Transcript
Fracture Fixation for Spine
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Image intensifier control This description alone does not provide sufficient background for direct use of DePuy Synthes products. Instruction by a surgeon experienced in handling these products is highly recommended. Processing, Reprocessing, Care and Maintenance For general guidelines, function control and dismantling of m ulti-part instruments, as well as processing guidelines for implants, please contact your local sales representative or refer to: http://emea.depuysynthes.com/hcp/reprocessing-care-maintenance For general information about reprocessing, care and maintenance of Synthes reusable devices, instrument trays and cases, as well as processing of Synthes non-sterile implants, please consult the Important Information leaflet (SE_023827) or refer to: http://emea.depuysynthes.com/hcp/reprocessing-care-maintenance
Table of Contents
Implants
2
Principle of fracture clamps
3
Indications/Contraindications
4
Surgical Technique
5
Fractures with intact posterior wall
7
Fractures with fractured posterior wall
9
Assembling the cross-link system
14
Techniques depending on fracture type
18
Reduction of spondylolisthesis
19
Notes for the surgeon
21
Implants
22
Instruments
25
Bibliography
28
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 1
Implants
Transpedicular Schanz Screw with dual core Length 180/35 mm –– B 5.0 mm (496.711–715)* –– B 6.2 mm (496.721–725)*
Fracture Clamp for Rods –– B 6.0 mm, low profile (498.831)* Fracture Clamp for Rods –– B 6,0 mm, for cranial end (498.833)*
Rod B 6.0 mm, hard –– length 50, 75 and 100 mm (498.102–104)* –– length 125 and 150 mm (498.105–106)* Cross-Link Clamp for Rods –– B 6.0 mm, preassembled (498.813)*
Cross-Link Rod B 3.5 mm –– –– –– –– ––
length 40 mm (496.930)* length 50 mm (496.950)* length 60 mm (496.970)* length 70 mm (496.980)* length 80 mm (498.120)*
Fixation Ring for Rods –– B 6.0 mm (498.911)*
Transpedicular Schanz Screw with dual core and double thread Thread length 40–50 mm –– B 6.2 mm (496.776–778)* –– B 7.0 mm (496.796–798)*
* All Implants are also available sterile packed. Add suffix “S” to article number.
2 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Principle of fracture clamps
Controlled reduction due to the free angular play of ±15° (fracture clamp for cranial end: +9°/–15°)
15º
9º
15º
15º
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 3
Indications/Contraindications
The USS Fracture system is a posterior thoracolumbar pedicle screw fixation system intended to provide precise and segmental stabilization of the spine in skeletally mature patients. The application area in patients suffering from trauma or tumor disease is usually at the thoracolumbar junction (T12/L1), but can be extended from T6 down to the sacrum (S1).
Indications –– Fractures: unstable fractures of the thoracic, lumbar and lumbo sacral spine and fractures associated with unacceptable deformities. (Discoligamentous disruptions or previous laminectomies do not constitute contraindications.) –– Tumours/infections –– Posttraumatic deformities –– Spondylolisthesis
–– Preoperative CT scan –– 19-year-old male –– Unstable burst fracture of L1
Contraindications –– The USS Fracture System should not be used above T6 on the spinal column since the pedicles at this point are too narrow and cannot therefore ensure a sufficiently secure screw purchase. –– In fractures and tumors with severe anterior vertebral body disruption, an additional anterior support or column reconstruction is required –– Osteoporosis –– Preoperative X-ray
4 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
–– Postoperative X-ray –– Fusion of T12/L2 –– Transpedicular defect filling of L1
Surgical Technique
1. Locate and open pedicles
388.550
50
388.540
40 30
Locate the pedicles.1 Open the pedicles using the Pedicle Awl B 4.0 mm (388.550) to a depth of 10 mm and the Pedicle Probe B 3.8 mm (388.540). The pedicle probe has markings at 30, 40 and 50 mm for checking the depth of pedicle/vertebral body penetration. Do not penetrate the anterior wall of the vertebral body. Using the hook of a depth gauge, probe the drilled channel to check that the channel is fully intact and that the spinal canal has not been opened.
2. Insert Kirschner wires Insert 2 mm Kirschner wires and check that they are correctly positioned under the image intensifier (A/P, lateral and orthograde).
Schanz 03
3. Replace Kirschner wires with Schanz screws Insert the Schanz screws using the T-Handle (395.380) or Universal Chuck (393.100). The Schanz screws should be inserted under lateral image intensifier control. The tips of the Schanz screws must not penetrate the anterior cortex.
1 Aebi
09_02 USS II von 07_02 USS Paediatric – von 08_02 Ped.Hooks
et al. (1998), 102sq.
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 5
Surgical Technique
4. A ssemble USS fracture clamps and rod Select the appropriate rod length. Take any necessary distraction into account when determining the length of the rod. Place the clamps on the Schanz screws, push the rod through both clamps and push the entire construction toward the spine. A slight resection of the spinal process will cause the assembly to lie close to the lamina. Note: The rod comes to rest medially.
4a. Assembly with USS fracture clamp for the cranial end (optional) The Fracture Clamp for Rods 498.833 can also be used for the cranial end. Since this clamp is firmly fixed to the rod, only one clamp can be used on each side. This clamp prevents the rod from jutting out at the cranial end, thereby protecting adjacent mobile segments. The cranial fracture clamp is fixed to the vertical rod using the Socket Wrench 6.0 mm (388.140).
Schanz 04
9° 15° 6 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Fractures with intact posterior wall Schanz 06
Principle of kyphosis correction with intact posterior wall
10°
Pressing the Schanz screws together dorsally lordoses the adjacent vertebrae around the pivot point (red circle) of their facing posterior edges. The clamps on the rod move toward the centre. The fracture clamps must be able to slide freely along the rod, otherwise kyphosis correction will not be achieved.
Principle of kyphosis correction with the cranial clamp with an intact posterior wall (optional)
10°
5 mm = 10°
10°
10°
The use of the cranial fracture clamp allows correction of 10° in each case by moving the caudal clamp 10 mm (guide distance). 10 mm = 10°
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 7
Fractures with intact posterior wall
5a. Locate Socket Wrench on both caudal Schanz screws and lordose the spine Tilt both posteriorly projecting caudal screws cranially to lordose the spine. Secure the clamps/Schanz screws in the desired position using the Socket Wrench B 11 mm (394.701). Note: It is absolutely essential that the blue-marked Socket Wrench B 11 mm (394.701) is used for the low-profile fracture clamps.
6a. Locate Socket Wrench on both cranial Schanz screws and lordose the spine Repeat the above procedure for the cranial Schanz screws: Tilt in the caudal direction to complete the lordosing operation and secure in the desired position.
Z.Schanz 05a
8 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Fractures with fractured posterior wall Schanz 06
Principle of kyphosis correction with fractured posterior wall
10°
Since a reduction produced by pressing the Schanz screw ends together produces undesirable compression on the destroyed posterior wall of the vertebral body, with the associated risk of fragment dislocation into the spinal canal, every clamp on the rod must be secured by a Fixation Ring for Rods B 6.0 mm (X98.911). This shifts the centre of rotation (red circle) to the level of the rod.
10°
5 mm = 10°
5 mm gaps between the fixation rings and the clamps allow kyphosis correction of 10 degree in each case (guide value).
Principle of kyphosis correction with the cranial clamp with fractured posterior wall (optional)
10°
10°
The use of the cranial fracture clamp allows correction of 10° in each case by moving the caudal clamp 10 mm (guide distance). A fixation ring must be used as a stop. 10 mm = 10°
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 9
Fractures with fractured posterior wall
5b. M ount fixation rings according to the degree of lordosing Pick up fixation rings using the Screwdriver, hexagonal (314.070) and the Holding Sleeve with Catches (388.363), locating the holding sleeve on the head of the set screw. Secure the fixation rings between the fracture clamps according to the desired degree of lordosing.
6b. L ocate Socket Wrench and lordose the spine Locate the Socket Wrench B 11 mm and create the corresponding lordosis by tilting the Schanz screws as described under 5a and 6a.
Zeichnung 5b
11 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
7. Fix the clamps on the rods Using the Socket Wrench 6.0 mm (388.140), tighten the set screws to fix the fracture clamps on the vertical rods. Note: If the cranial clamp is used, the caudal fracture clamps are fixed to the vertical rods by tightening the set screws with the Socket Wrench 6.0 mm.
Z Schanz.7
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 11
Fractures with fractured posterior wall
8. If required: Distraction with the Spreader Forceps under image intensifier control Using the Socket Wrench 6.0 mm, loosen the set screws on the fracture clamps for the relevant vertebra and perform careful distraction if this is necessary to complete the anatomical reduction and restore the original level of the fractured vertebral body. Note: If the cranial clamp is used, distraction can only be performed with the caudal clamp.
9. Remove fixation rings When reduction is complete, tighten the set screws and remove the fixation rings. Z.Schanz.8
Z.8.1
Z. Schanz 9
11 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
10. Trim Schanz screws using the Bolt Cutter When reduction is complete and the assembly has been secured, trim the Schanz screws to the required length using the Bolt Cutter (Handle 391.780/790 and Bolt Cutting Head B 5.0 mm 391.771).
Using the Bolt Cutter Assemble the Bolt Cutter and place in the neutral position (you should be able to see through the 5 mm hole). Position the handles, one on top of the other, on the bolt cutting head like the hands of a clock. Slide the bolt cutting head over the Schanz screw. Pull the handles apart to an angle of approximately 45° until the Schanz screw audibly breaks. Return the handles to the original position and move the bolt cutting head to the next Schanz screw. The previously cut screw shaft will fall out during this operation. Note: If the cut screw shaft does not fall out of its own accord, it can be pushed out using the Cancellous Bone Impactor, straight (394.570) or the shaft of another Schanz screw. If this is not possible, the bolt cutting head will have to be dismantled and the screw shaft pushed out of the inner bolt.
45°
0°
Z. 10 Schanz
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 11
Assembling the cross-link system
Cross-links are transverse stabilizers that link the two vertical rods, thereby increasing the stiffness of the construct significantly. They are recommended for unstable fractures and multisegmental constructs.
Schanz 10 S24
1. Pick up first Cross-Link Clamp Assemble the Small Screwdriver, hexagonal (314.070) and the Holding Sleeve with Catches (388.363). To pick up the preassembled Cross-Link Clamp for Rods B 6.0 mm (498.813), insert the hexagonal screwdriver into the set screw on the clamp, push down the holding sleeve and clip the catches onto the sleeve of the p reassembled clamp.
2. Mount first Cross-Link Clamp Pull the holding sleeve back slightly, place the clamp onto the rod and release the holding sleeve.
Z Seite9 oben
11 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Schanz 11 S
3. Insert cross-link rod 2 The special design of the cross-link sleeve with its two recesses on the top allows the cross-link rod to be angled up to ±20° to suit the anatomical situation. Determine the appropriate length of the B 3.5 mm cross-link rod. If necessary, cut the rod to length using the USS Rod Cutting and Bending Device (388.750). Hold the clamp with the small hexagonal screwdriver and introduce the B 3.5 mm cross-link rod through the hole in the Cross-Link Clamp (1). If necessary, use the Holding Forceps for USS Rods B 3.5/4.5 mm (388.450) to introduce the cross-link rod. Tighten the set screw of the Cross-Link Clamp with the small hexagonal screwdriver (2).
1
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 11
Assembling the cross-link system
4. Mount second Cross-Link Clamp Repeat the procedure described in step 1 (page 14) for the second clamp on the opposite rod. Introduce the B 3.5 mm cross-link rod through the second clamp so that it protrudes by 5 mm beyond the clamp. Tighten the set screw with the small hexagonal screwdriver.
S05a
5. Distract cross-link assembly (optional) Loosen one of the set screws. Place the Holding Forceps for USS Rods B 3.5/4.5 mm (388.450) next to the clamp and use the Spreader Forceps for Pedicle Screws (388.410) to exert distraction. Retighten the set screw with the small hexagonal screwdriver.
S25 b
11 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
6. Check all set screws on the system When the system is fully assembled, check that all screws are securely tightened.
USS Titelbild
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 11
Techniques depending on fracture type
Fracture of the posterior elements of the spine or disruption with distraction In these indications, the USS Fracture System is used as a tension-band wiring system. Reduce the fracture as described under 5a/6a, then perform appropriate compression using the fixation rings and the Compression Forceps (388.422).
Complete disruption of the anterior and posterior elements of the spine with rotation In these indications, the USS Fracture System is used as a neutralization system. If necessary, perform compression using the fixation rings and the Compression Forceps (388.422). For added stability, the additional use of one or two crosslink stabilizers to produce a frame construction is recommended.
Persisting wedge vertebra after reduction If a fractured vertebra retains its wedge shape after reduction because the disc is torn and lordosing of the adjacent vertebrae causes the intervertebral space to gape, but does not straighten the vertebral body, then subsequent kyphosing can be expected. Within a few years the disc will agglomerate and the correction will be lost. In order to prevent this, a ventral intervertebral bone graft spondylodesis with bone graft is recommended in a second procedure.
11 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Reduction of spondylolisthesis
1. Insert Transpedicular Schanz Screws Insert the Transpedicular Schanz Screws with dual core and double thread (496.776–778 or 496.796–798) into the displaced vertebra (cranial) as described in steps 1–3 on page 5. N ormal Schanz screws are inserted into the caudal vertebra. Assemble USS fracture clamps and rods as described in step 4 (page 6). Secure caudal fracture clamps to the rod.
2. Perform reduction Slide the USS Reduction Sleeve (388.931) and USS Nut, knurled (388.932) over the Schanz screws with double thread. Turn the nuts on both sides until the desired reduction is achieved. Z. Reposition...S.13/1
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 11
Reduction of spondylolisthesis
3. Tighten fracture clamps Remove the USS Nuts, kurled and tighten the fracture clamps using the Socket Wrench B 11 mm (394.701).
4. F ix fracture clamps on the rods and trim Schanz screws Remove the USS reduction sleeves. Fix the USS fracture clamps using the Socket Wrench 6.0 mm as described in step 7 (page 11). Trim the Schanz screws with the Bolt Cutter as described in step 10 (page 13). Z. Reposition...S.13/3
22 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Notes for the surgeon
Preoperative planning Evaluation by imaging methods is essential for assessing spinal pathology. Image intensifier control This is essential during the operation in order to avoid lesions of the spinal canal, nerve root damage and vascular injuries. Filling defective vertebral bodies Any bone defect in the vertebral body should be filled with autologous bone or – if significant defects affecting the spinal mechanics are present – with a bone graft. This will both prevent any corresponding loss of correction and minimize the risk of implant fractures. Assembly across several segments For the management of fractures, the Schanz screws are implanted in the adjacent cranial and caudal vertebral bodies. Normally this stabilization across two mobile segments is sufficient. Non-traumatic indications or tiered fractures may require bridging of additional vertebrae. In such cases, the formation of a frame construction with cross-links is recommended. Postoperative management Early mobilization is permissible, provided a three-point corset is worn postoperatively to prevent flexion and extension. Implant removal After fracture consolidation (9–12 months), removal of the implant is recommended in order to minimize any impairment of the paravertebral muscles. The implant should not be removed if tumours are present. The clamps are loosened using the Socket Wrench B 11 mm (394.701), while the set screws are loosened with the Socket Wrench 6.0 mm (388.140). The rod and clamps can then be removed from the Schanz screws. Next, grasp the ends of the Schanz screws with the screw forceps or the T-handle and pull the screws out.
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 22
Implants
496.711 Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 5.0 mm with dual core, length 180/35 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), violet 496.712
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 5.0 mm with dual core, length 185/40 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), violet
496.713
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 5.0 mm with dual core, length 190/45 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), violet
496.714
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 5.0 mm with dual core, length 195/50 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), violet
496.715
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 5.0 mm with dual core, length 200/55 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), violet
496.721
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, length 180/35 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.722
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, length 185/40 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.723
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, length 190/45 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.724
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, length 195/50 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.725
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, length 200/55 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.776
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, thread length 40 mm, with double thread, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.777
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, thread length 45 mm, with double thread, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
496.778
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 6.2 mm with dual core, thread length 50 mm, with double thread, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
22 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
496.796 Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 7.0 mm with dual core, thread length 40 mm, with double thread, Titanium Alloy (TAN), green 496.797
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 7.0 mm with dual core, thread length 45 mm, with double thread, Titanium Alloy (TAN), green
496.798
Transpedicular Schanz Screw B 7.0 mm with dual core, thread length 50 mm, with double thread, Titanium Alloy (TAN), green
496.930
Cross-Link Rod B 3.5 mm, length 40 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN)
496.950
Cross-Link Rod B 3.5 mm, length 50 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN)
496.970
Cross-Link Rod B 3.5 mm, length 60 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN)
496.980
Cross-Link Rod B 3.5 mm, length 70 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN)
498.102 Rod B 6.0 mm, hard, length 50 mm, Pure Titanium 498.103 Rod B 6.0 mm, hard, length 75 mm, Pure Titanium 498.104 Rod B 6.0 mm, hard, length 100 mm, Pure Titanium 498.105 Rod B 6.0 mm, hard, length 125 mm, Pure Titanium 498.106 Rod B 6.0 mm, hard, length 150 mm, Pure Titanium 498.120
Cross-Link Rod B 3.5 mm, length 80 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN)
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 22
Implants
498.813 Cross-Link Clamp for Rods B 6.0 mm, preassembled, Titanium Alloy (TAN), dark blue
498.831
Fracture Clamp for Rods B 6.0 mm, low profile, Titanium Alloy (TAN), light blue
498.833 Fracture Clamp for Rods B 6.0 mm, for cranial end, Titanium Alloy (TAN), turquoise
498.911
Fixation Ring for Rods B 6.0 mm, Titanium Alloy (TAN), light blue
22 DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System Surgical Technique
Instruments
314.070 Screwdriver, hexagonal, small, 2.5 mm, with Groove
388.140
Socket Wrench 6.0 mm, with straight handle
388.363 Holding Sleeve with Catches, for No. 314.070
388.410
Spreader Forceps for Pedicle Screws, length 330 mm
388.422
Compression Forceps, length 335 mm, for Pedicle Screws
388.450
Holding Forceps for USS Rods B 3.5/4.5 mm, length 295 mm
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 22
Instruments
388.540
Pedicle Probe B 3.8 mm with Canevasit Handle, length 230 mm, for Pedicle Screws B 5.0 to 7.0 mm
388.550
Pedicle Awl B 4.0 mm with Canevasit Handle, length 230 mm, for Pedicle Screws B 5.0 to 7.0 mm
388.750
USS Rod Cutting and Bending Device
388.931
USS Reduction Sleeve, for Nos. 296.750 and 496.750
388.932
USS Nut, knurled, for No. 388.931
391.771
Bolt Cutting Head B 5.0 mm, long, cutting height 2 mm, for Nos. 391.780 and 391.790
26
DePuy Synthes USS Fracture System
Surgical Technique
391.780 Handle B 13.0 mm for Bolt Cutting Head, length 455 mm
391.790 Handle B 24.0 mm for Bolt Cutting Head, length 455 mm
393.100
Universal Chuck with T-Handle
394.570
Cancellous Bone Impactor, straight
394.701
Socket Wrench B 11.0 mm, cannulated, length 300 mm, for USS Fracture Clamps
395.380
T-Handle for Steinmann Pins and Schanz Screws
USS Fracture System Surgical Technique DePuy Synthes 29
Bibliography
Aebi M, Thalgott JS, Webb JK (1998) AO ASIF Principles in Spine Surgery. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 107– 122
Esses SI, Botsford DJ, Wright T, Bednar D, B ailay S (1991) Operative Treatment of Spinal Fractures with the AO Internal Fixator. Spine, vol 16, no 3S: S146–S150
Aebi M, Etter C, Kehl T, Thalgott J (1989) The Internal Skeletal Fixation System. A New Treatment of Thoraco-Lumbar Fractures and Other Spinal Disorders. Clin Orthop 227: 30–43
Krag MH (1991) Biomechanics of Thoraco-lumbar Spinal Fixation. Spine, vol 16, no 3S: S84–S99
Aebi M, Etter C, Kehl T, Thalgott J (1987) Stabilization of the Lower Thoracic and Lumbar Spine with the Internal Spine Skeletal Fixation System. Indications, Techniques, and first Results of Treatment. Spine, vol 12: 544–551 Benson DR, Borkus JK, Montesano PK, Sutherland TB, McLain RF (1992) Unstable Thoraco-Lumbar and Lumbar Burst Fractures Treated with the AO Fixateur Interne. J Spinal Disord, vol 5, no 3: 335–343 Boss N, Marchesi D, Aebi M (1992) Survivorship Analysis of Pedicular Fixation Systems in the Treatment of Degenerative Disorders of the Lumbar Spine: A Comparison of Cotrel- Dubousset Instrumentation and the AO Internal Fixator. J Spinal Disord, vol 5, no 4: 403–409 Crawford RJ, Askin GN (1994) Fixation of Thoracolumbar Fractures with the Dick Fixator: the Influence of Transpedicular Bone Grafting. Eur Spine J 3: 45–51 Daniaux H (1986) Transpedikuläre Reposition und Spongiosa plastik bei Wirbelkörperbrüchen der unteren Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule. Unfallchirurgie 89: 197–213 Dick W (1992) Fixateur Interne. Spine, State of the Art Reviews, vol 6, no 1: 147–173 Dick W (1989) Internal Fixation of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Fractures. Hans Huber Publishers, Toronto Lewiston NY Bern Stuttgart Dick W, Kluger P, Magerl F, Wörsdörfer O, Zäch G (1985) A New Device for Internal Fixation of Thoraco-Lumbar and Lumbar Spine Fractures: The ”Fixateur Interne“. Paraplegia 23: 225–232 Esses SI (1989) The AO Spinal Internal Fixator. Spine, vol 14: 373–378
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Krödel A, Weindl B, Lehner W (1994) Die ventrale Kompres sionsspondylodese mit Fixateur-interne-Instrumentation – eine biomechanische Untersuchung. Z Orthop 132: 67–74 Magerl F, Aebi M, Gertzbein SD, Harms J, N azarian S (1994) A Comprehensive Classification of Thoracic and Lumbar Injuries. Eur Spine J 3: 184–201 Marchesi DG, Thalgott JS, Aebi M (1991) Application and Results of the AO Internal Fixation System in Non-traumatic Indications. Spine, vol 16, no 3S: S162–S169 Wawro W, Konrad L, Aebi M (1994) Die monosegmentale Montage des Fixateur interne bei der Behandlung von thorakolumbalen Wirbelfrakturen. Unfallchirurgie 97: 114–120 Wittenberg RH, Shea S, Edwards WT, Swartz DE, White AA, Hayes WC (1992) A Biomechanical Study of the Fatigue Characteristics of Thoraco-Lumbar Fixation Implants in a Calf Spine Model. Spine, vol 17, no 6S: S121–S128 Yamagata M, Kitahara H, Minami S, Takahashi K, Isobe K, Moriya H, Tamaki T (1992) Mechanical Stability of the Pedicle Screw Fixation Systems for the Lumbar Spine. Spine, vol 17, no 3S: S51–S54
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