Transcript
“The Modern Digital Computer: A Historical Perspective” Seminar
2007
1980
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External Data Storage Technologies
1898
External Data Storage - Outline
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Svetlana Sheptiy EARLY STORAGE METHODS MECHANICAL STORAGE MAGNETIC STORAGE OPTICAL STORAGE SOLID-STATE STORAGE
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Early Data Storage Media
Ancient Caves Paintings
Mesopotamian Clay Tablets
ge ter stora Com pu
EARLY DATA STORAGE METHODS
EARLY DATA STORAGE METHODS
June 2007
Ancient Inca Quipu
tch! om scra – not fr
Early Data Storage Media Tally Sticks
Ishango Bone, Congo, Africa, 18,000-20,000 BC
since 35,000 BC
Papyrus
Ancient Egypt, 300 BC
Paper
Diamond Sutra, China, 868 AD
3,000 BC - 1,000 AD
since 100 AD
atical Mathem culations? Cal alendar? Lunar c
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Punch Cards – early uses
Punch Cards – early uses Statistics & Accounting MECHANICAL STORAGE
MECHANICAL STORAGE
Textile Industry
1887 - First mechanical Tabulator by Herman Hollerith
1725 - Bouchon-Falcon loom 1801 - Motorized Jacquard loom
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IBM Tabulator (1932)
1900s-60s IBM Tabulators era 6
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Punch Tape
Typical Mainframe Computer
MECHANICAL STORAGE
1846 - used to send telegrams 1942 - Mark I computer Till 70’s ~ 400B on 1m of 8-channel tape
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Phonograph (gramophone)
First practical sound recording & reproduction device
Sound was recorded as indentations into the tinfoil or wax sheet wrapped around a grooved cylinder.
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Cylinder vs Disc
1880 1890
Original Edison Tin Foil Phonograph
Cylinder Records since 1878
Thomas Edison
Telegraphone and Magnetic Wire
Telegraphone – invented by Valdemar Poulsen in 1898.
Recording audio signals by magnetization of steel wire
Wire is wound on a rotating cylinder.
Electromagnetic head connected to microphone or earphone
Size: 10.2x5.5cm Playing time: ~2 min Single-sided Could be played only a few dozen times Wax records were rewritable (by dealer)
Gramophone discs since 1894
Diameter: 12.7/17.5/25cm Playing time: Double-sided Not rewritable
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Magnetic Tape
1928
MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1898
“COMPUTER MUSEUM UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM”
From 40s till 80’s
MECHANICAL STORAGE
IBM 029 Keypunch (1964)
1877
MECHANICAL STORAGE
MECHANICAL STORAGE
Punch Cards for computers
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Using magnetic field for audio recording and retrieval
1928 - Fritz Pfleumer patent: the application of magnetic powders to strip of paper or film.
1932 – First Magnetophone by AEG
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Magnetic Tape for computers
1970 s
First used to record data on UNIVAC I in 1951.
Recording medium: thin band of nickel-plated bronze.
Width: 1/2 inch
Recording density: 128 cpi on 8 tracks
Speed: 100 ips
Data rate: 12,800 cps.
MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1951
Magnetic Tape
IBM 7094 typical mainframe computer
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Compact Cassette
IBM 5100 PC 1975
Commodore 64 1982
Magnetic Tape Today
Data Backup and Storage
Low cost per megabyte
Portable: off-site data storage
Formats: DS4 DLT8000 SuperDLT LTO T9940B T10000
Amstrad CPC 1984
Capacity
Data Transfer Rate
40GB 40GB 110GB 100GB 200GB 500GB
3MBps 6MBps 11MBps 16MBps 30MBps 120MBps
Tape library
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Hard Disc
MAGNETIC STORAGE
Capacity: up to 660KB/side Data rate: 2000-bit/s
MAGNETIC STORAGE
A C2N Datassette recorder for Commodore computers
1956
2007
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1956
Hard Disc vs. Cassette Tape Tape Drive
“hybrid” between the magnetic tape and gramophone record
MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1970 1990
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Coated plastic strip
No random access Read/write head touches the tape Linear speed: 0.05 m/s Large magnetic domains Low data density
Hard Disc
Coated aluminum or glass disk Random access Read/write head never touches the disk Linear speed: 76 m/s Extremely small magnetic domains High data density 18
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First Hard Disc Drive
First introduced in 1956 in IBM 305 RAMAC 50 platters (~60 cm diameter)
Capacity: ~ 5MB
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1970 1980
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1956
Hard Disc Drive - Evolution 1973
IBM 3340
1979
IBM 62PC "Piccolo"
ST 506
First Microcomputer Hard Disk
“Winchester”
1980
Capacity: 35/70MB Capacity: 64.5 MB 8" 14" 6 disks 2 / 4 disks
Capacity: 5 MB 5.25“ 4 disks
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Hard Disc Drive - Evolution 1982
Hard Disc Drive – Moore (Kryder (Kryder)) Law
2005
2007 MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1980 2007
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World's smallest hard disk
Capacity: 1.2GB
Capacity: 4 GB 0.85“ Mobile applications
Capacity: up to 500 GB
Sustainable increase in capacity
Sustainable dramatic reduction in the price per MB
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RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Drives
Combines multiple drives into a single logical unit
Fault tolerance
Better Performance
Performance–Fault Tolerance/ Capacity Tradeoff
1969
MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1978
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Floppy Disc
Small, portable, cheap
Idea quite similar to Hard Disc, but FD is spinning much slower far less capacity slower access time.
Used to store PC OS.
Declined in 90s, due to the increase in size of software & development of internet.
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Read/Write Head for each side Arasing Head for each side Drive Motor Stepper Motor Mechanical frame Circuit Board
Floppy Disc Formats
MAGNETIC STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
1969 1994
Floppy Drive
1971
3000
2.88 MB
8 inch 5 1/4 inch 3 1/2 inch
2500
2000
1500
1.2 MB
1.44 MB
1.2 MB
1000
775 kB 387.5 kB
500
80 kB
720 kB 360 kB 110 kB
264 kB
1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
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Floppy Drives
Optical Storage Revolution
8" floppy drives: full size
5.25" floppy drives:
1/2 height
full size
1/2 height
OPTICAL STORAGE
MAGNETIC STORAGE
Using light for Information recording and retrieval
History:
1958 – Laserdisc 1980 – Compact Disc (CD) 1979 – CD-ROM 1988 – CD-R 1995 – DVD 1997 – CD-RW MO
3.5" floppy drive:
for laptop
standard
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OPTICAL STORAGE
Optical Storage - Writing
OPTICAL STORAGE
Optical Storage - Reading
Mainly digital data. Spiral track (0.5mm wide, 3.5km long) with bumps (125nm high) Manufacturing: photolithography, followed by imprinting and metallization Read Only
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Writable - additional (more powerful) “write” laser is used The laser darkens the photosensitive dye to encode 0 and leaves it translucent to encode 1 Rewritable – phase changing material instead of the dye Crystalline – translucent, amorphous – dark Special erasing procedure – dedicated erasing laser
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LaserDisc
OPTICAL STORAGE
1958 - Technology invented by David Paul Gregg
1979
OPTICAL STORAGE
1978
Video/Audio recording Analog format Transparent mode Diameter: 30 cm (11.81’’) 60 min video/audio per side Read only Random Access Single-sided
Compact Disc (CD)
1980 - "Red Book” - the Compact Disc standard by Philips and Sony
1982 – CD reached the market
Diameter: 12 cm Playing time: 74-80 minutes (650-700MB) Scanning velocity: 1.2–1.4 m/s
1978 - brought to market by Philips and MCA
Audio content only Digital format Error correction method - CIRC
~ 500 rpm at the inside of the disc, and ~ 200 rpm at the outside edge
Modification: Reflective mode Double-sided (two single-sided discs bonded with glue)
First CD Player - Sony CDP-101 - $625 US
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1979 1988
CDCD-ROM, CDCD-R, CDCD-RW
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1995
DVD - Multilayer
OPTICAL STORAGE
OPTICAL STORAGE
1997
Diameter 12cm=4.72’’ Standard CD-ROM 747Mb (74 min) Transfer rate 150 kb/sec (1X, can be faster, up to 52X) Using error correction techniques Re/Writing speed – up to 32X
Same principles as CD, but much more precise disk reading mechanism
Spiral track
Digital Video Disk – main purpose is video
320nm wide 12km long 120nm high bumps X8 data density of CD
Semitransparent gold layer is used to create double layer structure
Transfer rate 1X – 1.32Mb/sec
Competing formats: DVDR/RW, DVD+R/RW.
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SUMMARY
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SOURCES
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.webopedia.com
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://www.answers.com
http://www.data-backup-and-storage.com
http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org
http://www.science.uva.nl/museum
http://www.ibm.com
http://cs-exhibitions.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?id=187
Price of storage media as a function of storage capacity (December 2002) 35
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