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ISSN 2348–2370 Vol.06,Issue.07, September-2014, Pages:634-637 www.semargroup.org www.ijatir.org
Robust Railway Crack Detection Scheme (RRCDS) Using LED-LDR Assembly A. VETHAN KUMAR¹, G. AJITHA² ¹PG Scholar, Dept of Embedded Systems, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Email:
[email protected]. ²Assistant Professor, Dept of ECE, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, Email:
[email protected]. Abstract: In India, most of the commercial transport is being carried out by the railway network and therefore, any problems in the same has the capacity to induce major damage to the economy-notwithstanding the societal impact of loss of life or limb. This paper proposes a cost effective yet robust solution to the problem of railway crack detection utilizing a method that is unique in the sense that while it is simple, the idea is completely novel and hitherto untested.In railway line, any time the track it’s striking due to weather condition, earthquake, cyclone, etc.. The Track damage status is monitored by the sensor and wireless modules, when the sensor not getting signal, immediately notifies and alert or informs to the current train or authority people on the track. The above task can achieve through microcontrollers, GSM and GPS, sensors. Keywords: GSM, GPS, LDR, ARM9. I. INTRODUCTION An Embedded system is a combination of software and hardware to perform a dedicated task .Some of the main devices used in embedded products are Microprocessors and Microcontrollers. Microprocessors are commonly referred to as general purpose processors as they simply accept the inputs, process it and give the output. In contrast, a microcontroller not only accepts the data as inputs but also manipulates it, interfaces the data with various devices, controls the data and thus finally gives the result. The ―Robust Railway Crack Detection Scheme (RRCDS) Using LED-LDR Assembly‖ using ARM9 microcontroller is an exclusive project which is used to detect the cracks in railway track. II. INTRODUCTION OF HARDWARE PARTS OF ROBUST RAILWAY CRACK DETECTION SCHEME (RRCDS) USING LED-LDR ASSEMBLY
Figure1. Block Diagram.
In this project we required ARM controller. The Microcontroller forms the heart of the project because it controls the devices being interfaced and communicates with the devices according to the program being written (see fig 1). A. S3C2440AMicrocontroller Samsung's S3C2440A 16/32-bit RISC microprocessor. Samsung’s S3C2440A is designed to provide hand-held devices and general applications with low-power, and high-performance microcontroller solution in small die size. To reduce total system cost, the S3C2440A includes the following components. The S3C2440A is developed with ARM920T core, 0.13um CMOS standard cells and a memory complier. Its low power, simple, elegant and fully static design is particularly suitable for cost- and powersensitive applications. It adopts a new bus architecture known as Advanced Micro controller Bus Architecture (AMBA). The S3C2440A offers outstanding features with its CPU core, a 16/32-bit ARM920T RISC processor designed by Advanced RISC Machines, Ltd. The ARM920T implements MMU, AMBA BUS, and Harvard cache architecture with separate 16KB instruction and 16KB data caches, each with an 8-word line length. By providing a complete set of common system peripherals, the S3C2440A minimizes overall system costs and eliminates the need to configure additional components. B. LDR LDR stands for Light Dependent Resistor. It is very useful in measuring light. Initially LDR is having high resistance, when the light fall on the resistor the resistance of the ldr falls, allowing current to pass through it. Based on the property of resistance we can measure the light.
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A. VETHAN KUMAR, G. AJITHA Normally the Light Dependent Resistor is made up of that GPS technology continues to run smoothly for years to Cadmium Sulphide. It does not has polarity. By using the come. LDR when there is a dark then automatically the lights will F. DC Motor be ON. A dc motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically through the C. LCD interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying Lcd stands for liquid crystal display. It is an output conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical device and mainly used for displaying the characters, energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by numbers and any type of special characters. Previously In an alternator, generator or dynamo. Many types of electric place of LCD they have used seven-segment Display. Here motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. The input the cost of LCD is low as compared to the seven-segment of a DC motor is current/voltage and its output is torque display. Now a day’s LCD plays a major role. (speed). The DC motor has two basic parts those are the In this project lcd is used for displaying the value of rotating part that is called the armature and the stationary temperature and humidity. For example if the temperature part that includes coils of wire called the field coils. The value is 30 degree centigrade’s then it displays as 30 stationary part is also called the stator. Armature is made degrees. It also displays the status of lights in home of coils of wire wrapped around the core, and the core has whether they are ON or OFF. an extended shaft that rotates on bearings. We should also notice that the ends of each coil of wire on the armature are D. GSM terminated at one end of the armature. The termination A GSM modem is a wireless modem that works with a points are called the commutator, and this is where the GSM wireless network. A wireless modem behaves like a brushes make electrical contact to bring electrical current dial-up modem. The main difference between them is that from the stationary part to the rotating part of the machine. a dial-up modem sends and receives data through a fixed telephone line while a wireless modem sends and receives III. MECHANICAL DESIGN data through radio waves. A GSM modem can be an The mechanical design of the project is clearly external device or a PC Card / PCMCIA Card. Typically, illustrated. The LED-LDR’s can be fixed on the track or an external GSM modem is connected to a computer they can be attached to the robot or in advance they can be through a serial cable or a USB cable. A GSM modem in set to the engine itself. The signals i.e, the light from the the form of a PC Card / PCMCIA Card is designed for use LED continuously falls on the LDR when they are set to with a laptop computer. It should be inserted into one of the means like the robot or the engine, as when the crack is the PC Card / PCMCIA Card slots of a laptop computer. detected the light outsourcing from the LED doesn’t fall on Like a GSM mobile phone, a GSM modem requires a SIM the LDR by which the resistance is calculated at this point card from a wireless carrier in order to operate. of time and then the current positions are captured using the GPS and the latitude and the longitude positions are E. GPS sent to the mobile using the GSM module. On board the The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based implementation is shown when the obstacle is placed in navigation system that sends and receives radio signals. A between the LED and LDR the motor which is rotating GPS receiver acquires these signals and provides you with continuously specifying that the there is no crack will get information. Using GPS technology, you can determine to rest position, at this point of time the current latitude and location, velocity, and time, 24 hours a day, in any weather longitudinal positions are captured by the GPS and the conditions anywhere in the world—for free. GPS, formally locations are sent to the mobile via sms through GSM. known as the NAVSTAR (Navigation Satellite Timing and There are few more design criteria which were taken into Ranging). Global Positioning System originally was account: developed for the military. Because of its popular 1. The wheels of the robot will be similar to the wheels navigation capabilities and because you can access GPS of the train, i.e. a big wheel welded/joined with a technology using small, inexpensive equipment, the smaller wheel. The smaller wheel runs on the track government made the system available for civilian use. The while the bigger one prevents the robot from falling. It USA owns GPS technology and the Department of Defense is must that the bigger wheel is on the inner side of the maintains it. The signals can pass through clouds, glass, and railway track. It is because in the general Indian plastic. Most solid objects such as buildings attenuate scenario the stones and other debris are comparatively (decrease the power of) the signals. The signals cannot pass less on the inner side tracks. If the bigger wheels are through objects that contain a lot of metal or objects that placed outside it may brush against the debris causing it contain water (such as underwater locations). The GPS to destabilize or in worst case get stuck or even fall. satellites are powered by solar energy. If solar energy is 2. The LED-LDR assembly shouldn’t go below the rim unavailable, for example, when the satellite is in the earth’s of the rail otherwise it may get damaged due to the shadow, satellites use backup batteries to continue running. scattered debris. Each GPS satellite is built to last about 10 years. The 3. The distance between the front wheel and the LEDDepartment of Defense monitors and the satellites to ensure International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 06, IssueNo.07, September-2014, Pages: 634-637
Robust Railway Crack Detection Scheme (RRCDS) Using LED-LDR Assembly LDR assembly is a crucial design aspect. The front VI. REFERENCES wheel of the robot should be kept sufficiently behind [1] Qiao Jian-hua; Li Lin-sheng; Zhang Jing-gang; ―Design the LED-LDR assembly so that the robot has sufficient of Rail Surface Crack-detecting System Based on Linear distance to stop after a crack is detected. In our case it CCD Sensor‖, IEEE Int. Conf. on Networking, Sensing is 12 cm. and Control, 2008. [2] K. Vijayakumar, S.R. Wylie, J. D. Cullen, C.C. Wright, IV. RESULTS The field trials gave negative results for the presence of A.I. AI-Shamma’a, ―Non invasive rail track detection crack in the length of the tested track-length due to the system using Microwave sensor‖, Journal of App. Phy., absence of cracks in the tested area. These results were 2009. tested over and again and no false outputs were obtained as [3] Tranverse crack detection in rail head using low the LED-LDR arrangement was recalibrated before each frequency eddy currents, Patent US6768298, www.google. startup. In order to test the functionality of the crack com/patents/US6768298. detection system as well as the GPS and GSM modules, a [4] M. Cacciola, G. Megali, D. Pellicanµo, S. Calcagno, M. mechanical arrangement to simulate an actual crack was Versaci, and F.C. Morabito, "Rotating Electromagnetic created and the system was found to accurately detect the Field for Crack Detection in Railway Tracks", PIERS presence of it and the GSM module successfully ONLINE, Vol. 6, NO. 3, 2010. transmitted the current co-ordinates obtained from GPS. [5] Wojnarowski, Robert John Welles, II, Kenneth The accuracy of the GPS system was tested by comparing Brakeley Kornrumpf, William Paul, "Electromagnetic the obtained co-ordinate locations using Google maps system for railroad track crack detection and traction shows an SMS sent by the GSM modem (with an Airtel enhancement", Patent US6262573, www.patentstorm.us Sim Card) to a mobile phone indicating the co-ordinates of /patents/6262573/description.html. the artificial crack. Insufficient GSM and GPS signal, has [6] Richard J. Greene, John R. Yates and Eann A. however been a problem during simulated tests, while this Patterson, "Crack detection in rail using infrared methods", problem was not observed during the field tests due to the Opt. Eng. 46, 051013, May 2007. open area of the track lines without much obstruction to [7] R.J. Greene, J.R. Yates,E.A. Patterson, "Rail Crack signals. The complete project design and the modules used Detection: An Infrared Approach to In-service Track for the implementation is shown in the below figure 2. Monitoring", SEM Annual Conference & Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, 2006. [8] Hartman, G.A., Infrared Damage Detection System (IDDS) for real-time, small-scale damage monitoring, Proc. SEM Ann. Conf. on Exptl Mech., Charlotte, North Carolina (2003). [9] Stuart B Palmer, Steve Dixon, Rachel S Edwards and Xiaoming Jian, "Transverse and longitudinal crack detection in the head of rail tracks using Rayleigh wavelike wideband guided ultrasonic wave", Centre for Materials Science and Engineering The University of Edinburgh,www.cmse.ed.ac.uk/AdvMat45/Rail-crackdetection.pdf. [10] Thomas Heckel, Hans-Martin Thomas, Marc Kreutzbruck and Sven Ruhe, "High Speed Non-destructive Rail Testing with Advanced Ultrasound and Eddy-Current Testing Techniques", NDTIP Proceedings, Prague, 2009. [11] Lanza di Scalea, F., Rizzo, P., Coccia, S., Bartoli, I., Fateh, M., Viola, and Pascale, G., ―Non-contact ultrasonic inspection of rails and signal processing for automatic Figure2. Model used for Implementation. defect detection and classification, Insight – NDT and condition monitoring‖, Special Issue on NDT of Rails V. CONCLUSION 47(6) 346-353 (2005). The project ―Robust Railway Crack Detection Scheme [12] Spencer Ackers, Ronald Evans, Timothy Johnson, (RRCDS) Using LED-LDR Assembly‖ has been Harold Kess, Jonathan White, Douglas E Adams, Pam successfully designed and tested. Integrating features of all Brown, "Crack detection in a wheel end spindle using the hardware components used have developed it. Presence wave propagation via modal impacts and piezo actuation", of every module has been reasoned out and placed Health Monitoring and Smart Nondestructive Evaluation of carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Structural and Biological systems V, SPIE (2006). S econdly, using highly advanced IC’s and with the help of [13]http://www.tc.gc.ca/media/documents/railsafety/techno growing technology the project has been successfully logies.pdf, ―Railway Safety Technologies‖. implemented. International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 06, IssueNo.07, September-2014, Pages: 634-637
A. VETHAN KUMAR, G. AJITHA Author’s Profile: A. Vethan Kumar, M.Tech in Embedded Systems, Studying in Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Affliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, AP, India.
G. Ajitha, Asst. Prof, working in Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Affliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad, AP, India.
International Journal of Advanced Technology and Innovative Research Volume. 06, IssueNo.07, September-2014, Pages: 634-637
