Transcript
Study Guide Quiz 1 Biol-10
1. Quiz 1 covers lab exercise 1 and 2. It also covers recaps 1 and 2 of chapter 1 and recaps 1 and 2 of Chapter 6 - The Cell. 2. Quiz # 1 covers both lectures and labs covered during 1st week. It has 10 multiple choice questions. We covered a) characteristics of life b) organization levels of living things c) scientific method d) differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells e) differences between animal and plant cells f) brief structure and functions of organelles g) parts of microscope and other things in this guide h) read your notes, recaps and study guides to score good grade in Quiz 1. 3. Compound Microscope: major parts, especially names and functions. 4. 4-Basic Rules a) support with both hands and cord coiled around arm b) Use only lens paper. Use sweeping motion to clean. Do not use circular or to-and-fro motion c) Microscope must be in lowest power (scanning objective lens for your microscope) when start using or storing a microscope, and removing or placing a slide from/on a microscope d) Never use coarse adjustment when on high power. 5. Ocular lens = Eye-piece – 10X…..X indicates magnification. 6. Objective lenses – Low Power = 10X , High Power = 43X and Oil Immersion = 97X 7. Magnification = size of the image / size of the object 8. Low power magnification (10X * 10X) = 100X; High Power Magnification (10X * 43X) = 430X and Oil Immersion magnification (10X * 100X) = 1000X 9. Focusing: images are inverted = both upside down and reverse (left-right). When the object or stage moves to right image moves to left and when object or stage moves up the image moves down and vice versa. Scanning and Low Power focusing is done with Coarse adjustment and High power focusing is done with Fine adjustment. 10. Microscope Field: is the total area seen through the objective lens. It is large under low power objective (10X) and small under high power objective lens (40X). It is measured as Low Power Diameter (about 1.8mm) and High Power Diameter (about 0.45mm) for your microscope. 11. Field of View: It is the horizontal thickness below the objective lens of your microscope where the object is in Sharp Focus. The following table compares the depth of field of 2 objectives. Low power Objective
High Power Objective
1. Greater in height
1. Lesser in height
2. Far from end of objective
2. Near from end of objective
12. Parfocal: Compound microscope is in focus at low power magnification and you rotate the nosepiece to high power, microscope should still be in almost in focus. 13. 11. Scientific Method: main steps are Observation Question Hypothesis predictions Testing Conclusion and Analysis (hypothesis supported or rejected) many different workers repeat testing with new predictions using many different ways If supported Principle / Law
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
related laws when fully established Theory in Science (cell theory, evolution theory, gene theory etc.). Scientific Method begins with Observation. Hypothesis = possible explanation = testable statement. Theory is more comprehensive than hypothesis. Theory has been tested by many workers from different ways. Study parts of Microscope from the diagram and remember their functions from your notes/ lab manual. Study scientific method from your text book and study guide or notes. You can study parts of cell and their functions from your notes or table 4.1 in your text book.
20. Resolving Power is the capacity of naked eye or with a microscope to see 2 points as separate. 21. Resolving Power: of human eye is 0.2mm = 200micrometers 22. Resolving Power: of light microscope is = 2 micrometers = 2000nm 23. Resolving Power: of electron microscope = 2 nm 24. Onion Cells: look like bricks due to presence of cell walls. We cannot see the cell membrane pressed against the cell wall. Nucleus is present towards side due to presence of a central vacuole (not clearly seen). Stain used is once again is Iodine Solution. 25. Protists are a kingdom of simpler eukaryotic organisms. Most are single-celled. These never evolve complex structures like plants, fungi or animals even when have large number of cells. You studied a green Protist Euglena and slipper shaped animal like Paramecium. Paramecium moves with the help of large number of cilia. 26. Euglena: is a tiny single celled Protist. We can see nucleus and chloroplasts that make it look green. Some Euglena organisms change their shape for sometime so these are not covered with rigid cell wall. These swim very actively with the help of a flagellum (not seen). No stain used. You used ‘detain’ solution to slow down their movements under microscope. 27. Plant cells have cell walls, central vacuoles and chloroplasts (only in exposed parts like leaves). Animal cells lack cell walls, central vacuoles and chloroplasts but have centrioles in centrosomes. 28. Prokaryotic cells (bacterial cell) lack a regular nucleus. No membranes cover the DNA. They lack all membrane bound organelles like mitochondria, golgi complex, lysosomes, ER, chloroplasts. Only organelle present is ribosome. Ribosomes help in protein synthesis. 29. Study the recaps on Cell – chapter 6. 30. You can ask me any number of questions on quiz if you walk in a few minutes early in the class.
