly affected by domestic sources, Japan. Airborne particulate samples were collected by using high volume air sampler with PM2.5 impactor (Tokyo Dylec Co., HVI2.5) in four seasons from 2013 to 2015. The 34S/32S were analyzed by stable isotope mass spectrometry (Delta Plus). The The largest contribution to sulfate was TRB, following DOM, and sea salt. The relative contribution of transboundary transport was 23-89% in spring, 37-99% in summer, 19-80% in autumn, and 4582% in winter. The relative contribution of coal combustion, in other wards emission from the Asian continent, was tended to be high in the TRB air mass. These results suggest that PM2.5 emitted from the Asian continent are modified during transboundary transport and these are strongly affected by the meteorological conditions. Keywords: PM2.5, sulfate isotopic ratio, transboundary transport, Northeast Asia Corresponding author: [email protected] 78 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0278 ] PS-AA37 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characterization of Ambient Aerosols from Amazonian Rainforest and City of Manaus, Brazil Cybelli BARBOSA1, Li WU2*, Dhrubajyoti GUPTA2, Ricardo H. M. GODOI1 and Chul-Un RO2 1 Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil 2 Inha University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT m size) with typical morphologies and containing C, O, S, N, P, and K; (vi) marine-derived particles; and (vii) C-rich particles observed only at Manaus like soot and tar balls. AS (with K) particles of μ4.0 -Aerosols and their effects in the pristine Amazonian rainforest, one of the few continental regions which are not dominated by anthropogenic sources, have been of great interest recently [1], [2]. Twenty-three aerosol particle samples were collected in four size ranges (0.25-0.5, 0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and 2.0-4.0 µm) during a wet season at two Amazonian sites: 10 samples at LBA Manaus, an urban area; and 13 samples at Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO), located in the rainforest 150 km northeast of Manaus. Individual particles were analysed mainly by low-Z particle electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). Based on morphology and elemental compositions, particles observed at both sites were classified into seven major types: (i) (NH4)2SO4 (AS) particles, appearing thin and relatively bright with typical X-ray beam damage, sometimes with organic coating and K; (ii) watersoluble organics, appearing dark and round-shaped with aqueous foot-print; (iii) organic/misc. particles or secondary organic species condensing on other species like mineral, marine-derived, and biogenic particles, with core-shell-like structure; (iv) mineral dust particles, appearing irregular and bright, such as aluminosilicate, SiO2, and reacted (Ca,Mg)CO3 particles; (v) primary biogenic particles (2.0 < 2.0 μm were encountered frequently by 30-50 % at ATTO, probably indicating emission of NH3 and SO42- along with biogenic species in the rainforest, as biomass burning events were not reported during the sampling period [2]. Organic/misc. particles were observed at both sites in relative abundances of 20~90 % at ATTO and 20~70 % at Manaus. Minerals mixed with sea-salts were observed at both sites, probably due to long-range transport of Saharan dust over the Atlantic Ocean. Further analysis of two sites is under progress, which is expected to improve the understanding of Amazonian rainforest aerosols. Keywords: atmospheric aerosols, Amazonian rainforest, single particle analysis Corresponding author: [email protected] 79 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0273 ] PS-AA38 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristic Evaluation of Chemical Components in PM0.1-2.5 and PM0.1 Collected in Chiang Mai, Thailand During Biomass Burning Season Thaneeya CHETIYANUKORNKUL1, Radshadaporn JANTA1, Ryosuke YAMAGUCHI2*, Kazuhiko SEKIGUCHI2, Kenshi SANKODA2, Kimiyo KUMAGAI3 and Yuji FUJITANI4 1 Chiang Mai University, Thailand 2 Saitama University, Japan 3 Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Japan 4 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan ABSTRACT gC m-3 for PM0.1, respectively. The carbon fractions of PM0.1-2.5 are similar to those of PM0.1, indicating that the chemical components in PM0.1-2.5 and PM0.1 were similar and the particle growth from PM0.1 to PM0.12.5 by coagulation is dominant. A strong correlation between OC and EC was observed in PM0.1-2.5 (r = 0.84) and PM0.1 (r = 0.81), which attributed to the combustion sources. In general, motor vehicle emission constitutes the most significant source of PM0.1 and PM0.1 has as the diesel emission feature (char-EC/soot-ECμgC m-3 for PM0.1-2.5 and 3.54 ± 0.50 and 0.62 ± 0.09 μSoutheast Asia has a pollution problem by particulate matter (PM) generated from many sources such as automobile, motorbike, industry, biomass burning and domestic cooking. However, the available data about PM sampling is limited. In particular, biomass burning is one of the major sources of PM in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The air quality in Chiang Mai is influenced by both local emission and biomass burning. Therefore, in this study, fine particles (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (PM0.1) were simultaneously collected at Chiang Mai University (CMU) during biomass burning season to characterize chemical components for the each particle size. An inertial filter (INF) sampler was used for PM0.1 collection. PM0.1 is suitable indicator to identify the PM sources and evaluate various chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere. The average OC and EC concentrations in PM collected at CMU were 12.5 ± 2.60 and 2.98 ± 0.51 < 1). However, the average char-EC/soot-EC ratios were 9.66 ± 2.32 for PM0.1-2.5 and 2.99 ± 0.68 for PM0.1, indicating that the emission from biomass burning significantly affected the carbon components in PM0.1 in spite of existence of other sources such as traffic. Keywords: Fine particles, Ultrafine particles, Chemical component, Biomass burning, Chiang Mai Corresponding author: [email protected] 80 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0271 ] PS-AA39 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Detailed Analysis of Water-Soluble Organic Components in Size-Segregated Particles Collected at a Suburban Site in Saitama, Japan Using an Inertial Filter Sampler Yuta KUROTSUCHI1*, Kazuhiko SEKIGUCHI1 and Kenshi SANKODA1 1 Saitama University, Japan ABSTRACT Various organic components are included in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). Some of them are used as source indicator of ambient aerosol, such as levoglucosan (biomass burning), dicalboxylic acid (photochemical reaction) and pinonic acid (biogenic secondary organic aerosol). Those components has been analyzed and reported for the diameter of PM2.5, whereas there are few reports in each particle size. In this study, we collected PM by dividing into each particle sizes using an inertial filter (INF) sampler. The INF sampler classified particles in five stages (>10, 10-2.5, 2.5-1.0, 1.0-0.5, 0.5-0.1, 0.1 µm) under ambient pressure with high flow rate (40 L/min). The sampling of PM was conducted at a suburban site in Saitama, Japan, during summer (5th-20th August 2016) and autumn (25rh October - 9th November 2016) periods. Levoglucosan, pinonic acid and dicalboxylic acids in PM collected on the each stage were analyzed with a GCMS by the derivatization method with Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide + 10% Trimethylchlorosilane (BSTFA + 10%-TMCS). As a result, levoglucosan was confirmed stably at the whole particle size. And, the concentration of levoglucosan in autumn was higher than that in summer. In both sampling, the highest concentration of levoglucosan was obtained in the diameter range of 0.5-1.0 µm. Furthermore, the obvious increase in concentration of levoglucosan was confirmed in autumn in the diameter range of 0.1-0.5 µm in comparison with the result in summer. This result means fresh smaller particles emitted from the around source were observed in autumn before receiving the effect of particle growth and deposition. On the other hand, pinonic acid was confirmed stably at the whole particle size. And, its behavior indicated the similar tendency to oxidant component. In the period of high oxidant concentration, the concentration of pinonic acid and low-molecular weight dicarboxylic acids in PM inceased especially in summer period. Keywords: Levoglucosan, Components in size-segregated particles, INF sampler, source indicator Corresponding author: [email protected] 81 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0253 ] PS-AA40 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Hygroscopic Behavior of Individual Ambient Aerosol Particles Collected at Gosan, Jeju Island, South Korea with Special Emphasis on Reacted Sea Salt Aerosols Han-Jin YOO1*, Hyo-Jin EOM1, Dhrubajyoti GUPTA1 and Chul-Un RO1 1 Inha University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The hygroscopic behavior of ambient aerosols collected at Gosan (33°29’N, 126°16’33.0 %, respectively. The hygroscopic growth factors seem to be affected by the presence of organic species. The phase diagrams obtained by plotting the deliquescence and efflorescence RHs (DRHs and ERHs) as a function of the mole fractions [X(Na, Mg)Cl] show that the hygroscopic behavior of the reacted SSAs are dominated by NaCl and NaNO3 [1], whereas contribution due to SO4- seems to be minor.-46.0 % and 17.9-72.9 %, respectively, during humidification. During dehydration, Cl-depleted particles showed multiple efflorescence transitions at RH = 36.2-50.5 %, due to simultaneous crystallization of salts. On the other hand, Cl-depleted particles showed clear first and second transitions at RH = 63.8 % and 65.4-73.5 % were observed. During dehydration, these particles showed mostly single-stage efflorescence at RH= 39.6-E), Jeju island, Korea were investigated on a single particle level. The changes in size and phase transitions of individual aerosol particles during either humidification or dehydration process were observed using optical microscopy. The morphology and chemical compositions of overall 39 particles were determined by offline scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). 61 % of the particles studied are reacted (aged) sea spray/salt aerosols (SSAs), supported by the observation of different degrees of Cl-depletion. The ambient SSAs, which this study focused on, showed multiple hygroscopic (deliquescence and efflorescence) phase transitions. During humidification, although some particles (mostly Cl-rich) showed very slow water uptake at low RHs, mostly two prompt deliquescence transitions occurred, firstly the mutual deliquescence transitions at RH = 63.8 (± 1.5) %, which were more clearly observed in Cl-depleted than Cl-rich particles, and secondly the final transitions at RHs ranging in 65.4 Keywords: hygroscopicity, individual ambient aerosols, reacted sea salt aerosols, Jeju Corresponding author: [email protected] 82 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0228 ] PS-AA41 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 New Particle Formation Observed at the Tokyo Skytree, Japan Takenori SATO1*, Ryota KATAOKA1, Masahiro MOMOI1, Kazuhiko MIURA1 and Yoko IWAMOTO2 1 Tokyo University of Science, Japan 2 Hiroshima University, Japan ABSTRACT The growth of nucleated particles is a major source of the cloud condensation nuclei and affects the Earth’s system. In-situ observation of atmospheric aerosols over megacities is effective for understanding aerosol generation and growth process in the urban area. Particle size distributions in range of 10 to 487 nm in diameter were measured from 9 June 2016 to 30 June 2016 (period 1st) and from 26 October 2016 to 30 October 2016 (period 2nd), from 20 December 2016 to present (period 3rd) at the 458 m level of the Tokyo Skytree (TST) using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS, TSI Model 3034). Determining whether it rained or not, this study used the rain gauge installed at the roof of Tokyo University of Science Building 1(approximately 6.3 km west-southwest from TST) and the image of web camera installed in the building of Nishi-Asakusa (approximately 2.0 km west-northwest from TST). New particle formation (NPF) events were defined by high number concentrations of nucleation (<25 nm) particles with growth for more than 1 hour. To classify the events, we use banana shape (BS) which is a high concentration curve from nucleation mode to Aitken mode (2598%) during the long-range transport episode type, while the contribution of the small particle mode increased up to 21% during the two episode types with more local influence. Mixing state information was also reflected in the correlations of mode diameters between different species. High Pearson’s R values together with close-to-unity slopes may indicate internal mixture in long-range transport episodes while poor correlations were likely caused by external mixtures in local episodes. Size distributions in Panyu during the November high-PM1 episode were obviously bi-modal with two clear peaks. Small particle mode contributed to around 16% of the total particle concentration while large particle mode contributed to the other 84%. The December episode was characterized by uni-modal size distribution, with little contribution of the small particle mode (~6%). Keywords: Aerosol, Size distribution, AMS, Episodes Corresponding author: [email protected] 96 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0086 ] PS-AA55 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Analysis of Aerosol Chemical Composition Observed at Urban and Rural Sites A. TAKAMI1*, A. YOSHINO1, M. HAYASHI2, K. HARA2, C. NISHITA2, N. KANEYASU3, and S. HATAKEYAMA4 1 Center for Regional Environment Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan 2 Department of Earth System Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan 3 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan 4 Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan ABSTRACT Air Pollution emissions in East Asia have increased due to the rapid economic growth in this region. Since Japan is located at the downwind side of the Asian continent, transport of gas and aerosol prevails due to the seasonal monsoon in winter and spring. Among air pollutants, aerosol or particulate matters are considered to cause adverse effect on human health. In order to take mitigation and/or adaptation plan, it is necessary to understand the chemical composition of aerosol. We measured aerosol chemical composition at three different sites in Japan in order to compare the aerosol chemical composition and aging of organic aerosol after longrange transport. We measured aerosol chemical composition using aerosol mass spectrometers (AMS) at three sites simultaneously. Cape Hedo (26.7N, 128.3E) and Fukue Island (32.8N, 128.7E) are the rural places, where there are no major industries and populations are small. Cape Hedo is at longer distance from the Asian continent than Fukue Island, and we expect to see more aged aerosol. Fukuoka (33.5N, 130.3E) is one of the largest cities in Japan and there are large industrial areas. We expect to see the mixture of particles for local and long-range transported aerosol. The details of AMS are found in the literature [1]-[4]. Data were obtained in March 2016. The main species observed at Cape Hedo and on Fukue Island were sulfate and organics, while nitrate and chloride were minor species. This is because both sites are influenced by the trans-boundary air pollution. In Fukuoka, sulfate, organics and nitrate were observed because there was some local emission. The aging of organics was analyzed by Positive Matrix Factorization method. At Cape Hedo, organics are aged as compared to that on Fukue Island. In Fukuoka City, hydrocarbon Keywords: Q-AMS, Long-range transport, Positive matrix factorization Corresponding author: [email protected] 97 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0074 ] PS-AA56 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Individual Particle Analysis of Marine Aerosols Collected Over the North Pacific Around the Izu Islands During Summer Momoka YOSHIZUE1*, Yoko IWAMOTO1, Koji ADACHI2, Fumikazu TAKETANI3, Kazuo OSADA4 and Kazuhiko MIURA1 1 Tokyo University of Science, Japan Meteorological Research Institute, Japan 3 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Japan 4 Nagoya University, Japan 2 ABSTRACT Sea-salt particles are a major aerosol constituent in the marine boundary layer and are chemically modified by the reactions with acidic substances in the atmosphere. Because of the relatively large size of sea-salt particles, acidic substances can be easily scavenged from the atmosphere by a reaction with sea-salt particles. This may inhibit gas-to-particle conversion of acidic gases and control the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei in the marine boundary layer. Additionally, the nitrates deposited on the sea surface can play an important role as the nutrient for marine biota. The marine aerosol particles were collected during KS-16-8 cruise (2016/7/5-7/13) of R/V SINSEI MARU over the north Pacific around the Izu islands. Individual particles analyses using a transmission electron microscope and an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer showed size, shape and chemical compositions of sea-salt particles collected in the north and south of the Baiu front, the stationary front over the Pacific side of the East Asia during summer. Furthermore, the ratios of particles containing nitrates in each samples were determined by the nitron thin film method[1]. In the aerosols collected in the north of the Baiu front, sulfates and modified sea-salt particles accounted for more than 70% of the analyzed particles. On the other hand, pure sea-salt particles were dominant in the aerosols collected in the south of the Baiu front. This result indicates that the pollutants from the Asian continent were transported to the observed area by the transition of the Baiu front[2]. Additionally, more than 40% of the particles collected near Japan contained nitrates. The results of experiment using a laser microscope to quantify the nitrates in individual particles will be reported. Reference [1] Isawa et al. (1979), J. Meteor. Soc. Jpn, 57, 599-606 [2] Mori et al. (1997), J. Jpn. Soc. Atmos. Environ. 32, 73-89 Keywords: Sea-salt, Nitrate, Sulfate, Baiu front, Individual particle analysis Corresponding author: [email protected] 98 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0067 ] PS-AA57 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Factors Controlling Daytime and Nighttime New Particle Formation at the Summit of Mt. Fuji, Japan R. KATAOKA1, M. MOMOI2, K. MIURA2*, Y. IWAMOTO2, M. YABUKI3 and S. KATO4 1 Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Department of Physics, Faculty of Science Division 1, Tokyo University of Science, Japan 3 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan 4 Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Urban Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan 2 ABSTRACT The growth of nucleated particles is a major source of the cloud condensation nuclei and affects the climate system. In situ observations of aerosols in mountainous areas are effective means for understanding processes of the aerosols formation and growth at the high altitudes. In this study, we show the results of in situ observations during summer from 2006 to 2016 at the summit of Mt. Fuji (35.36N, 138.73E, 3776 m a.s.l.) and the lider observations during summer from 2015 to 2016 at Tarobo (35.33, 138.80E, 1282 m a.s.l.), which located at the middle of Mt. Fuji. New particle formation (NPF) events, identified by high number concentrations of nucleation mode particles with growing diameter for more than 1 hour, have been observed frequently at the summit of Mt. Fuji. The occurrence of daytime NPF events was 31.3%, while that of nighttime NPF events was 47.3%. NPF events tend to occur when the condensation sink (CS) is low.The comparison between in situ aerosols concentrationsat the summit and the backscattered efficiency obtained by the lidar observations at Tarobo showed a strong correlation.In addition, the lidar observations showed the diurnal vertical motion ofairmasses around Mt. Fuji. This vertical motion is caused by the mountain-valley winds whicharecharacteristic meteorology around mountains. When NPF events were observed at the summit, it seemed to be located in the upper boundary layer or the lower free troposphere.Therefore, it is suggested that the ideal layer for the NPF(the higher concentrations of gaseous precursors and the lower CS) is formed between the upper boundary layer and the lower free troposphere,and the particles newly formed in that layerare observed at the summit. Keywords: New particle formation, Mountain site, Lider observation, Free troposphere Corresponding author:[email protected] 99 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0059 ] PS-AA58 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Comparison of Surface and Column Measurements of Aerosol Size Distribution Over Tokyo, Japan Masahiro MOMOI1*, Kazuhiko MIURA1, Kazuma AOKI2 1 Tokyo University of Science, Japan 2 University of Toyama, Japan ABSTRACT In study of aerosol optical and microphysical properties, sky-radiometer is used tomeasure diffuse sky radiances in addition to direct solar irradiance (DS). Aerosol optical thickness and Ångström exponent can be obtained from DS and other properties, e.g. size distribution,can be obtainedwith sky-radiometer. This study presents comparison results of columnar aerosol optical and microphysical properties obtained by using SKYRAD.pack version 4.2 (SK)[1] measured with a sky-radiometer (POM-02, Prede) and in situ size distribution withan optical particle counter (OPC, KC-01E, RION)in dry condition (relative humidity lower than 35%) at Kagurazaka in Tokyo (TUS building 1 rooftop) in 2016. Therefore, the comparison was performed whenambient relative humidity was lower than 35%.Columnar aerosol optical and microphysical properties were estimated by SK and DS, and Junge exponent at groundlevel was calculated by size distributionsmeasured withOPC. The result shows Ångström exponent of DS and Junge exponent of SK have a good correlation. This suggests that columnar size distribution can be estimated by Ångström exponentcalculated from only DS. Moreover, fine mode particle of groundlevel is more dominant than that of column because of the transport of yellow sand in aerosol upper layerin spring and many heavy traffic roads generating air pollution in urban. Furthermore,the atmospheric profile model was assumedto be a single-layer which is consisted ofconstant concentrations with altitude and well vertical mixing in aerosol. As a result, whenJunge exponent of column agrees with that of groundlevel, altitudes of aerosol layer could be estimated and these values were about 1-4 km in spring. Thesealttitudes agree with those estimated with NIES lider data. References [1] Nakajima etal. (1996), Appl. Opt., 35, 2672-2686 Keywords: sky-radiometer, Ångström exponent, Junge exponent, altitude of aerosol layer Corresponding author: [email protected] 100 POSTER SESSION Atmospheric Aerosols [ PS0034 ] PS-AA59 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Comparison of Morphology and Elemental Composition Between ArtificiallyPrepared Dust Particles and Desert Soil Under Scanning Electron Microscope: Cases of Tengger Desert Natsuo MURAKAMI1, Feng WU2, Satoshi FUKUSHIMA1, Makiko NISHI1, Shinichiro FUKUYAMA1, Rin TOMISAKI1, Yuka HORIKAWA1, Wei HU1, Ayumi NAGANUMA1, Daizhou ZHANG1 1 Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefecutural University of Kumamoto, Japan 2 Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xī’an, China ABSTRACT Their physical and chemical characteristics of dust particles can be largely modified during their long-distance travel in the atmosphere. To understand the transformation, the original physical and chemical characteristics of dust particles in source areas, i.e. before the particles travel in the air are essential. Although there have been a number of studies on dust particles at the desert areas in China and Mongolia, the understandings on the original characteristics of Asian dust particles are still very limited. The purpose of this study is to get a more comprehensive understanding on the dust particles before floating in the air. We developed a chamber and used it to float and prepare dust samples from the surface soils in the laboratory. The soils were from the dust dunes at Tengger desert, one of the major dust source of dust in the East Asia. The prepared samples, i.e., the dust particles, were analysed by using a scanning electron microscope and its attached energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The shape, size and elemental composition were obtained. We compared the data from artificially-prepared dust particles with the results from surface soil in the desert areas. Results showed very good consistence in elemental composition between artificially-prepared dust particles and the surface soil. Data on dust particles in the size range of smaller than 1 μm, which are easily to float in the air and possibly travel over long distances, will be introduced. Keywords: desert soil, chamber, dust samples, single particle analysis, SEM-EDX 101 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0505 ] PS-BI01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Novel Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) System Using Al-Coated Fibrous Filter: Evaluation of Antimicrobial Performance Juhee KANG1*, Ki Joon HEO2, Dong Yun CHOI3, Eun Jeong AN3, Soo-Ho JUNG3, Byung Uk LEE2, Hye Moon LEE3 and Jae Hee JUNG1 1 Korea Institute of Science Technology (KIST), Republic of Korea 2 Konkuk University, Republic of Korea 3 Korea Institute of Materials and Science, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Recent research reported people spend 80-90% of the day indoors (Kim et al., 2008). Indoor air quality (IAQ) has been considered as an important issue in modern society (Kwon and Kim, 2010). Especially bioaerosol has hazardous effects on human health, including infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, pneumonia, cancer, asthma, and allergies (Jung et al., 2009). There has been a number of effective trials of removing or controlling bioaerosol in order to prevent the infection and diseases. As one of the methods, antimicrobial airfiltration is considered promising because of high applicability to conventional air-conditioning systems. Fibrous filters are widely used in various air filtration devices because they are cost-effective, light, and easy to use. If a fibrous filter has electrical conductivity, electrostatic precipitators (ESP) technology can directly be applied to the filter. This will become an appealing alternative to air filtration, as it can significantly improve the removal efficiency of a low-efficiency filter. The excellent conductivity of the filter allows its electric charge state to be easily controlled using an external high-voltage generator. Therefore, we coated Al on the fibrous filters for improving its conductivity. Al is quite ideal material in terms of the price stability and electrical conductivity per unit cost among conductive metals. In addition, it can improve antimicrobial effect to combine the conductivity of Al with electric field and ionization. In this study, we applied high-voltage to the Al-coated filter in application of ESP technology. We measured collection efficiency of the mechanism which ionized bioaerosol pass through the filter with strong electrostatic forces. After that, we also measured antimicrobial efficiency by adopting colony counting by cell culture method. As a result, the filtration efficiency (>99.9%) when using charged Alcoated filter with ionization is higher than control filter (~30%). The filtration performance of the conductive fibrous filter was augmented greatly by the action of the electrostatic effect. Moreover, the Al-coated fibrous filter has a 92% antimicrobial efficiency. Charged Al filter has a 99.9% efficiency which is gradually increased when using electic field and ionization. By applying high electric potential directly to the conductive filter, the antimicrobial efficiency of the charged particles were able to be improved significantly without deteriorating air permeability. We expect that the low-pressure conductive fibrous filter with a high removal performance will be greatly helpful for improving IAQ and preventing bioaerosol-related deseases. This research was supported by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea(2016000160008) and KIST Institutional Program. Keywords: Antimicrobial filter, ESP, Al-coated filter Corresponding author: [email protected] 102 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0502 ] PS-BI02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Highly Enriched, Continuous, and Automated Bioaerosol Sampling System Using an Air-To-Liquid Wet-Cyclone Technique Yusung CHO1*, Jongbeom PARK2 and Jaehee JUNG3 1 Korea University, Republic of Korea University of Seoul, Republic of Korea 3 Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Bioaerosols generally include living bacteria, their bodies and debris, as well as by-products of biological activity. Also, bioaerosols exist in the form of bioaerosol particles attached to non-biological particles. bioaerosols are founded in the most environments and susceptible to human health through infection, allergy, and toxicity depending on the type of microorganism and the degree of exposure. Therefore, it is necessary to recognize the risk of bioaerosols exposed in various forms in various environments and assess the degree of risk by quantitative measurement. In addition, effective monitoring systems including continuous bioaerosol sampling and rapid analysis are needed. Currently, we have studied the Wet-cyclone aerosol sampling system for the highly enriched, continuous, and automated bioaerosol sampling. The sample air and collecting liquid entered in the cyclone together, and they rotate along the inner wall forming a circular vortex. Then, airborne particles were transferred from air to liquid by centrifugal force and liquid surface tension. The collecting liquid including particles move to sample collection part by continuously. The performance of Wet-cyclone system was evaluated in terms of particle collection efficiency (including the particle inertial separation, particle airto-liquid transfer fraction, and air/liquid concentration ratio) and biocompatibility for bioaerosol sampling. For the particle collection efficiency, we used the standard polystyrene-latex particles and the aerodynamic particle sizer (TSI Inc.) Also, particle collection efficiency and biocompatibility of Wet-cyclone were compared with conventional bioaerosol samplers such as Gelatin filter and BioSampler. A Wet-cylone system can select the particle cut-off diameter (d50) by airflow rate control. In this study, we chose the d50 with >0.5μm to cover normal bacteria size (operational air flowrate of 10 – 20 L/min). In this case, our system can achieve the high air/ liquid concentration ratio of 105 – 106. With respect to biological collection efficiency, Wet-cyclone exhibited superior microbial recovery (S. epidermidis) compared to conventional bioaerosol sampling techniques. A Wet-cyclone can perform rapid and selective particle sampling at high concentrations, collecting particles in small amounts of water. Our system could be a useful for rapid and accurate airborne bioagent detection and monitoring system as an inexpensive, simple, portable, and continuous bioaerosol sampler. This research was supported by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea (2016000160008) and KIST Institutional Program. Keywords: Real-time detection, Bioaerosol, Fluorescence, Centrifugal force, Monitoring System Corresponding author: [email protected] 103 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0478 ] PS-BI03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Detection of Air-Borne Bacteria Using the Paper Disc Immobilized with LuciferaseLuciferin Hey Ri KIM1, Min Kyoung SON1, Byoung Chan KIM1 and Dung NGUYEN1* 1 Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The air environment contains various microbes such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and pollens that are one of the main sources causing respiratory diseases or ailments on public health of human beings and other live stocks. Hence early identification and enumeration of microorganisms in the air environment is a key to preventing the risk associated with microbial infection. In this study, we prepared the paper disc immobilized with luciferase/D-luciferin to measure the ATP contents directly from the lysates of air-borne bacteria, and the results could come out within 15 minutes after capturing the samples from the air. The paper discs are immobilized with luciferase/D-luciferin incorporation by repetition of sequential adsorption/dry process with the paper disc (D = 0.5 cm). By immobilization of luciferase/D-luciferin into the paper disc, the storage stability of the paper disc was maintained regarding ATP measurement over one month at room temperature after preparation. The paper disc immobilized with luciferase/D-luciferin can detect ATP extracted from aerosolized Escherichia coli (E. coli) as low as 1.17 X 10^3 CFU/mL in pure bacteria sample or 2.32 X 10^3 CFU/mL in bacteria sample containing dust (1 mg/mL). Considering the time spending (1-2 days) of conventional culture method to detect air-borne bacteria, ATP measurement using the paper disc immobilized with luciferase/Dluciferin for the detection of bacteria in the air environment could reduce detection time within 15 min after sample harvest in the air environment. This novel paper disc immobilized with luciferase/D-luciferin will be valuable for the development of the simple, fast, and sensitive sensor for early identification and detection of airborne microorganisms in the air environment. Keywords: Airborne bacteria detection, ATP sensor, Paper disc, Luciferase/luciferin immobilization, Bioluminescence 104 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0472 ] PS-BI04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Bioaerosol Emission and Microbial Characteristics of a Full-scale Thermophilic Biofilter for Sludge Drying Exhaust Removal Lin LI1* 1 Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences, China ABSTRACT Co-combustion of sludge in cement kilns is a convenient and efficient approach towards sludge disposal. However, during the sludge drying process, many odours and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generated and released. Biological techniques are widely used to purify odours and VOCs to less hazardous products through microbial activity. The microbial diversity and populations are fundamental to the successful operation of a bioreactor. In general, biological techniques are usually operated under moderate temperature conditions (20–35°C). However, the gases emitted from sludge drying processes usually have high temperatures and multiple compositions. There are microbial colonies attached to the packing materials in bioreactors, some of the microorganisms are sheared off from the surface of the support media by the inlet stream and released from the bioreactor; this would result in bioaerosol formation. In this study, a full-scale thermophilic biofiter (FTB) was established to treat NH3, SO2, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated from the sludge drying process. The removal of the three gaseous pollutants was investigated. Clone libraries based on the 16S rRNA genes were constructed to study microbial characteristics in the FTB during different operation periods. The correlation of gaseous pollutants removal and the bacterial community structure in the FTB were explored. Moreover, bioaerosols emitted from the FTB were also studied. The performance of the FTB was monitored continuously over 3 months. In steady state, more than 90% of VOCs and NH3 were removed. SO2 could not be detected in the outlet gases during the whole operation period. Temporal variation of bacterial population and dominant bacterial in the FTB packing materials was observed. Species that have the abilities of desulfuring and denitrifying, e.g., Alcaligenes sp., Comamonas sp., Sphingobacterium sp., and Bacillus sp., were abundant in the FTB. The species, abundance and distribution of the microorganisms in the FTB were influenced by the inlet stream. Nearly 2.3×103 CFU/m3 of bioaerosol emitted from the FTB outlet. Microbial population and diversities varied with time in the FTB operation. The species, abundance and distribution of the microorganisms in the FTB relied on the composition of the inlet stream. Pseudomonas sp. emerged in the later period of FTB operation was sheared off from packing materials and detected in the outlet gases. Devices and technologies are needed to overcome the potential health risk of bioaerosols emission in future study. The novelty of the present study is research on the correlation of performance and microbial characteristics of the FTB for sludge drying exhaust removal, and bioaerosol emission of the FTB. Keywords: Bioaerosol emission, Microbial characteristics, Clone library, Sludge drying exhaust, Full-scale thermophilic biofilter Corresponding author: [email protected] 105 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0453 ] PS-BI05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Portable Thermal Energy Generator and Airborne Microorganisms Byung Uk LEE1, Sang Bin JEONG1*, Ki Joon HEO1 and Chang Hun SIN1 1 Konkuk University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Airborne microorganisms (bioaerosols) have been studied due to their interrelations with indoor air qualities and public health issues. In this study, we investigated thermal heating effects on the mortality of fungal and bacterial bioaerosols in indoor environments. We operated a portable thermal energy generator under several temperature conditions such as 100℃ and 200℃, and we measured concentrations of culturable fungal and bacterial bioaerosols with an impactor-type sampler. The culturability loss was calculated by using the following equation: =1-( heat treatment / initial) where heat treatment represents the concentration of colony-forming unit (CFU/㎥) of fungal or bacterial bioaerosols under thermal energy treatment conditions and initial represents the concentration of colony-forming unit (CFU/㎥) of fungal or bacterial bioaerosols before thermal energy treatments. The culturability loss values for fungal and bacterial bioaerosols were 50.0% and 70.1%, respectively, under the 100 ℃ thermal control condition. The culturability loss values for fungal and bacterial bioaerosols were 55.8% and 57.4%, respectively, under the 200 ℃ thermal control condition. The experimental result with the portable thermal energy generator can be useful for studying of control methods of airborne microorganisms in indoor environments. This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A09056879). Keywords: Bioaerosol, Airborne microorganism, Heat treatment, Culturablitiy Corresponding author: [email protected] 106 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0416 ] PS-BI06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Walking of Humans and the Concentration of Bioaerosols in Indoor Environments Ki Joon HEO1*, Cheol Eon LIM1, Sang Bin JEONG1 and Byung Uk LEE1 1 Konkuk University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT We measured the number concentrations of total culturable bioaerosols in indoor air environments when humans walked inside. We used bioaerosol samplers (Bio-culture sampler, Buck bio-culture, Model B30120, A.P. Buck, Inc., Orlando, Florida, US), thermometers, and hygrometers to measure bioaerosol concentrations, temperature, and relative humidity. Concentrations of bioaerosols in outdoor air environments were measured for comparison with indoor results. The number concentrations of culturable bacterial bioaerosols ranged from approximately 100 CFU/m3 to 500 CFU/m3. The concentrations of culturable bacterial bioaerosols under the human walking conditions were higher than the concentrations of bioaerosols in outdoor environments. Fungal bioaerosols did not show any clear relevance with walking of humans. The experiments were conducted under highly limited conditions, however it showed a clue for the relevance between humans and bioaerosols. This work was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (2015R1D1A1A09056879). Keywords: Bioaerosol, Human, Walking 107 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0415 ] PS-BI07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Antimicrobial Activity of Wet Electrostatic Precipitator Using Grapefruit Seed Extract Won Ki CHO1* 1 Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The relationship between the quality of air and the physical health of humans is known for many scientific studies and reports. Therefore, indoor air quality management technology is one of the most important technologies in modern life. Most of them use filter-type cleaning technology with indoor cleaning technology. Ultrasonic, heated, and natural evaporation systems are often used as humidifiers. There is a risk that bacteria or bacteria that damage the human body in the filter or the water tank in the air purifier and the humidifier are proliferated. The filter type air cleaner has enough room for the filter to grow even if the filter is replaced with a new one. The heating type of the humidifier can temporarily prevent the growth of germs or bacteria that cause damage to the human body due to heat, but other humidifying methods should use a disinfectant or a preservative. Here, there is a possibility to harm the human body secondarily. A mixture of MIT(methylisothia-zolonone) and CMIT(Chloromethylisothiazolinone) is used as the disinfectant. This artificial chemical compound has been reported to give strong skin, respiratory and eye irritation to the human body and the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) is designated as a Class 2 inhalation toxicant. However, it was designated as a toxic substance in Korea, but until recently, it has been exposed to users, causing harm to the human body and prohibiting it from being used as a disinfectant and preservative. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a tendency to turn into a natural antimicrobial substance in relation to a fungicide and a preservative ingredient. In order to prevent primary damage, this experimental setup selected electrostatic wet dust collection method instead of filter type. In order to prevent secondary damage, we try to make comparative experiments by selecting several natural antimicrobial substances with strong antibacterial effect. Among the various antimicrobial extracts, grapefruit seed extract has been reported to have excellent antimicrobial activity, and it is expected to be mainly tested using grapefruit seed extract. Staphylococcus aureus causes food poisoning and dermatitis in real life. Antibacterial efficacy of natural antimicrobial extracts will be examined using S.s aureus as test bacteria, one of the frequent species in our life. This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. 20161110100140). Keywords: wet ESP, antimicrobial, antibiotics 108 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0336 ] PS-BI08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of Collection Media on Microbial Recovery in the Electrostatic Particle Concentrator Seongkyeol HONG1*, Myeong-Woo KIM1 and Jaesung JANG1 1 UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology), Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Indoor and outdoor bioaerosols are potential cause of adverse health effects such as allergies, toxic effects, asthma, and infectious diseases. Therefore, it is critical to evaluate the accurate concentration and pathogenicity of the bio-particles via advanced sampling and detection methods. We previously developed a personal electrostatic particle concentrator (EPC) for sampling of submicron airborne virus particles, and the collected viral concentrations were more than 10 times higher than that in the commercial impinger, BioSampler. [1] The EPC was evaluated in this study for bacterial aerosols which have larger particle sizes than the viral particles. Pseudomonas fluorescens aerosol was collected in 0.1x phosphate buffered saline solution, and colony forming unit concentration was about 2 times higher in the EPC at the flow rate of 1.2 L/min than in the BioSampler at the flow rate of 12.5 L/min. Vortexing was used after the sampling for uniform dispersion in the collection medium and for further analysis. Considering that ionic concentration of the medium is a critical factor in electrokinetic and electrochemical phenomena, microbial recovery in the EPC will be investigated varying the ionic strength of the collection medium as well as the applied voltage on the collection electrode. The finding would be valuable for the application of electrostatic sampling of bacterial aerosols as well as their environmental control. REFERENCE [1] S. Hong, J. Bhardwaj, C.-H. Han, J. Jang, (2016) “Gentle Sampling of Submicrometer Airborne Virus Particles using a Personal Electrostatic Particle Concentrator.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 50 (22), pp. 12365-12372. Keywords: bioaerosols, airborne bacteria, electrostatic sampling, microbial recovery, collection media Corresponding author: [email protected] 109 POSTER SESSION Bioaerosols [ PS0137 ] PS-BI09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Quantification of Viable Staphylococcus Aureus and Viable Bacteria in Indoor Air by PMA-qPCR Ching-Wen CHANG1* and Meng-Hsuan LIN1 1 National Taiwan University, Taiwan ABSTRACT Viable bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus in indoor air have been linked to human diseases. Rapidly and accurately monitoring bioaerosols by a reliable method is essential in characterizing human exposure. This study first evaluated quantitative PCR (qPCR) with propidium monoazide (PMA) of 1.5-46 μg/mL to exclusively quantify viable S. aureus of 3-8 log CFU/mL. Results showed qPCR with 1.5 and 2.3 μg/mL PMA performed optimal with a great linearity over six orders of magnitude (R2>=0.9). Viable bacteria and S. aureus were further determined with PMA-qPCR for air samples collected from the dorm room, saloon, cafeteria, kitchen, food waste recycling site and waste storage area of university dormitories and the lobby and book storeroom in a public library. Viable bacteria averaged 1.9x10^4 cells/m3 ranging from 4.7x10^2 to 1.2x10^5 cells/m3. S. aureus were detected in 42.3% of samples for which cell levels varied between 4.2x10^1 and 2.8x10^4 cells/ m3. Moreover, concentrations of S. aureus and viable bacteria were positively correlated (r = 0.61, P<0.005) and the percentages of S. aureus among viable bacteria averaged 22.7% with 11.6-43.6% in various locations. With the PMA-qPCR technique, this study demonstrates that the abundance of viable S. aureus and total viable bacterial aerosols in various types of indoor environments can be simultaneously quantified. This molecular assay should be taken into account as it will assist bioaerosol professionals, building owners and infectious control personnel obtain reliable exposure data in assessing exposure risk, managing air quality and protecting people from biohazards. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, viable bacterial aerosol, propidium monoazide, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, dormitory Corresponding author: [email protected] 110 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0525 ] PS-FCT01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Study on Effect of Functional Essential Oil Generated by Electrospray S.H. LEE1*, S.J. BAECK1, O.C. HYUN1, H.C. LEE1, B.Y. CHUNG1 1 Advanced Air conditioning Lab, L&A research center, LG Electronics, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In the past, air conditioning meant to control the temperature and humidity of indoor air. But these days the area of air conditioning expands to indoor air quality and some days it includes handling various emotional feelings caused by the air. Air purifiers mainly remove the suspended dust and odorous gases in air, and some makers add humidification and dehumidification. In the future, the products for enhancing emotional air quality will show up such as aroma therapy. Electrospray technique which is producing fine sprays from liquid solutions by electrostatic force is applied to many other fields, but there are some limits to use it. First of all, conductivity of the solutions being sprayed is most important factor in electrospray, and almost all oils or solutions which are biologically effective are difficult to spray electrostatically because of low conductivity. In this study, the electrode of electrospray module is fabricated porous materials using capillary forces. The solution to be sprayed is equally supplied to the tip of porous needle through capillary phenomenon. The tip of the porous electrode is point shape that the electric field can be easily dissipated to the outside. We studied the amount of sprayed solution and diameter of sprays through the amount of the solution at the tip of the needle and voltage. We found some essential oils have effect on relaxation of mental stress, improvement concentration, and repelling mosquitos. It confirmed the reduction stress effect of 22% when using electro spray lavender is sprayed in a space. And when spraying the lime oil was confirmed that about 14% of the concentration increase. Additionally citronella oil can induce mosquito repellent effect. All of the preceding effect which uses essential oil was confirmed to maximize using electro spray. Through the result, it was confirmed that electrostatic spraying techniques could be applied at various functional effect. We will suggest and provide technique which healing paradigm containing not only air conditioning also psychophysiological environment through the miniaturized electrostatic spray module to customer. Keywords: Electro-spray, Essential oil, Concentration, Anti-stress, Mosquito repellent effect Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] 111 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0500 ] PS-FCT02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Air Purification Technique Using Magnetic Nanoparticle-Coated Fibrous Filter Juyoung KIM1*, Seung Chan HONG2, Gwi-Nam BAE1 and Jae Hee JUNG1 1 Korea Institute of Science Technology (KIST), Republic of Korea 2 Seoul National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Recently, concerns about airborne dust, including nanosized metallic particulates, have greatly increased due to their adverse effects on the human body. Metallic dust, which exists in oxidized forms in the atmosphere, can lead to genotoxic effects, cell membrane disruption, and lung and systemic cardiovascular diseases. People are exposed to the airborne metal oxide nanoparticles in daily life. Fibrous air filters have been widely used to remove air pollutants. These devices perform well at particle collection, are cost-effective, and are simple to fabricate. As there is a trade-off between particle removal efficiency and pressure drop, there have been numerous efforts to improve particle removal efficiency of filters without increasing their pressure drop. Especially, air filtration systems based on magnetic forces have been studied recently. Li et al. and Huang et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of magnetic fields for removing metallic aerosols using a metal screen mesh. Son et al. utilized a magnetic filter composed of a permanent magnet array to remove airborne particular matter generated in a subway tunnel. However, these devices did not filter nanosized metal dust sufficiently for the large pore size of the metal mesh. Therefore, a new type of magnetic filter is required to efficiently remove metallic airborne nanoparticles. In this study, we demonstrate a novel polymer-based magnetic nanoparticleincorporated nanofiber (MNP-NF) filter fabricated using a simple electrospinning process. To maximize the magnetization of the filter, we incorporated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into the fiber. To evaluate the performance of the MNP-NF filter, we measured its particle collection efficiency and pressure drop using test metal oxide dust. We achieved a high-performance MNP-NF filter which removed >97% of the nanosized metal oxide dust particles, with an extremely low pressure drop (~17 Pa) compared to the conventional highefficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter (>99% and ~269 Pa, respectively). Our MNP-NF filter also effectively filtered dust in a field test, which was conducted in a subway station in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Our results indicated that the MNP-NF filter has satisfactory filtration performance in the case of nanosized metal dust, with a low pressure drop and a simple manufacturing process. This research was supported by the KIST Institutional Program. This research was also supported in part by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (16RTRP-B082501-03), and the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea, as the “Public Technology Program based on Environmental Policy (2016000160008)”. Keywords: magnetic nanoparticle, nanofiber, air filtration, electrospinning, indoor air Corresponding author: [email protected] 112 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0489 ] PS-FCT03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Fabrication Of Fe-Cr-Al Porous Metal With Different Powder Sizes Yujeong YI1* 1 KIMS, University of Ulsan, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Usually porous metals are known as relatively excellent characteristic such as large surface area, light, lower heat capacity, high toughness and permeability. The Fe-Cr-Al alloys have high corrosion resistance, heat resistance and chemical stability for high temperature applications. So many researches have been developed the Fe-CrAl porous metals for exhaust gas filter, hydrogen reformer catalyst support and chemical filter. In this study, the Fe-Cr-Al porous metals have been developed with Fe-22wt%Cr-6wt%Al powder using powder compaction method. The mean size of Fe-22wt%Cr-6wt%Al powders is about 25~75ㄴ. In order to determine powder size and sintering temperature effects on Fe-Cr-Al porous metal fabrication, the Fe-22wt%Cr-6wt%Al powders was classified with 25~35, 35~45 and 45~75㎛ using auto shaking sieve machine and sintered at 1200, 1250, 1300 and 1350℃. The classified Fe-Cr-Al powders were pressed on disk shapes of 2mm thickness with 1500 psi. using uniaxial press machine. The pelletized Fe-Cr-Al specimens were sintered at various temperatures in high vacuum condition. The pore properties such as pore size, porosity, air permeability were evaluated using Permporosimetry. Microstructure and phase changes were observed with SEM, EDS and XRD. Keywords: Porous metal, Fe-Cr-Al alloys, metal foam, Sintering Temperature, Porosity 113 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0484 ] PS-FCT04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Acid Gas (SO2 and HCl) Removal Performance of Two Different Sorbents Tested in a Dry Type Reactor with Downstream Baghouse at Waste to Energy Plant Conditions Naim HASOLLI1*, Seong-Min JEON1, Kang-San LEE1, Jae-Rang LEE1, Jae-Won HAN2, Gwang-Deuk KIM1 and Young-Ok PARK1 1 Korea Insititute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea 2 Hanyang University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Two kinds of calcium hydroxide were tested at Waste-to-Energy (WTE) plant conditions in a dry type reactor with a baghouse with pleated filter bags installed downstream of the reactor. The test conditions were simulated to match the temperature, the SO2 and HCl gas component conditions similar to a usual WTE plants. A boiler was used to increase the flue gas temperature and pure SO2 and HCl gas was injected at WTE plant levels. Gas levels were measured at the inlet and outlet of the reactor and at the outlet of the baghouse. Removal efficiency was calculated based on the direct measurements in ppm. The flow rate was 30Nm3/min and temperature was varied from 130, 140 to 160ºC. For a reactor height of 4.36m the average residence time for the sorbent injected at the bottom of the reactor is round 3.5s. Stoichiometric ratio (SR) of the sorbent in relation to acid gases SO2 and HCl was varied from 1 to 3. After the sorbent exits the reactor, it will be collected inside the baghouse on the surface of pleated filter bags. This is considered as the second reaction of the sorbent with the acid gases SO2 and HCl. As the residence time of the gas passing through the sorbent accumulated on the outer surface of the pleated bags is very short, it will add an acid gas removal efficiency of about 10 to 25% to the total system removal efficiency of 75% for sample A. Due to the difference in the sorbent particle specific area and the pore volume, these two kinds of sorbent exhibit different performance regarding the removal efficiency inside the reactor and inside the baghouse. As expected, the sorbent A with higher specific area exhibits higher acid gas removal efficiency than the sample B. The acid gas removal efficiency difference inside the baghouse is even more significant. The reaction rate shows that the sample A is generally better suited for acid gas removal at WTE conditions. At low stoichiometric ratios, SO2 gas removal was very low, even for the sample A. At high SR the removal efficiency reached a maximum value. The reason for this phenomenon is the priority of sorbent reaction with HCl gas compared to SO2 gas. Keywords: calcium hydroxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, flue gas cleaning, sorbent residence time Corresponding author: [email protected] 114 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0482 ] PS-FCT05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Low Flow-Resistive, Low-Cost, Al-Coated Conductive Fibrous Filters for High-Efficient Removal of Ultrafine Particulate Pollutants Dong Keun SONG1, Duckshin PARK2, Jung Yeul YUN3, Hyung-Woo LEE4, Hye Moon LEE3, Dong Yun CHOI3*, Eun Jeong AN3 and Soo-Ho JUNG3 1 Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea 2 Korea Railroad Research Institute, Republic of Korea 3 Korea Institute of Materials and Science, Republic of Korea 4 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Recently, particulate matter (PM) has been to the fore as acute environmental problems, and the demand for protecting air quality is significantly increasing along with the economic growth. Fibrous filters have been widely applied to various air filtration systems owing to their cost-effectiveness, lightweight, and easy of use. Since the energy consumption for fan operation is directly proportional to the pressure drop across a filter, low-packing-density filters are usually used in air cleaning systems in many single-family houses and large buildings. Considering both economic and health perspectives, it is a great important task to improve their low filtration performance without increasing the pressure drop. However, a trade-off relationship between the PM removal efficiency and pressure drop acts as an obstacle to realize an ideal filter. Here, we introduce an Alcoated conductive fibrous filter whose excellent electrical properties enable the application of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) technology to a fibrous filter. Highly conductive fibrous filters were successfully prepared from a polyester pre-filter via a cost-effective, simple, and scalable solution-dipping process based on the Al precursor ink, AlH3{O(C4H9)2}. The electric charge state of the conductive filter was able to be simply controlled using an external high-voltage generator due to its excellent electrical property. By forming strong electric field from the conductive filter, charged nanoparticles ranging from 30 – 400 nm in size could be captured with an efficiency exceeding >99.99%. Compared with a commercial high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, the conductive fibrous filter exhibited outstanding performance in terms of the removal efficiency, pressure drop, and dust holding capacity. Moreover, the conductive filter showed superior electromechanical durability and oxidative stability, which allows it to have good recyclability. These excellent features make the conductive fibrous filter applicable as low-cost and energy-efficient air filtration devices as well as other relevant research areas. Keywords: conductive fibrous filter, air pollution, particulate matter, electrostatic effect, aluminum precursor ink Corresponding author: [email protected] or [email protected] Acknowledgement This work was supported by R&D program of Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning/Commercializations Promotion Agency for R&D Outcomes (No. 2016K000239); it was also supported by a grant from the Railway Technology Research Project of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (17RTRP-B082486-04). Keywords: conductive fibrous filter, air pollution, particulate matter, electrostatic effect, aluminum precursor ink Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 115 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0481 ] PS-FCT06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Filtration Characteristics of Star Shape Ceramic Filter in Pilot Scale Air Pollution Control System Jae-Rang LEE1, Jungho HWANG2, Young-Ok PARK1, Kang-San LEE1*, Naim HASOLLI1, Seong-Min JEON1 and Kwang-Deuk KIM1 1 Korea Institute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea Department of Mechanical Engineering, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT About 90% of high temperature dust collection systems currently used around the world apply ceramic candle filters. The remaining 10% use metal filters. Ceramic filters demonstrate nearly 100% fly ash removal efficiency and have high thermal, chemical, and mechanical resistance, which makes them suitable for applications associated with high temperature (up to 1000℃) and high pressure (15atm) conditions. Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) and Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power systems operate under temperatures of up to 850℃ and 250-400℃, respectively, and under pressures of 1-1.2 and 8 MPa, respectively. Many studies have attempted to simplify the high temperature filtering processes while increasing energy efficiency, removing as much fly ash as possible, and reducing the overall operating costs. In this study, we evaluated the filtration performance of newly developed star shape ceramic filter, with increased surface area compared to conventional ceramic candle filters, in order to increase, intensity and quality of filter. In this manner, we installed the star shape ceramic filters with total outer surface area of 0.84m2 in pilot scale air pollution control system. Pulse-jet cleaning method was applied to regularly remove the dust layer formed on the surface of the ceramic filter. The dust particle concentrations were measured with a portable laser aerosol spectrometer (Model 1.108; Grimm Technologies Inc., USA). Filtration characteristics of star shape ceramic filter were evaluated by operating them under the conditions of 850℃. Results from the test exhibit a high filter cleaning efficiency of above 93%. Residual pressure drop was recorded at the value of 483mmAq after 5 pulse cleaning cycles. Overall collection efficiency was 99.99% for the total particle size range of 0.2 and 22um. Keywords: Ceramic filter, fly ash, high temperature filtration, IGCC power plant, particulate matter Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 116 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0469 ] PS-FCT07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Evaluation and Improvement of the Leakage Test System for Exhalation Valve Ning YU1* 1 National Taiwan University, Taiwan ABSTRACT An ideal tight-fitting full mask with exhalation valve has features of low impedance during exhalation and comfort when worn for a long period of time. The valve normally fits tightly to the base by vacuum created during inhalation; however, leakage could occur when the valves and their bases were defective from the manufacturing process. To date, the only approach to detect leakage and ensure the effectiveness of the masks is to conduct individual fit tests, which can be time-consuming. Therefore, the aim of this study was to first compare across different fit testing procedures and subsequently develop a more time efficient test. Current leakage testing methods include drainage collection process method and the pressure regain method. We shorten the time of the drainage collection process method by counting the bubbles using a laser detector. Bubbles of different sizes were generated by different sizes of tubes. The laser system included a laser module, a light dependent resistor and an Arduino microcontroller. We observed short reaction time period, 0.5 and 1 sec to compare the regain pressure level between different leakage situation and determine the result whether could present the complete reaction or not.The differential pressure system was newly developed in this study, which included a solenoid valve, a flow meter, a suction pump and a pressure gauge. Leakage was determined by monitoring the change in the negative pressure for the testing system which, in theory, varies by the leak flow rate. The experimental parameters included chamber size (10-100 cm3), reaction pressure (10-150 mmH2O), suction flow rate (0.5-30 L / min) and the size of the testing tube. The drainage collection process method was then used as a reference method for comparison.Results show that the reaction time of the drainage collection process method was approximately 15-20 seconds, and it did not vary by chamber size and the suction flow rate. The laser bubble counter can automatically count the bubbles, which was subsequently used to determine the leakage rate. The reaction time of the bubble counting method was about 1-2 seconds. On the other hand, we observed greater differences in pressure regain between leakage situations at 0.5, 1 second. The pressure regain method had less reaction time (~2 seconds) for small chambers and high leak flow rate. When sampled under the same leakage flow rate, both reaction time and pressure difference decreased by increasing suction flow rate.Finally, reaction time was the same between the flow rate detection and differential pressure methods because they operated according to the same theory and leakage detection condition (<50 ml / min at 25 mmH2O). Keywords: Exhalation valve, Personal protective equipment, pressure, leakage test 117 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0460 ] PS-FCT08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Sustainable Purification Techniques For The Removal Of Airborne And Waterborne Endocrine Disruptors In Personal Care Products’ Antimicrobials Chun-Hsuan BAI1*, Yen-Chi CHEN1 and Kuo-Pin YU1 1 National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan ABSTRACT Introduction: Personal care products (PCPs) include “pharmaceuticals” and “personal care daily necessities.” Because PCPs contain water and nutrition and need preservatives and antibacterial agents to prevent decay. The common preservatives and antibacterial agents used are parabens, triclosan, N, N-Diethyl-3 -methylbenzamide (DEET) and bisphenol A. Parabens can distinguish methylparaben (MePB), ethylparaben (EtPB), propylparaben (PrPB), butylparaben (BuPB). However, these antimicrobials in PCPs are endocrine disruptors (EDSPCP). They are semi-volatile substances, and adsorbed mainly in the submicron dust or on the surface of the object in indoor environments. Method: The EDSPCP aerosols generated from a Constant Output Atomizer containing the PCPs solution was introduced into the photocatalytic filtration system to evaluate the filtration removal efficiency. The particle concentration and size distribution of the EDSPCP aerosols were measured by the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer. After filtration experiments, the photocatalytic degradation experiments of EDSPCP trapped on the photocatalytic filter were conducted and the photocatalytic degradation rate of EDSPCP were estimated by the EDSPCP degradation curve with time. Result: Understand the electrostatic filter with negative air ions for containing EDSPCP substance dust removal efficiency. With the non-metallic and environmentally friendly catalyst materials, while achieving the effect of adsorption and degradation of EDSPCP pollution. The removal efficiency affected not only by its material, porosity but also by the thickness of the filter material, the filter thicker the better the filter effect. The fiber diameter of the filter material is reduced from 20μm to 10μm, and the removal efficiency of the large particle size can be effectively increased. The removal efficiency of the 700 nm particles can be increased about ten times. When the diameter of the filter fiber is reduced to 5μm, the removal efficiency is increased. Conclusion: High-quality filters must have both low-pressure drop and high removal efficiency. We use the non-metallic and environmentally friendly catalyst materials; expect it can block the degradation of PCPs on the filter material to reduce environmental impact and adverse effects on the human body. Keywords: Personal care products (PCPs), parabens, triclosan, N, N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), removal efficiency Corresponding author: [email protected] 118 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0440 ] PS-FCT09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Investigation of a Cyclone Separator Having a Collector Housing With Low Pressure Drop Joonmok SHIM1*, Yun-Haeng JOE1 and Heon-Seol PARK1 1 Korea Institute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Cyclone separator is a dust collector that removes particulate matter (PM) in dirty gas by separating dust particles from laden gas using inertial force and centrifugal force. A structure of conventional cyclone separator is composed of an inlet part, a main body (primary collecting unit), a conical part (secondary collecting unit) integrated vertically with a storage tank and an outlet part inserted into the upper part of the body. The performance of a cyclone separator is defined by two operating parameters, namely collection efficiency and pressure drop. In this work, we developed a new typed cyclone with low pressure drop, which has a collector housing encompassing a main body forming a single slit cut on a wall of a primary and secondary collecting units. The main body diameter of the test cyclone was fixed at 50 mm to normalize the geometric configuration. An aerosol generator was used to generate potassium chloride (KCl) particles for the experiments. For the PM concentration measurements, an optical particle counter (GRIMM 1109) was used to sample aerosol flow upstream and downstream of the testing cyclone. The pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet of the testing unit was measured by a pressure gage at five different gas velocity (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 m/s). We investigated the relationship between the collection efficiencies and the pressure drops of cyclones having the collector housing. Keywords: Particulate Matter, Dust Collector, Cyclone, Collector Housing, Low Pressure Drop Corresponding author: [email protected] 119 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0436 ] PS-FCT10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Analysis of Filtration Mechanism of an Electret Filter Hyun-Seol PARK1, Yun-Haeng JOE1* and Joonmok SHIM1 1 Korea institute of energy research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT An electret filter made of electrically charged fibers has been widely studied to increase the capturing efficiency against charged or neutral aerosols. In this study, the effects of particle charging state on filtration efficiency of an electret filter were investigated. Moreover, dominant filtration mechanism of the electret filter was examined. Filtration efficiencies of two filter sample media against two kinds of particle charge states, uncharged, neutralized were compared to find major filtration mechanism. The filter sample A was electrically charged filter medium and the filter sample B was the sample A of which electric charges were removed by isopropanol soaking. It was found that the effect of polarization force induced by charged filter fiber is a dominant factor for uncharged particles. Moreover, the polarization effect became more significant as particle size became larger, since magnitude of the force is proportional to the third power of particle size. This work was conducted under framework of the research and development program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (B7-2435-01). Keywords: filtration efficiency, electret filter, filtration mechanism Corresponding author: [email protected] 120 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0435 ] PS-FCT11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Study on Water Droplet Removal and Pressure Drop Performance of a Cyclone Sumin KIM1* 1 Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The modular technology for the shale gas onshore plant with zero-emission is the technology that gives convenience for assembly and disassembly, and enhanced mobility by applying a new eco-friendly process. The environmental pollution problem from the shale gas process can be overcome and the cost can be reduced. This technology covers shale gas treatment, transport and utilization. The various compact-type ecofriendly technology for the high efficient gas treatment is used for the onshore shale gas plant. Now, current technologies in Korea and equipments are from overseas because domestic technologies are in infant stages. In this study, we developed a novel 2 phase separator, and compared it with a current cyclone type. Three types of centrifugal separators were manufactured. Oil mists were generated and were injected at a pressure (5 bar) and a flow rate (20 lpm) using a two-fluid nozzle. We analyzed water droplet removal efficiency and pressure drop by cyclone types and flow velocity with changing it from 10 to 30 m/s (~2 CMM) inside tube , An OPC (Model 1.109, Grimm) was used for particle concentration measurement, and a pressure measuring device (Model 454, Testo) was used. Droplet removal efficiency by the flow velocity was measured. As a result, the 2 stage cyclone type developed in this study and multi cyclone type showed high efficiency, and that of the disk type cyclone was low. As a result of measuring the pressure loss by flow velocity, the pressure loss was the highest in the multi cyclone method, and the 2 stage cyclone was the second. In the disk type method, pressure loss was hardly occurred. In this experiment, the droplet removal efficiency correlates with the pressure loss and it is concluded that derivation of the quantitative relation formula is necessary in the future. Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Basic research (SC1250) of KIMM. Keywords: shale gas, cyclone, droplet, removal 121 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0346 ] PS-FCT12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Experimental Investigation And Numerical Modeling Of The Orientation Angle Of Silver Nanowires Passing Through Polyester Filters Seoungho LIM1, Haneol LEE1*, Hyunseol PARK2 and Weon Gyu SHIN1 1 Chungnam National University, Republic of Korea Korea Institute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT In the present study, we measured the penetration of silver nanowires with the mobility diameter in the range from 200 to 400 nm through two different types of polyester filters. The orientation angles of silver nanowires passing through the single layer and multi-layers of polyester filter were experimentally estimated on the basis of the single fiber efficiency theory. In the case of the screen filter, the orientation angle obtained by fitting the experimental data for single layer was good agreement with 40°, indicating a random orientation of nanowires near the filter. In addition, we carried out numerical simulations on the penetration of silver nanowires through the five layers of screen filter and the single layer of both screen and fibrous filters. Numerical prediction was carried out by using the three-dimensional numerical model determined by solidity and thickness of fibrous filter. Numerical predictions are highly congruent with experimental results and theoretical prediction. Keywords: silver nanowire, filtration, polyester filter, mobility diameter, aerosol Corresponding author: [email protected] 122 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0342 ] PS-FCT13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of Filter-Free Removal of PM2.5 Ultrafine Particles Using Corona Discharger Tae June PARK1*, Miji LEE1 and Donggeun LEE1 1 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Previously, we have reported filtration unit for removing particulate matter without filter utilizing condensational growth [Pyo J., Ock Y., Jeong D., Park K., Lee D. (2017). Development of filter-free particle filtration unit utilizing condensational growth: With special emphasis on high-concentration of ultrafine particles. Building and environment 112 (2017) 200-208]. The objective of the current work is to develop a filter-free device for effectively removing fine particles ( < PM2.5) which are charged by corona discharge. Later these particles were removed by electrostatic precipitator which can be assisted by condensation and coagulation on the surface of the fine particles via liquid dipole phenomenon. The experimental conditions were changed to maximize the ion number concentration in order to increase the charging efficiency of the fine particles. We started with a small-scale model, and then we tried to demonstrated similar effect on a large-scale prototype. The SPMS results shows that the collection efficiency of NaCl particles in our design is 90% at 36 L/min Keywords: PM2.5, filter-free, corona discharger, ion number concentration, collection efficiency Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 123 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0340 ] PS-FCT14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Experimental and Theoretical Studies of a Two-Stage Electrostatic Precipitator for Oil Fume Control Chuen-Jinn TSAI1, Mo-Fei TUNG1, Yung-Jie LIN1, Wen-Chang KONG1 and Ziyi LI2* 1 National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan University of Science and Technology Beijing, China 2 ABSTRACT Two-stage electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) are widely used in restaurants in Taiwan to control oil fume emission. In the experimental study, a commercial two-stage ESP rated at 30 CMM was tested for PM2.5 collection efficiency at different flow rates (4.0-30.8 CMM) and the particle loading effect on the efficiency versus time. The oil fume was generated from heated cooking oil with MMAD ranging from 0.2 to 0.44 μm. The first stage of the ESP is a unipolar charger which has 7 channels with a stainless steel discharge wire (0.3 mm in diameter) installed in each channel (L-5 cm x H-15 cm). The wire to plate spacing is 2.5 cm and the operating voltage is -14 kV. The second stage has 42 channels each of which consists of two parallel plates (L-15 cm x H-17 cm), one is connected to -7 kV high voltage while another is grounded. The gap of the plates is 7 mm. The model developed in Chen et al. (2014) was used to predict the particle electrostatic charges and PM2.5 collection efficiency at the first stage. The PM2.5 collection efficiency of the second stage was calculated based on the charged particle migration in the uniform electric field. Test results showed that as the flow rate was increased from 4 CMM to 30.8 CMM, the total PM2.5 collection efficiency was decreased from 96.3 % to 43.9 %. The performance of the device is not as good as the manufacturer claims at the nominal operation flow rate of 30 CMM. At a flow rate of 10 CMM, after operating at high oil fume concentration for 141 hours with 104.7 g of particles collected in the ESP, the PM2.5 collection efficiency was decreased from 91 % to 61 %. The theoretical PM2.5 collection efficiencies agree with the experimental data very well with the error less than 10 %. The theoretical collection efficiency of the first stage, which is 43.4 to 12.9 % for the flow rate from 4.0 to 30.8 CMM, is lower than that of the 2nd stage in which the particles are collected on the ground plates and not on the high voltage plate. The results of this study point out that there is a need to either increase the size of the ESP or increase the operating voltage of the current ESP to increase its overall PM2.5 collection efficiency. Reference: Chen, T.M., Tsai, C.J., Yan, S.Y. and Li, S.N. 2014, An Efficient Wet Electrostatic Precipitator for Removing Particle and Nanoparticles in Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes, Sep. Purif. Technol. 136: 27-35. Acknowledgements: The final support of this work by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology via the contract MOST105-2622-8-009-007-TE4 is gratefully acknowledged. Keywords: electrostatic precipitator, air pollution control, oil fume, PM2.5 124 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0281 ] PS-FCT15 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of an Image Force on the Collection of Highly Charged Molecular Ions by Metal Screen Tomoya TAMADATE1*, Hyun-Jin CHOI1, Toshiyuki FUJIMOTO2, Takafumi SETO1, Yoshio OTANI1, Mikio KUMITA1 and Hidenori HIGASHI1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan Muroran Institute of Technology, Japan 2 ABSTRACT IM is known to be proportional to the square root of image force parameter, KIM, such that ηIM=β (KIM1/2) [1]. However, the prefactor of β which takes different values in different reports [2, 3, 4]. Alonso et al. [4] reported that the case of discrepancy may be attribute the effect of Brownian diffusion with image force in combination. In the present work, we therefore aimed to clarify the influence of combination of diffusion to that of image force by Langevin Dynamics (LD) simulation and experiment. Single fiber efficiencies in terms of Brownian diffusion, ηD, image force, ηIM, and their combination, ηDIM, were calculated by LD simulation, respectively. Then they were compared with the previous theoretical correlations and the experimental data. Furthermore, we measured the collection efficiency of highly charged molecular ions by metal screens with various packing densities. The comparison between the experimental single fiber efficiency and the theoretical ones (three type models with screen structures) was carried out as a function of packing density.hWhen a particle and/or a fiber possess charges, the electrostatic forces between a particle and a fiber significantly influence on the particle behavior and its collection performance. Particularly, image force (electrostatic force between the charged particle and the neutral fiber) is widely accepted, when the particle size with scale of nano range or the particle carry a high number of charges. According to the conventional filtration theory, single fiber efficiency by image force, References [1] Natanson, G. L. Phys. Chem. Sect., 112, 95 (1957). [2] Lundgren, D. B., and Whitby, K. T., Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., 4, 345-349 (1965). [3] Yoshioka, N. et al., Kagaku Kogaku, 32, 815-820 (1968). [4] Alonso, M. et al., J. Aerosol Sci., 38, 1230-1239 (2007). Keywords: Image force, Brownian diffusion, Metal screen, Langevin Dynamics simulation, Single fiber efficiency Corresponding author: [email protected] 125 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0260 ] PS-FCT16 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Challenged Amounts of Organic Solvents to Neutralize Electret Filters Eun-Seon PARK1, Taesung KIM2 and Myong-Hwa LEE1* 1 Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Sungkyunkwan University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT It is well known that an electret filter is neutralized by the exposure of organic solvents, i.e. isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, and so forth. However, the challenged amounts of organic solvents to neutralize the electret filters were still questionable. Electret filters with different surface charge densities were exposed to isopropyl alcohol in a liquid phase and the challenged amount to be required to neutralize the filters was quantified in this study. Theoretical surface charge densities of the test filters were determined by the relationship between the induced force parameter and the single fiber collection efficiency due to induced force. In addition, the challenged amounts of isopropyl alcohol to neutralize the filters were investigated for the filters with different surface charge densities. Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by PM2.5 research center supported by Ministry of Science, ICT, and Future Planning (MISP) and National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea (NRF-2014M3C8A5030616). Keywords: Electret filter, Organic solvent, Charge decay, Charge neutralization, Challenged amount Corresponding author: [email protected] 126 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0259 ] PS-FCT17 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characterization of Flow Through Centrifugal Filter Yutaka TANAKA1, Takafumi SETO1, Yoshio OTANI1, Yuki HIRUMA1*, Totrangkhanon SHIN-ARTS1 and Mikio KUMITA1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan ABSTRACT We proposed the centrifugal filter (Nakajima et al., 2015) which collects particles by centrifugal force with the conventional collection mechanisms. The rotation of filter in the centrifugal filter can be attained by either rotating a filter together with the filter holder or rotating only a filter in a cylindrical duct. The former case was successfully employed in our previous work. In the latter case, a clearance exists between the rotating filter and the duct wall so that air would not pass through the rotating filter. In order to characterize the flow through a rotating filter the flow visualization around a rotating porous media in water was carried out in the present work. As a result, we found that strong radial flows toward the duct wall were induced, preventing the flow through the porous media at a high rotation speed. It was also found that the flows upstream of rotating filter was greatly disturbed because of the interactions of influent axial flow and the circulating flow at a high volumetric flow rate, which also prevented the flow though the filter. In order to remove the disturbance upstream of the rotating filter, the influent flow was introduced tangentially into the centrifugal filter. The rotation of filter induced swirling flow upstream of the filter and therefore the flow was stabilized. Based on the flow visualization result, a centrifugal filter with a tangential inlet was made and the collection performance was evaluated. We found that the introduction of air in tangential direction is highly effective to stabilize the flow and pass the air through a rotating filter. Reference Nakajima, S., Kumita, M., Matsuhashi, H., Higashi, H., Seto, T., and Otani, Y.: Centrifugal Filter for Aerosol Collection, Aerosol Science and Technology, 49:959–965 (2015) Keywords: centrifugal filter, flow visualization, flow stability, collection performance 127 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0258 ] PS-FCT18 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Capture of Heavy Metal Species on Dust Cake Layer Han-Bin KIM1*, Min-Jeong OH1, Ki Bong LEE2 and Myong-Hwa LEE1 1 Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Korea University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Heavy metal species are vaporized in a high temperature zone and form submicrometer particles in the downstream by nucleation, condensation and coagulation. Both gaseous and particulate heavy metal species are exhausted from an industrial incinerator. Therefore, the control of heavy metal species might be an upcoming environmental issue to protect a human health. The capture of gaseous and particulate heavy metal species on dust cake layer was investigated in this study. Dust cake layers with specific dust loadings were prepared by collecting fly ash particles on filter media. Capture efficiencies of both gaseous and particulate heavy metal species were measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer and an inductively coupled plasma spectrometer. Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by the Eco-innovation Project (Project number: E316-00011-0603-1) through the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea. Keywords: Heavy metal, Particle formation, Submicrometer particles, Dust cake, Adsorption 128 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0223 ] PS-FCT19 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Collection Performance of Centrifugal Filter Under Dust-Loaded Conditions Yoshio OTANI1*, Yutaka TANAKA2, Ryo OZAWA1, Kosuke SHIMADZU1, Hidenori HIGASHI1, Mikio KUMITA1 and Takafumi SETO1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan 2 Tokyo Dylec Corp., Japan ABSTRACT Centrifugal filter is a new type of filter which can collect aerosol particles with a strong centrifugal force together with the conventional collection mechanisms. Expected advantages of centrifugal filter over the conventional air filters are (1) tunable collection efficiency without any change in the pressure drop, (2) no particle resuspension, (3) no change in collection efficiency with dust load. In the present work, dust loaded filters were prepared by loading dust in a filter with JIS-11 powders, and the filters are exposed to air flow at various rotation speed of filter. As a result, we found that at a high rotation speed there was no shedding of particles from the filter because all of the reentrained particles were captured downstream in the filter. We also found that the increase in collection efficiency due to deposited particles is minimal when the dominant collection mechanism was the centrifugal force. These results confirm that we may use the centrifugal filter as a filter without any particle shedding for collecting high concentration of aerosols. Keywords: centrifugal filter, dust collection, reentrainment Corresponding author: [email protected] 129 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0222 ] PS-FCT20 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of Surface Characteristics of Wall Materials on The Deposition of Submicron Particles Driven by The Negative Air Ionizer Kuo-Pin YU1*, Whei-May LEE2 and Chang-Jhe PENG1 1 National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan 2 National Taiwan University, Taiwan ABSTRACT Many previous studies have proven that the characteristic of the wall surface plays an important role in the deposition rate of submicron particles in a room. However, there were only very few studies investigating the effects of wall materials on the performance of the negative air ionizer (NAI) on the deposition of submicron particles. This study aims to evaluate the effects of surface characteristics of wall materials, including roughness, dielectric constant, and electrical resistivity on the deposition of submicron particles driven by the NAI. The experiments were conducted in a 1-m3 stainless steel chamber, which equipped with a negative air ionizer. The surfaces of chamber wall were covered by six different wall materials, including cement paint, latex paint, walnut, white oak, and two kinds of wallpaper, for testing. In the experiment, the NaCl(s) monodisperse submicron particles in the range of 50 to 300 nm (50, 80, 100, 200 and 300 nm) were introduced into the chamber, and then the decay of particle number concentration was monitored continuously with a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). Surface roughness would diminish the thickness of particle-concentration boundary layer and change the air flow pattern near the walls, and hence beneficial to the effectiveness of NAI on the deposition of particles smaller than 200 nm. Besides, the wall materials with the higher dielectric constant could acquire more electrostatic charges, and thus, a “back corona” develops more likely on these materials. As a result, the performance of NAI was negatively correlated with the dielectric constants. Also, the “back corona” arises more probably on the material with higher electrical resistivity. However, when the resistivity is very low, the electrostatic charges on the deposited particles would be drained off very fast, and the particle might be reentrained into the air. According to our experimental result, when the resistivity of wall material was within 3×1010 ~ 9×1010 Ω cm, the NAI performed better. Conclusively, our result provides a systematic conception on how for the surface characteristics influence the deposition of submicron particles driven by the NAI. Keywords: submicron particles, surface roughness, dielectric constant, resistivity, ionic air purifier Corresponding author: [email protected] 130 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0216 ] PS-FCT21 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Influence of Deliquesce of Salt Particles Collected in Filter on Pressure Drop of Air Filters Yoshio OTANI1, Shota TSURUI1*, Takaharu KATO2, Kentaro ISHIDA1, Hidenori HIGASHI1, Mikio KUMITA1 and Takafumi SETO1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan 2 AQC Co., Ltd., Japan ABSTRACT Medium performance air filters or prefilters are commonly installed at the inlet of rotary machineries for the removal of particulate matters. Ambient particles near a seashore are complicated internal or external mixtures of salt components and solid components and the deliquesce of salt particles leads to the dislocation of particles in a filter and eventually resuspension of particles into the filtered air. Our previous work for a medium performance filter loaded with atmospheric dust showed that the change in pressure drop with the humidity is reversible and there exists a hysteresis in the pressure drop with the relative humidity. In the present work, as a preliminary study for the influence of deliquesce on the pressure drop and resuspension of particles, the restructuring of particles collected in a filter was investigated in humidified air. Studied are the dislocation of solid particles in a mixture of salt and solid particles on a filter surface, and that between two filter layers. Glass fiber filters are hydrophobic in nature, the deliquesce of salt particles led the coalescence of melted salt droplets, which resulted in the coagulation of solid particles. After drying of the filter, migrated solid particles remained on the surface of filter as agglomerated compact particles. These particle migrations took place only on a surface of filter with no influence on the pressure drop. On the other hand, when the mixture of salt particles and solid particles was sandwiched between two filters, upon the deliquesce of salt particles, dust particles migrated in a wider area leading to a significant increase in the pressure drop. Relationship between the morphology of deposited particles in a filter and the filter pressure drop, and the reversibility of particle displacement in a filter with humidity change will be discussed. Keywords: salt particles, deliquesce, filter, pressure drop 131 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0215 ] PS-FCT22 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 An Electrostatic Air Filter Mounting on a Quadcopter Drone Seongkyeol HONG1*, Myeong-Woo KIM1 and Jaesung JANG1 1 UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology), Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Drones can move to the places inaccessible by human and perform their mission with various kinds of sensors mounted. Quadcopters are cheap and lightweight drones which have four rotors for easier control, and nowadays their usage is rapidly increasing in commercial, recreational, and research purpose. Considering that their lifting force is generated by massive downstream flow, it is possible to use its kinetic energy for the operation of other aerodynamic devices such as dust monitoring sensors and electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). A simple parallel plate ESP was studied for air filtering application to preserve thrusting energy of the quadcopter and flow direction parallel to the ESP pathway. This ESP utilized carbon fiber corona discharge which generated a relatively small amount of ozone, and the stackable electrodes were made of thin aluminum sheet to constitute a lightweight ESP. In the preliminary experiment, a single-stage ESP showed collection efficiency of 75.9% for 0.3 μm polystyrene particles at the applied voltage of 8.5 kV and flow velocity of 0.83 m/s. The two-stage ESP will also be evaluated varying the density and arrangement of the carbon fibers, test particle sizes, applied voltages, and flow velocities. The optimum operating conditions and mounting position on a quadcopter will be found after measuring the concentration of ozone generated during the corona discharge. This high-mobility system can be potentially used for simultaneous dust monitoring and air purification. Keywords: electrostatic precipitator, quadcopter drone, air purification, dust monitoring, indoor air Corresponding author: [email protected] 132 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0214 ] PS-FCT23 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Charge Neutralization of Electret Filter by Organic Solvent Hyun-Jin CHOI1, 2, Takafumi SETO2, Mikio KUMITA2, Hidenori HIGASHI2, Mizuki TANAKA2, Hiroshi TANAKA3, Toshiaki HAYASHI4, Yoshio OTANI2* 1 Korea Environment Institute, Republic of Korea 2 Kanazawa University, Japan 3 Vilene Co., Ltd., Japan 4 Toyobo Co., Ltd., Japan ABSTRACT Electret filter made of semi-permanently charged fibers is a potential material to remove airborne particles because they may achieve a high collection efficiency with a low pressure drop due to its strong electrostatic attraction. However, their electrostatic charge reduces or neutralize over some operating conditions such as combustion particles, and oil mist collections, which result in a drastic reduction of collection efficiency. Particularly, the collection efficiency of electret filter significantly reduces when they expose to organic solvents such as IPA, ethanol, acetone, etc. However, only few studies have been conducted the effect of organic solvent exposure on the neutralization of electret filter, and they evaluated the electrostatic property of test filters by measurement of surface potential, which is still doubtful to represent the electrostatic property of electret filter. Thus, theoretical approach for the collection performance of electret filter, and its neutralization has not been carried out. Furthermore, the influences of solvent temperature and exposure time are also uncertain for neutralization of electret filter. In the present work, we measured the collection efficiency of high performance electret filter, and studied its neutralization by soaking to organic solvents such as water, ethanol, and IPA as functions of soaking time and solvent temperature in order to clarify the main reason to cause the neutralization of electret filters. The electrostatic property of test filters was evaluated by comparison between experimental collection efficiency and theoretical one predicted by a single fiber efficiency. Keywords: Electret filter, Neutralization, Organic solvent, Collection efficiency, Single fiber efficiency 133 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0210 ] PS-FCT24 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Generation of CNF Test Aerosol with Super-Jet Mill Yoshio OTANI1, Naoya MORIOKA1*, Hiroyuki AMANO2, Hidenori HIGASHI1, Mikio KUMITA1 and Takafumi SETO1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan 2 Sinto Kogio Ltd., Japan ABSTRACT Exposure to airborne CNF particles to workers in a various manufacturing process is of great concern. Although an air filter is the first choice as a countermeasure to CNF particle exposure, there are no reliable data reported on the collection efficiency of air filters for CNF aerosols. This is because of the lack of generation method of CNF particles since they are strongly agglomerated and hardly dispersed into air with the conventional methods. In the present work, Super-jet mill (Nisshin Engineering Inc.) was employed to disperse CNF particles and the dispersion characteristics were studied by using an impactor and an optical particle counter. The Super-jet mill is a pulverizer with a classification capability. Powder samples were fed with an ejector to the mill where high pressure air was introduced tangentially so that strong swirl flow induces the collisions of particles onto the other particles and the mill wall resulting in the comminution. When the particles are smaller than 1 um, the mill cannot comminute them into smaller particles but it may disperse agglomerated particles into primary particles. In the present work, CNF particles were manually introduced in the mill by using a suction air of an ejector and the size distribution of dispersed particles was measured with Andersen Air Samper (AAS) and Optical Particle Counter(OPC). As a result of SEM observation of CNF particles collected on the stages of AAS, we found that the Super-jet mill can disperse the agglomerated CNF into isolated CNF with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1 um, suggesting that these CNF particles can be used as a test aerosol for various air filters. At present, the constant feed of CNF into the mill is difficult, the dispersed aerosol was once filled in a gas bag for the subsequent use of this aerosol as a test aerosol. The stability of size distribution and concentration of CNF aerosol in a gas bag was investigated in terms of particle settling and coagulation. Keywords: CNF, test aerosol, dispersoion, super jet mill 134 POSTER SESSION Filtration and Control Technology [ PS0038 ] PS-FCT25 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Inactivation of an Airborne Virus by an Ozone Free Vacuum Ultraviolet Photocatalyst Jeonghyun KIM1 and Jaesung JANG1* 1 Sensors and Aerosols Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The pathogens contaminated indoor air has spurred the development of air purification techniques for their removal. Recently, vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photocatalysis has attracted much attention because of its highenergy photon, although residual ozone is generated by dissociation of oxygen. In this study, we presented the simultaneous MS2 bacteriophage inactivation and residual ozone degradation via an effective catalyst frame, improving the safety and effectiveness of the VUV photocatalysis. Firstly, to evaluate the roles of 185 nm wavelength VUV and ozone for MS2 inactivation, the comparative experiments, i.e., VUV (185+254 nm) photolysis, UV (254 nm) photolysis, ozone dose and ozone dose combined with UV photolysis, were conducted at short irradiation time (0.1 - 0.004 sec). Secondly, to evaluate the catalyst surface reaction of VUV photocatalysis, we designed and developed effective catalyst frame shapes, such as 2 mm, 5 mm pleated and spiral type Pd-TiO2 catalyst. Compared with other bioaerosol inactivation processes, VUV photolysis exhibited better performances in inactivating MS2 even at short irradiation time (0.004 sec). The 2 mm pleated Pd-TiO2 catalyst exhibited a low pressure drop together with a good photocatalyst irradiation, as well as it was effective to inactivate MS2 and ozone emission. In addition, the infectivity of MS2 significantly decreased with time after VUV irradiation, which can reduce further virus contamination when they are captured in HEPA filters. According to these results, we can expect that VUV photocatalysis using 2 mm pleated Pd-TiO2 catalyst can be used for high-capacity bioaerosol inactivation or indoor air cleaning system. Keywords: Vacuum ultraviolet, Pd-TiO2, MS2 bacteriophage, Ozone Corresponding author: [email protected] 135 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0503 ] PS-HRA01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Atmospheric Concentrations of Respirable Crystalline Silica During Part of the Yellow Dust Storm Periods Boowook KIM1* 1 Occupational Lung Disease Institute, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to investigate the atmospheric concentrations of respirable crystalline silica (RCS) during part of the yellow dust storm periods and non-occurrence periods in the spring of 2011. The investigation was conducted on the rooftop of a five-story building located in the south-western region of Gyeonggi-do for a total of 9 days at an interval of 24 hours (5 samples per day). The respirable dust was collected with a GK2.69 cyclone using the NIOSH 7500 method, and RCS concentration was then analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). During the nine days of our investigation, a yellow dust storm warning (PM10 concentration exceeding 400 µg/m3 for more than two hours) was issued on 4 days. g/m3 set by the California EPA. The changes in the RCS content of respirable dust showed a similar trend; the average concentration increased from 4.8% in the non-occurrence period to 8.4% in the yellow dust storm period, with a peak value of 9.8%.μg/m3 and more than 4 times as high as the recommended exposure limit (REL) of 3 μg/m3), which was half of the occupational exposure limit of 25 μg/m3 (SD 0.3 μg/m3. The highest measured RCS concentration was 13.3 μ The average RCS concentration during the yellow dust storm periods was 3 times as high as that observed during the non-occurrence period, 8.4 The yellow dust blowing from China to Korea in the spring contains a high concentration of crystalline silica, which is a carcinogenic substance. Corresponding author: [email protected] 136 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0480 ] PS-HRA02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Assessment of Formaldehyde Concentration in the Paints for Auto-Vehicle Won-Seok CHA1* 1 Korea Worker’s Compensation & Welfare Service, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the formaldehyde concentrations in paints for auto-vehicle. A total of 21 paints for auto-vehicle, including nine oil-based paints and 12 water-based paints, were collected from 2 manufacturers in South Korea. Oil-based paints and water-based paints were diluted with toluene and deionized water, respectively. The DNPH derivative in the 2, 4-DNPH cartridge adsorbed diluted solution of paint was analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography. Airborne concentrations from paints were measured in two conditions of temperatures, 20 ℃ and 50 ℃, similar to painting booth and exit of dry oven in auto-vehicle manufacturing company. Emission ratio (ER) was calculated as a ratio between the airborne mass (mg) of formaldehyde and the mass (g) of paint used in experiment. A total number of 12 paints (an oil-based paint, 11 water-based paints) among 21 paints contained formaldehyde from 0.3% (wt/wt) to 1.25%. However, no paints provided the information of formaldehyde as an ingredient in material safety data sheet (MSDS). One oil-based paint with 0.3% of formaldehyde contained melamine-formaldehyde resin. The average formaldehyde contents of 0.74% in water-based paints showed significantly higher than 0.3% of oil-based paint (p<0.05). Airborne concentrations of formaldehyde ranged from 0.22 ppm to 6.72 ppm. For experiment condition, the average formaldehyde concentration, 2.76 ppm, measured in 50 ℃ showed significantly higher than 0.43 ppm of 20 ℃ (p<0.05). ER of formaldehyde ranged from 0.04 mg/g to 1.07 mg/g and the average value of 0.53 mg/g in 20 ℃ showed significantly higher than 0.093 mg/g of 50 ℃ (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, we confirmed that paints for auto-vehicle contained formaldehyde over 0.1%, the listing criteria for carcinogen on the MSDS. In particular, the painters using water-based paints for auto-vehicle could be potentially exposed to formaldehyde at the painting booth. Keywords: Formaldehyde, Paint, Auto-vehicle paint 137 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0479 ] PS-HRA03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Study on the Behavioral Intention of the Action of Fine Suspended Particles in Science and Technology University and Its Related Factors Wang-Kun CHEN1*, Gwo-Liang YE1, Chie-Chien TSENG1 and Yi-Ching TSAI1 1 Jinwen University of Science and Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT This study explores the knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions of students’ PM2.5 in science and Technology University. In this study, the students from a science and technology university in New Taipei City was selected as the sample. The study also compiled the questionnaire of “College Students’ Environmental Sensitivity, PM2.5 Prevention and Control Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior Intention “ as a research tool. A total of 510 valid samples were obtained. The results show that the students’ sensitivity to environmental sensitivity is positive. Prevention and control knowledge of PM2.5 is a degree of understanding. Control attitude for PM2.5 is in the range of positive attitude. The intension of PM2.5 control behavior is high. In the performance of i PM2.5 prevention and control behavior intentions, the results reveals that female students are better than male college students. While the department of study have a significant impact on the PM2.5 prevention and control intentions. The experience in “participation in environmental education related courses” can significantly improve the PM2.5 prevention and control intentions. Finally, the environmental sensitivity, PM2.5 prevention and control knowledge, PM2.5 prevention and control attitude of PM2.5 control behavior intention showed a significant positive correlation in this study. Keywords: fine particulate, PM2.5, behavioral intention, environmental education Corresponding author: [email protected] 138 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0474 ] PS-HRA04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Real-time Measurement of Fibers Using an HY-Differential Mobility Analyzer with an Optical Particle Counter(KOFAM) Hyunwook KIM1, Sungwon CHOI2*, Kwangmyung JANG1 and Kyunghoon PARK1 1 Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea Occupational Lung Disease Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT This study investigated the applicability of an HY-differential mobility analyzer with an optical particle counter (HY-DMA/OPC), named as KOFAM, for counting fibrous matters in real time. Fibers separated from particles by the HY-DMA were counted with an OPC. To assess the KOFAM performance, the proposed method and the conventional gold standard phase contrast microscopy (PCM) method were compared in terms of variables such as recovery, relative difference, coefficient of determination, and conformity. The optimal sheath-toaerosol (outlet) flow ratio of the internal flow in the HY-DMA was determined to be 1.6:1. In terms of recovery of the HY-DMA, the highest recovery was obtained at a voltage of 500 V regardless of which type of asbestos was tested. The recovery rate for serpentines was 45.5% and that for amphiboles was 34.9%. The coefficients of determination of serpentine (R2 = 0.89) and amphibole (R2 = 0.87) were highly correlated. With respect to the coefficient of variation (CV), the KOFAM demonstrated superior performance over the M7400AD and F-1 methods and showed almost no difference from the PCM method (KOFAM: 22.5%, M7400AD: 32.4%, F-1: 88.8%, and PCM: 21.9%). There was no statistically significant difference between concentration measurements of the KOFAM and PCM analyses. Accordingly, it was concluded that the KOFAM can be used as a superior alternative to conventional fiber measurement methods. The preliminary results support the use of the KOFAM for constant measurement of airborne asbestos concentrations in real time. Keywords: asbestos, fiber, differential mobility analyzer, real-time measurement Corresponding author: [email protected] 139 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0439 ] PS-HRA05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Urban Inversion Layer and Air Pollutions Gyulim KANG1* and Hyunjung CHOI1 1 Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT While the mechanical industry started and mechanization got deepening, lots of problems occurred, especially aerosol. To minimizing the damage and solving problems, the studying for reversed layer is very essential. Researchers utilize MM5 weather modeling, NASA database to observe local under the troposphere, and actually observe with Radio-sonde. This research providing sophisticated relationship between reverse layer and aerosol, and viable recommendation. Keywords: Reverse layer, Aerosol, Mixing height, Air pollution 140 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0334 ] PS-HRA06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of Eye-Only Exposure Chamber for Environmental Eye disease Research Jaeseong YI1*, Sehyun HAN1, Hyunsoo LEE2, Jeongwon SEO3 and Kijoon JEON1 1 Inha University, Republic of Korea The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea 3 Hallym University, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Environmental disease is a disease caused by environmental factors such as physical, chemical, and biological factors, and it is recognized that there is a correlation between environmentally harmful factors and disease through epidemiological investigation. In the case of respiratory diseases, nonclinical studies using animal test chambers as well as statistical analysis have been performed. On the other hands, recent studies have shown that the incidence of environmental eye disease tends to increase gradually, but most studies are primarily based on statistical analysis using correlation analysis between pollutants and eye diseases. Environmental eye diseases are caused by atmospheric environmental factors such as yellow dust and fine dust, and it has been believed that it leads to dry eye syndrome and allergic conjunctivitis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of air pollutants on ocular diseases using animal test chambers in case of environmental eye diseases (OECD Guideline 403/412, EPA OPPTS 870.1300.) to supplement the existing ophthalmic toxicity assessment method (i.e. eye dropping methods), which is different from actual exposure. The equipment developed in this study was produced in accordance with GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) test equipment validation procedure and all procedures and results were documented and verified to be suitable for animal experiments. This study was funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as ‘‘the Environmental Health Action Program(2016001360005)” Keywords: Environmental Eye Disease, Ultrafine Dust, GLP Corresponding author: [email protected] 141 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0299 ] PS-HRA07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of In-Vivo and In-Vitro Techniques for the Identification of Mechanism in Environmental Eye Disease Caused by Exposure of Fine Particles (PM10, PM2.5) Ki-Joon JEON1, Sehyun HAN1*, Jong-Sang YOUN1, Soon-Jo KWON1, Hyun-Soo LEE2, Jungwon SEO3 and Se-Joon PARK4 1 Inha University, Republic of Korea The Catholic University of Korea, Republic of Korea 3 Hallym University, Republic of Korea 4 Myongji University, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Air pollution related to airborne particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) is one of the most important environmental issues in South Korea. In the severe days of PM10 and PM2.5 pollution, it is known to increase the incidence of dry eye syndrome and allergic conjunctivitis with inflammation and foreign body sensation of eyes. However, there is few scientific research on the environmental eye disease caused by the exposure to fine particles around the world. The aim of this study is to identify the mechanism and biomarker of environmental eye disease caused by the exposure to airborne PM using cell and animal experiment models and to estimate the prevalence rates and incidence rates of eye diseases related to fine PM concentration. We are carrying out Invivo/vitro study to answer the effect of PM on environmental eye diseases. To establish in-vitro model for this study, corneal epithelial cells are used either in presence or absence of fibroblast-embedded collagen layers. Cell monolayers and co-cultures are exposed to different types of fine particles. The effects of PM exposure are evaluated on cell viability, inflammatory response, and cellular barrier function. And the aim of In-vivo study is to evaluate the immunopathogenic effects of fine particles exposure on the ocular surface and drainage lymph nodes through ocular surface staining, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometric analysis. For fine particles exposure of in-vivo study, there are used the animal eye-only test chamber method as well as the existing eye dropping method. In addition, specific biomarkers on airborne PM induced ocular diseases will also be explored with microarray and luminex analysis. This study was funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) as ‘‘the Environmental Health Action Program(2016001360005).’’ Keywords: PM10/PM2.5, Environmental eye disease, Air pollution, Dry eye syndrome, Allergic conjunctivitis Corresponding author: [email protected] 142 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0173 ] PS-HRA08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Oxidative Potential of Biomass Burning Particles Under Different Burning Stages Kihong PARK1, Bhuwan PAUDEL1, Seojong KIM1, Lucille Joanna BORLAZA1* and Hungsoo JOO1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Particulate matter (PM) produced from biomass burning emissions has been increasingly associated with respiratory diseases (Laumbach et al., 2012; Torres-Duque et al., 2008; Arbex et al., 2007). Exposure to PM has been known to cause adverse health effects through several mechanisms of action including oxidative stress. Laboratory-generated fine (2.5µm and 1µm) PM from burning of rice straw and pine wood were sampled in a controlled volume chamber and collected using URG cyclones on teflon filters at different burning stages (approximately 1- 20 mins, 21- 40 mins, and 41- 60 mins after burning of sample). Particle size distribution and mass concentration was monitored by coupling an optical particle counter and a scanning mobility particle sizer. In lieu of common assessment of PM health effects, this study investigated the capacity of biomass burning-related PM to cause oxidative stress through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which at exceeding normal range have considerable implications, by performing oxidative potential (OP) analysis. Two chemical assays were used to characterize OP of water-soluble PM2.5: dithiothreitol (DTT) and electron spin resonance (ESR) assay. OP-DTT was carried out through assessment of the capability of redox active compounds in PM2.5 to transfer electrons from DTT to oxygen thereby generating superoxides. The consumption of DTT over specific time intervals (5, 15, 25, 35 and 45 mins) was interpreted as a measure of the capability of ambient PM2.5 to produce ROS. On the other hand, OP-ESR was performed using ESR with a spin trap (5,5 – dimethylpyrroline – N – oxide or DMPO) which measures the capability of PM2.5 to generate hydroxyl radicals (•OH) though Fenton type reactions with the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Several chemical analysis for inorganic ions, metals, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were done in order to characterize PM2.5 constituents that are responsive to OP-DTT. Varying physical and chemical properties; and OP results with different particle size, biomass types and combustion conditions will be presented in this study. Keywords: biomass burning, Particulate matter, DTT assay, ESR assay, ROS Corresponding author: [email protected] 143 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0172 ] PS-HRA09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Oxidative Potential and Chemical Characteristics of Ambient PM2.5 Collected from Various Sites in the Philippines Lucille Joanna BORLAZA1*, Kihong PARK1, Melliza CRUZ2 and James SIMPAS2 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Manila Observatory, Philippines ABSTRACT One of the major developmental problems in the Philippines is air pollution as it entails significant health impacts. Because of limited country-specific scientific information and long term monitoring data, there is no unifying and direct study linking air pollution and public health in the Philippines. Substantial research worldwide has confirmed that health effects of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can be attributed to several factors. A large number of these studies have pointed to redox active compounds of PM2.5 as a culprit, hence the growing interest on oxidative potential (OP) of PM2.5 as a more suitable health-based measure. The OP analysis can assess the capability of PM2.5 to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is suggested that at exceeding normal range have considerable implications. This study looked into OP and its association with chemical composition of ambient PM2.5 collected from various sites in the Philippines. Ambient PM2.5 was collected simultaneously on Teflon filters using an Airmetrics Minivol sampler (~5Lpm) at different sites (roadside, urban and mixed) around Metro Manila, Philippines last January to December 2013 on a 6-day interval. Chemical analysis for inorganic ions, elements, and black carbon were performed to characterize composition of ambient PM2.5. DTT (Dithiothreitol) assay, an a-cellular chemical assay, was used to quantify OP of water-soluble PM2.5. OP-DTT was carried out through assessment of the capability of redox active compounds in PM2.5 to transfer electrons from DTT to oxygen thereby generating superoxides. The calculated DTT activity was interpreted as a measure of the capability of ambient PM2.5 to produce ROS. Two different source apportionment techniques (Positive Matrix Factorization and Principal Component Analysis coupled with Multiple Linear Regression) were used to link DTT activity of PM2.5 with specific sources. Results of OP, chemical analysis, and source apportionment will be presented in this study. Keywords: Ambient PM2.5, DTT assay, source apportionment, Philippines, Manila Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 144 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0152 ] PS-HRA10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Relationship Between Airborne Markers and Biomarkers for Secondhand Smoke Exposure of Non-Smoking Staffs in Hospitality Venues Jeonghoon KIM1*, Kiyoung LEE2, Ho-Jang KWON3, Do Hoon LEE4, Kil-Yong CHOI1, Chae-Bong KIM1, Eunsun LEE1 and Kyoosang KIM1 1 Seoul Medical Center, Republic of Korea Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea 3 Dankook University College of Medicine, Republic of Korea 4 National Cancer Center, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between urinary cotinine and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) concentrations in non-smoking staff and the indoor levels of fine particles (PM2.5) in hospitality venues that allow smoking, with respect to demographic and indoor environmental factors. We evaluated 62 hospitality venues that allowed smoking in Seoul, Korea. A real-time aerosol monitor was used to measure indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Field technicians recorded indoor environmental characteristics. One non-smoking staff member in each hospitality venue was tested for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations. Demographic characteristics were obtained from self-reported staff questionnaires. The geometric mean (GM) of the indoor PM2.5 concentrations from the 62 hospitality venues was 65.3 μg/m3. The GMs of urinary cotinine and the total NNAL concentrations of the 62 non-smoking staff members were 1.8 ng/mg creatinine (cr) and 7.3 pg/mg cr, respectively. Natural-log (ln) transformed PM2.5 concentrations were significantly correlated with the ln-transformed cotinine (r = 0.31) and the total NNAL concentrations (r = 0.32). In multivariable regression analysis, the urinary cotinine concentrations of the staff members were significantly correlated with indoor PM2.5 concentrations; those with the highest concentrations were more likely to be women or staff members that worked in venues with a volume <375 m3. Total NNAL concentrations were significantly correlated only with indoor PM2.5 concentrations. Indoor PM2.5 may be used as an indicator for urinary cotinine and total NNAL concentrations in non-smoking staff members in hospitality venues that allow smoking. Keywords: Secondhand smoke, PM2.5, cotinine, NNAL, hospitality venue Corresponding author: [email protected] 145 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0147 ] PS-HRA11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Relationship Between the Air Pollutant and Atopic Dermatitis: Systematic Review and Meta Analysis Chaebong KIM1*, Kyoosang KIM1, Yongmin CHO2 and Minkyung HAN3 1 Seoul Medical Center, Republic of Korea Smartive Coporation Institute, Republic of Korea 3 Yonsei University, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Background: Air pollution from global warming has a considerable influence on respiratory disease and atopic dermatitis (AD). Present studies base on a hypothesis about correlation between air pollutant and AD, and the results are analyzed from various points of view. Objectives: This study aimed to integrate the relevant researches for air pollutant and AD, and to perform the systematic literature review and meta-analysis to provide the basis of air pollutant control. Methods: Research materials were collected from original articles published in English academic journals including medicine, nursing and health science from August 1 to 31, 2016. We collected the materials from PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE CENTRAL database with PRISMA(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) based on the Cochrane Systematic Review Manual, and performed the evaluation and analysis for selected materials. We got the research results for risk of bias using RevMan ver. 5.2, and meta analyses using STATA. Results: The prevalence of infantile atopic dermatitis were 1.05 times higher than other groups who were exposed to air pollution, and exposure to NO2(1.08, 95% CI: 1.02 – 1.14), O3 (1.09, 95% CI: 1.04 – 1.15), SO2 (1.07, 95% CI: 1.02 – 1.12) in subgroup air pollutant was considerably associated with infantile atopic dermatitis. The prevalence of infantile atopic dermatitis were 1.03 times higher than other groups who were exposed to PM2.5, but the results were not statistically similar. Conclusion: Health effect from environmental pollution risen people’s interest in environmental diseases. Air pollutant was associated with AD in this study, but selected literatures were based on non-RCT(Randomized Controlled Trial) study. Therefore, there was limit in study method including control, matching and correction of confounding variables. For clear conclusion, it is necessary to develop the appropriate tool for object of study and clear standard to measure of air pollutant. Keywords: Atopic dermatitis, Children, Air-pollution, Systematic review, Meta-analysis Corresponding author: [email protected] 146 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0119 ] PS-HRA12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Assessing Uncertainty in Estimating the Health Impact of Fine Particulate Matters Sun Kyoung PARK1* 1 Pyeongtaek University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Studies on the effects of air pollution on health are actively being conducted. However, much of the existing research has not analyzed the effect of monitoring locations on the health impact assessment. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the effect of site selection on the results of health impact assessment by air pollution. In order to achieve the goal, we analyzed the relationship of fine particulate matter concentrations with the number of deaths due to daily cardiovascular disease in each station in Seoul, Korea. Then, the results are compared among stations. We also build a model that predicts the number of deaths based on the fine particulate matter concentrations in each station. Then, the accuracy was compared among the stations. A decision tree model was used in the analysis. The results showed that the ambient concentration of fine particulate matters are highly correlated with the number of deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. In addition, the accuracy of estimating the number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease was quite different depending on the monitoring locations. The prediction accuracy was highest when data from observatories in residential areas were used. These results quantitatively show the uncertainty in the health impact assessment results analyzed using limited observational data. It also provide guidance on uncertainties in the similar health impact analysis studies. Keywords: Pollution, Fine Particulate Matter, Health Impact, Uncertainty, Monitoring Location Corresponding author: [email protected] 147 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0079 ] PS-HRA13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Exposure Assessment of Particulate and Gaseous Pollutants Emitted from Surgical Practice in a Hospital Hsiao-Chi CHUANG1*, Ta-Chih HSIAO2, Tzu-Ting YANG3, Kai-Jen CHUANG4, Yang-Hwei TSUANG5 1 School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan 3 Department of Environmental Engineering and Health, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsin Chu, Taiwan 4 School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan 5 Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT The potential health effects caused by the inhalation of surgical smoke remain unclear. We evaluated a nurse station and operation rooms, including outpatient surgery, otolaryngology, gynaecology, orthopedics, oral and maxilla-facial surgery, cardiac surgery, gastroenterology, neurosurgery and urologic surgery for on-line particulate and gaseous pollutants and off-line particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The maximum number concertation (6×104 #/cm3) was observed in the orthopedic surgical room, and the minimum one (103 #/cm3) was found in gastroenterology surgical room. The average PM10 and PM2.5 of all surgical rooms were 3±1.3 µg/m3 and 0.66±0.44 µg/m3, respectively. The lung deposition surface area in the alveolar region was is 2.21±1.85 µm2/cm3. The 1-hour average TVOC concentrations in operation rooms were higher indoor air quality standard except cardiac surgery (0.56 ppm). The average total PAHs were mainly presented in gas phase with the concentrations ranging from 422.6-1045.8 and 296.7-746.6 ng/ m3, respectively. Our results showed that gaseous-phase pollutants emitted from surgical smoke may pose an important role in terms of occupational health, which depends on the types of surgical processes. Keywords: surgical smoke, exposure assessment, air pollution, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Corresponding author: [email protected] 148 POSTER SESSION Health Related Aerosols [ PS0033 ] PS-HRA14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of the High Volume Simultaneous Sampler for Fine and Coarse Aerosol Particles Using a Combination of Virtual Impactor and Multi-Cyclone T. OKUDA1,*, D. SHISHIDO1, Y. TERUI1, K. FUNATO2 and K. FUNATO2 1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan 2 Tokyo Dylec Corp., Japan ABSTRACT Atmospheric aerosols scatter and/or absorb the radiation emitted from the sun and the earth, therefore they have a great impact on global climate change. Besides, exposure to atmospheric aerosols is a serious concern for human health. PM2.5 has been regulated worldwide over the last ten to twenty years. These regulations have been set based on numerous epidemiological studies, and many of which have reported adverse health effects due to PM2.5. However, detailed mechanisms of the cellular biochemical reactions associated with the toxicity of PM2.5 have not been elucidated well so far. Moreover, not only PM2.5 but much larger particles such as soil dust are considered as a potential health hazard. Generally, cell exposure studies for aerosol particles have been conducted using PM collected by vibrating aerosol-loaded filters. However, the particles used for the exposure study may not be the same as those present in ambient air. Possible contamination from the filter material should also be considered. In addition, sample handling to obtain particles for exposure experiments is highly complicated and time-consuming. Besides, the amount of particles that are collected on a filter is often insufficient to perform an exposure studies. Hence, the development of techniques that allow researchers to collect a sufficient amount of aerosol particles for exposure studies without the use of filters is needed. In this study, a high-volume simultaneous sampler for PM2.5 and coarse aerosol particles was developed using the impactor and cyclone techniques. Approximately 100 mg of PM2.5 and coarse aerosol particles can be collected individually as powder form for 2-3 week sampling. Sampling artifacts such as adsorption of gaseous substances may be avoided using this sampler. Keywords: Virtual Impactor, Cyclone, Fine Particle, Coarse Particle, PM2.5 Corresponding author: [email protected] 149 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0398 ] PS-ICA01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Measurement of Physicochemical Properties of PM2.5 Produced from Biomass Burning KwangYul LEE1*, Shila MASKEY1, Arom SEO1, Lucille BORLAZA1, Min-Suk BAE2 and Kihong PARK1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Mokpo National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Biomass burning aerosols (BBA), produced from natural forest fires, deforestation, burning of wood and agricultural residues, and so on, have significant impact on radiation balance, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) through cloud formation, and adverse effect on human health. In this study, chemical and physical properties of PM2.5 produced from BBAs were investigated. Typical agricultural crop residues (rice straw) and forest residues (pine stem) were used to make BBAs. Combustion condition and efficiency, particle number size distribution, PM2.5 mass were examined using online instruments such as quadruple aerosol mass spectrometer (QAMS), gas analyzer, condensation particle counter (CPC), dust trak, nanoscan scanning mobility particle sizer (NanoScan SMPS), and optical particle sizer (OPS). In addition, filter sampling using PM2.5 cyclone with filter pack was conducted for the analysis of chemical characteristics including inorganic ions, organic carbon, elemental carbon, and elements. The combustion rate was higher for the rice straw burning than pine stem. Combustion processes (flaming and smoldering) were identified using MCE values (ratio of CO and CO2 concentrations). The time variation of PM2.5 mass concentration of the emitted aerosols from rice straw burning and pine stem burning showed similar trends with the variation of the particle number concentrations. The particle number size distributions varied with different combustion time. More detailed analysis will be conducted, and their results will be presented. Keywords: Biomass burning, Physicochemical properties, Online measurement Corresponding author: [email protected] 150 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0379 ] PS-ICA02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Characteristics of Particulate Matter from Industrial Facilities Using Solid Fuel Keewon JANG1*, Seungyoung LIM1, Sunhwa HEO1, Hyungchun KIM1, Sangbo LEE1 and Daeil KANG1 1 National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT S. Korea has particularly high energy consumption rates among OECD countries, relying 97 % of them on imports. This indicates that it is urgent to develop and produce renewable energy in order to secure energy resources. Due to increase in waste and greenhouse gases, plans to replace fossil fuels using waste have been underway. However, there are more demand for research on emissions characteristics cause by SRF(Solid Refuse Fuel) & Bio-SRF. In this context, the study aims to indentify emissions characteristics of PM(particulate matters) and develop emissions factors base on the use of SRF & Bio-SRF. As of in 2014, there are 219 SRF & Bio-SRF manufacturing facilities and 79 using facilities, of which 21 using facilities were investigated in the study. The study revealed that the average concentration of PM was 10.16 mg/m3. Chemical analysis was conducted to see if heavy metals and other hazardous air pollutants were included; with the average concentration of 34.83 μg/m3, zinc was the highest among other 6 heavy metals. As for VOCs analysis for 5 facilities, benzene was detected in all the facilities, with the maximum concentration of 6.58 ppb. The emissions factors for PM were similar to the previous research, but the values were highly affected by the type and shape of SRF & Bio-SRF. More details on this will be presented at the conference. We plan to accumulate emissions data from the SRF & Bio-SRF facilities and analyze them to further develop emissions factors. Keywords: Solid Fuel, SRF, Bio-SRF, Emission Factor Corresponding author: [email protected] 151 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0249 ] PS-ICA03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Using Magnetic Tube to Reduce PAH Emissions from a Diesel Engine Generator Lin-Chi WANG1*, Chia-Yang CHEN2, Wen-Jhy LEE2 and John MWANGI1 1 Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT Some studies have evaluated the impact of magnetic field on the diesel engine and diesel fuel as well as gasoline engines in terms of pollutant emissions and energy performance. It is worth noting that while other pollution control devices are placed after and/or in the exhaust line, the magnetic field is placed on the fuel line prior to combustion in most cases. Faris et al. [1] applied a range of 2000-9000 gauss magnets and achieved a 9-14% reduction in fuel consumption, which was proportional to magnetic strength, while the reduction of CO and HC were 30 and 40 %, respectively, and CO2 increased by up to 10%. In this study, a magnetic tube fitted between a diesel engine generator and its fuel tank was used to evaluate the impact of magnetic field on the PAH emissions from a diesel engine. The diesel engine generator with a maximum power output of 30 kW and a speed of 1800 rpm was used, and during the experiment valves were used to switch the fuel lines to be with or without magnetic tube. The diesel engine tests were carried with at three different loads at constant speed of 1800 rpm. For each load, the tests were carried with and without magnetic tube for an average of 20 minutes. Table 1 shows the total PAH and total BaPeq concentrations in the exhaust of diesel engine generator with and without deploying the magnetic tube among the different engine loads. The idle state had the highest PAH emissions due to inefficient combustion conditions. The total PAH and total BaPeq concentrations during the idle state were three times higher than at 25% and 50% loads. The total PAH and total BaPeq concentrations reduced with increased load as the higher loads provided better combustion efficiencies that led to a complete combustion of aromatic and other PAH precursors. Upon application of magnetic tube, the total PAH concentrations were reduced by 62%, 44% and 51% at idle condition, 25% and 50% loads, respectively. Similarly, the total BaPeq concentrations were reduced by 63%, 46% and 51%, respectively. These observations can be attributed to the fact that, when fuel is subjected to magnetic field, which realigns the para hydrogen to more reactive ortho states and weakens the intermolecular forces allowing better atomization and opens up the hydrocarbons to be more receptive to oxygen, resulting in better and more efficient combustion. Efficient combustion means most of the PAHs in the fuels and PAH precursors are destroyed at high temperatures, leading to decreased PAH emissions. Keywords: Diesel engine, Magnetic tube, PAHs Corresponding author: [email protected] 152 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0245 ] PS-ICA04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Using Waste Cooking Oil as Auxiliary Fuel to Reduce PCDD/F Emissions from a Hazardous Waste Incinerator Lin-Chi WANG1*, Chia-Yang CHEN2, Wen-Jhy LEE2, Jhong-Lin WU2 and Sheng-Lun LIN1 1 Cheng Shiu University, Taiwan National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT In order to prevent potential environmental and health problems caused by waste cooking oils, many nations have set up policies to ban their illegal disposal. Biodiesel production is one of the important application of waste cooking oils, however, the large amounts of free fatty acids, high water content and impurities cause obstacles to ideally exploit it as a resource. Start-up procedures have been shown to be significant and important periods in terms of PCDD/F emissions during incinerator operations, and the PCDD/F emissions during startup procedures could be 2-4 times higher than those of the whole year normal operations [1]. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of using waste cooking oil as an auxiliary fuel in the incinerators furnace during start-up procedure, because waste cooking oil contains much lower aromatic hydrocarbon contents, which were important precursors of PCDD/Fs. The appropriate mixing proportions of the waste cooking oil and diesel fuel will be evaluated based on the reduction on the emissions of PCDD/Fs during start-up procedure. The stack flue gas samplings for PCDD/Fs were conducted at four furnace temperature regimes designated as A (25-200 oC), B (200-400 oC), C (580–750 oC) and D (850–900 oC) during start-up procedure of a laboratory waste incinerator for D100, W20D80 and W40D60. For all the three fuel trials, according to the results of TGA and DTG, D100 was the only fuel combusted, when the furnace temperatures were below 550 oC. Table 1 shows the toxicity concentrations of PCDD/Fs for D100, W20D80 and W40D60. The TEQ of D100 increased as the temperature rose from room temperature to about 500–700 oC and further increase the range above 850 oC. The highest concentrations was emitted at sampling time A for W20D80 (0.343 ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3), which were increased by 23 times, compared to that of D100 trial (0.015 ng WHO-TEQ/Nm3) at the same period. The increase of PCDD/Fs is mainly due to memory effect [2]. In the case of W40D60, which was used after the test run with W20D80, the levels of PCDD/Fs reduced by factors of 19% during the stage A sampling. This is because after using the W20D80 in the second test run, the emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs were changed, resulting in reduced memory effect. More importantly is the emissions characteristics at sampling stages C and D, which corresponds to the periods during and after injection time of waste cooking oil blends, respectively. In comparison to the performance by diesel fuel, the addition of W20D80 averagely caused 27% of reduction in the TEQ concentration. After addition of W40D60, the toxicity concentrations of PCDD/Fs were reduced by approximately 81-90%, compared to diesel fuel at same conditions. Keywords: PCDD/Fs, waste cooking oil, incinerator, auxiliary fuel Corresponding author: [email protected] 153 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0224 ] PS-ICA05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Light Absorption Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols from Size-Resolved Biomass Burning Smoke Emissions Jaemyeong YU1* and Seungshik PARK1 1 Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In this study, size-resolved smoke samples from combustion of three biomass materials (rice straw, pine needle, and sesame stem) were collected using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor in a laboratory combustion chamber, and analyzed to quantify the mass, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble OC (WSOC), humic-like substances (HULIS), and ionic components. Moreover, the light absorption properties (absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE)) of water extracts from size-resolved smoke samples were measured using a UV/vis spectrophotometer. No significant differences in size-resolved contributions of EC, water-insoluble organic mass (WIOM), water-soluble organic mass (WSOM=1.94xWSOC), HULIS (=1.94xHULIS-C), and SIC (=Na+ + NH4+ + K+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+ + Cl- + NO3- + SO42) concentrations to particulate matter (PM) fractions were found for each biomass type. The mean contributions of EC, WIOM, WSOM, HULIS, and SIC to the PM1.8 were 2.6, 23.9, 50.7, 27.6 and 8.8 % for the rice straw smoke samples, 7.6, 28.8, 45.2, 27.5 and 9.2 % for the sesame stem smoke samples, and 12.6, 22.3, 42.2, 20.2, and 14.3 % for the sesame stem smoke samples, respectively. EC, OC, WSOC, and HULIS-C in PM samples from the burning emissions of the three biomass materials showed unimodal size distributions that peaked at particle size range of 0.32–1.00 um, but their modal peaks were observed to vary slightly with biomass type. The light absorption spectra of size-resolved water extracts (WSOC) in smoke samples from biomass burning (BB) emissions were very similar to those of brown carbon aerosol. The light absorption spectra by WSOC showed less difference among the particle cut-sizes. The WSOC AAE values for particle cut sizes of 0.32–1.0 um was 6.6–7.7 for rice straw smoke samples, and 7.5–8.0 for sesame stem smoke samples, respectively. Strong correlations of the light absorption of water extracts at 365 nm with WSOC and HULIS-C concentrations suggest that HULIS from BB emissions are an important contributor to the aerosol light absorption. The size-resolved MAE365 values of WSOC and HULIS-C based on the ratios of light absorption at 365 nm were 0.89–1.61 (average of 1.09) and 1.33–2.06 m2/g.C (average of 1.82) for rice straw smoke samples, and 0.85–1.52 (average of 1.13) and 1.44–2.05 (average of 1.83) for sesame stem smoke samples, respectively. The size-resolved WSOC MAE365 values were comparable to those from our previous study. The results of the size-resolved measurements from BB emissions could provide information to evaluate the contribution of BB emissions to the light absorption by brown carbon from ambient aerosols. Keywords: size-resolved smoke aerosols, WSOC, HULIS, absorption Ångström exponent, mass absorption efficiency Corresponding author: [email protected] 154 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0168 ] PS-ICA06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Experimental Investigation of Cavitation Effect of Diesel Atomization Jiaping FENG1*, Sang In CHOI1, Ho Suk SEO2 and Young Min JO1 1 Kyunghee University, Republic of Korea Easy Power Tec Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Diesel atomization plays an important role in fuel combustion efficiency in an internal engine. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a cavitation device in a lab scale test and field experiment. The auxiliary device with mechanical structure of cavitation showed size reduction of injected fuel drops as 63 µm to 36.3 µm based on Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) and 54.7 µm to 39.8 µm depending on nozzle type such as for diesel cars and for industrial boilers respectively. The field test by application to a diesel truck showed reductions of air pollutants including particulate matters (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The decreasing rate of PM was 13% to approximately 50% depending on driving speed from 30 km/hr to 100 km/hr. CO was diminished at 20% to the above, and NOx was not found in a significant decrease. Fuel also was less consumed at 5% to 18% comparing to the condition without the device. Keywords: FAD, Atomization, SMD, Laser diffration system Corresponding author: [email protected] 155 POSTER SESSION Incineration and Combustion Aerosols [ PS0166 ] PS-ICA07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Cavitation Effects for Split of Diesel Fuel Sang In CHOI2*, Mi Jeong PARK2, Dong Won JEONG2, Ho Suk SEO1 and Young Min JO2 1 Easy Power Tec Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea 2 Kyunghee University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Heavy vehicles with outdated diesel engines exhaust a large volume of smoke deteriorating urban air quality. An auxiliary device called Fuel Atomization Device (FAD) was inserted to the fuel lines before injections nozzles. FAD utilizes the effect of cavitation on liquid fuel splits to fine droplets. Smaller drops of fuel would enhance the combustion efficiency in an internal engine. Thus it helps to reduce the fuel consumption and residues. It was expected to be more effective to contribute to improve the air quality than DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) which captures the pollutants at down-flow. This work explores the cavitation effects based on mechanical structure using numerical simulation. It was observed that the turbulent condition was formed at the inside of flow paths. DPM (Discrete Phase Model) was applied to analyze the liquid injection patterns. Variation of flow pressures throughout the lines and droplet size were closely investigated by a commercial CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) package. Keywords: Atomization, Diesel fuel, Liquid droplet, Cavitation, Numerical simulation Corresponding author: [email protected] 156 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0513 ] PS-IA01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Prediction of the PM10 Concentration in Subway Station Using Deep Learning Method Minhae KIM1*, Sechan PARK1, Hyeong-Gyu NAMGUNG2 and Soon-Bark KWON2 1 University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Korea Railroad Research Institute, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Vanadium pentoxide particles are used for catalysts to produce sulfuric acid or organic acid. Silica supported vanadium pentoxide catalysts are, in general, made by liquid phase synthesis methods, especially, based on precipitation or hydrothermal reaction. The liquid phase reactions are performed at temperatures as low as 573K to 673K. Thereby, the reaction times are long and the bonding strengths between the catalysts and supports are weak. The specific surface areas of supported catalysts are decreased by aggregation of the catalysts during reactions at high temperatures. In addition, the post processings are complicated for washing, drying and calcination. The reaction temperatures in the flame reactors are higher than those in the liquid methods. Vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles stick to the surfaces of SiO2 particles which are softened by high temperatures. Thereafter, cooling used to harden SiO2 particles immobilizes vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles to the surface of SiO2 particles. Since aggregations of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles are prevented by this immobilization, specific surface areas of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles are kept large values. In this study, vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles with high crystallinity were able to be produced from vanadium oxytriethoxide in the flame reactor equipped with a supersonic Laval nozzle. In addition, we found that the change in the flame temperature could control the diameter of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles. Finally, we succeeded in producing single nanometer particles of vanadium pentoxide which were supported on silica particles. Keywords: Flame Reactor, Supersonic Laval Nozzle, Vanadium Pentoxide Nanoparticles Supported on Silica Particles Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 157 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0510 ] PS-IA02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of Nanoparticle Generation in Monochrome and Color Output Hyeong-Gyu NAMGUNG1*, Sechan PARK1, Minhae KIM1 and Soon-Bark KWON1 1 Korea Railroad Research Institute, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Laser printers are one of the most popular electronic devices in the office. In this study, we measured the concentration of nanoparticles generated by monochrome and color output of a laser printer. Two peaks occur in monochrome output. One at the time of print out, and the other at the moment the cooling fan operates to cool the heat after output. The concentration of the cooling nanoparticles is four times larger than that of the nanoparticles generated at the output. And the nanoparticles generated at the monochrome output are mainly 30 to 50 nm particles. Also, there are three peaks in the color output. One is being prepared for output, the other is output, and the last one is generated by output cooling. Interestingly, at the color output, the highest concentration of nanoparticles occurred during the preparation of the output. Thus, there was a slight difference in the generation of nanoparticles in monochrome output and color output. In the future, we will check the exposure level of the operator according to the location of the printer in the office. This study was supported by a grant from R&D Program of the Korea Railroad Research Institute, Republic of Korea. Keywords: Laser print, Monochrome output, Color output, Nanoparticle Corresponding author: [email protected] 158 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0499 ] PS-IA03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of Mold Exposure During Pregnancy on the Development of Offspring’s Atopic Dermatitis Sung Chul SEO1, Ji Tae CHOUNG1, Kilyong CHOI1* and Young YOO1 1 Anam, Korea University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Background: Atopic dermatitis one of the most common chronic skin diseases, is caused by various environmental and genetic factors. Infantile atopic dermatitis may be caused, in particular, by exposure to indoor environmental factors during gestation and infancy; however, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Methods: A total of 2609 healthy newborns who were enrolled in the COCOA study (COCOA) from 2008 to 2015 were surveyed for indoor environmental exposure to fungi during gestation and then diagnosed postnatally for atopic dermatitis. Fungal microorganisms were analyzed in house dust samples collected during gestation and their relationship was investigated. We analyzed the relationship between the responses to an environmental questionnaire by the mothers while pregnant and the development of atopic dermatitis in their infants. The demographic, environmental, and biological characteristics of each phenotype were also compared among the fungi. The fungi collected during the gestation of 20 normal subjects and 20 infants that developed atopic dermatitis were identified using Illumina ‘s MiSeq platform and analyzed for their diversity and species. Results: A total of 2,609 respondents were surveyed (52.8% male and 47.2% female) Children, 1, 2, and 3 years old diagnosed with atopic dermatitis comprised 15.2%, 15.7%, and 14.1% of the respondents, respectively. Oneyear-old children with atopic dermatitis and no fungal markers detected in the bathroom environment during gestation accounted for less than 5% (aOR, 1.51; 95%CI, 0.96-2.38) and in the group less than 5 ~ 30% (aOR, 2.21; 95%CI, 1.00-4.89), 3-year-old children had an increased prevalence of atopic dermatitis of more than 30% (aOR, 9.48, 95%CI 1.42-63.13). For fungi from other locations, 1-year-old children showed increases in fungal infestations to over 30% of the body area (aOR, 2.69; 95%CI, 1.04-6.97), 2-year-old children showed increases in fungal infestation from 5 to less than 30% of the body area (aOR, 1.81; 95%CI, 0.93-3.51). Basidiomycota were less prevalent in house dust of the atopic dermatitis group. At the genus level, the prevalent Ascomycota in the house dust of the atopic dermatitis group were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Candida, with less prevalence of Malassezia, Pleuotus and Trichosporon. Conclusions: Exposure to indoor fungi during gestation and infancy is associated with the development of atopic dermatitis in children. This suggests that exposure to indoor fungi during gestation may be associated with the development of atopic dermatitis in children. Future research will be necessary to establish the underlying mechanisms. Keywords: atopic dermatitis, indoor environment, mold, pregnancy, child Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 159 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0498 ] PS-IA04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Evaluation System for Indoor Environment for Evacuation Study Shigeru KIMOTO1*, Yoshiro SADATANI1, Koichi KINOSHITA2, Yuya UCHIYAMA2, Yasuto MATSUI1 and Minoru YONEDA1 1 Kyoto University, Japan Tokyo Dylec Corp., Japan 2 ABSTRACT It is very interested to know the deposition process in indoor. To keep our good health, an indoor protection method in case of plant accident/disaster, is one of important topics for evacuation solutions. Because residents who live around accident site, need to prevent an exposure from toxic gas and aerosols as fast as possible. Evaluation system for indoor evacuation was developed. Evaluation system consists of chambers upstream and downstream across the household ventilation fan. Chamber upstream of the household ventilation fan means outdoor environment. Chamber downstream of the household ventilation fan simulates indoor environment. Ventilation frequency at indoor environment can be controlled using exhaust pump. Our system was evaluated using gas sensors, SMPS, CPC and PIV. We will report our system and the demonstration results. This research was supported by the Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) and the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). Keywords: Indoor environment, Evacuation, Evaluation system 160 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0470 ] PS-IA05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Ventilation to Reduce Pollutant Exposures from a Residential Natural Gas Stove Yu-Cheng CHEN1* and Chin-Yu HSU1 1 National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan ABSTRACT The residential cook is usually exposed to various pollutants emitted from natural gas stove burners which can reach potentially harmful levels if a venting range hood is not used. This study was conducted in the domestic kitchen to evaluate the removal efficiency of air pollutants from a cook during natural gas stove burnings under various venting conditions. Real-time gas and particle pollutants were measured in the breathing zone of a mannequin cook under four experimental campaigns of Hoff+Wclose (range hood off and window close as reference; ACH=4), Hoff+Wopen (range hood off and window open; ACH=8.6), Hon+Wclose (range hood on and window close; ACH=7.4), and Hon+Wopen (range hood on and window open; ACH=11). When the domestic natural gas burns, the cook’s exposure of TVOCs, SO2, NO2, particle-bound PAHs, black carbon, and nano particle number in concentrations would exacerbate 2, 32, 22, 5, 2, and 38 times, respectively without any ventilations (Hoff+Wclose). In comparison with Hoff+Wclose, the most significant reduction in exposure to gas (TVOCs=79%, SO2=89%, NO2=81%) and particle (PAH=98%, black carbon=71%, nano particle=79%) pollutants was found under the condition of Hon+Wopen. Although the operation of Hon+Wclose did not generate a higher air exchange rate, it could provide a promising removal efficiency (65-95%) for gas and particle pollutants as comparing with Hoff+Wopen. Keywords: residential natural gas, gas and particle pollutants, exposure, removal efficiency, ventilation Corresponding author: [email protected] 161 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0464 ] PS-IA06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Air Cleaning Performance of an Electrostatic Air Cleaning Device Using Activated Carbon Fiber Filter Giteak LIM1* 1 Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Electrostatic precipitators are widely used as industrial exhaust gas treatment equipment due to its low pressure drop. However, it is not easy to process with corrosive gas because it is based on metallic substances. There are technical limits for handling gas-phase pollutants. Here we developed an electrostatic precipitator based on carbon material which is electrically-conductive. An activated carbon fiber filter was used as an electrode to treat gas phase and particulate pollutants simultaneously. Air purifying equipment is developed with a few hundred of L/min. A SOx gas was used as a test corrosive gas. 0.3 ㎛ KCl particles are used as test particles. Gas and dust removal performances with respect to time are evaluated inside 1 m3 chamber. This electrostatic precipitator was compared quantitatively with air purifying equipment of HEPA filter and activated carbon filter of the same specifications. Gas removal performance was similar to the filter-based equipment within the same operation time. However, dust removal performance was 99% meanwhile filter-based equipment showed 90% in 15 minutes. The pressure drop at the same flow rate was 15 Pa which is 1/4 of filter based equipment. Dust removal efficiency with respect to applied voltage and the thickness and flow rate was evaluated to find optimal condition for the developed air purifying equipment using activated carbon fiber filter. The applied voltage to charging part was 9, 11, 15 kV and the voltage of collection part was 0~10 kV. With the same condition, the experiments were done by varying the filter thickness. From the experimental results, the applied voltage and flow rate were linearly proportional to removal efficiency. The voltage to charging part and collection part was set to 10 kV for the optimal condition. Filter thickness was varied as 1~3 mm for the gas removal performance. The results are not quite different with respect to the filter thickness at the same flow rate. However, 3 mm-thick filter showed over 2 hour lifetime. Therefore, 3 mm-thick filter was chosen. As a result, we developed the technology for removing gas and particulate matter as well using activated carbon fiber filter as electrodes. When it is compared to air purifier using HEPA and activated carbon filter, it showed 1.3 times higher value for CADR and the gas removal efficiency was 1.5 times higher than filter-type air purifier. This work was supported by the Basic research (SC1250) of KIMM. Keywords: Air cleaning, Activated carbon fiber filter 162 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0458 ] PS-IA07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Indoor Air Quality Analysis of Particle Matters and Volatile Organic Compounds in Malaysia Yasuto MATSUI1*, Nobumitsu SAKAI1, Shigeru KIMOTO1 and Minoru YONEDA1 1 Kyoto University, Japan ABSTRACT Furniture that we usually use sometimes contains volatile materials which is harmful for human. And as our civilization develop, our living space became more airtightness for good effectiveness of air conditioner. When ventilation performed not so much in this way, the harmful materials will be take into human body easily. As in fact, there were so many cases which people feels like sick in the room the cause was considered as by materials occurred from furniture. These sick building syndrome (SBS) becomes better when we go out from the room. Generation sources of course of SBS are Mite, Mold, furniture, and building material. In this research, we focus on this kind of chemicals and particulate matters in general house and hospital room. The purpose of the research is analyzing indoor air quality and performing health risk assessment for human health. From the results, acetaldehyde’s MOS are extremely high especially in anatomical room at the hospital. The concentration of elements in particulate matters after the sampling of room air at the general house was not high. Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, Particulate Matters, Volatile Organic Compounds Corresponding author: [email protected] 163 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0456 ] PS-IA08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Observation Of Particles In a Chamber Using PIV Yoshiro SADATANI1*, Shigeru KIMOTO1, Nobuyuki KATO2, Yasuto MATSUI1 and Minoru YONEDA1 Kyoto University, Japan National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan 1 2 ABSTRACT Particulate radioactive substances were dispersed into the environment by the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. It is therefore necessary to know the behavior of the particulate substances for effective protective measures that would be applied in the future. We made a chamber which simulates indoor and outdoor spaces by separating the chamber into two parts at the center. And a ventilation fan is installed in the center. We generated particulates in the space which simulates the outdoor by using a six-jet atomizer, and analyzed the particulate behavior in the indoor space with a particle image velocimetry (PIV). The particulate trajectory was visualize by the PIV. It shows that (1) the particulates passing through the upper part of the ventilation fan move toward the ceiling surface of the chamber, and (2) through the bottom part of the fan move toward the bottom of the chamber. This research was supported by Nuclear Regulation Authority (NRA) and Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA). Keywords: Indoor environment, particle image velocimetry, sheltering 164 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0444 ] PS-IA09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Short-Term Exposure to Indoor PM2.5 and Particle Number Concentrations for Passengers at Two Intercity Bus Terminals in Taipei City An-Chi LI1* and Yu-Hsiang CHENG1 1 Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station are the two major intercity bus terminals in Taipei city. Daily traffic volumes at these two stations are approximately 3,000 and 1,300 vehicles, serving over 60,000 and 33,000 passengers daily, respectively. Therefore, the air quality inside these two bus stations is an important health concern for passengers, as many commuters spend a considerable amount of time waiting for buses. This study investigated the short-term exposure levels of PM2.5 and particle number concentrations for passengers at the ticket booth and waiting area of the bus stations. In this study, Grimm Mode 1.108 OPC and TSI Model 3007 CPC were used to measure the indoor PM2.5 and particle number concentrations, respectively. The sampling campaign was performed during the May, 2016–January, 2017. According to measurement results, 15-min PM2.5 mass concentrations at Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station were 4.1–40.8 and 4.3–49.6 μg m-3, respectively. Additionally, particle number concentrations at Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station were 7.7×103–8.8×104 and 6.6×103–8.1×104 particles cm-3, respectively. The highest averaged PM2.5 mass concentrations could be observed at waiting area of Taipei City Hall Bus Station. Moreover, the highest averaged particle number concentrations could be monitored at waiting area of Taipei Bus Station. Particulate matters inside bus stations could be directly from the emissions of buses. The concentrations of PM2.5 and particle number at these two bus stations could be affected by their different designs of interior spaces and ventilation systems. Moreover, they also could be influenced by outdoor air conditions. However, measurement results implicate that health risk caused by fine and ultrafine particulate matters is high for passengers. The results can be used to address public health risk for the authorities in the future. Keywords: PM2.5, Particle number, Bus station, Short-term exposure 165 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0433 ] PS-IA10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Species Profiles of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds and Their Concentration Levels at Two Intercity Bus Terminals in Taipei City Gu-Wei YEN1* and Yu-Hsiang CHENG1 1 Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT Taipei City is one of big city in Taiwan and is the capital of Taiwan as well as an important economic and political center. It is also a main transportation hub in the north Taiwan area. Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station are the two major intercity bus terminals in Taipei city, serving over 60,000 and 33,000 passengers daily, respectively. Therefore, the air quality inside these two bus stations is an important health concern for passengers, as many commuters spend a considerable amount of time waiting for buses. This study investigated the species profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their concentration levels at these two bus stations. The air samples were analyzed by GC/MS using the US EPA Method TO-15. The sampling campaign was performed during the May–September, 2016. According to measurement results, the Aromatic (46.8–120.6 μg m-3) is the largest contribution of VOCs, followed by Ketone (35.7–75.1μg m-3), Ether (6.1–20.4 μg m-3) and Alkane (4.6–18.5 μg m-3) at indoor environments of these two bus stations. In Aromatic compounds, BTEX concentrations at Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station were 38.7–73.8 and 61.4–106.8 μg m-3, respectively. BTEX ratios at Taipei Bus Station and Taipei City Hall Bus Station were 1: 7.3: 0.7: 2.4 and 1: 9.9: 0.9: 3.0, respectively. Measurement results showed that indoor concentration of TVOCs at Taipei City Hall Bus Station was approximately 1.2–2.3 times higher than that at outdoor ambient. The concentrations of TVOCs at these two bus stations could be affected by different designs of interior spaces. Measurement results implicate that health risk caused by TVOCs is high for passengers. Keywords: Volatile Organic Compounds, BTEX, Bus Station, indoor air quality 166 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0408 ] PS-IA11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Comparison Between AHAM CADR and CA Clean Air Delivery Rate of Indoor Air Cleaner Keejung HONG1* 1 Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to examine the difference between the CA standard of the Korean Air Cleaning Association and the North American AHAM standard. The Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM) performed certification test with 27 products in 2003 for the CA standard test and performed a total of 372 air purifier performance tests by 2015. Some of these products are aquired American AHAM certification and are now on sale. By comparing the results between these products, we want to compare how the differences between the two standards result in different results. The test particles defined by AHAM have three types (Smoke, Dust, Pollen) according to the particle size distribution, and the results are also individually calculated. For the comparison of the results, the results of AHAM smoke particles and CA KCl particles with similar particle size distributions were compared. When comparing the values of smoke particles of AHAM and KCl particles of CA for the eight models of CA and AHAM concurrent certified products as shown in Fig. 1, it can be seen that both values are very close to each other. As shown in Fig. 2, the smoke CADR compared with the CA clean air delivery rate was higher 12.1 ± 0.15% (Pollen) than that of smoke CADR and 3.8 ± 0.11% (Dust), respectively. This is probably due to the size of the test particles. As shown in Fig. 3, the area of CA standard’s room size was 55% higher than AHAM. This is due to the difference in definition that calculates the room size. In AHAM, the room size is calculated on the basis that the initial concentration is reduced by 80% when the dust concentration reaches the steady state after operation of the air cleaner, whereas the domestic CA is based on the reduction of the initial concentration by 50% after 10 minutes of operation. As a result, the approximate AHAM reference CADR value can be estimated with the CA clean air delivery rate. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Eco-Innovation project (GG2790) and also partially by the Environmental industry advanced technology development project (GG2740) of the Ministry of the Environment, Republic of Korea. Keywords: Air cleaner, AHAM, CA, CADR Corresponding author: [email protected] 167 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0207 ] PS-IA12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characterization of Ultrafine Particles Emitted from a Fixing Unit of Laser Printers Nishino YUKI1* 1 Kogakuin University, Japan ABSTRACT The emission of ultrafine particles (UFPs) less than 100 nm from laser printers has become an issue of great concern in indoor environments. ISO/IEC 28360 provides that the emission rate of UFPs from laser printers should be determined by measuring their number concentration using the specified test chamber. In addition, the regulation of their emissions was imposed to be less than 3.1 X 1011 particles per 10 min-printing by Blue Angel Standard. Therefore, in order to develop the effective countermeasures against their emission we conducted experiments using the fuser unit which was one of the major source of UFP emission. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the experimental setup and the tested fuser unit. Two types of fuser unit with different usage histories (new and used) to characterize particle emission from them. As a result, the measurements of fractional number concentration of the emitted particles, it was found that the peak size of particles emitted from the new unit was 40 to 50 nm, while the used fuser unit emitted a high concentration of particles with a peak size of 20 to 30 nm. From the VOC analyses cyclic siloxanes (D6~D9) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were detected in particles from the new fuser unit. Whereas, DBP was not detected in particles from used fuser unit. From these findings, it was found that DBP played a key role in the emission of larger and higher concentration of UFPs from the fuser unit, though the siloxanes originated from the silicone rubber of the pressure roller mainly composed the emitted particles. Keywords: Ultrafine particles (UFP), VOC, Fuser unit, Laser printer 168 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0206 ] PS-IA13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Collection of Ultrafine Particles Using Droplets Atomized by Ultrasonic Irradiation Nishishita KIMITO1* 1 Kogakuin University, Japan ABSTRACT Indoor PM 2.5 containing ultrafine particles (UFPs) of 100 nm or less could have adverse health effects. Conventionally, Fibrous air filters have primarily been adopted as collection devices for UFPs. Thus, the new technologies that collect them in indoor environment at a high efficiency without air filters have been awaited. Our work aimed to device a sophisticated UFP collection device using droplets generated by ultrasonic atomization (UA). The device collect the UFPs effectively by contacting uncharged them with charged droplets generated from an UA unit using centrifugal force to collect them trapped in the droplets onto parallel plate electrodes after controlling the distribution of charge on the droplets using electrostatic induction by applying a high voltage between an UA oscillator and a ring electrode upstream of it (Fig.1). In the present work, we developed the UA assisted electrostatic UFP collector (UAEUC) by applying a high voltage to a ring electrode in the pretreatment device where an ultrasonic atomizer was installed. It was found from experimental data on characterizing the device that the application of a voltage to the ring electrode contributed to marked improvement in its collection performance for UFPs due to the partial shift in charge distribution of droplets generated by the UA (Fig.2). Keywords: Indoor environment, Ultrasonic atomization, Ultrafine particle, Electrostatic collection 169 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0151 ] PS-IA14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Exposure of Surgeons to Volatile Organic Compounds in Electrosurgical Smoke Resulted from Surgeries Yaw-Huei HWANG1*, Nai-Yun CHENG1, Hsiao-Chi CHUANG2 and Ruei-Hao SHIE3 1 College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Green Energy & Environmental Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan 3 School of Respiratory Therapy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT Electrosurgical smoke resulted from surgical procedures has long been a concern for surgeons and the relevant healthcare workers in surgery. This study aimed to assess the exposure level of VOCs in electrosurgical smoke for surgeons and the relevant healthcare workers by surgical division, electrosurgical unit (EU) type and use time of EU. Both area samples and breath samples were collected with Bottle-VacTM in surgeries before and after surgical procedures in an area hospital located in northern Taiwan, and, later, analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometer. Fifteen VOCs were detected in breath samples, while 13 of them were also found in area samples, such as sevoflurane, hexane, benzene, toluene, m/p-xylene and hexalomethyldisiloxane, etc. High consistence in VOC species was found between area and breath samples. Benzene level in breath samples positively correlated with EU use time (p = 0.031) and reported frequency of cough and shortness of breath after surgeries. Meanwhile, results of breath samples show that surgeons experienced higher VOCs exposure, like benzene and toluene, etc., in traditional surgeries as compared to endoscopy surgeries, while lower VOCs levels, like hexane and toluene, etc., were found for surgeons exposed to electrosurgical smoke resulted from using Pulsed Electron Avalanche Knife (PEAK) as compared to using electrocautery. In addition, sevoflurane, one kind of anesthetic gas, in breath samples increased as the surgical time lasting longer (p = 0.011), and its maximum level in surgeries already exceeded the action level. The findings of the present study indicated that surgeons and the relevant healthcare workers in surgeries were substantially exposed to VOCs in electrosurgical smoke and attention-requiring anesthetic gas exposure were also very common. It is urged that the hospitals adopt necessary prevention measures and improve ventilation system in order to protect the surgeons and the relevant healthcare workers in surgeries. Keywords: electrosurgical smoke, volatile organic compound, anesthetic, breath sample, surgery Corresponding author: [email protected] 170 POSTER SESSION Indoor Aerosols [ PS0005 ] PS-IA15 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of Particulate Matter Concentrations in an Office Building During Different Time Periods Y.H. CHENG1,* and G.W. YEN1 1 Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT In this study, TSI SMPS and Grimm OPC were used to measure indoor PM10, PM2.5, particle number size distribution and particle mass size distribution in an office building. Additionally, Aethalometer was used to measure black carbon (BC) mass concentration at the same time. The measurement results show that PM concentrations inside the office building were significantly influenced by the outdoor conditions. Additionally, the PM in the ambient air could be preliminary removed through the gas supply system of the building. The concentrations of indoor PM, BC, TP and UFP in the winter season were higher than those in spring season. According to the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10, the most PMs in this office building were in the fine size range, suggesting some of coarser particles in this building could be removed through the ventilation system. Additionally, a part of the coarser particles inside the building was resulting from the indoor activities of the staffs. The Ångström value was about 1.2 during the winter season, indicating the BC source in the winter season was not only from transportation but also from biomass burning. Regardless of the different seasons between winter and spring, the percentages of the UFP number concentration occupied in the TP number concentration inside this building were slightly lower than those in outdoor. Furthermore, a significant coarse mode could be clearly observed from the particle mass size distribution during working hours (9 a.m.-8 p.m.) in winter and spring seasons, while this coarse mode during the non-working hours (9 p.m.-8 a.m.) was not obvious. This result re-confirmed that coarse particles in this indoor environment were caused by the activities of the staffs or due to the re-suspending of particulates during working hours. Keywords: Office building, PM10, PM2.5, Black carbon, Ångström value Corresponding author: [email protected] 171 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0506 ] PS-IM01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Novel Miniature Inverted Burner for the Steady Generation of Soot Particles Jason OLFERT1*, Mohsen KAZEMIMANESH1 and Jordan TITOSKY1 1 University of Alberta, Canada ABSTRACT A miniature inverted burner was designed and its emitted soot nanoparticles were studied. The burner consisted of two co-annular tubes for fuel and co-flow air. The fuel of choice was ethylene due to its high sooting tendency. The generated flame was an inverted diffusion flame, enclosed in a quartz tube. Part of the co-flow air near the flame was used for the combustion of fuel while the rest of the co-flow air in the vicinity of the quartz tube diluted the combustion products downstream of the flame, without the need for a secondary dilution. Three different sizes for the fuel tube (1.75, 3.35, and 5.54 mm in diameter) and the co-flow air tube (16, 24, and 30 mm in diameter) were tested to investigate the effect of geometry on flame stability and emission of soot particles. Different fuel and air flow rates were also tested to study the characteristics of the soot emissions from the burner. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to determine the soot particle size distribution in each case. The effect of adding nitrogen to the fuel flow on the particle emissions was also studied for various fuel to nitrogen ratios. Results showed that only the large co-flow air tube could generate a flame with a dynamic range of soot particle concentration. The flame had a closed tip with low particle concentration for lower fuel flow rates, while it was open tip with high particle concentration beyond a certain threshold for the fuel flow rate. Small and medium sized co-flow tubes resulted in a closed tip flame due to overventilation. The results showed that for the large co-flow geometry, the size distribution of soot particles did not change much with variation in the air flow rate and, therefore, the air flow rate was held constant at 10 SLPM (standard litres per minute at 25°C and 101.325 kPa); however, the particle size distributions were strongly dependent on the fuel flow rate. Concentration and count median mobility diameter of soot particles changed significantly with fuel flow rate until it reached a saturation state and the size of particles did not change noticeably. For fuel flow rates of 0.087, 0.096, 0.113, and 0.130 SLPM, the total concentration of soot particles was 2.35×10^5, 1.37×10^6, 1.91×10^7, and 3.66×107 cm-3, respectively. For the same fuel flow conditions, the count median diameter of soot particles was 85, 140, 166, and 168 nm, respectively. Addition of nitrogen to the fuel flow caused a decrease in both particle mobility diameter as well as particle concentration for nitrogen to fuel ratios of up to 44%. Repeatability tests suggested that the miniature inverted burner could be used in applications such as a portable source of soot nanoparticles with good reproducibility in particle size and concentration. Keywords: Inverted burner, soot generator, Particle size distribution Corresponding author: [email protected] 172 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0466 ] PS-IM02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Universal Spot Sampler: A New Approach with Unlimited Possibilities for the Chemical Characterization of Ambient Aerosols Arantzazu EIGUREN1*, Patricia KEADY2, Gregory LEWIS1 and Susanne HERING1 1 Aerosol Dynamics Inc., USA 2 Aerosol Devices Inc., USA ABSTRACT Here we present an advanced approach for the time-resolved collection of concentrated samples of ambient aerosol particles. The Universal Spot Sampler combines the simplicity of filter sampling with the completeness and automatization of real-time instruments. The system used a moderated three-stage, laminar-flow water condensation technique to collect airborne particles as concentrated dry spots (1-mm dia.) or liquid suspensions. Up to 33 uninterrupted, dry samples can be collected for periods of time ranging from minutes, to hours, to a day. Different collection matrices are available depending on the analysis conducted in the laboratory for chemical characterization. The system is field deployable and can run unattended for weeks. The Universal Spot Sampler has been validated for time-resolved characterization of ambient concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfate and nitrate. Dry samples collected with the Universal Spot Sampler have also been analyzed by 2D-Thermodesorption gas chromatography (2D-TDGC-MS) and nano-Direct ElectroSpray Ionization (nanoDESI) for characterization of the organic composition of airborne particle samples, and by Laser Induced Breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for elemental analysis. The Universal Spot Sampler is also capable of collecting soluble and insoluble constituents of particles as concentrated liquid suspensions (~400 µL) eliminating the extraction and pre-concentration steps required for the analysis of samples collected on filters. Liquid samples can be directly analyzed on-line by liquid chromatography to identify and quantify water soluble inorganics and organics, as well as bioaerosols. Anions, cations and carbohydrates have been easily measured by ion chromatography. These are only few examples of the possibilities that the Universal Spot Sampler can provide to the atmospheric aerosol research community for better characterization of the chemical properties of ambient particulate matter, in a time-resolved manner. Keywords: airborne particles, time-resolved collection, chemical characterization Corresponding author: [email protected] 173 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0465 ] PS-IM03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 An On-line Monitor of the Oxidative Capacity of Airborne Particulate Matter (o-MOCA) Nathan KREISBERG1, Susanne HERING1 and Arantzazu EIGUREN1* 1 Aerosol Dynamics Inc., USA ABSTRACT We have developed a laboratory prototype of an on-line, field-deployable instrument for the time-resolved quantification of the capacity of airborne particles to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our approach adapts the widely accepted dithioerythreitol (DTT) redox assay to on-line analysis of concentrated samples of airborne particles collected directly into sub-milliliter volumes of liquid using our firm’s condensationallyenhanced particle collection technology. The on-line Monitor of the Oxidative Capacity of Airborne Particulate Matter (o-MOCA) consists of a liquid collector coupled to a chemical module where the DTT analysis is conducted in-situ. The liquid collector is uniquely capable of collecting both soluble and insoluble constituents of airborne particles, and employs moderate temperatures to achieve particle growth, so that the sample is never subjected to temperatures above approximately 35 ℃. The standard DTT assay has been modified for fast (30 min) analysis and coupled to the liquid collector for programmed sample transfer. The concentrated nature of the suspension allows measuring the oxidative potential of particulate matter with time resolution of a few hours. The system was optimized and tested using 9,10-Phenanthroquinone (PQ). A linear response in DTT consumption rate (µM/min) with PQ concentration was obtained. The o-MOCA chemical module was validated using a diesel exhaust particle (DEP) extract, which has been well characterized over the years and used for the development and validation of the standard DTT analysis (provided courtesy of Dr. Arthur Cho; University of California at Los Angeles). This extract has bee. The DTT consumption rates (nmol/min) obtained with the o-MOCA were within experimental uncertainties of those reported by the UCLA group over a range of DEP concentrations. Our fully automated o-MOCA prototype was operated unattended for 3 days, collecting and analyzing 3-hr ambient particulate matter samples. Keywords: airborne particles, oxidative potential, on-line time-resolved measurement, DTT assay Corresponding author: [email protected] 174 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0457 ] PS-IM04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Online Measurement of Trace Multi-Elemental Aerosols Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy Hiroyuki HAGINO1*, Martin TANNER2, Olga BOROVINSKAYA2, Toshihide HIKITA3, Akio SHIMONO4, Kohei NISHIGUCHI5 and Yusuke MIZUNO6 1 Japan Automobile Research Institute, Japan 2 Tofwerk, Switzerland 3 Shoreline Science Research, Japan 4 Science Research, Japan 5 J-SCIENCE LAB, Japan 6 Horiba, Japan ABSTRACT Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is widely used when rapid and sensitive detection for a wide range of elements of airborne particles is required in many situations, such as the monitoring of the ambient particulate matter (PM), emission sources, and the clean room air for semiconductor manufacture processes. In analysis by ICP-MS, the airborne particles are usually collected on filters and elemental analysis is carried out through pre-processing on the resultant sample, as well known as off-line analysis. This off-line analysis using ICP-MS takes time for a day or a few days, and reduces the time resolution about the behaviour of particle concentration. For on-line and real-time analysis of aerosol samples using ICP-MS, the gas exchange devices (GED) which followed by the replacement of air with argon and transported to the ICP-MS is need to be equipped due to sustaining the plasma (Nishiguchi et al., 2008). The bulk aerosol sample were produced by a GED with ICP-QMS that exchanges the gas molecules from air to Ar the resulting gas-converted air sample can be introduced directly into the ICP-MS instrument. However, the ICP-MS used a quadrupole mass spectrometer (ICP-QMS), a detailed study on the signal fine structure with scanning-based mass spectrometers but no simultaneous multi-element measurement was possible. In order to further improve time resolution of the ICP-QMS and to extend its capabilities to determine single particle information, ICP-MS equipped with the Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ICP-TOFMS) was developed recently (e.g. Martine and Günther, 2008) and provied commercially (icpTOF, Tofwerk). This study describes a direct trace multi-elemental aerosol measurement in which an icpTOF (Aerosol-icpTOF) has been eqipped with a GED (GEDIII, J-Science Laboratory). This Aerosol-icpTOF is the real-time, field-deployable, aerosol mass spectrometer that is capable of directly distinguishing the elemental composition of ions having the same nominal mass and will be described the more details in elsewhere (Hagino et al., In-preparation). The trace elements in ambient PM2.5 measured by the Aerosol-icpTOF and the Continuous Particulate Monitor with X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) (Model PX375, HORIBA). The icpTOF and XRF are a fundamentally different instruments. However, the high degree of correlation as trace element concentrations increase and decrease during the 1-h time or more high time resolution and the quantitative ability of the Aerosol-icpTOF. This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (5-1605) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. Nishiguchi, K., et al. (2008) J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom. 23:1125–1129. Tanner M, Günther D. (2008) Anal Bioanal Chem. 391:1211-20. Keywords: Aerosol Mass Spectrometry, Trace Metal, High Time Resolved Monitoring Corresponding author: [email protected] 175 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0450 ] PS-IM05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Need of a High-Volume PM2.5 Sampler for Performing Better Gravimetric Measurements and Chemical Analyses S.G. AGGARWAL1, P. PATEL1, C.J. TSAI2, D. SONI1, K. SINGH1, T. OKUDA3*, R.K. KOTNALA1, V.N. OJHA1 and D.K. ASWAL1 1 CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan 3 Department of Applied Chemistry, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan 2 ABSTRACT Ambient particulate matters those having aerodynamic size equal or less than 2.5 µm are called PM2.5. Because they penetrate deep in to the lungs, and also impact on visibility as well as local weather conditions, they are categorized as one of the criteria pollutants listed in National Ambient Air Quality standards (NAAQS) of different countries. Also, because of their adverse health and climate effects, air quality of a station which is generally express in terms of Air Quality Index (AQI) is significantly governed by this criteria pollutant. Therefore, firstly reliable measurement of this parameter of NAAQS is very important to better understand the air quality and its consequences, and thus to make a better control policy. Secondly, because for health effect studies, particle size and its chemistry both matter, particle chemical composition determination is also equally important task. Thirdly, to make a perfect control policy of PM2.5, it is also very important to know the correct sources of particulate pollution especially in urban environment. Therefore, chemical analysis of tracers in particulate matter is an important task. Filter based gravimetric mass measurement involves the mass of PM2.5 which is collected on a filter while drawing of a known volume of ambient air through it using a sampler. In the upper part of the sampler, an impactor or cyclone inlet is used to segregate > 2.5 µm size particles and thus allow PM2.5 to be collected on filter. In the reference method of Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USA, it is mentioned that the flow rate of size selective inlet should be 1 m3/h (16.67 lpm), and filter size (diameter), where the particles are collected should be 37 mm. Therefore, while using reference method, a highly sensitive balance is required to measure low mass of this small filter and particulate mass collected due to low flow rate. Electrostatic charge on the filter further adds the uncertainty in the PM2.5 mass measurements. Therefore, a high-volume PM2.5 is needed to overcome three major problems arising when low-volume sampler is used, (i) because of high-volume flow, large PM mass is collected, so less sensitive (~10 mg) balance can be used for routine measurements of PM2.5 mass, (ii) large filter (8×10 inches) is used, so it is preferable for chemical composition analysis and source tracing of PM2.5, (iii) because of large filter and mass, less error due to charge effect is observed while measuring mass using electronics balance. As a result, several high-volume PM2.5 samplers are available commercially in international market. A new design of PM2.5 impactor assembly is studied and developed, which has several advantages over commercially available inlets of PM2.5 sampler. Keywords: PM2.5, High-Volume, Gravimetric Measurements, Chemical Analyses 176 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0437 ] PS-IM06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Experimental Method to Evaluate Malfunction of SMPS Using ESP Yun-Haeng JOE1*, Joonmok SHIM1 and Hyun-Seol PARK1 1 Korea institute of energy research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Ultrafine particles are intentionally manufactured as engineered materials for applications in both medicine and technology. In the test using nanoparticles, SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) has been widely used for analyzing the particle size distribution. Even though the accuracy of size distribution data obtained from SMPS is very important, there is no tentative method to self-diagnosis of SMPS malfunctions. In this study, a simple Lab. scale experiment was suggested for evaluating the malfunction of SMPS using an ESP (electrostatic precipitator). The malfunction of SMPS was investigated by comparing experimental collection efficiency of ESP against neutralized particles with theoretical maximum efficiency. Two different sets of SMPS were used for measuring the particle number concentrations and size distributions. It was found that the SMPS in an abnormal condition can be distinguished by the proposed method, and the method had robustness to the type and state of a neutralizer, flow rate, and particle concentration. This work was conducted under framework of the research and development program of the Korea Institute of Energy Research (B7-2435-01). Keywords: SMPS, malfunction, ESP, particle size distribution Corresponding author: [email protected] 177 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0426 ] PS-IM07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of On-Line Heavy Metal Analyzer Using X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Mijin CHOI1*, Gwanhoon YOON1, Sungchan KIM1, Wonhee HAN1, Myeongbok KIM1 and Geunsung PARK1 1 APM Engineering Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Recent the hazardous metal components in atmosphere have been risen by the increasing the occurrence of an event of yellow dust and high concentration fine dust incoming from China. Following the nation basic ambient air policy, the atmospheric environment standard of lead have been presented below 0.5 ㎍/㎥ for a year. But Cd, Cr, As, Hg and Ni affected human body by long-term exposure have been managed without additional environmental standards. There are Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP) and Atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS) on the instrument for analysing the heavy metal. But both are passive analysis method and need pre-treatment before analysis. So a lot of time and manpower were required for analysis. Unlike the two methods, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) as non-destruction method using X-ray was simple and able to be real-time analysis. Despite these advantages, process test method for measuring metal component of the nation ambient air had to admit only ICP and AAS. However, in the United States, it has been recognized by XRF method that could also process the real-time analysis, and has been manufactured by company. But is has not been developed in Korea. This study carry out the development of analyzer for the real-time monitoring of hazardous metal components in the atmosphere in domestic technology combining a number of elements of the measurement and analysis techniques based on the X-ray fluorescence analysis. Keywords: Heavy metal, Particulate Matter 2.5, X-ray fluorescence, On-line, A Corresponding author: [email protected] 178 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0419 ] PS-IM08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Nanoparticles Release Test from Nanoproducts Using a Chamber System Gun Ho LEE1*, Hong Ku LEE1, Hee Ram EUN1, Yong Hee PARK1, Il Je YU2 and Kang-Ho AHN1 1 Hanyang University, Republic of Korea 2 Hoseo University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Nanotechnology is one of the most important technology in the 21st century. As the development of nanotechnology, the interest in the safety of nanoproducts are increasing. The US, Europe and some other countries have sought a regulation at the national level. Sometimes the import and export of nanoproducts are limited. Therefore, the need for safety verification of nanoproducts are further emphasized. According to the use and disposal of the nanoproducts, which is made with nanomaterial, it can be released and affect people. Therefore, we check the amount of nanomaterial, which is released from nanoproducts, and have to judge the safety. In this study, we have studied about nanomaterial which is released from nanoproducts of composite type, which combined nanomaterial and polymer, by abrasion. For the nanoparticles release test from nanoproducts, we used a chamber system. To avoid generating charged particles by abrasion as happened in the acryl made chamber, the chamber was made by stainless steel with consideration of placing abrasor inside of chamber. Air inlet and outlet were placed in the upper part and lower part of chamber, respectively. A charcoal filter was inserted in the air inlet to inflow clean air and a perforated plate to get uniformly mixed particle flow was installed in the outlet. Condensation particle counter (CPC) and optical particle counter (OPC) were installed downstream of the perforated plate to count particle number and to measure particle size. More detail information of this study will be presented at the conference. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the “Development of technologies for safety evaluation and standardization of nanomaterials and nanoproducts (10059135)” Through the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology by the Korea Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Nanomaterials, Release, Nanocomposites, Chamber Corresponding author: [email protected] 179 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0418 ] PS-IM09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Atmospheric Aerosol Measurement Using Tethered Balloon Package System (TBPS) Yonghee PARK1*, Hongku LEE1, Gunho LEE1, Heeram EUN1, Heesang KIM1, Wooyoung KIM1, Jaehyeok BAE1 and Kang-Ho AHN1 1 Hanyang University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT It is important to understand the atmospheric aerosols compositions and size distributions since they greatly affect the environment and human health. Particles in the convection layer have been a great concern in global climate changes. To understand these characteristics satellite, aircraft, and radio sonde measurement methods have usually been used. An aircraft aerosol sampling using a filter and/or impactor was the method commonly used (Jay, 2003). However, the flight speed particle sampling had some technical limitations (Hermann, 2001). Moreover, the flight legal limit, altitude, prohibited airspace, flight time, and cost was another demerit. To overcome some of these restrictions, Tethered Balloon Package System (T.B.P.S.) and Recoverable vertical atmospheric PM-sounding Apparatus (RAPA) were developed with a very light optical particle counter (OPC), impactor, and condensation particle counter (CPC), Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer(SMPS). Not only does it collect and measure atmospheric aerosols depending on altitudes, but it also monitors the atmospheric conditions, temperature, humidity, wind velocity, pressure, GPS data, during the measurement (Eun, 2013). In this research, atmospheric aerosol measurement using Tethered Balloon Package System (T.B.P.S.) in Ansan area is performed and the measurement results will be presented. Keywords: CPC, OPC, SMPS, Balloon, Real-time Corresponding author: [email protected] 180 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0411 ] PS-IM10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Application of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Real Time Detection of Contamination Particles in Industrial Fabrication Process. Hae Bum LEE1*, Hyunok MAENG1, Gibaek KIM1, Kyoungtae KIM1 and Kihong PARK1 1 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT A fabrication process in industry was typically done under harsh conditions (e.g., high temperature and low pressure), generating contamination particles. Such particles have caused defects leading to yield degradation in fabrication process. Rapid detection of the contamination particles is required so that defects can be minimized during semiconductor manufacturing. To determine elemental composition of contamination particles in real time, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique has been used as a tool for multi-element detection of diverse samples in real time. In this study, a modular type of aerosol-LIBS was developed to be easily adapted into pre-existing tubes and chambers used in the fabrication system on site. For example, the modular chamber can be connected to exhaust line in semiconductor process. The modular aerosol-LIBS consists of a pulse laser (1064 nm, 650 mJ/pulse, Surelite II-10, Continuum Inc., USA), a modular aerosol chamber, and a spectrometer (Aurora, Applied Spectra Inc., USA) with a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector. Laser beam and emitted light from micro-plasma pass through the view port window. Heating tape and oil vacuum pump were used to control temperature and pressure inside the modular aerosol chamber. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) aerosols produced by atomizer were used to evaluate the analytical performance of the modular LIBS developed in this study. The Ca peak in LIBS spectra was not dependent on the surrounding temperature (25-200 oC). Further tests are in progress. Keywords: LIBS, Contamination particles, Elemental composition, Real-time Corresponding author: [email protected] 181 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0407 ] PS-IM11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of a Triggering-Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) System for Real-Time Detection of Elements in a Single Particle Hyunok MAENG1*, Hoseung CHAE1, Heesung LEE1, Gibaek KIM1, Haebum LEE1, Kyoungtae KIM2, Jihyun KWAK1, Gangnam CHO1 and Kihong PARK1 1 GIST, Republic of Korea Samsung Electronics, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Elemental composition of atmospheric aerosols has been commonly determined by using filter-based technique. These filtered aerosols are extracted by pretreatment method with subsequent analysis such as atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These techniques require a relatively long sampling time (12-24 hours) and a series of pre-treatment steps. In addition, these techniques are not suitable for single particle analysis. On the other hand, the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique can be used to determine elemental composition of single particles in real time. However, hitting efficiency (%) is significantly low under the free-firing laser condition (i.e., constant pulse laser firing) when particle concentration is low. Thus, we developed a triggering-LIBS system in which the pulse laser hits a particle at pre-determined time intervals which can relatively improve the hitting efficiency at low particle concentrations. This system employs a continuous wave (CW) laser in front of a pulse laser as a trigger source. The triggering-LIBS system consists of an aerosol generation, a size classification, and the LIBS measurement systems. Evaluation of a triggering-LIBS system was conducted by using laboratorygenerated particles (CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2, and KCl) at various number concentration (100 – 100,000 particle/ cm3) and size (200 – 600 nm) ranges. As a result, hitting efficiency (%) improved significantly with more than 26 times at 1,000 particles/cm3 and lower limits of detection, in terms of particle size (~200 nm) and number concentration (<100 particles/cm3), were achieved compared to those obtained under free-firing laser condition. In conclusion, this study suggests that the triggering-LIBS system can be a useful tool for elemental detection of a single particle in real-time. Keywords: LIBS, Single particle, Elemental composition, Triggering system Corresponding author: [email protected] 182 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0381 ] PS-IM12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of PM2.5 Organic and Elemental Carbon Analyzer J.H. KANG1, Y.D. KIM1*, M.E. KIM1, J.Y. LEE1, J.S. JUNG1, S. LEE1 1 Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) is one of major components of ambient PM and generally classified into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) by thermal optical analysis. The method uses differences in thermal and optical properties between organic PM and elemental PM for analytical separation. In this study, a new OC/EC analyser (KRISS OCEC analyser) is developed based on the thermal optical method. The performance of the new OC/EC analyser was evaluated by comparing OC and EC results with those of a commercial analyser. Prior to the performance evaluation, both analysers were calibrated with the same sucrose standard solutions. The performance evaluation was conducted with both standards and ambient PM2.5 samples. For the standards, as shown in Figure 1, results from both analysers agrees well with an excellent linearity. For ambient PM2.5 samples, results are compared for total carbon (TC), OC, and EC (Figure 2). Preliminary results from both analysers typically agrees well within the reported uncertainties. TC results agree within 3% while OC and EC results are within 6% and 7%, respectively. More performance tests will be conducted to fully evaluate the new OCEC analyser in the future. Keywords: PM2.5, organic carbon, elemental carbon, thermal optical analysis 183 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0371 ] PS-IM13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Extending the Use of 1nm-Growth Enhancers to a Wider Range of CPCs Axel ZERRATH1*, Jacob SCHECKMAN1, Juergen SPIELVOGEL2 and Andrea TIWARI1 1 TSI Inc., USA TSI GmbH, Germany 2 ABSTRACT In recent years, nano-aerosol measurements were extended down to 1 nm, bridging the gap between conventional particle and ion/cluster mass spectroscopic measurements. Particle measurements in this size range are valuable for researchers investigating nucleation ([4], [8]), nanoparticle synthesis ([2]), and combustion ([1]). Initially, only particle counting was extended down to 1 nm (Iida et al, 2009) with the use of a growth enhancer preceding the standard Condensation Particle Counter (CPC). This nano growth enhancer utilizes Diethylene glycol (DEG) to grow particles large enough to be counted by the succeeding Butanolbased condensation particle counter. Such a CPC was then also used in a typical SMPS system along with a TSI Model 3085 nano-DMA ([5]). In 2016, the first fully integrated commercially available SMPS system capable of measuring size distributions down to 1nm (TSI 3938E77) was released. This system combines an Electrostatic Classifier (TSI Model 3082), DMA (TSI Model 3086 1nm-DMA) optimized for performance down to 1nm, DEGbased Nano Enhancer (TSI Model 3777) and CPC (TSI Model 3772). Although the majority of SMPS systems operate with a Butanol-based CPC, a significant number of systems are configured with Water-based CPCs (WCPCs). In this study, the compatibility of alternate CPCs with the 1 nm SMPS system was tested using an alternate Butanol and a water-based CPC. Test aerosol was generated by vaporizing NaCl in a 430 °C tube furnace ([7]). Aerosol was not preclassified prior to measurement by the SMPS. A flow equalizer was used to allow the Nano Enhancer to operate at its design flow rate. Size distributions measured by the standard system and by the alternate systems agreed on average integrated number concentration by 6-10%; this value compares very favorably with a previous large study of side-by-side SMPS performance ([6]) which used a particle size distribution peaking at ~ 40 nm. A similar degree of agreement was found between the standard configuration and a configuration using a non-standard Butanol-CPC. The results of this study describe the conditions under which the Nano Enhancer, model 3777, can be used with other Butanol- and water-based CPC models. Keywords: nanoparticles, instrumentation, particle nucleation, SMPS Corresponding author: [email protected] 184 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0358 ] PS-IM14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Investigation of Process Mediated Particle Characteristics Using PBMS Dongbin KIM1*, Hyeongu KIM2, Ju-Young YUN3, Sang-Woo KANG3 and Taesung KIM1 1 Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Republic of Korea Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institute of Nano Technology, Sungkyunkwan Univ., Republic of Korea 3 Vacuum Center, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT As semiconductor device is developed with its degree of integration near 10 nm, sufficiently small particles within several nanometer which brought into the semiconductor fabrication process were affected on process yield drop. Current methods to measure particles in vacuum condition semiconductor fabrication process chambers are needed to prepare samples by collect particles in the way of deposition or settling on sample wafers. Sampled particles are then analyzed using ex-situ methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate its shape or energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate its composition. These methods are widely using in process diagnosis because, the gained information of particles involve significantly on process yield. However they have problems on additional costs on sample wafers to measure, and these methods neither can measure the particle size distribution well, thus it is hard to treat immediately in contaminants occurring, or unexpected process changes. By the problems occurred when using ex-situ methods, in-situ measurement devices using diversity of fundamentals were developed. A device called in-situ particle monitor (ISPM) is using light as the source to measure the size of particles in vacuum condition, but most of commercialized ISPMs are using the laser which emits the light around 780 nm, it only can detect particles over 200 nm [1]. Hence, particle beam mass spectrometer (PBMS) was developed to overcome the problems of ISPM. PBMS can contribute the particle size distribution of nano-scale particles inside vacuum condition in real time by measuring the charged particle current at faraday cup [2]. It also can provide information for process steps by monitoring signals to diagnose issues mediated by particles. In this research, calibrated PBMS was used to monitor each thin film deposition process includes PECVD, MOCVD and other types of CVDs. With the additional analysis results gained by TEM, SEM or other analysis methods, it is identified that PBMS can contribute to clarify the cause of particle creation. Keywords: PBMS, Semiconductor, CVD, Particle, In-situ Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 185 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0325 ] PS-IM15 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 High Spatial Resolution Aerosol Lidar with a Multispectral Detector Masanori YABUKI1*, Fumiya KITAFUJI1 and Toshitaka TSUDA1 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan ABSTRACT Aerosol lidar, which is an active optical remote sensing technique used in aerosol profiling, is conventionally associated with long-range measurements at maximum resolutions of several meters. Recent improvements in the performance of short-pulse lasers and high-sampling-rate detectors have led to the development of lidar systems with high spatiotemporal resolution. These systems offer the possibility of performing high-sensitivity monitoring of indoor aerosol particles and measuring aerosol emissions from in-use vehicles. In this study, we propose the use of high spatial resolution lidar with a multispectral detector to construct a system that can obtain the detailed spatial distribution of aerosol particles in a small area. The spectral detection component of the aerosol lidar consists of a grating and a photomultiplier (PMT) tube array that enables the simultaneous acquisition of 32-channel photon counts with a maximum range resolution of 9.4 cm. Multispectral observation offers the advantage of estimating particle size information using their wavelength dependence as well as observing other species such as ozone and water vapor by detecting the Raman scattering. Here we have designed a prototype system equipped with a 10 cm receiving telescope at a diode-laser-pumped Nd:YAG laser of 532 nm at a high-repetition rate (~1 kHz). In this presentation, we introduce our proposed system as well as the preliminary results of the high range resolution lidar for observing the spatial distribution of particles near the source of the pollutant plume. Keywords: lidar, high spatial resolution, aerosol particles Corresponding author: [email protected] 186 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0257 ] PS-IM16 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Study on Particulate Collecting Efficiency and Jet to Sintering Filter Distance of Inertial Impactor C.H. HUANG1* and I.C. WANG1 1 Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Taiwan ABSTRACT Inertial impactor is one of the most important ways for separating particle size characteristics of biological or chemical assessment research in air pollution. This study used an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle to generate particles to test the particulate collecting efficiency and jet to sintering filter distance effect of an inertial impactor. The concentrations of the inlet and outlet of the impactor installed in the lower section of the test chamber were measured by an aerodynamic particle sizer to determine the particulate collecting efficiency. The results show that the particulate collecting efficiencies of the impactor with the flat impaction are lower than those with the sintering filter impaction for the nozzle diameter of 8.5mm and the pore size of 100 µm. In addition, the particulate collecting efficiencies of the impactor with the larger pore sizes are higher than those with smaller pore sizes of the sintering filter impaction. The study investigated the influence of the jet to sintering filter distance on the particulate collecting efficiencies of the impactor. Numerical calculations for the particulate collecting efficiencies of the impactor will be conducted. The numerical analysis including the flow field of the impactor was calculated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations in the cylindrical coordinate. The particle equations of motion was solved numerically for the particulate collecting efficiencies of the impactor. Keywords: impactor, particulate, collecting efficiency Corresponding author: [email protected] 187 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0208 ] PS-IM17 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of a Downsized Virtual Impactor for PM2.5/10 Mass Concentration Measurements for Stack Samplings Sho OKAMOTO1* 1 Kogakuin University, Japan ABSTRACT m) at its 1st stage remained high while the classification performance of the 2nd stage for PM2.5 satisfied the ISO standard requirements. In this work, we attempted to develop a downsized device which had a lower loss fraction for the coarse particles and the satisfactory classification performance by performing numerical analyses using a CFD software to seek a more adequate internal structure of the downsized device. As a result, it was found that the loss fraction of the coarse particles was successfully lowered by downsizing the classification stage, and that there were a minimum clearance between the neighboring sampling nozzles to satisfy the specified classification performance.μ75 mm). In addition, the loss fraction of coarse particles (10 ΦRegulation by the mass concentration of PM2.5 has been initiated in Japan since April 2010. However, the current status for PM2.5 emission from stationary sources has insufficiently recognized compared to mobile ones. Our group has commercialized the two-stage virtual impactor (VI) suitable for in-stack particle sampling at a high concentration for measurements of PM2.5/10 mass concentration in 2013 (Fig.1). However, the current version of VI had an issue that samplings by inserting the main body of the device through a sampling port was impossible at oversea plants due to its narrower diameter (about 1432/ characters Keywords: PM2.5, Atmospheric environment, Virtual impactor, CFD analysis 188 POSTER SESSION Instrumentation and Measurement [ PS0160 ] PS-IM18 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Aerosol Temperature and Humidity Effects of the Evaporation Loss of PM2.5 Water Soluble Inorganic Ions from Filter Samplers Pei-Yun SHIH1, Chuen-Jinn TSAI1, Thi Cuc LE1* and Sneha GAUTAM1 1 National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan ABSTRACT Field study was conducted at National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) campus in Hsinchu, Taiwan to understand the evaporation loss of WSIs (water soluble inorganic ions), including NH4 +, NO3-, Cl- and SO42-, of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during filter sampling. During December 8th, 2015 to December 17th, 2016, thirty daily PM2.5 samples were collected by the MFPPS (Multi-Filter PM10- PM2.5 Sampler) in four PM2.5 channels: two Porous-Metal Denuder Samplers (PDS1 and PDS2), a single filter sampler, and a chilled single filter sampler in which the filter cassette is chilled to 4 oC after the aerosol is dried by a nafion dryer. The resultant relative humidity of the sampled aerosol stream was normally reduced to below 20 %. In the filter pack, PDS1 used a Teflon filter as the front filter, nylon and citric-acid coated glass fibers as the back filters while PDS2 did not use the Teflon filter. The daily average PM2.5, act concentration ranged from 11.12 to 52.76 μg/m3 with the average of 27.10 ± 13.57 μg/m3. In all sampling channels, SO42- concentrations were all very close since it is a non-evaporating species. No significant differences in other WSI concentrations measured by both denuder samplers were observed. This indicated that there is no need to have the Teflon filter as the front filter in the filter pack if only ion concentrations are to be measured. Using the PDS1 results as the reference values, the NMBs (normalized mean biases) of NH4+、NO3- and Cl- concentrations of the single Teflon filter were -22.20 、-31.28 and -70.41 %, respectively, which were decreased to -6.17、1.04 and 4.85% for the chilled Teflon filter. Total evaporation loss of PM2.5 WSIs from the single Teflon and chilled Teflon filters represented 8.37 and -0.01 % in PM2.5 mass concentration, respectively. Therefore, the evaporation loss of PM2.5 WSIs was suppressed effectively by lowing the sampling temperature to 4 oC. However, if the chilled Teflon filters were weighed after filter conditioning for 24 hours, the gravimetric mass concentration were found to be slightly higher than the actual PM2.5 concentrations determined by the PDS1. This pointed out that remaining water contained in the samples of the chilled Teflon filters was slightly more than that of normal filter samples. The influence of the remaining water in the filter samples on gravimetric analysis is still under investigation. Acknowledgements: The final support of this work by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology via the contracts NSC 101-2221-E-009-066-MY3 and MOST105-2622-8-009-007-TE4 is gratefully acknowledged. Keywords: Filter sampler, sampling artifact, Denuder, Evaporation loss, PM2.5 Corresponding author: [email protected] 189 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0487 ] PS-MP01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 The Reduction of Nickel Oxide in the Hydrogen Reduction Fluidized Bed Reactors Jae Rang LEE1*, Naim HASOLLI1, Seong Min JEON1, Kang San LEE1, Kwang Deuk KIM1 and Young Ok PARK1 1 Korea Institute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Multi-stage fluidized bed reactors for hydrogen reduction has been used for reduction of metal oxides. In this work, a novel two-stage fluidized bed hydrogen reduction process for production of high purity nickel power and low density in a fluidized bed reactor has been developed. The low grade NiO powder has a bulk density of 4.1g/cm3 and a particle size below 10μm. All of the experiments were performed in the two stage fluidized bed hydrogen reactor. For the experiment of two stage fluidized bed hydrogen reduction, the NiO power were pre-reduced at temperature range from 450 to 550oC for approximately 30 min in the first stage reactor. Ni particles were moved to the fluidized bed cooling reactor which was cooled to room temperature by N2 gas before the products were obtained and sealed. The phase structures of the products were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence method (XRF). The samples of the NiO were investigated to estimate the gas consumption ratio for given amount of the ore to be reduced and to observe the influence of the main reduction parameters on reduction rate. At a consumption rate of 2000Nm3/ton-ore, almost all samples reach the level of reduction above 90% for operation temperature of 550oC. For the temperature range between 450 and 650oC and the hydrogen consumption ratio of 3500Nm3/ton-ore, the reduction rate reaches the level of above 95%. Results show that temperature effect is well confirmed with the results from other research works and shows the temperature range at which the reduction ratio can be seen as the highest. The fluidized bed hydrogen reduction concept has been evaluated and the results suggest that the process can be successfully applied for hydrogen reduction of NiO to produce highly pure Ni powders. Keywords: fluidized bed, hydrogen reduction, nickel oxide, reduction ratio Corresponding author: [email protected] 190 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0486 ] PS-MP02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Enhanced Antimicrobial Efficacy of Thermal-Reduced Silver Nanoparticles Supported by Titanium Dioxide Wan-Tien SHEN1* 1 National Yang-Ming University Institute of Environmental and Occupational Healt, Taiwan ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Silver has historically been known as a potent antimicrobial agent, and Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively studied in recent years because they exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity than silver salts. However, The antimicrobial efficacy of AgNPs is influenced by many factors, including the particle size, AgNP oxidation state, and support materials. To evaluate the factors, we prepared AgNPs synthesized and supported by two types of TiO2 powders (P25 and Merck TiO2) with two heat-treatment temperatures (120 and 200°C). METHODS: The silver nitrate solution was mixed with TiO2 powders, and the mixing ratio of water solution to Merck and P25 TiO2 powders was 0.8 and 1.1 mL of H2O/g-TiO2, respectively. After stirring, the resultant mixture was heated at 120 or 200°C for 24 h. Then, the agglomerate of AgNPs/TiO2 was obtained, which was ground into a fine powder with an agate mortar. The AgNP antimicrobial activity was determined by the zone of inhibition against three fungi, A. niger, P. spinulosum and S. chartarum, and two bacteria, E. coli (Gram-negative) and S. epidermidis (Gram-positive). Then the critical (minimum) concentration (Cc) of AgNPs required inhibiting the growth of microbes was determined. RESULTS: The formation of well-dispersed AgNPs with diameters ranging from 3.2 to 5.7 nm was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction indicated that the majority of the AgNPs were reduced from Ag+ to Ag0 at 200°C. Moreover, the AgNPs supported by P25 TiO2 treated at a higher temperature of 200°C (AgNPs/P25-200°C) have a narrower size distribution and smaller sizes than those treated at 120°C (AgNPs/ P25-120°C). The AgNPs exhibited optimal antimicrobial efficacy when the AgNPs dispersion on the surface of TiO2 was in the region between 0.2 and 0.7 μg-Ag/m^2. The critical (minimum) AgNPs concentrations needed to inhibit the growth of bacteria (E. coli) and fungi (A. niger) were 13.48 and 25.4 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that AgNPs/TiO2 nanocomposites are a promising disinfectant against both bacteria and fungi. Conclusion: The superior antimicrobial efficiency of AgNPs/TiO2 treated at 200°C may have resulted from the zero-valent AgNPs, smaller particle sizes, and higher dispersion on the surface of TiO2. Keywords: silver nanoparticles, antimicrobial efficacy, titanium dioxide, thermal reduction. Corresponding author: [email protected] 191 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0452 ] PS-MP03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Consideration of Simulation Parameters on the Ball Motion in a Ball Milling Process by Discrete Element Method (DEM) Heekyu CHOI1* 1 Changwon National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT A simulations based on discrete element method were conducted to investigate the effect ball properties. The effects of parameters relating to the friction coefficient of ball material and operational conditions such as rotation speed and ball size were investigated. The results were analyzed in terms of velocity distribution, impact force and impact energy. Results show that the increasing friction coefficient flow velocity of the ball increases both the impact force and energy, but decreased flow velocity in the stirred ball mill. Whereas in case of the traditional ball mill, decreases both the impact force and energy, but increases flow velocity of the ball. Moreover, physical experiments were conducted to quantify grinding performance under the same conditions. These findings are useful to understand and optimize the ball motion and grinding behavior on the stirred ball mill and traditional ball mill. Keywords: Copper, Friction coefficient, Traditional ball mill, Stirred ball mill, Discrete element method Corresponding author: [email protected] 192 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0432 ] PS-MP04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Development of Beneficiation Process for Securing Rare Earth Elements (REE), Titanium and Zircon Minerals from Placer Deposit Developed in Korea Joobeom SEO1*, Fausto MOSCOSO PINTO2, Yong Jun AHN1, In-Kook BAE1 and Hyung-seok KIM1 1 Korea Insitute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Republic of Korea Korea Insitute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), University of Science and Technology (UST), Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Placer deposit is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation during sedimentary processes. Heavy minerals such as ilmenite, zircon and monazite are titanium, zircon and REE (rare earth elements), respectively, are incorporated in placer deposits and play an important role in the global mineral economy. Even though Korea is one of top 10 countries importing the resources, development of placer deposit has been carried out for the production of aggregates only, indicating that development of the mineral processing technology for securing industrially valuable minerals from domestic placer deposits is required. We have carried out developing securing technology of heavy sand from domestic placer deposits that developed Hongcheon area, Korea. The process developed is composed of two different technologies; one is for securing heavy sand with a gravity over 3 g/mL that are mixture of valuable minerals from raw placer deposit through gravity separation and the other is the process requiring magnetic and electrostatic separation processes for beneficiation of each valuable minerals such as monazite, zircon and ilmenite from the heavy sand separated. Mineralogical compositions of placer deposit samples collected from Hongcheon area and the characteristics of the beneficiation process will be presented. Keywords: placer deposit, rare earth elements, titanium, zircon, beneficiation Corresponding author: [email protected] 193 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0295 ] PS-MP05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Extraction of Ash-free Coal From Various Types of Biomass by Solvent Extraction Juhong CHUN1, A Hyun KANG1*, Chengguo LI1, Raihan CHOUDHURY1 and Donggeun LEE1 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT The main energy source currently used worldwide is fossil fuels. However, fossil fuels are limited, expensive, and cause environmental pollution. So, new alternatives are needed. Among them, biomass is a good alternative as it has the advantage of producing much less carbon dioxide compared to fossil fuels because it forms CO2 by the photosynthesis of atmospheric CO2. However, biomass has high water content and low energy density. Also, it is difficult to use because of difficulty in transportation and storage, uneven efficiency etc. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop a modified method of extraction to use biomass effectively. Much research has been done on biomass reforming methods. Typical examples include gasification, microbial degradation, release, and pyrolysis. However, the results of these modification methods varied depending on which raw materials are used. And the reforming efficiency is relatively low. Thus, our researchers concentrated on solvent extraction. The solvent extraction method is known to be effectively applied to convert low grade coal to high grade coal. In the solvent extraction method, the raw material and the solvent are mixed and heated to dissolve the organic matter contained in the raw material into the solvent. The mixed solution of the solvent and the organic component thus prepared is defined as the extract and the remaining solid substance which can’t be dissolved in the solvent is referred to as xanthan. However, when the mixed solution is dried, the solvent can be recovered and reused. So far, the raw materials used in the solvent extraction method was limited to coal and wood. There was no application for other biomass sources. In addition, according to existing articles, solvent extraction has been carried out only on a lab-scale using a small amount of raw materials up to 30 kg. Therefore, large-capacity research is indispensable for practical use. In this study, we used bench scale equipment, which was 10 times larger than the conventional scale, and extracted 400 g of raw material per each process. We have selected biomass depending on its relatively inexpensiveness or has no risk of resource exhaustion. The physical properties and fuel properties of non - ashless coal and xanthan produced by the above experiment were compared and analyzed by yield, industrial analysis, elemental analysis, calorific value analysis, TGA, XRD and GC analysis. Keywords: Biomass, Ash-free coal, Solvent extraction Corresponding author: [email protected] 194 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0272 ] PS-MP06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Study on Particle Collection by the Thermophoretic Effect in Flame Aerosol Reactor Hyuksang CHANG1* and Moonhyeok SEO1 1 Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT TiO2, which is used as an efficient photocatalytic material, is produced by the various particle generation reaction processes such as the hydrolysis and the flame aerosol reaction. The advantage of the flame aerosol reactor has been evaluated in many studies. In the process of using the flame reactor, the particles generated according to the reaction conditions may change size and shape, and physical and chemical properties of particles. In the case of flame reactors, process yields are low, and yields can vary with parameters such as thermophoretic effects on the generated particles. In order to evaluate the reaction conditions for enhancing the yield, the computational analysis method was applied. The prediction of the premixed flame has the disadvantage because QMOM can not be applied to the multiphase flow. In this study, it was predicted that when the particle size changes due to the coagulation action, the growth of the particles progressed within 0.14 seconds, and the self preserving distribution was assumed. As the correction coefficient by the thermophoretic effect is close to 1, general type of coagulation kernel could be used. The trapping characteristics of the monodisperse particles were estimated by statistical methods by varying the temperature of the upper substrate. It was found that the temperature gradient on the substrate and the ambient temperature served as an important factor for the collecting efficiency of the particles, and it was found that the collection efficiency was increased with increasing the temperature gradient. The thermal expansion force and the inertia increase with the particle sizes. Therefore, the larger the particle size, the greater the collection efficiency. Keywords: Flame Aerosol Reactor, Thermophoretic, CFD 195 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0157 ] PS-MP07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Numerical and Experimental Studies of Znic Oxide Nanoparticle Formation in a Quenching Chemical Vapor Synthesis Reactor Yi-Ling LIU1*, Chuen-Jinn TSAI1, Feng JIA1 and Yu-Ling SHIH1 1 National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan ABSTRACT A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with population balance model (PBM) was used to study zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) formation in a quenching chemical vapor synthesis reactor. A kinetic mechanism of zinc molecules reacting with oxygen molecules was employed.[1] The CFD model with Eulerian- Eulerian multiphase method solved the governing equations of overall fluid flow, heat transfer, species mass transport and chemical reaction inside the tubular reactor.[2] The chemical reaction rate, species and particle concentration contours in the reactor were also computed. The PBM using the quadrature method of moments were coupled with gas-phase equations to describe the behavior of a population of particles from the processes, such as nucleation, growth, and agglomeration.[3-4] In this study, the simulated results were validated with the experimental data for the temperature profile at the tube centerline and average particle size distribution at the outlet. The simulated results show that the average diameter of ZnONPs is 20 nm, and the concentration is 1.1 x 10^8 #/cm3 at the evaporation temperature of 500 ℃, flow rate of carrier gas and reaction air of 1 L/min and 1 L/min, respectively. The results agree well with the experimental data measured by a scanning mobility particle system. The average diameter and concentration of the ZnONPs was found to decrease with increasing dilution air flow rate. The simulated results demonstrate that the CFD-PBM model is capable of simulating nanoparticle formation in the reactor. Acknowledgement: Authors would like to Taiwan MOST for the financial support of this research via contracts NSC 101-2923-E-009-004MY3 and MOST105-2622-8-009-007-TE4. References [1] García, J.F., Sánchez, S., Metz, R., 2008. Complete Oxidation of Zinc Powder. Validation of Kinetics Models. Oxidation of Metals 69, 317-325. [2] Reuge, N., Bacsa, R., Serp, P., Caussat, B., 2009. Chemical vapor synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: experimental and preliminary modeling studies. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, 19845-19852. [3] Ali, M., Winterer, M., 2010. Influence of Nucleation Rate on the Yield of ZnO Nanocrystals Prepared by Chemical Vapor Synthesis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C 114, 5721-5726. [4] Ryu, T., Olivas-Martinez, M., Sohn, H.Y., Fang, Z.Z., Ring, T.A., 2010. Computational fluid dynamics simulation of chemical vapor synthesis of WC nanopowder from tungsten hexachloride. Chemical Engineering Science 65, 1773-1780. Keywords: nanomaterial, nanoparticles, ZnO, Chemical vapor synthesis reactor, material synthesis 196 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0122 ] PS-MP08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Mineral CO2 Sequestration by Steel Slag and Serpentine Carbonation Seung-Woo LEE1, Soochun CHAE1* and Jun-Hwan BANG1 1 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Mineral carbonation technologies aim at permanently storing CO2 into carbonates that is thermodynamically stable materials. In this study, mineral carbonation for CO2 reduction was carried out using slag which is an alkaline - based byproduct of steel-making and serpentine which is one of typical natural minerals. Through indirect method, the extraction of alkaline metal ions (Ca or Mg) from slag and serpentine, and ammonium salt as extraction solvent, the extraction efficiency of alkaline metal ion ranging from 50 wt.% to 90 wt.%. was obtained. The recovery of extraction solvent and the reuse of slag after Ca extraction, and the synthesis of CaCO3 film were studied for the application of this process into CO2 emission industry such as power plant or steel company. Keywords: Carbon Dioxide, Mineral Carbonation, Carbonates, Slag, Serpentine 197 POSTER SESSION Materials Processing [ PS0105 ] PS-MP09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Inhibition of Coalescence of Carbide Grains Using Premixed Powder Hanjung KWON1* 1 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral resources, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Titanium carbide based composite has been used as a raw material for cutting tools because of its excellent properties (high hardness, chemical stability, low density). The cutting tools were fabricated by mixing of titanium carbide and metallic phases (Co or Ni) and sintering of the mixture at high temperature (at 1450~1500 °C). The titanium carbide particles are combined during the sintering process because the sintering is performed at high temperature and the atoms in the carbide particles diffuse easily. The combination of the carbide particles makes the grain size of the titanium carbide enlarged and the enlarged carbide is the cause of weakness of the sintered composite. In this report, the premixed powder (TiC + other carbide) was synthesized and used for preparation of the composite with uniform and small grains. The other carbide played an important role for inhibition of coalescence of titanium carbide particles. As a result, titanium carbide based composite with uniform and small grains was fabricated using the premixed powder. Keywords: Titanium carbide, Sintering, Coalescence, Grain growth Corresponding author: [email protected] 198 POSTER SESSION Micro and Nanotechnology [ PS0496 ] PS-MN01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 A Study on the Fabrication of Spheroidized Alumina Particles by Transferred Arc Plasma System Jung Hyeun KIM1, Dongho PARK1, Jungho SONG1* and Byungkwon KIM1 1 University of Seoul, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Spheroidized alumina particles were fabricated by transferred arc plasma system. For the fabrication of spheroidized alumina particles, we controlled the injected gases flow rate and the input power of the plasma torch. Argon was injected as pilot gas and shield gas of plasma torch for the arc stability. Nitrogen was injected as auxiliary carrier gas of raw material for the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient for the particle heating in plasma. To control the spheroidizeation plasma temperature, particle heating time and particle residence time in plasma were calculated using heat and mass balance and lumped capacitance method. The plasma temperature was assumed as adiabatic temperature for the equalization of the wide distribution of plasma temperature. The injected particle was assumed as single particle for the simplification of calculation. We tried to design operation condition of the process for alumina particle spheroidization by comparing the particle heating time with the particle residence time in plasma. The limit size of particle melting and the limit size of particle vaporization were derived and we assumed that the alumina particle spheroidization without nanoparticle production is the operating condition. The experiments were carried out according to the different nitrogen gas fraction and plasma power for the verification of the process design. The nitrogen fraction to the total gas injected with the plasma torch was applied from 19% to 63%, and the plasma power was applied from 1.4 to 2.1 kW. The size of fabricated spheroidized alumina particles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. With higher plasma power, the limit size of particle melting and vaporization were increased. With higher nitrogen fraction, the limit size of particle melting and vaporization were decreased. When the nitrogen fraction was applied over the 50%, the injected particle was not vaporized and the limit size of particle melting was 16 μm, approximately. Keywords: Plasma system, Spheroidized alumina particles, Adiabatic temperature, Melting, Vaporization Corresponding author: [email protected] 199 POSTER SESSION Micro and Nanotechnology [ PS0268 ] PS-MN02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Improvement of Degradation Performance for Organic Pollutants in Water Using Ultrasonic Atomization and Reaction on Mist Surface Yusei ONO1*, Kazuhiko SEKIGUCHI1 and Kenshi SANKODA1 1 Saitama University, Japan ABSTRACT Recently, as a method of decomposing organic substances in water, a treatment method using “ultrasound” has attracted attention for persistent organic pollutants whereas various harmful degradation products are formed as by-products. On the other hand, it has been reported that amphiphilic substances in water can be specifically concentrated in mist by ultrasonic atomization. By this effect, it becomes possible to transfer the water-soluble substance existing in water to gas phase at low energy. In this study, we selected 430 kHz ultrasonication which can cause pyrolysis by chemical effect and atomization by physical effect simultaneously, and we applied this frequency to highly effective decomposition of organic pollutants. In order to investigate the influence of physical properties on the degradation rate, we used two different aldehydes, formaldehyde and benzaldehyde, as model substances. As a result, removal ratio of formaldehyde and benzaldehyde reached 33.5% and 100% after 120 min by only US irradiation, respectively. It was confirmed that benzaldehyde with high hydrophobicity was decomposed more effectively than formaldehyde because it could volatilize into inside or interface of cavity easily and was decomposed there thermally, meaning that the decomposition of hydrophobic organic compounds proceeds in liquid phase by pyrolysis inside the cavity. Also, in the case of combining the UV irradiation and the ultrasonic atomization, formaldehyde with high hydrophilicity was effectively decomposed on the mist surface in gas phase, however, benzaldehyde with high hydrophobicity was hardly decomposed in the same condition. From these results, it was confirmed that UV irradiation acts on decomposition of hydrophilic organic compounds which exist inside or surface of mist effectively. This frequency is very useful and can be a new purification technique for persistent organic pollutants. Keywords: Ultrasonic irradiation, Ultrasonic atomization, Ultrasonic mist, Short-wavelength UV Corresponding author: [email protected] 200 POSTER SESSION Micro and Nanotechnology [ PS0265 ] PS-MN03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Unipolar Charging of Aerosol by Surface-Discharge Microprasma Ryoki ITO1*, Takafumi SETO1 and Yoshio OTANI1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan ABSTRACT Charging of aerosol particles is an important pretreatment for manipulating the particles under the electrostatic field. Conventional bipolar chargers (electrical neutralizer) using a radioactive source have significant drawback of low charging efficiency, particularly for the particles in the nanometer range. Surface-discharge microplasma is an effective device to generate high concentration ions and it has been applied for aerosol charging (Surface-discharge microplasma aerosol charger; SMAC). In the present study, new type of the unipolar SMAC was designed and its performance was evaluated experimentally. Main body of the new charger was made of plastic and it was built-up using a 3D printer. A small microplasma chip (25mm in length) was attached to the surface of one side of the charger. Aerosol particles were introduced to the charger and mixed with ions in a ‘slit’ (narrow rectangular space). Ion concentration was controlled by the applied voltage to the microplasma device using two types of the high voltage source. Test particles of NaCl were generated by evaporation condensation method and their mobility distribution was measured by the SMPS (scanning mobility particle sizer) using a standard aerosol neutralizer (241Am). Then, neutralizer was replaced with unipolar charger and the mobility size distribution was measured using the same SMPS. The effectiveness of new unipolar charger was evaluated by comparing peak concentration (charging efficiency) and peak diameter (effect of multiple charging). It was found that the peak height measured by new charger was 4.8 to 17.3 times higher than those of neutralizer, indicating that it can significantly enhance the sensitivity of the SMPS. On the other hand, the apparent peak diameter was shifted to smaller size because of multiple charging effect. Therefore, the distribution of the number of electrical charges was evaluated using monodispersed polystyrene latex (PSL) standard particles as a function of particle diameter. Keywords: Charging, Nanoparticle, Ion, Microplasma, Dielectric barrier surface-discharge Corresponding author: [email protected] 201 POSTER SESSION Micro and Nanotechnology [ PS0115 ] PS-MN04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 High Efficiency of CH4 and H2 by Reducing Waste Water Using a Non-Diaphragm-Based Electrochemical Method Hong Seok JIN1* 1 Kumoh National institute of Tecnology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In recent years, the worldwide use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has increased exponentially. PET wastewater contains ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthalic acid (TPA). In this study, we present a unique method for producing combustible gases like CH4 and H2 from PET wastewater by electrochemical reaction of EG and TPA. The non-diaphragm-based electrochemical (NDE) method was used to treat PET wastewater. The electrochemical removal of EG and TPA from PET wastewater was examined and the optimal conditions for their reduction to CH4 and H2 were determined. Using the proposed system, 99.9% of the EG and TPA present in the PET wastewater samples were degraded to produce CH4 and H2, at applied voltages lower than 5 V. The highest Faradaic efficiency achieved for EG and TPA reduction was 62.2% (CH4, 25.6%; H2, 36.6%), at an applied voltage of 0.8 V. Remarkably, CH4 was produced from EG decomposition and H2 from TPA decomposition. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance of CH4 and H2 production from EG and TPA, respectively. The electrochemical reductive treatment will be an important discovery for reducing water contamination and replacing fossil fuels with respect to generating green energy. Keywords: electrochemical, waste water, non diaphragm, Faradaic efficiency, electrolyte 202 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0518 ] PS-NM01 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of the Diffusive Force on the Accuracy of the Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer BoXi LIAO1*, Neng-Chun TSENG1, Chun-Wan CHEN2, Shi-Nian UANG2, Cheng-Yao CHEN2 and Chuen-Jinn TSAI1 1 National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan Occupational Safety and Health, Ministry of Labor, Taiwan 2 ABSTRACT The single aerosol mass measurement of sub-40 nm airborne nanoparticles is limited. The aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) is designed to measure the single particle mass of submicron airborne particles with the balance of the centrifugal and electrostatic forces at nearly real time resolution (Ehara et al., 1996). The APM is accurate for submicron particles but underestimating the mass of sub-30~40 nm nanoparticles (Tajima et al., 2011; 2013). The study tested the APM with traceable size standards and laboratory generated silver nanoparticles to find out the reasons of the mass underestimation. It was found that the diffusive force of the nanoparticles, which was much stronger than the classifying forces, induced the mass underestimation of the APM. By enhancing the classifying forces, the mass underestimation was improved but the measured mass was still lighter than the reference one. The physical and chemical properties of the test nanoparticles were also speculated the potential and major factors to the mass underestimation. The study aims at improving the accuracy of the APM for sub-40 nm nanoparticles. Corresponding author: [email protected], bxliao. [email protected] Ehara, K., Hagwood, C. and Coakley, K. J. (1996) J. Aerosol Sci., 27, 217-234. Tajima, N., Fukushima, N., Ehara, K., Sakurai, H. (2011) Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 45, 196-214. Tajima, N., Sakurai, H., Fukushima, N., Ehara, K. (2013) Aerosol. Sci. Tech., 47, 1152-1162 Keywords: Nanoparticles, Single Aerosol Mass Measurement, Calibration Corresponding author: [email protected] 203 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0514 ] PS-NM02 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Characteristics of New Particle Formations at Four Sites in and Around the Seoul Metropolitan Area in Korea During KORUS-AQ Campaign Jisoo PARK1*, Yongjoo CHOI1, Pilho KIM1, Young Sung GHIM1, Young-Kyo SEO2, Jin-Young CHOI2, Young Jae LEE2, Dan Bi KIM2, You-Deog HONG2, Kitai KANG3 and Hyeok CHUNG3 1 Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea National Institute of Environmental Research, Republic of Korea 3 ART PLUS Co., Ltd, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Aerosol number size distributions were measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) at four selected sites in and around the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) during KORea-US Air Quality Study (KORUSAQ) campaign from May to June 2016. Three sites are located within the SMA: Olympic Park (OP), Global Campus of the Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (HUFS), and Mt. Taehwa (MT), which are located about 14 km east-southeast, 35 km southeast, and 42 km southeast of the Seoul City Hall, respectively. The OP site is within a park (~1.45 km2) surrounded by main roads. The HUFS site is in a valley sloping up to the east, and to the west, rural in character, with small-sized buildings, farmlands, and open spaces. The MT site is in the middle of forests, but the Second Jungbu Expressway runs in the southeast- northwest direction, about 2.6 km to the northeast. The Baengnyeong Island (BI) site is located about 210 km west-northwest of the Seoul City Hall. BI is considered a background and an upwind site of SMA, in contrast to HUFS and MT downwind of SMA, under prevailing northwesterlies. Characteristics of the number size distributions at four selected sites were compared. Episodes for new particle formation and particle growth were selected, and the evolutions of the episodes were accounted for in terms of particle composition, precursor concentrations, and meteorological variables. Keywords: Nanoparticles, New particle formation, Particle growth, Number size distribution Corresponding author: [email protected] 204 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0509 ] PS-NM03 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Analysis of Nano-Particle Generation from Railway Braking Sechan PARK1*, Hyeong-Gyu NAMGUNG1, Minhae KIM1 and Soon-Bark KWON1 1 KRRI, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In this study, the braking performance of a railway vehicle was analyzed to investigate the effects of various braking conditions(separated 12 case depending on disk speed and brake force) on the brake discs and pads. We measured the size distribution of particles ranging in size from 5.6 to 560 nm to analyze changes to the particle size distribution during braking time. We measured disk temperature that was average temperature between surface and inside of disk to identified relation to generated nanoparticles depending on conditions. In addition, we confirmed composition and shape of each nanoparticles by using TEM. The total number concentration of nanoparticles was found to be correlated with disk speed and brake force. Finally, generation of nanoparticles was observed by friction between brake disk and pad during hard braking. Keywords: railway, nanoparticle, brake, brake disk, brake pad Corresponding author: [email protected] 205 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0501 ] PS-NM04 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Synthesis of Monodisperse Polystyrene Beads Prepared by Polymerization Process Seong Hyeon BAEK1*, Dahee PARK1, Sangsun YANG1, Jei Pil WANG2 and Jung Yeul YUN3 1 Powder Technology Deparment, korea institute of materials science(KIMS), Republic of Korea 2 School of material science & Engineering, University of PUKYUNG, Republic of Korea 3 KIMS Materials Research Institute, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT We synthesized a polystyrene bead as a pore former and size-controlled by using a polymerization method. Polymerization is a precipitation process in which monomer carries out the polymerization and then a second polymer is in the reaction medium. The process can be controlled by changing a composition and type of a monomer, initiator, and steric stabilizer and all materials should be dissolved in a reaction medium like a water or alcohol. The polymerization processes have been developed to produce monodisperse polymer particles by using various methods such as emulsion polymerization, soap-free emulsion polymerization, non-aqueous dispersion polymerization, and so on. In our research, polystyrene beads were synthesized by emulsion and dispersion polymerization depending on a type of solvent, initiator, and steric stabilizer and reaction condition such as a temperature and time. The characteristics of polystyrene bead were characterized by FE-SEM and the images indicated that polystyrene beads have the monodisperse structure and the diameter range of 50nm to 900nm. From our research, average size of polystyrene beads were controlled by changing the weight of surfactant and the size increases as reaction temperature decreased. While, the size of beads was not changed as a function of the reaction time after stabilization of reaction. In conclusion, polystyrene beads can be synthesized by controlling the reaction factors of polymerization processes. Keywords: Polystyrene beads, Pore former, Polymerization process Corresponding author: [email protected] 206 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0477 ] PS-NM05 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 An Experiment on Efficiency Enhancement of an Organic Solar Cell Using Silicon Nanoparticles Kyung-Hoon YOO1, Won-Il SONG1*, Han-Sol KIM2, Han-Bin JEONG2, Jae-Kwan LEE2, Sang-Ho LEE1, Jun-Young HWANG1, Kyung-Tae KANG1 and Heul-Seok KANG1 1 Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Republic of Korea 2 Chosun University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Organic solar cells(OSCs) have attracted great interest because of their easy and inexpensive manufacturing processes such as inkjet and roll-to-roll printing. Recently, several researchers reported that inorganic semiconductor nanoparticles(NPs) such as CdS, CdSe, and PbS rather than PCBM([6,6]-phenyl-C(61 or 71)-butyric acid methyl ester) could be utilized in binary bulk-heterojunction(BHJ) OSCs with organic semiconductors in order to enhance power conversion efficiencies(PCEs). However owing to the toxicity of these NP materials, binary BHJ OSCs fabricated with polymer electron donors and environmentally benign Si NP electron acceptors have been suggested, but they also suffer from lower PCEs than those of BHJ OSCs with PCBM. In the present work, we report the efficiency enhancement of solution-processed ternary BHJ OSCs using hole-extracting Si NPs with a size of 5 nm. Additionally, we compared the hole extraction material(HEM) efficacy of undoped Si NPs and p-type Si NPs in these devices. The examined solution-processed BHJ OSCs had device configurations of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PTB7-Th:PC71BM/Al, and the Si NP HEMs were spin-cast on an ITO/PEDOT:PSS substrate. Outstanding performances were observed in the hybrid devices constructed with BHJ layers on PEDOT:PSS/Si NPs and the Si NPs obviously played a key role for the easy extraction of hole carriers separated from excitons in interfaces of the donors and the PCBM. Specifically, the PCEs of the BHJ OSCs were enhanced by ~11%, compared with those of the corresponding devices without Si NP HEMs. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level of p-Si NPs is ~0.16 eV higher than that of undoped Si NPs. Therefore, the p-Si NPs showed better balance with the HOMO energy level of PTB7-Th, resulting in higher PCEs in BHJ OSCs. Keywords: Organic Solar Cell, Silicon Nanoparticle, Ternary Bulk-Heterojunction, Solution Process, Power Conversion Efficiency 207 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0476 ] PS-NM06 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Reduced Desorption of Cesium and Strontium from Montmorillonite-Prussian Blue Hybrid Kuk CHO1*, Husnul Aulia ALAMUDY1, Jin Su KIM1, Zeqiu LI1 and Le Thi Ngoc QUYNH1 1 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Cesium and Strontium are the most abundant and have longer half-lived gamma emissions to be stable among other radionuclides. These radionuclides can be retained in clay minerals by cation-exchange reactions. However, the desorption of sorbed radionuclides can occur when there are other cations such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, etc. that is abundant ions in water. Prussian blue is one of the inorganic compounds which have high selectivity to retain cesium. This study investigated the reduced desorption of Cs+ and Sr2+ from montmorilloniteprussian blue hybrid. Higher adsorption capacity of Cs+ was reached in montmorillonite hybrid which was 44.75 mg/g compared to 24.02 in montmorillonite. And Sr2+ adsorption in montmorillonite hybrid and montmorillonite were 12.82 mg/g and 8.78 mg/g, respectively. The desorption of Cs+ and Sr2+ reached equilibrium very fast. The Cs+ desorption showed well retained in montmorillonite hybrid and Sr2+ desorption showed less significance results. The presence of monovalent cations showed higher effect to Cs+ desorption than in divalent cations and the presence of K+ gave more effect than in Na+ solution. The Cs+ desorption showed higher retain in montmorillonite hybrid than in montmorillonite, and reached equilibrium condition in each of 0.05 M NaCl and KCl electrolyte solutions. The order of cations affected to Sr2+ desorption was Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ = K+. Under monovalent cations solutions, the Sr2+ desorption reached equilibrium in 0.05 M concentration. In divalent cations solutions, Sr2+ desorption reached equilibrium under low concentration of CaCl2 (0.001 M). This simply hybrid method can give a great promised for future application of retaining high concentration cesium and strontium in soil and contaminated water. Keywords: adsorption, desorption, cesium, strontium, radioactive Corresponding author: [email protected] 208 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0475 ] PS-NM07 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Preparation, Antibacterial Effect and Application of Silver Nanometer Composites: Taking Hospital Field as Example Yu-Chiao WU1*, Yen-Chi CHEN1, Wan-Tien SHEN1 and Kuo-Pin YU1 1 National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan ABSTRACT People started to pay more attention to indoor air quality (IAQ) recently because we spend more than 70% of our time indoors daily, and long-term exposure to indoor air pollutants can lead to adverse health effects. Among the public area, hospitals always lay emphasis on the control of biological contaminants owing to the sanitation concern. Air conditioning system plays a critical role in controlling the concentration of fungal, bacterial and other related air pollutants in hospital buildings. Owing to the attractive characteristic of chitosan/silver nanoparticles (CS/AgNPs) composites, including excellent antimicrobial activity, environmentalfriendly, high biological affinity, many researchers show their great interest in this material attention recently. For its unique properties, many researchers start to develop more potential applications of chitosan based silver nano-composites . The present study involves both laboratory and field experiments of antimicrobial effectiveness of silver-titania-chitosan nano-composites. In this study, we prepared the gel beads of chitosan (CS) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) matrix, then used these gel beads as support to prepare silver-titania-chitosan nano-composites (AgNPs/CS-TiO2). We use SEM, TEM, XPS to characterize this nano-composite material. Then use E. coli and S. epidermidis aerosols to investigate the antibacterial activity in the lab. In the lab experiments, the bacterial aerosols were passing through the granular bed packed with AgNPs/CS-TiO2 beads to simulate the antibacterial effectiveness of this nano-composite on air disinfection. In the field study, we measured the reduction of airborne bacterial and fungal concentration after the application of AgNPs/CS-TiO2 in the outlet of supply air duct to access the decrease of pathogen transmission. The result shows the shape, surface, size and elements of material beads, and found that material beads have the effect of inhibiting and disinfecting E.coli and S.epidermidis. From the sampling result, we found the composites shows good removal efficiency on aerosols and biological contaminants, which removed over 70% of bacteria contaminants in average. The experimental results indicate that AgNPs/CS-TiO2 nano-composite demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activity, and could be a promising material for air purifying filter. However, the durability of this nano-composite’s antifungal activity needs to be evaluated by further experiments. Keywords: Nano-silver, titania(TiO2), Antimicrobial activity Corresponding author: [email protected] 209 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0467 ] PS-NM08 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Vertical Stacking of Aerosol-Based Three-Dimensional Nanostructures for Advanced Optical Applications Mansoo CHOI1, Kiwoong LEE1*, Hoseop CHOI2, Dae Seong KIM1 and Min Seok JANG3 1 Global Frontier Center for Multiscale Energy System, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea 2 Samsung Electronics Mechatronic R&D Center, Republic of Korea 3 School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT There have been intense researches for fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures with various geometries because of its inherent advantages over two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures, such as high surfaceto-volume ratio. Nano-assembly via Ion-assisted aerosol lithography (IAAL) has been proven to be a reliable way to fabricate 3D nanostructures with high degree of controllability in lateral direction, whereas this method has inherent limits that it is difficult to control geometric variation in a vertical direction. Therefore, in order to solve its ‘quasi-2D’ problem, we fabricate stacked flower-shaped 3D nanostructures through consecutive execution of electron beam lithography and nano-assembly through IAAL in the area of 200㎛X200㎛. To identify optical enhancement derived from stacking 3D nanostructures in a vertical direction, we measure SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) signals of Thiophenol molecules chemisorbed onto both the monolayer 3D nanostructures and bi-layer 3D nanostructures. Compared to the mono-layer 3D nanostructures, it is shown that the bi-layer 3D nanostructures have higher Raman peak intensities. To further investigate the effect of stacking 3D nanostructures on SERS enhancement, we vary the lateral size of upper 3D nanostructures while maintaining the size of lower 3D nanostructures. When the relative size of the upper 3D nanostructures to the lower 3D nanostructure (r) is very small, the SERS enhancement of the bi-layer nanostructures compared to the mono-layer 3D nanostructures was very subtle. Because the small upper 3D nanostructure possess duller edges and corners, there is no significant optical enhancement derived by stacking small 3D nanostructures. On the other hand, when r becomes unity or larger, because the lower 3D nanostructures are shaded by the upper 3D nanostructures, the bi-layer 3D nanostructures optically behave like the mono-layer 3D nanostructures. However, when r becomes half, the SERS intensity was augmented more than fivefold, since every hotspot at between adjacent petals of 3D nanostructures is effectively illuminated by the incident light. It is worthy of notice that the SERS intensity was enhanced by more than fivefold even though the number of electromagnetic hotspots was increased twice. In order to determine the cause of this anomalous enhancement, we perform full-wave electromagnetic simulations using finite difference time domain method. We demonstrate that there exists additional vertical hotspots between the upper and lower 3D nanostructures and these hotspots confine light effectively when r is not too small or large. This vertical stacking technique is expected to widen a degree of freedom in designing advanced 3D nanostructures, such as photonic metamaterials. Keywords: Spark Discharge, 3D Nanostructures, Electromagnetic Hotspots, SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 210 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0305 ] PS-NM09 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Surface Properties of Manufactured Carbon Nanotubes(CNTs) Byeong-Uk YU1*, Hyo-Geun CHA1 and Naroo LEE1 1 Occupational Safety & Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT 1. Objectives In this study, We examined and compared specific surface area and the scanning image of manufactured carbon nanotubes(CNTs) to understand about its detailed surface properties as well as correlation between its property and dustiness. 2. Methods To comprehend about Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET) analysis, manufactured carbon nanotubes(CNTs) was placed in the pot and wrapped in a 110-degree heat pocket and then removing the residual moisture in the sample by vacuuming it. The surface area of samples was measured by using a BET measuring device (ASAP 2010 V5). In the addition, through scanning electron microscope (SEM, Hitachi S-3000N, Japan) at the condition of accelerating voltage of 20 kV, we observed the detailed shape of manufactured carbon nanotubes(CNTs). Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) for the pretreatment sample were dispersed on the specimen stubs with carbon double-sided tape and then coated with gold. To generate dustiness, we applied the modified brush feed generator apparatus which is described in Ma-Hock et al. 2007. And the particle number concentration was measured by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) 3. Results Most of measured surface areas had similar values in the range of 178 to 246㎡/g except for 2 cases. Among the images taken by scanning electron microscope(SEM), a thin fiber strand of less than 0.2 ㎛ in size was difficult to find, and most of the shape were clustered and appeared as lumps smaller than 3 ㎛ in size. There were mainly two types of shape of Carbon nanotubes(CNTs) in the measured scanning electron microscope(SEM) image. One is that carbon nanotube(CNT) strands were twisted like ropes And another is that the samples were agglomerated like rounded cotton ball. More specifically, HH company’s products except one had the twisted bundle of fibers. Compared that, JY Company products are shaped like a bunch of stretched fiber bundles, whereas AM Company’s products and NC Company’s products had rounded lump image. The number and concentration of airborne particles in the range of 0 to 350 nm measured by Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) showed a very irregular pattern of occurrence, and the range of occurrence was wide. 4. Conclusion In this experiment, it was confirmed that each measured products had different agglomerate shape and rigidity. The rigidity properties of fibers have been reported to play an important role in the dustiness, but it is also true that the evaluation of degree of the rigidity is subjectively evaluated by an observer through a microscopic analysis. In this test, it is difficult to find meaningful correlation between the results of this experiment and dustiness. Keywords: Manufactured carbon nanotubes(CNTs), Dustiness, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller(BET), Rigidity Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected] 211 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0296 ] PS-NM10 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Microstructure Control of Bi-Component Catalysts Using Corona Discharging : Effects of Charging States in Terms of Polarity and Charge Number Dongkyo JEONG1, Youhyun OCK1, Miji LEE1* and Donggeun LEE1 1 Energy System, PNU, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Nanoscale materials have special physical and chemical properties other than bulk materials. Nanotechnology research has exploded in the 21st century, such as BT, IT and ET by using specific inherent properties. In addition, a catalyst field utilizing nanodevices is attracting attention as the importance of energy devices is emphasized. And the development and research of nano-catalysts which are expected synergistic effects by using two types of metals are actively under way recently. The nanocatalyst is advantageous in terms of economics because it is highly reactive and is reusable. The reactivity of the nanoparticles, which is an important factor in the catalytic reaction, depends on its microstructure and shape control. In this study, development and shape control of bi–component(Pd,Ti) catalyst nanoparticles by controlling the collision between charged particles with positive and negative polarities was performed. Spark discharge method, which is capable of producing metal particles, was employed to produce catalyst nanoparticles and the generated two types of nanoparticles were collided by unipolar diffusion charging. To overcome the disadvantages of unipolar diffusion charging, which is limited to nanoparticles, a condensation growth technique was applied to make particles of various sizes regardless of their original size. Moreover, regulation of the charge number on the grown particles was accomplished. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Condensation, Unipolar diffusion charging, Spark discharge, Catalys Corresponding author: [email protected] 212 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0293 ] PS-NM11 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Numerical Study of Multi-stage Atomization For Producing Liquid Metal Droplets Junho CHOI1, Jaebang HAN1* and Donggeun LEE1 1 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT In this study, the preparation of fine metal powders of 0.1~10μm size was carried out by a multi-stage atomization method. In a multi-stage atomization system, the droplet is atomized by the kinetic energy of the high speed gas at first and later atomized by the collision with a high speed rotating body at the lower end of the chamber. The droplet breakup is controlled by a dimensionless number, called Weber number, which is the ratio of kinetic energy to surface tension. CFD analysis was conducted using a commercial software ANSYS Fluent 16. The model geometry is interpreted as a 3D instead of a 2D grid as the rotating body rotates. In order to improve the accuracy of the simulation, the mesh is densely constructed in the gas flow and the impact region. The gas flow and the particle behavior are unsteady and the time step is 1μs to ensure the convergence of the solution. Primary and secondary breakups occur due to the high velocity gas, which is completed at a distance of 20mm from the outlet of the melt tube. The validity of the simulation result was verified by comparing the particle size with the experimental results. It is confirmed that the droplet size can be reduced by up to 50% after collision with the rotating body associate with the high speed gas. Keywords: Multistage Atomization, Secondary breakup, Rotating Disk Corresponding author: [email protected] 213 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0282 ] PS-NM12 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering of Si Quantum Dots Coated With Ag Nanoparticles Generated By Laser Ablation Eisuke OKUCHI1*, Mohamed ABD EL-AAL1, Takafumi SETO1 and Yoshio OTANI1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan ABSTRACT Here, we have reported the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of SiQDs co-ablated with Ag NPs films fabricated at room temperature. In this process the Si target in rod shape with a diameter of 6 mm was covered by the Ag target in ring shape with a hole diameter of 1.2 mm. The effect of changing the geometry of the target (hole depth) has been investigated. The development of the morphologies and components of the produced films was characterized by High-Resolution Electron microscope (HR-TEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), respectively. The results revealed that changing the depth hole affecting only on the shape and the number of the generated SiQDs nanoparticles. Moreover, the film fabricated by using 2 mm depth hole showed a good particle size distribution and a high surface enhancement. The SERS effect is about 30 stronger than the film contains only Si nanoparticles. This enhancement may be attributed to that the generated Ag NPs are sufficient to enhance all the Si nanoparticles on the surface of this film. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Silicon quantum dots, Ag NPs, Laser Co-ablation, SERS Corresponding author: [email protected] 214 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0280 ] PS-NM13 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Synthesis of Monodisperse Si Nanospheres by Laser Ablation Tatsunori KOOKA1*, Taisei HANADA1, Takafumi SETO1 and Yoshio OTANI1 1 Kanazawa University, Japan ABSTRACT Silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) exhibit unique optical, electrical and chemical properties which can be applied for solar cell, quantum device, and medical materials and so on. The characteristics of Si-NPs are strongly influenced on their morphology. Therefore, synthesis technique of the Si-NPs with narrow size distribution and high crystallinity is a critical issue for realizing the Si-NP-based devises. In this study, pulsed laser ablation (PLA) is applied for generating monodisperse and spherical Si-NPs. The pulsed Nd:YAG laser was irradiated to a solid Si target rod containing small fraction of iron (Fe) under low pressure gas (15 Torr). Size distributions of the generated particles were measured using a low pressure differential mobility analyzer (LP-DMA) and a Faraday cup electrometer (FCE) with changing synthesis parameters such as laser intensity (2.7~4.5 J/cm2), and generation temperature (RT to 1273 K). It was found that the size distribution is strongly influenced by laser intensity. Monodisperse particles with geometric standard deviation, σg < 1.2 were generated at the specific laser intensity (3.6 J/cm2). Then, the generated particles were deposited on a substrate by a low pressure impactor (LPI) and the morphology of the particles was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Agglomerates of very small (<40 nm) particles were main product of laser ablation with laser intensity lower than 2.7 J/cm2. By increasing laser intensity, nanometer-sized spheres (nanospheres) with diameter from 50 to 300nm were observed, suggesting that the droplet-like particles were generated via liquid phase. In the conditions of nanosphere formation, the primary particle diameter measured by the SEM almost coincided with those measured by the LPDMA/FCE, indicating that the most of particles were suspended as single spheres in the gas phase. When the temperature of the laser ablation process was increased more than 1273K, some of the particles exhibited wire structure due to catalytic growth process of Si-nanowires (Si-NWs) from Fe nanoparticles Keywords: nanoparticles, laser ablation, silicon, aggregation, monodisperse Corresponding author: [email protected] 215 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0274 ] PS-NM14 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Effect of Aggregation on Heat Conduction in Particulate Composites Jeonggeon KIM1*, Yong-Rak KOO1 and Donggeun LEE1 1 Pusan National University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT To enhance heat conduction performance, like thermal conductivity, it is well-known method to mix highly conductive particles with matrix material with low thermal conductivity. Because integration of electronic components increases, thermal dissipation is becoming an important issue. Therefore it is necessary to develop highly thermal conductive materials which is electric insulated [1]. Effective thermal conductivity represents heat conduction performance and is a function with different factors. The function includes shape, dispersion, orientation and interfacial resistance of particles as well as volume fraction and thermal conductivity of each particles. Lattice Boltzmann method is a numerical method [2] which is used to investigate effect of aggregation which includes temperature field, heat flux and effective thermal conductivity in this study. The simulation was calculated in two-dimensional grid system and D2Q9 scheme. Boundary conditions of both side regions are periodic boundary condition while up and down sides have constant temperature condition. Thermal conductivity of each material is 0.1 W/m2K for matrix material and 1 W/m2K for particles’. Grid system is made of 200 by 200 grids. Before calculation is started to analyze aggregation effect, code of lattice Boltzmann method is tested for code validation. Three basic models are calculated for testing. The results fit with theoretical values well. To represent characteristics of aggregation, some factors are adopted. Because aggregates consist of many particles and its size is in wide range, average number of particles can be one of the factors. Simulation results show that average number of particles has positive effect to effective thermal conductivity. Because it represents size of aggregates, effective thermal conductivity increases with increase of aggregated particles. In this study, the effective thermal conductivity of system which has randomly distributed particle is calculated using lattice Boltzmann method. It is tested by three of basic models and validated. In this study, systems with randomly distributed particles are created and calculated for its effective thermal conductivity. The values show that aggregation has positive effects on heat conduction performance. [1] C. P. Wong, Raja S. Bollampally, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 74 (1999) 3396. [2] J. Wang, M. Wang, Z. Li, International Journal of Thermal Sciences 49, 3 (2007) 228. Keywords: Particulate composite, Conduction, Effective thermal conductivity, Lattice Boltzmann method Corresponding author: [email protected] 216 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0261 ] PS-NM15 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Exploiting the Colloidal Nanocrystal Library to Construct High Performance Electronic Components Ji-Hyuk CHOI1* and Hee Dong JANG1 1 KIGAM, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Colloidal, inorganic nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their emergent physical properties that are derived from the size, shape, and composition dependent characteristics of the constituent NCs and the collective interactions between the NCs in the solid state. Wet-chemical synthetic methods have enabled the preparation of colloidal, NC inks that are metallic, semiconducting, and insulating. These NC solids have been used to form key electronic components such as the metallic wiring and semiconducting active layer of electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, NCs are typically only used to form a single element in these devices and the remainder of the device architecture is realized using characteristically costly and slow, conventional vacuum-based deposition methods. Moreover, unlike conventional microelectronics, protocols for the integration of multiple, dissimilar, solution-processable NC materials to construct high-performance devices do not exist. Recently, we addressed these challenges by designing the constituent materials, interfaces, and processes to realize high-performance electronic devices entirely made of NC building blocks. In this study, we will discuss 1) how to design electronic structure and transport of NC thin films for electronic devices and 2) how to achieve orthogonal solution-based processes, that do not detrimentally alter NC surface chemistry and that allow the complex stacking and patterning of NC thin films for the construction of all the components of high-performance, solution-processable and flexible field-effect transistors using colloidal NCs. Keywords: nanocrystals, solution process, field-effect transistors Corresponding author: [email protected] 217 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0198 ] PS-NM16 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Continuous Self-Assembly Approach for Fresh In Situ Fabrication of Biofunctional Nanocomposites Jeong Hoon BYEON1* 1 Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Today, nanotechnology and nanoscience approaches to particle design and formulation are beginning to expand the market for many drugs and are forming the basis for a highly profitable niche within nanomedicine. However, a significant challenge in the design of system technologies for nanomedicine is how to efficiently manufacture built-to-order biofunctional nanomaterials to streamline clinical trial, approval, and application in the pharmaceutical industry. Although potential nanomedical applications of conventional batch chemical methods have been studied in detail, primarily in the pharmaceutical industry to generate several nanoconcept medicines, their potential for efficient use as nanomedical devices or systems for therapeutic regimens has received comparatively little attention. The difficulty of precisely controlling particle size, morphology, and composition for increasingly complex systems are also challenges that continue to prevent the translation of promising technologies into workable solutions. For this reason, it is highly desirable to conceive of simple, continuous, and highly controlled methodologies for the manufacture of biofunctional nanomaterials that possess the necessary physicochemical properties for integration as nanomedical devices or systems. Many efforts have been made to prepare biofunctional nanomaterials in a liquid-phase, combining organic and inorganic components as theranostic (therapy+diagnosis) platforms. However, nanomaterials and their preparations are becoming increasingly complex, time-consuming, and complicated, and have the potential to form multiple products in the reaction solution. In contrast to batch chemical methods, aerosol processing requires far fewer preparation steps. Aerosol processing also produces materials continuously, allowing for a straightforward collection of materials and the generation of low waste. Nevertheless, the current aerosol processing of nanomaterials typically requires high temperatures, and thus can only be used to prepare inorganic nanomaterials. Clearly, a method is needed that operates entirely at low processing temperatures, thereby allowing the introduction of functional organic molecules into an inorganic network at the nanoscale. Recently, we have developed a low-temperature self-assembly method where organic and inorganic components are combined to fabricate nanocomposites. Syntheses are performed in a serial aerosol reactor which allows freshly produced inorganic nanoparticles to be embedded into organic matrices “on the fly” by merging them appropriately in a single-pass ambient gas stream. Keywords: Self-assembly, Biofunctional nanocomposites Corresponding author: [email protected] 218 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0165 ] PS-NM17 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2-Ag Nanocomposite Films Prepared via One-step Gas-phase Deposition by Heat Treatment Dianping JIANG1*, K KUSDIANTO2, Masaru KUBO1 and Manabu SHIMADA1 1 Hiroshima University, Japan Hiroshima University, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (Indonesia), Japan 2 ABSTRACT It is well known that the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanoparticles is enhanced with the addition of Ag. Furthermore, TiO2-Ag nanocomposites can exhibit various desirable properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications, including antibacterial, gas-sensor, and dye-sensitized solar cells. However, fabrication methods reported in previous studies are limited due to having a large number of processing steps, using high temperatures under vacuum conditions, and the material source is restricted by the properties of the molecules. These conditions can also cause particle agglomeration. In our previous study, TiO2-Ag nanocomposite films were successfully fabricated using a one-step process, which involved simultaneous deposition of two different nanoparticles (TiO2 and Ag), in the gas-phase, with a combination of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and physical vapor deposition. This process allowed the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite to be enhanced by as much as 35%, compared to pristine TiO2 [1]. The use of two different particle sources facilitated the tuning of some parameters for controlling the nanocomposite structure. The detailed procedure of the experimental setup is described in the literature [1], and TiO2 nanoparticle generation via PECVD has been reported in detail in previous studies [2, 3]. In the present study, the effect of heat treatments, including the heating rate and annealing temperature, on the photocatalytic activity of the fabricated nanocomposite films were investigated. Experiments were conducted by varying the heating rate and annealing temperature in the range 3-60ºC/min and 300-1000ºC, respectively. It was found that the photocatalytic activity increased gradually with an increase in the heating rate. In contrast, the annealing temperature had a significant effect on the photocatalytic activity. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the presence of Ag nanoparticles and the synergetic effect of the mixed anataserutile phase. To conclude, the fabrication of TiO2-Ag nanocomposites using this one-step process, combined with the investigation of heat treatments on the photocatalytic activity, will provide valuable information, not only for the fabrication method, but also for controlling the properties. References [1] K. Kusdianto, D. Jiang, M. Kubo, M. Shimada, Ceramic International (2017) in press. [2] M. Kubo, Y. Ishihara, Y. Mantani, M. Shimada, Chemical Engineering Journal 232 (2013) 221-227. [3] M. Kubo, Y. Mantani, M. Shimada, Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 48 (2015) 292-299. Keywords: PECVD, PVD, simultaneous deposition, annealing temperature, heating rate Corresponding author: [email protected] 219 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0131 ] PS-NM18 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Synthesis of Micron-Sized Graphene Ball via Hybrid Liquid-Aerosol Process and its Application to Supercapacitors Taehyeong HA2*, Sun Kyung KIM1, Hankwon CHANG1 and Hee Dong JANG1 1 Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Republic of Korea 2 Sogang University, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Graphene is considered a promising supercapacitor material toward high power and energy density because of its unique properties. Mircon-sized Graphene Balls (MGB) were fabricated by an aerosol spray drying process after reduced graphene oxide was prepared by the liquid phase reaction using urea as an environment-friendly reducing agent. Effect of morphology and size of MGB on the variation of liquid reaction time, concentration of graphene oxide and the amount of urea was systematically investigated. The morphology of as-prepared MGB was characterized by FE-SEM. The shape of MGB was quasi-spherical and the average particle size was 0.67 – 1.37 μm in diameter. Diffraction patterns of MGB were found as graphene by XRD analysis. The electrochemical performance of supercapacitors fabricated with the as-prepared MGB was evaluated. The maximum specific capacitance of as-prepared MGB was 118 F/g. The enhanced specific capacitance was 177 F/g after heat treatment of MGB. Keywords: graphene ball, aerosol process, supercapacitor Corresponding author: [email protected] 220 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0130 ] PS-NM19 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Synthesis of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube/Graphene Composite by Aerosol Process and Its Application to Supercapacitors Chan Mi KIM1*, Sun Kyung KIM2, Chongmin LEE1, Ji-Hyuk CHOI2, Hankwon CHANG2 and Hee Dong JANG2 1 University of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resource, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Compared with batteries, supercapacitors are very attractive energy storage devices due to safety, high power performance and long cycle-life. A multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/graphene (GR) composite was synthesized for a high performance supercapacitor. Aerosol spray pyrolysis (ASP) was employed to synthesize the MWCNT/GR composites using a colloidal mixture of MWCNT and graphene oxide (GO). The effect of the weight ratio of the MWCNT/GO on the particle properties including the morphology and layered structure were investigated. The morphology of MWCNT/GR composites was generally the shape of a crumpled paper ball, and the average composite size was about 5 μm. MWCNT were uniformly dispersed in GR sheets and the MWCNT not only increase the basal spacing but also connect the defects for electron transfer between GR sheets. Electrochemical data demonstrate that the MWCNT/GR (weight ratio=0.1) composite possesses a specific capacitance of 192 F/g at 0.1 A/g and stable rate capability (88% capacity retention at 4 A/g) using two-electrode testing system. Keywords: Supercapacitor, MWCNT/Graphene, Aerosol spray pyrolysis Corresponding author: [email protected] 221 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0107 ] PS-NM20 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Improvement of Light Scattering Capacity in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Doping with SiO2 Nanoparticles Jun Yong PARK1* and Tae Oh KIM1 1 Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT N-doped TiO2 was further doped with SiO2 to prepare SiO2/N-doped TiO2 photoelectrodes with high activity in the visible region. A sol-gel process was employed to produce nanoparticles of SiO2/N-doped TiO2. The addition of SiO2 to the metal oxide enhanced charge transfer and reduced charge recombination. With the addition of sufficient amounts of SiO2 and N, the photoelectrodes exhibited a high surface area and strong absorption of light because of their altered absorptivity in the visible wavelength region. These characteristics enabled the production of photoelectrodes with increased charge transfer and reduced charge recombination, resulting in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with enhanced Jsc values. The SiO2/N-doped TiO2 photoelectrodes were characterized using a range of analysis techniques. After the J-V curve measurements, the DSSCs fabricated with the 0.1 mM SiO2/N-doped TiO2 photoelectrodes exhibited the highest energy conversion efficiency of 8.68%, which was approximately 3% higher than that of the N-doped TiO2 control groups. This high energy efficiency with the addition of SiO2 might be due to the enhanced surface area of the photoelectrodes, allowing more dye absorption, and a decrease in electron recombination. Keywords: SiO2/N-doped TiO2, Light scattering, Chemical capacitance, Charge recombination, Dye sensitized solar cell Corresponding author: [email protected] 222 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0103 ] PS-NM21 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Hydrogen Effect on the Synthesis of Silicon Thin Films by Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition Woong-Kyu YOUN1, Nong-Moon HWANG1 and Chan-Soo KIM2* 1 Seoul National University, Republic of Korea Korea Institute of Energy Research, Republic of Korea 2 ABSTRACT Silicon has been studied extensively because of a wide range of applications such as electron devices, solar cells, and lithium batteries. In general plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, hot-wire chemical vapor deposition, and thermal chemical vapor deposition are used to fabricate silicon films and nanostructures. In some PECVD and thermal CVD processes, the extensive gas phase nucleation was reported to occur.[1-3] The possibility that the charged gas phase nuclei generated during CVD could contribute to the growth of films and nanostructures was studied in detail by Hwang et al. [1-3] Motivated by these studies, the purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of the hydrogen gas flow rate on the size distribution of charged gas phase nuclei and on the resultant microstructure evolutions of silicon during the atmospheric pressure CVD process. Charged silicon nanoparticles in the gas phase were measured using a differential mobility analyzer connected to an atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor at various hydrogen gas flow rates under typical conditions for silicon film deposition at the reactor temperature of 700~900 °C. The hydrogen gas flow rate affected not only the growth behavior of nanostructures but also the number concentration and size distribution of both negatively and positively charged nanoparticles. As the hydrogen flow rate was increased, the number concentration of charged nanoparticles was drastically decreased. And the hydrogen flow rate affected on the silicon deposition rate and the crystallinity of deposited silicon films. REFERENCES [1] Hwang, N. M. and Kim, D. Y. Int. Mater. Rev., 49, 171 [2] Kim, C. S. et al. J. Phys. Chem., 114, 3390 [3] Youn, W. K. et al. J. Phys. Chem.C, 118, 11946 Keywords: Charged nanoparticles, Hydrogen effect, Silicon thin film, APCVD, Growth mechanism Corresponding author: [email protected] 223 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0060 ] PS-NM22 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Synthesis of Porous Fine Particles for SOFC Anode by Citric Acid-Addition Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis Method Yoshiya WADA1* 1 Kansai University, Japan ABSTRACT Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has recently attracted attention as a next-generation energy conversion devise. Because SOFC system is expensive due to high operation temperature, it is needed to develop cell materials which maintain still high performance at lower temperature. In this study, we synthesized NiO-Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 (NiO-GDC) porous fine particles as an anode material by a citric acid-addition ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (CA-USP) method to make the anode with high surface area. The source solution prepared by dissolving nickel, gadolinium and cerium nitrates and citric acid into pure water at the stoichiometric ratio of NiOGd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 was misted by ultrasonication and carried into a tubular furnace heated at 873, 1073 or 1273 K to form the oxide particles. The synthesized particles were evaluated by XRD, SEM, TEM and specific surface area measurement with BET method. The electrochemical property of the unit cell consisting of the thin anode and cathode film fabricated by a printing the synthesized NiO-GDC and the commercial La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 particles, respectively, onto the thick yttria stabilized zirconia electrolyte wafer was measured to evaluate the AC impedance of the anode. All the XRD patterns of the synthesized particles agree with the reference data of NiO and GDC. Regardless of the additive concentration of citric acid, the particles size is about 500-700nm. However, the structure of the particles changes to solid, porous or shelly one with the concentration of citric acid. The specific surface area of the synthesized particles increases with increasing the concentration of citric acid and decreasing the synthesis temperature. The AC impedance of the anode was advanced by the addition of citric acid. Keywords: Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), NiO-GDC, Citric Acid, Ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method Corresponding author: [email protected] 224 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0040 ] PS-NM23 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Synthesis of Vanadium Pentoxide Nanoparticles Supported on Silica Particles in a Flame Reactor Tomohide KUBO1*, Daiki YAMAOKA1, Kengo MUKAI1, Yoshiki OKADA1 and Takuya KINOSHITA1 1 Kansai University, Japan ABSTRACT Vanadium pentoxide particles are used for catalysts to produce sulfuric acid or organic acid. Silica supported vanadium pentoxide catalysts are, in general, made by liquid phase synthesis methods, especially, based on precipitation or hydrothermal reaction. The liquid phase reactions are performed at temperatures as low as 573K to 673K. Thereby, the reaction times are long and the bonding strengths between the catalysts and supports are weak. The specific surface areas of supported catalysts are decreased by aggregation of the catalysts during reactions at high temperatures. In addition, the post processings are complicated for washing, drying and calcination. The reaction temperatures in the flame reactors are higher than those in the liquid methods. Vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles stick to the surfaces of SiO2 particles which are softened by high temperatures. Thereafter, cooling used to harden SiO2 particles immobilizes vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles to the surface of SiO2 particles. Since aggregations of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles are prevented by this immobilization, specific surface areas of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles are kept large values. In this study, vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles with high crystallinity were able to be produced from vanadium oxytriethoxide in the flame reactor equipped with a supersonic Laval nozzle. In addition, we found that the change in the flame temperature could control the diameter of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles. Finally, we succeeded in producing single nanometer particles of vanadium pentoxide which were supported on silica particles. Keywords: Flame Reactor, Supersonic Laval Nozzle, Vanadium Pentoxide Nanoparticles Supported on Silica Particles Corresponding author: [email protected] 225 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0036 ] PS-NM24 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Formation of Nickel Nanoparticles Exhibiting Non-Sintering S. MATSUMOTO1*, M. NAKAZAWA1, R. SAWAI1, T. KINOSHITA1 and Y. OKADA1 1 Graduate school of Science and Engineering, Kansai University, Japan ABSTRACT Ni particles are used as the alternative to noble metals in electronics and energy industries. For example, they are used for internal electrodes of multilayer ceramic capacitors and catalysts in the reaction for reforming of methane with steam or carbon dioxide. We produced nickel nanoparticles by the gas phase reaction. They have high purity and high crystallinity. We studied the deposition of nickel nanoparticles formed by hydrogen reduction of nickel chloride onto silica microparticles in a tubular furnace reactor for catalysts. The diameter of the particles could be controlled by the concentration of NiCl2 vapor and the flow rate of carrier gas N2 for NiCl2 vapor. However the nickel nanoparticles onto SiO2 particles aggregated and grew when they were calcined in a tubular furnace reactor at 1073 K for 3 h. Next, we heated the section for collection of SiO2 microparticles to soften those surfaces. We confirmed that the sintering of Ni nanoparticles on SiO2 particles was not observed during a long 3 h period at a high temperature of 1073 K. As a result, deposition of Ni nanoparticles on soft SiO2 particles heated at high temperatures induced strong adhesion of Ni particles to the SiO2 particles and suppressed sintering of Ni particles on SiO2 particles. We succeeded in development of a technique for preventing the sintering of nickel nanoparticles on SiO2 microparticles. Keywords: Nickel Nanoparticles, Catalyst, Gas Phase Reaction, Sintering Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 226 POSTER SESSION Nanoparticles and Materials [ PS0014 ] PS-NM25 July 4 (Tue) Foyer 17:00 - 18:30 Modifying Surface of Magnetic Heating Fine Particles with Polyethylene Glycol for Hyperthermia K. SUGIHARA1, T. ONISHI1, T. KINOSHITA1* and Y. OKADA1 1 Department of Chemical, Kansai University, Japan ABSTRACT Hyperthermia therapy for cancer that is based on the higher heat-sensitivity of tumor cells. Recently there has been considerable interest in magnetic heating fine particles with a Curie temperature near the thermal death point of cancer cells. In an AC magnetic field, when the temperature is below the Curie temperature (Tc), magnetic energy is converted to heat. In the previous study, we successfully synthesized pure high-crystallinity LaSrMn Oxide (LSMO) fine particles by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. As the temperature approaches Tc, the magnetization of the particle decreases and the generating heat also decrease, which permit the temperature to be kept at constant about Tc. For practical use, the surface of the particles have to be coated with Polyethylene glycol (PEG) to be prevented from aggregation with each other and uptake by an immune cell in vivo. However it is difficult to modify directly the surface of the LSMO particles with PEG. In this study, we coated firstly the LSMO particles with silica (LSMO/SiO2) because silica can bind easily to PEG. The LSMO particles were coated with silica by Stöber method using three silane coupling agents, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) or 3-(2-imidazolin-1-yl) propyl triethxysilane (IPTES). Silica thickness was able to be controlled by the concentration of the silanes. We try to adsorb PEG onto of the silica surface via chemical bond between the functional group, amine and imidazole, silane and PEG. Furthermore, we evaluated heating properties of the synthesized particles under AC magnetic field. Keywords: Hyperthermia, Magnetic particle, silica, PEG Corresponding author: [email protected] 227