Transcript
Waves and Sound – Ripple Tank
Ripple Tank System WA-9899 A Completely Redesigned System A More Affordable
White LED Strobe
A Integrated strobe/ripple generator simplifies operation
Cool running, produces bright, clear, wave patterns (includes rod)
A F oam “beach” design dramatically reduces reflections from walls
Ripple Generator
A Silent operation
Sloped Foam Beach
Producing interference pattern with two point sources
Eliminates reflections
PASCO has completely redesigned its Ripple Tank System to make it easier to use, more reliable, and more affordable. The strobe and rippler are controlled by the same unit and a new feature makes it possible to introduce a small frequency difference between the strobe and the rippler to make the waves appear to move slowly. A simple switch changes the phase of the two ripplers from 0 to 180 degrees. The rippler uses voice coil actuators for precise and silent operation. The frequency range (1.0 Hz to 50.0 Hz) includes those important low frequencies that make refraction more prominent. The LED digital frequency readout can be seen in low lighting. The rippler has knobs to easily adjust the dipper depth and the amplitude of the dipper stroke.
Ripple Tank Base and Rod (not included)
Detachable Legs
The new light source is a white LED which remains cool during operation and produces a bright, clear wave pattern. The light can be used as a strobe or in steady mode.
Typical Applications:
Viewing Screen
Point Sources
(included)
(Three sizes)
A Speed of Wave Propagation A Superposition of Waves
Plane Wave
A Effects of Varying Water Depth
and multiple source
A Reflection, Refraction and Diffraction Digital Frequency Readout
Phase
Curved Reflector Depth Control
Diffraction Barriers
Refractors
Convex, Concave and Trapezoid
Amplitude
Frequency The yellow convex lens focuses the plane water waves. The waves show a pronounced refraction due to the abrupt change in depth of the water over the plastic lens.
286
(1-50 Hz)
Ripple Arms (shown with Point Source)
Strobe Control
Level Control
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Ripple Tank
Ripple Tank WA-9897
Refraction occurs at the boundaries of this rhomboid shape.
Includes: The Doppler Effect is clearly demonstrated by moving the dipper. In this picture the movement is downward.
Diffraction Barriers are used to create a double slit to show interference. The barriers can be changed to adjust the slit width and slit separation.
Viewing Area: 34 cm x 34 cm Usable Tank Depth: 1 cm Drain Tube: 30 cm long Projection Screen: 35.6 cm x 38.8 cm wide Acrylic Mirror: 49.8 cm x 38.8 cm wide Light Source Support Rod: 46 cm long Water Resistant Storage Box: 64 cm x 52 cm x 17 cm
Specifications given at left Order Information: Ripple Tank.............................................................. WA-9897
WA-9896
Specifications Ripple Generator/Light Source (WA-9896) Voice Coil Actuator Frequency Range: 1.0 to 50.0 Hz with 0.1 Hz Resolution Light Source: Strobe or Steady, 5 W White LED Digital LED Display: Frequency/Delta Adjustable Delta Frequency Between Ripple Generator and Strobe: ± 45% frequency setting in steps of 9% Phase Switch: 0 or 180 degrees Depth, Tilt and Amplitude Adjustment Controls Power Supply: 15 VDC at 1.5 A with On/Off Switch Rippler Case Dimensions: 10.5 cm x 16.3 cm x 3.9 cm Includes:
Includes: Ripple Generator/Strobe driver with Power Adapter LED Strobe Assembly
Plane Wave Generator with multi-point dippers Point Sources (3 sizes)
Specifications given at left Order Information: Ripple Tank Generator/Light Source........................ WA-9896
Ripple Tank Replacement Set
Ripple Tank WA-9897 (complete components list at right) Ripple Generator/Light Source WA-9896 (complete components list at right) Water Resistant Storage Box included (64 cm x 52 cm x 17 cm)
WA-9898 Includes:
Order Information: Ripple Tank System...................................................................................................................... WA-9899 Required: ME-8735
p. 212
90 cm Rod. ............................................................................................................................................... ME-8738
p. 212
..............................................................................................................................
Surfactant Drainage tube (30 cm) with clamp 1 liter Plastic Beaker Pipette Clear Plastic Ruler Water Resistant Storage Box for Entire System
Ripple Generator/Light Source
Specifications Ripple Tank (WA-9897)
Large Rod Base
Tank with legs Projection Mirror and Screen Strobe Mounting Rod Refractors (convex, concave, rhomboid) Curved Reflector Diffraction Barriers (2 long, 1 short, 1 mini) Plastic Storage Box for components
Replacement: Ripple Tank Replacement Set........................................................................................... WA-9898
Plastic Storage Box for Components Dippers Pipette Foam Beach
Refractors Curved Reflector Diffraction Barriers
Specifications given at left Order Information: Ripple Tank Optics. ....................................... WA-9898
287
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
String Vibrator
Power Inputs
Drive String Vibrator’s coil with included power supply, Sine Wave Generator or 750 Interface.
WA-9857
Clamping
Convenient for clamping the String Vibrator to the tabletop or any other edge. Holes allow permanent mounting to a surface.
Custom Plastic Case
A G reat Tool for Mechanical Wave Demonstrations
Tough enough for student use; stacking posts allow several units to be vertically stacked for storage.
A U ses Magnetic Field to Drive Flexible Tongue A Includes Constant Frequency Power Supply
Built-in Rod Clamps
Stainless Steel Tongue
Flexible metal strip mounted to a powerful neodymium magnet; includes a hole for connecting string or wave cord.
For mounting on either a horizontal or vertical rod.
Air Vents
Provides good circulation of air around coil. The String Vibrator transforms mechanical wave demonstrations to hands-on activities that every lab group can easily perform. Featuring an elegant design with no motors or speakers, the String Vibrator allows students to study the fundamental characteristics of mechanical waves including wave speed, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, interference and resonance.
Powering the String Vibrator Constant Frequency Power Supply: Use the included power supply to create waves at a constant 60 Hz frequency. By changing the tension, various standing wave patterns can be created.
How it Works A neodymium magnet fastened to the stainless steel tongue is free to move within a coil. By supplying AC current to the coil, an alternating magnetic field is created which vibrates the magnet and tongue.
Power the String Vibrator by plugging the included power supply into the wall outlet. The waveform is varied by changing the tension in the elastic Wave Cord. Sine Wave Generator: Use this versatile device to drive the String Vibrator over a range of amplitudes and frequencies (0-800 Hz). A special mode allows the Sine Wave Generator to “learn” the fundamental frequency and scan through each of the resonant frequencies. See page 289 for more details. 750 Interface: The String Vibrator can also be powered by the 750 Interface (CI-7650) directly or by using the Power Amp (CI-6552A).
Includes:
By varying the amplitude and frequency of the AC signal, standing waves are created in the vibrating string.
Typical Applications A Standing Wave Patterns: Students learn about constructive and destructive interference by studying these waveforms
A Mechanical Wave Characteristics: Wave speed, string density, frequency, amplitude and wavelength can all be examined
288
String Vibrator Unit Constant Frequency Power Supply (60 Hz) Wave Cord (not shown) (3 meters) Order Information: String Vibrator...........................................................................................................WA-9857 Recommended: Sine Wave Generator........................................................................................WA-9867
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
Sine Wave Generator WA-9867
Power Output
Standard banana jacks allow the Sine Wave Generator to be easily connected to other devices
Frequency Increments
Use these buttons to store a frequency increment and scan through a frequency range by this increment.
A Sine Wave Output up to 800 Hz A Ideal for Driving Speakers and Wave Drivers Amplitude
A Auto-Scan of Resonant Frequencies
Vary the amplitude of the sine wave.
LED Display
Red LEDs make the display easy to read with 0.1 Hz resolution. The Sine Wave Generator is an effective tool for generating waves with speakers or wave drivers. It enables users to change both the frequency (0-800 Hz) and amplitude of the sine wave output. Both fine and coarse frequency controls are included and the digital display features a 0.1 Hz resolution. In addition, the generator can “learn” the fundamental frequency for a particular configuration. Students can observe the quantum nature of standing wave patterns as the Sine Wave Generator jumps from one resonant frequency to the next.
Frequency Adjustment
Change the frequency by 1 Hz or 0.1 Hz increments.
Typical Applications A Wave Patterns in Strings: The Sine Wave Generator can drive the following: String Vibrator (WA-9857) Economy Wave Driver (WA-9854) Mechanical Wave Driver (SF-9324)
A Resonant Frequencies in Air: Use the generator with the Open Speaker (WA-9900) and Economy Resonance Tube (WA-9495) to produce easily audible standing waves in air.
Features Custom Plastic Case: Designed to withstand student use; includes angled rubber feet for ease of use and rear rod clamp for additional mounting options. Cases are also stackable for easy storage. Digital Display: Frequency is displayed with 0.1 Hz resolution using red LEDs. Frequency Adjustment: Adjust the frequency of the output with either the fine (0.1 Hz) or coarse (1 Hz) knobs. The knobs include a “smart scan” feature so they change frequency more quickly when continuously turned.
Clearly demonstrate various standing wave patterns.
Built-In Clamp
Includes:
is used to mount the generator on a standard rod.
Sine Wave Generator Power Supply
Order Information: Sine Wave Generator.............................. WA-9867
Amplitude Adjustment: Change the voltage of the sine wave signal.
Recommended: String Vibrator................. WA-9857
p. 288
“Learn” Frequency: The Sine Wave Generator will store a frequency increment, then cycle through the selected frequency range by the increment automatically; very useful for resonance demonstrations or activities.
Economy Wave Driver.......................................... WA-9854
p. 291
Mechanical Wave Driver.......................................... SF-9324
p. 292
Open Speaker.................. WA-9900
p. 296
Economy Resonance Tube. ........... WA-9495
p. 296
289
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
Visualize motion with PASCO’s NEW modular LED Strobe. Strobe ME-6978
Shown using ME-6978 Strobe (with Strobe Module) and three additional ME-6982 Strobe Modules.
A 1 Hz to 500 Hz A Variable Intensity A Low Cost Unique modular design makes it easy to light any geometry. The ME-6978 Strobe includes the Strobe Control Box and one Strobe Module. Additional Strobe Modules (ME-6982) can be purchased separately (see below) for up to a total of four lamp modules per controller, and multiple control boxes can be connected together using the External Trigger. The Strobe Modules have a tilting lamp head on a sturdy base that sits on the table or fastens to a rod stand.
Features Display frequency in Hz or rpm Adjustable light intensity External Trigger to Daisy-chain multiple controllers together Trigger strobe using external input such as the ME-9498A photogate.
Specifications: Frequency Range: 1 Hz to 500 Hz Resolution: 0.1 Hz Accuracy: 0.1% Lamp Life: 50,000 hours. Brightness: 230 lumens (peak) per module
Lamp ON/OFF
Digital Display
Frequency Adjustment
Brightness Control
WA-9857 String Vibrator includes a constant frequency (60 Hz) brick power supply. Can also be used with the WA-9867 Sine Wave Generator to vary the amplitude and frequency.
Tilting lamp head on a sturdy base sits on the table or fastens to a rod stand.
Order Information: Strobe..................................................................................................................... ME-6978 (Includes Control Box and one Strobe Module) Additional Strobe Module............................................................ ME-6982
Includes: Control Box and one Strobe Module
290
Shown in use with: String Vibrator.............................................................................................. WA-9857
p. 288
Small “A” Base. ........................................................................................... ME-8976
p. 212
Large Rod Base. ......................................................................................... ME-8735
p. 212
60 cm long Steel Rod (threaded)
ME-8977
p. 212
90 cm long Steel Rod (non-threaded) ....................... ME-8738
p. 212
Pendulum Clamp
p. 214
.....................................
....................................................................................
SE-9443
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
Economy Wave Driver WA-9854 A Economical Tool for the Study of Mechanical Waves A Includes Constant Frequency Power Supply A Can Also be Driven with PASCO’s Sine Wave Generator or 750 Interface
Using the Sine Wave Generator, the frequency and amplitude of the Economy Wave Driver can be varied to facilitate the study of standing wave patterns. The Economy Wave Driver is an inexpensive yet effective solution for hands-on experiments on the properties of mechanical waves. It includes everything students need to generate and analyze standing wave patterns in strings.
Sine Wave Generator WA-9867
How it Works A molded plastic post is attached directly to the cone of the speaker and the wave cord is fed through the groove on the top of the post. The two ends of the cord are tied off or held with suspended masses. Using the included power supply, students can drive the speaker at a constant 60 Hz and vary the tension to create standing wave patterns. The Economy Wave Driver can be used with any function generator which outputs 0 – 7 Volts and 0.3 – 0.6 Amps. The operating frequency for the driver is 0 – 90 Hz.
Includes: 5 ¼” Sub Woofer Speaker with Wave Driver Post Elastic Cord (three meters) (not shown) Power Supply (60 Hz) Order Information: Economy Wave Driver. .......................... WA-9854
Wave Driver Post
The Sine Wave Generator is an excellent tool for generating waves with speakers or wave drivers. It allows both the frequency (0-800 Hz) and amplitude of the sine wave output to be changed. Both fine and coarse frequency controls are included and the digital display features a 0.1 Hz resolution. In addition, the generator can “learn” the fundamental frequency for a particular configuration. Students can observe the quantum nature of standing wave patterns as the Sine Wave Generator jumps from one resonant frequency to the next. For more information on its full capabilities, see page 289.
WA-9870 (2 pack)
Typical Applications A Study the effect of tension on resonance
while powering the wave driver at a constant frequency (60 Hz) and amplitude
A Using the Sine Wave Generator or 750
Interface, vary the frequency and amplitude of the wave driver to discover the relationship between frequency and resonance wave patterns
The Wave Driver Post can also be purchased separately for use with existing 5 1/4” speakers. Actual diameter is 3 1/4” (8.3 cm). Order Information:
Order Information:
Wave Driver Post (2 pack) ............ WA-9870
Sine Wave Generator. ........................WA-9867
291
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
Mechanical Wave Driver SF-9324 A Drive Any Wave Experiment at Specified Frequencies A Variable Amplitude A Tough and Versatile
SF-9324
8 Ω Impedance
Features Frequency Response: From 0.1 to 1000 Hz with an amplitude of approximately 5 mm up to about 50 Hz. Mounts Vertically or Horizontally: Designed to sit upright on a table, on its side or mounted on a 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) rod.
Powering the Wave Driver
Driving Signal Required: Requires a function generator with a minimum of ±8
[email protected] A. An accurate measurement of frequency is necessary for quantitative resonance experiments.
Mechanical Wave Driver Accessories Chladni Plates Kit WA-9607
In the early nineteenth century, Ernst Chladni added another dimension to wave experiments by sprinkling sand on a thin plate and using a violin bow to induce vibrations. The sand collected along the nodal lines of the wave patterns painted clear and beautiful pictures of the various modes of vibration. The Chladni Plates Kit and a Wave Driver allow continuous vibrations to be produced at measurable frequencies. Students can determine the resonant frequencies of the plates and examine the modes of vibration at any frequency. The Chladni Plates Kit includes a 24 cm x 24 cm square plate, round plate, 0.8 kg of extra-fine sand and a sand shaker. The round plate can be vibrated about its center or an offset point to investigate both symmetric and asymmetric modes of vibration.
Different PASCO products can be used to power the Wave Driver: Power Amplifier II CI-6552A
Sine Wave Generator WA-9867
Function Generator PI-8127
292
Order Information: Mechanical Wave Driver..................... SF-9324 Required: Banana Plug Patch Cord......................... SE-9751 p. 261 and one of the following function generators: Sine Wave Generator........................... WA-9867 p. 291 Function Generator........................... PI-8127 p. 284 Power Amplifier II........................ CI-6552A p. 70 with ScienceWorkshop 750 Interface...................................................................... p. 68-69 Equivalent function generator providing up to 1 A to an 8 Ω impedance.
Order Information: Chladni Plates Kit
...................................
WA-9607
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
Mechanical Wave Driver Accessories
Structures Resonance
Metal Resonance Strips
Longitudinal Wave Spring
SF-9404
WA-9401
PASCO’s Structures System is perfect for demonstrating resonance in complex systems. The plastic I-Beams clearly show two different bending moments, and can be connected together to build a variety of structures. See page 294 for more examples.
These resonance strips demonstrate standing waves, harmonics and the relationship between length, frequency and resonance.
Using the Longitudinal Wave Spring accessory, it is easy to demonstrate and visualize the nodes and antinodes of longitudinal waves. Unstretched length is 13 cm.
Investigate the unique resonant frequencies of the SF-9404 Metal Resonance Strips. Order Information: Metal Resonance Strips ................. SF-9404
Resonance Wire Loop SF-9405
Longitudinal waves can be easily demonstrated with the WA-9401 Longitudinal Wave Spring. Use this wire loop (29 cm diameter) to introduce Bohr’s quantum atom using a classical model. Order Information: Resonance Wire Loop.......................... SF-9405
String Holders Slot (set of 4) SF-9322
Order Information: Longitudinal Wave Spring............ WA-9401
Violin Chladni Plate
Order Information:
1.2 m tall
SE-7319
Hole (set of 4) SF-9323
4 mm diameter banana plugs fit into shaft of Wave Driver.
Composite I-Beam
The long plastic I-Beam is constructed of components from the Advanced Structures Set (p. 170). It is driven using the SF-9324 Mechanical Wave Driver and the PI-8127 Function Generator, demonstrating the three lowest harmonics. This 40 cm-long plate is shaped like a standard violin. Place sand on the plate and excite with either a violin bow or wave driver. Includes a standard banana jack connector for use with the Mechanical Wave Driver (SF-9324).
Equipment Shown: Advanced Structures Set*...............ME-6992B p. 170 Large Slotted Mass Set. ................................ME-7566
p. 223
45cm Stainless Steel Rod................................ME-8736
p. 212 P. 212
Slot String Holder (set of 4)........ SF-9322
Order Information:
Large Rod Base...............ME-8735
Hole String Holder (set of 4)....... SF-9323
Violin Chladni Plate............................... SE-7319
*Patents pending
293
Waves and Sound – Resonance
Demonstrate resonance in complex systems. The bridge shown here was constructed using the Advanced Structures Set (pages 170-171), plus additional Truss Sets (page 168). The bridge is driven using the SF -9324 Mechanical Wave Driver and the PI-8127 Function Generator.
Tied Arch Bridge
Short Slotted Mass Set (ME-7589)
2 m long
Load Cell Amplifier (PS-2198)
Shaking Tower 75 cm tall
5N Load Cell
Students can analyze phase relationship between the driving force (blue trace) and resulting acceleration of the bridge (red trace).
Measure acceleration with a 5N Load Cell This building frame is built with an Advanced Structures Set. The building is being shaken with the Mechanical Wave Driver. Additional mass is added to the foam core floors (not included). See page 184 for an example of passive pendulum damping with the shaking tower.
Connect one end of a load cell to the structure and attach a mass to the other end of the load cell. The acceleration of the structure is graphed in real time as the structure shakes.
Mechanical Wave Driver (SF-9324) The resonance of the bridge is characterized by driving the bridge at different frequencies, and measuring the resulting accelerations using Load Cells at various locations. The graph above (orange trace) shows the response in the 1 Hz to 10 Hz frequency range. The students can also look at the free vibration of the bridge by simply hitting it with a hammer! The resulting FFT (blue trace) shows the correlation between the forced and free vibrations. Experiments on this page shown in use with:
Function Generator (PI-8127)
294
Advanced Structures Set*...............................ME-6992B p. Load Cell Amplifier*................................................PS-2198 p. 5 N Load Cell*.................................................................PS-2201 p. Function Generator. .................................................PI-8127 p. Mechanical Wave Driver.....................................SF-9324 p. Mass and Hanger Set............................................ME-8979 p. Short Slotted Mass Set. ......................................ME-7589 p. Rods and Stands......................................................................................................... p. *Patents pending
172 32 33 284 292 223 223 212
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Mechanical Waves
Sonometer System
1
WA-9757 A Investigate Waves on a Wire A C ontrol Length, Tension, Density and Driving Frequency 3
A O bserve and Measure the Waveforms on an Oscilloscope
Uses Standard Guitar Strings They come in a variety of linear densities and can be changed in seconds.
2 The WA-9757 Sonometer with Driver/Detector Coils includes:
Magnetic Mounts
The two movable bridges and the Driver/ Detector Coils mount magnetically to the base, so setup is easy and components stay put.
Slotted Tensioning Lever
Adjust the tension quickly and accurately using a single hanging mass (1-2 kg). Vary the tension instantly by factors of 2, 3, 4 or 5.
Driver Coil
Use a function generator to drive the wire at set frequencies.
Built-in Millimeter Scale Determine lengths quickly and easily.
Detector Coil
Monitor frequency and amplitude at any point on the wire with an oscilloscope or computer.
1. Base with magnetic mounting strip, sounding board, tensioning lever and wire positioning screw 2. 10 Solid Steel Wires— two each of 0.245, 0.356, 0.432, 0.508 and 0.559 mm diameter 3. Driver and Detector Coils 4. BNC-to-Banana Plug Adapter (not shown— used to connect to ScienceWorkshop interface) 5. Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide (not shown)
Experiments Using a PASCO computer interface to monitor the detector signal makes it easier to measure and document the relationship between wave amplitude and frequency. Use the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) mode for a more sophisticated analysis of wave behavior on a string. The Sonometer’s immediate audio feedback from the vibrating string combined with DataStudio’s sophisticated analysis techniques adds reality to advanced concepts.
Equipment Required: ScienceWorkshop 500, 700 or 750 Interface
Sound Box
Students can hear the sound of the plucked or driven wires.
CI-6552A Power Amplifier (ScienceWorkshop 700 or 750 only) or PI-9587C Function Generator to drive the Sonometer CI-6503 Voltage Sensor to monitor the detector
With the classic sonometer, students can investigate waves on a wire by adjusting the wire tension and length and listening to the difference in tone when the wire is plucked or bowed. It is a useful demonstration, but is only qualitative. With the PASCO Sonometer and the Driver/Detector Coils, students can vary the density, tension and length of the wire, adjust the driving frequency and examine the resulting waveform in full detail on an oscilloscope or computer interface. This is all done quantitatively. Features include a slotted tensioning lever, magnetic mounts, built-in scale and a sound box.
In the Laboratory The included Sonometer Manual contains a discussion of the theory of waves on a stretched string, and student-ready experiments for investigating the resonant modes of a stretched string and for measuring velocity of wave propagation on a string.
Driver Coil
Detector Coil
60 cm
Guitar String
Bridge
Tensioning Lever
Sonometer 1 kg
100.0 Hz
Channel 1 (Detector Coil) Frequency Generator Oscilloscope
Channel 2 (Driver Coil)
The PASCO Sonometer measuring resonant modes on a stretched string.
This oscilloscope display shows the output signal generated from the power amplifier (red trace) and the input signal from the detector coil (green trace). The output frequency is 55 Hz.
This FFT display shows a fundamental frequency of 400 Hz for a plucked sonometer string.
Order Information: Sonometer System............................................................................. WA-9757 Sonometer (No Coils)...................................................................... WA-9611 Sonometer Driver/Detector Coils (pair)................... WA-9613 Required: Slotted Mass Hanger......................................................................... SE-8703A p. Slotted Mass Set..................................................................................... SE-8704A p. ScienceWorkshop 500 or 750 Interface.............................................................. p. Voltage Sensor.......................................................................................... CI-6503 p. Dual Trace Oscillosope.................................................................... SB-9591A p. Function Generator. ............................................................................ PI-8127 p. or Power Amplifier II.................................................................................. CI-6552A p. (for ScienceWorkshop 700 or 750 Interface only)
223 223 68-72 79 282 284 70
295
Waves and Sound – Sound
Demonstrate Acoustic Resonance Economy Resonance Tube WA-9495
Metric Scale
Directly measures length of air column for open and closed tube.
Nested Tubes
Stand
Students will have no difficulty hearing resonant frequencies from this tube. Two nested cardboard tubes allow the length of the air column to be easily varied, and the inner tube contains a removable end-cap to change from a “closed” to an “open” tube. The length of the resonating column can be read directly off the metric scale for both open and closed operation.
Closed tube (with end cap in place)
Open tube (with end cap removed) The removable end-cap on the inner tube allows the air column to act as either an “open” or a “closed” tube.
Open Speaker WA-9900 Features a high-quality, 13.3 cm woofer mounted on a sturdy base with standard banana jack inputs. The Open Speaker is not enclosed inside a case, making it perfect for resonance experiments.
Specifications Frequency Response: 75 - 8000 Hz Impedance: 8 ohms Input Power: 60 watts (max)
Shown in use with the Open Speaker (WA-9900) and the Sine Wave Generator (WA-9867)
WA-9495 Includes: Outer Tube (length 1.3m; diameter 0.15m) Inner Tube (Includes measuring tape and removable end-cap) Tube Stands (2) Order Information: Economy Resonance Tube.................................... WA-9495 Shown in use with:
Order Information:
Open Speaker....................................................................... WA-9900
Open Speaker........................................................................................................ WA-9900
Sine Wave Generator.................................................. WA-9867
296
p. 289
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Sound
Resonance Tube
Movable Piston
WA-9612
Built-in Metric Scale
Push in the piston to adjust the tube length.
Makes it easy to measure tube length and microphone position.
A Investigate Sound Waves in a Closed or Open Tube A Observe Waveforms on an Oscilloscope A Movable Piston and Microphone This Resonance Tube brings the same advantages to longitudinal wave experiments that PASCO’s Sonometer brings to transverse wave experiments. Drive the speaker with a function generator to create stable wave patterns at specified frequencies. Then connect an oscilloscope or ScienceWorkshop computer interface to the microphone to examine the waveforms in detail. The 90 cm long, clear plastic tube is simple and rugged.
Musical Instrument Holes
Built-in Speaker/ Microphone Assembly Movable Microphone
Two methods of investigating wave patterns:
Position the microphone at the edge of the tube or use the probe to position it anywhere inside the tube. Easily locate all the nodes and antinodes of a standing wave pattern.
Movable piston
with a movable piston and fixed microphone...
Setup is easy. A function generator is used to drive the speaker.
A pair of holes in the tube let students investigate the effects of closed and open holes in musical instruments. When performing other experiments, the holes can be covered with the included slip rings.
This DataStudio FFT display shows the frequency spectrum for a sound above 600 Hz recorded by the Resonance Tube’s microphone.
Microphone on probe rod
with a fixed piston and movable microphone.
The oscilloscope display shows two traces: the green trace is the output signal from the Resonance Tube’s microphone, and the red trace is the output signal from DataStudio’s Signal Generator.
Includes: 1. 90 cm Acrylic Tube with mounting stand and built-in millimeter scale 2. Piston and Rod for adjusting tube length 3. Miniature Microphone 4. Microphone Probe Rod for examining the waveform inside the tube 5. Speaker Assembly 6. Two holes with slip ring covers 7. BNC-to-Banana Plug Adapter (not shown— used to connect to ScienceWorkshop interface) 8. Instruction Manual and Experiment Guide (not shown)
Equipment Required: ScienceWorkshop 700 or 750 Interface CI-6552A Power Amplifier (ScienceWorkshop 700 or 750 only) or PI-9587C Function Generator to drive the Resonance Tube CI-6503 Voltage Sensor to monitor the detector
Order Information: Resonance Tube........................................................................................ WA-9612 Required for use with ScienceWorkshop: ScienceWorkshop 750 Interface................................................................................... p. Voltage Sensor.......................................................................................... CI-6503 p. Power Amplifier II.................................................................................. CI-6552A p. (for ScienceWorkshop 700 or 750 Interface only) Required for use without sensors: 20 MHz Dual Trace Oscilloscope......................................... SB-9591A p. Function Generator. ............................................................................ PI-8127 p. Replacement Supplies: Replacement Speaker...................................................................... WA-9662
68-72 79 70
282 284
297
Waves and Sound – Transverse Waves
Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator
Single Section Wave Motion Demonstrator
SE-9600
SE-9601 A Produces Slow-Moving, High-Amplitude Transverse Waves A Demonstrates All Basic Wave Phenomena
SE-9600 Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator: in three sections. The high-amplitude, slow-moving waves provide a fascinating introduction to basic wave phenomena. The PASCO SE-9600 Complete (Transverse) Wave Motion Demonstrator allows mechanical waves to be created to demonstrate the behavior and properties common to many types of waves.
How It Works A series of steel rods is attached at their centers to a torsion wire. When a rod is displaced and released, a wave propagates along the rod. Velocity depends on the torsion constant of the wire and the moment of inertia of the rods.
The SE-9601 Single Section Wave Motion Demonstrator: A-frame design collapses for easy storage.
Three Wave Sections: Each section has rods of different lengths, allowing reflection and transmission demonstrations. -S ection 1 is 92 cm long with 46 cm rods. -S ection 2 is 92 cm long with 23 cm rods. The resulting wave velocity is about three times as fast. -S ection 3 is 46 cm long with rods that vary exponentially from 46 cm to 23 cm. This section acts as an impedancematching unit. Yellow Rod Tips: Easy viewing and highlights wave motion.
Features
Folds for Compact Storage
2.3 Meters Long: Plenty of room to watch the wave develop and interact.
Easy Setup Order Information:
Includes: Section 1 (46 cm long rods) Length of section: 92 cm Clamp for rigid termination Dash Pot for liquid damping
Order Information:
Complete Wave Motion Demonstrator........................... SE-9600
Single Section Wave Motion Demonstrator........................... SE-9601
Matter Model
Longitudinal Waves
ME-9825A
A Dynamic Model of Solid Materials A E xcellent Visualization of Wave Motion
Transverse Waves
A E asily Assembled into a Variety of Configurations Students can investigate wave properties including reflection, wave speed, and standing waves. See page 204 for more information on Matter Model.
298
Includes: Atoms (40) Heavy springs (60) (350 N/m spring constant) Light springs (60) (70 N/m spring constant) Long Springs (60) Nuts (30) (for increasing the atom mass) Brass rod (1)
Order Information: Matter Model............................................. ME-9825A
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Wave Media
Demonstration Wave Spring
Double-Length Slinky
Elastic Wave Cord
SE-8760
SE-9409
The Slinky is an excellent tool for demonstrating transverse and longitudinal wave phenomena. This Double-Length Slinky is twice as long as a traditional slinky, allowing students to create well-defined wave pulses and standing wave patterns. The tension in the Slinky is very low, causing wave pulses to travel slowly throughout its length.
This highly visible elastic cord can be used to set up standing transverse waves. Or, pluck it to watch wave propagation. Approximately 3 mm diameter and 90 meters in length.
WA-7334
The Demonstration Wave Spring is ideal for illustrating mechanical wave properties such as frequency, wavelength and interference. Because it’s not as stiff as the Snakey (below), the Demonstration Wave Spring provides a different medium in which to study waves. Two hooks on either end allow students to stretch this spring to a length of 8 meters. It has a diameter of 2.3 cm and an unstretched length of 80 cm.
Order Information: Double-Length Slinky........................... SE-8760
Clear standing wave patterns can easily be created.
Order Information: Elastic Wave Cord....................................... SE-9409
Digital Stroboscope
Glow String (2 pack)
SF-9211
SE-8690
A 1 -300 Flashes per Second (18,000 RPM) A Digital Frequency Readout A B right: A Xenon flash tube with a 14 cm wide reflector
Order Information:
This “string” glows in the dark after being exposed to light. Use it to demonstrate wave motion, including resonance and standing wave patterns. Two rolls are included, totaling over 15 meters of string.
Demonstration Wave Spring. ..................................................... WA-7334
Snakey SE-7331
The extra-long metal spring is ideal for the study of mechanical waves. The Snakey has an unstretched length of 80 centimeters. Pull the convenient end loops more than 7 meters apart to demonstrate transverse, longitudinal and standing waves.
See page 225 for more information.
Glow String forming a standing wave using PASCO’s String Vibrator WA-9857, Sine Wave Generator WA-9867 and a UV Light Source SE-7228. Color of string may be different from what is shown. See page 334 for more information on UV Light Source.
Order Information:
Order Information:
Order Information:
Snakey. ..................................................................... SE-7331
Digital Stroboscope................................. SF-9211
Glow String (2 pack)............................... SE-8690
299
Waves and Sound – WAVEPORT
Software Single User Classroom License Site License
CI-6872D CI-6858B CI-6874D
A No sensors required A Uses computer sound card to generate and record sound A Intuitive, yet powerful analysis tools
In the Sound Analyzer mode, the computer listens to sound through a microphone. The waveform and the FFT of the frequencies comprising the sound are displayed. In this case, a student was singing a note centered on 280 Hz.
Using the hand icons, students can change the frequency, wavelength, and phase of sound waves. In this case, the sum of the waves is shown and beats can be seen and heard. Never before have students had the opportunity to learn about waves and sound in such an interactive manner. WAVEPORT engages students’ senses, allowing them to see, hear and feel sound waves. WAVEPORT software uses only the internal sound capability of the computer, so no additional equipment is necessary. WAVEPORT also enables students to collect and analyze sound waves. Using an external sound source or a favorite music CD, students can see the changes in the sound waves as they change the input sound. Students can whistle into the computer microphone and observe the waveform on the screen. Next, they can change the pitch of their whistle and see the changes in the waveform. WAVEPORT allows students to directly manipulate a waveform to see, feel and hear the effects of their manipulations. Students can change the frequency of the waveform by dragging an intuitive icon across the screen. As the students change the frequency on the screen, they can hear the changing sound waves from the computer’s speakers! All data created in WAVEPORT can easily be exported into DataStudio for more detailed analysis.
In the Piano mode, students can relate pressing piano keys to the notes they hear and the waveform they see.
Each WAVEPORT CD includes: WAVEPORT Software Six DataStudio Workbooks: - Sound Creator Tutorial - Creating Sound - Constructive/Destructive Interference
- Sound Analyzer Tutorial - Beat Frequency - Capturing Sound
DataStudio Lite
WAVEPORT Computer Requirements Windows™: 2000 or higher Free RAM: 8 MB (16 MB preferred), CD-ROM drive, hard disk (20 MB free) Macintosh®: MAC OS X v. 10.4 or higher (Universal Binary), Free RAM: 8 MB (16 MB preferred), CD-ROM drive, hard disk (20 MB free)
300
MAC
•
Windows
WAVEPORT may be purchased as a single copy for use with one computer, or as a Classroom License for use in a single K-12 classroom, or as a Site License for use on all computers in a high school or college/university department. Order Information: WAVEPORT Software (Single User)..............................................CI-6872D WAVEPORT Software (Site License).............................................CI-6874D
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound – Doppler
Doppler Rocket
Demonstrate Waves and Doppler
WA-9826
Ripple Tank System
A Experience the Frequency Shift of Sound Waves A Easily Generate High Velocity Motion A Rugged Construction
WA-9899
O-rings
Remove easily to change battery
Skinned Foam Body
Protects buzzer during impact
PASCO’s Ripple Tank is perfect for demonstrating waves that students can actually see! Vary the amplitude and frequency, and use the built-in strobe to “stop” the waves or make them appear to move slowly. Students can investigate speed of wave propagation, superposition of waves (interference), reflection, refraction and diffraction. In the photo below, the Doppler Effect is demonstrated by rotating the Ripple Generator on its stand, causing the single point source dipper to move though the water.
Rope Tube
The Doppler Effect is clearly demonstrated by moving the dipper. In this picture the movement is downward.
Pass rope through to fly horizontally
Flying Horizontally — A set of two ropes can be passed through the center of the unit. This allows students to use the included handles to propel the Doppler Rocket across the room at high velocities. The unit is guided by the ropes. Students hear the change in pitch as the Doppler Rocket flies past them.
White LED Strobe
Ripple Generator
Producing wave pattern for single point source
Cool running, produces bright, clear, wave patterns
Water covered glass plate
The Doppler Rocket combines the elements of a toy with an audio Doppler shift to create an educational experience students won’t forget. The Doppler Rocket emits a true, sinusoidal sound waveform at a constant frequency of approximately 620 Hz. The circuit and speaker are housed in skinned foam that protect the unit during normal impacts. The circuit is powered by a 9V battery. As the Doppler Rocket passes the students, they hear a noticeable shift in frequency. Velocities of 10 m/s can be easily achieved, resulting in a 20 Hz shift in frequency.
Ripple Tank
Includes: Doppler Rocket Rope (30 meters) Handles (4) Handle Cushions (4) Battery (9 Volt)
Order Information:
Order Information:
Doppler Rocket.........................................................................................................WA-9826
Ripple Tank System.........................................................WA-9899
p. 286-287
301
Waves and Sound – Tuning Forks
Resonance Boxes
Tuning Fork Set
Ideal for use with TM
Ideal for use with TM
SE-7342
Resonance Box (Single) SE-7344 Sympathetic Resonance Box Set SE-7345
(b)
(a)
Resonance boxes are great instruments for amplifying sound from a tuning fork. These boxes are constructed from hardwood and feature an A4 tuning fork mounted directly to the box. Use WAVEPORT software to measure the sound waves and beat frequencies created by these resonance boxes.
The tuning fork has long been the tool of choice for helping students understand the relationship between wave frequency and pitch. These high-quality aluminum tuning forks are both rugged and economical. The set includes eight forks representing a full octave of frequencies, a soft protective case and a rubber mallet.
Note
Frequency
C
256 Hz
D
288 Hz
Resonance Box (Single)
E
320 Hz
Hardwood resonance box with a 256 Hz A4 tuning fork (a)
F
341.3 Hz
G
384 Hz
A
426.7 Hz 480 Hz 512 Hz
Sympathetic Resonance Box Set Hardwood resonance box with a 256 Hz A4 tuning fork (a)
Order Information: Resonance Box.............................................. SE-7344
B
Hardwood resonance box with an adjustable tuning fork (b)
Sympathetic Resonance Box Set..................................................................... SE-7345
C
Chime Set
Recommended: WAVEPORT Software............................. CI-6872D
Ideal for use with TM
SE-9081 The Chime Set features three chimes which produce easily heard tones at 1750, 2650 and 3500 Hz. The highest frequency chime is one octave above the lowest frequency chime. Use WAVEPORT software to analyze the sound waves from the Chime Set. Length of bars (1.2 cm diameter): 17.7 cm, 14.4 cm, 12.4 cm.
Order Information: Tuning Fork Set............................................. SE-7342
Adjustable Tuning Fork SE-7343
Use the Adjustable Tuning Fork to demonstrate how to change the frequency of a tuning fork. Includes a 240 Hz tuning fork and two adjustable masses. The adjustable masses can be moved up and down to change the pitch. Conveniently labeled notches allow an entire octave from “C” to “B” to be produced.
Order Information:
Order Information:
Chime Set............................................................. SE-9081
Adjustable Tuning Fork........................ SE-7343
302
www.pasco.com
Waves and Sound
Slide Whistles (4 pack) SE-8686 Ideal for use with
Acoustics Demonstration Disc
Digital Sound Level Meter
SE-9410
SE-9761C Ideal for use with
TM
TM
These brightly colored whistles are a great tool for demonstrating the relationship between tube length and pitch. Students blow into the mouthpiece and change the length of the tube by pulling the piston handle. As the length of the tube is increased, the frequency of the whistle varies from approximately 1500 Hz to a minimum of 500 Hz.
A 3 9 Aural Demonstrations A High-Quality Compact Disc
A C ompact, Easy to Use A Versatile Measurements A ±1.5 dB Accuracy
Between the physics of sound and the appreciation of a Bach fugue lies the fascinating field of psychoacoustics. The basic question is simple: What is the relationship between physical vibrations in the air and the sounds we perceive?
The Digital Sound Lever Meter provides greater accuracy and more sophisticated measuring capabilities than an analog meter.
The high-quality digital compact disc provides 39 aural demonstrations that introduce the key elements of human sound perception. Each demonstration highlights a particular aspect of human hearing.
SE-9410 Acoustics Demonstration Disc: Order Information: Slide Whistles (4 pack)......................... SE-8686
Sound Tubes (4 pack) SE-8692
39 aural demonstrations introduce students to the fascinating field of psychoacoustics.
Investigate:
Features
Frequency analysis and critical bands
Easy push button operation
Sound pressure, power and loudness
Wide range; 40 to 130 dB
Masking
Large 3-1/2 digit display
Pitch
Variable response rate
Timbre Beats, combination tones, distortion and echoes
The Digital Sound Level Meter comes ready-to-use with a built-in microphone and four AAA batteries.
Biaural effects
Specifications
When students spin these tubes over their heads the tube produces an audible tone similar to that produced by blowing across the mouth of a bottle. As the tube is spun faster, the resonant frequency increases. Five different frequencies can be achieved. Four tubes of various colors are included. Order Information: Sound Tubes (4 pack)............................. SE-8692
Ranges: 40 to 130 dB Accuracy: ± 1.5 dB Frequency Range: 31.5 Hz to 8 kHz Frequency Weighting: A and C Time Weighting: Fast and Slow Auxiliary Outputs: AC conditioned, 0.707 V rms Display: 3-1/2 digit LCD Power: Four AAA batteries (included) Order Information: Acoustics Demonstration Disc
...............................
SE-9410
Required:
Order Information:
Compact Disc Player (Headphones required for biaural demonstrations)
Digital Sound Level Meter. .................................................................. SE-9761C
303
