Terrasini. Il Museo Di Storia Naturale

Transcript

INDEX Premessa 1 Forauord Introduzione 5 Introdwtion I ritrovamenti archeologici 10 9 Archologicalfindings 17 The Roman ship La nave romana 16 25 Submarine archaeological Te'stimonianze sottomarine 24 Le ancore 28 29 The anchors Le anfore 38 39 The amphorae ReMone Q Krea sal. Piazza Don Bosco, 6 90143 Palermo 31.091 54 35 06 ix 091 6373378 i@c*.it Prida ? q'<.,e = , , , p " .b& ~. & h , .*, 21 M a z a Praia Mezza Praia 20 e-ma n .P .,.. - .s" Testi , Premessa ella consistente rete u antiquath regionali de ermo, a cui è demandata caratteristichegeomorfo Attraverso l'esposizione viene chiarate a delinearsi tra l'altro, anche per I'; tà, quella naturale vocazione marina1 rritorio che proprio nel mare da sem m1 maritime mca- I Unguentario Premessa prefem'ng to occupy a m tkat werefirrtker inlind e d safer a d kence ensured a citain stabiiityfor settlements, stnr.tingfmm the most remote historic epodrs the populations of that area - Palazzo WAumale sible mnomic, commercinl and interrncinl deveiopment. This fs rhcted in tke numemtis items recoueredfrom the seabed off tke plr?coit-day karbour and mooring m,nn evident sign of infenseactim./ inthose seas and along h s e coasfs,where owr the e t u r i e s a great many ships were skip m k e d and losttheir cargoes, wkich haw m been retrieued W haue iome to ligkt by drance. . @ A tangible cign offtresevicissitudes, the mate'rialsand recon$mctions sfwwn in tke museum are n certain and efficm'ws menns of understmuiingfor al1 those who approach witk inierest and curiosity a display telling a stmy interruptedfor 0.wlwa millennia. e TO tkis, tkrougk tke pblication ofthe guide to tke arckoeological mllection fkere is added a wlid i@tiumerit &ng to ensure n more informed teadiing nppmadi linked to the needs ofa . , casultution, whose rigorously scientific drarnct u is ensured by tke spec#c and solid cornpetences of tke aufhors. @ Lastly, it is worth emphismg tkat tke latter,&rf canstitutes a emdent dernonstration of the sensibility mui interest of Terrasini Council as ' regards the m u m m . Tke btter h gwwnand improved ouer tke years t e to tke synergic and passwnafe actiuity ca& &'in karmony and agremat witk tke , P a l e k Super~fendencefor tke Cultura1 and Enzn'ramefital Hm'tnge, which is mstitutimlly respan$fiforfk:tutelage of fkat rightfufly tored'.patrimony, & m tke best of ways,for -Palace The DsAumale l l ... ,,,.. 7'".... >:s;;;.... a,,., ,: i,'>:;, : .J . <.;, , .., -:I:..,. . . ! :.:?-~ :J ',' .~. _ ,:;>:$:f:..7. ;?>t i ~ i.: 1 I ~, i 1 !< l 1 I ll 1i. ~ [i I !, Il / t.. C'. n museo archeologico di Terrasini, istituito sin dal 1984, ospita nei locali di Palazzo WAurnale, una piccola ma significativa raccolta che affianca le ben più ricche sezioni etnografica e naturalistica in cui si articola lo stesso museo. Anche in questo caso, la paziente opera di sistemazione dei reperti archeologici, per lo più di origine subacquea e provenienti dai fondali del litorale di Terrasini, si deve d a pas;ione tenace di Vittorio Emanuele Orlando, che della nascita del museo archeologico è stato infaticabile promotore, e ali'impegno generoso e disiiteressato i di Gianfranco Purpura. All'attività di conserval zione e promozione CUIturale mei-itonamente portata avanti con svariate iniziative dal museo si è aggiunta inoltre, e con impegno crescente soprattutto negli ultimi anni, la stretta collaborazione istituita con la Sezione Archeologica deila Soprintendenza ai Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Palermo, di cui questa breve "guida" rappresenta un primo risultato. I1 museo è stato allestito da qualche tempo ali'interno del Palazzo d'Amale, un'antico stabilimento vinicolo, il cui nome francese tradisce origini forestiere. Fu infatti fondato - su un precedeni duca te magazzino - da H e ~d'orleans d'Amale, figlio del re di Francia Luigi Filippo, grande appassionato di pratiche agricole. il palazzo, oltre che nel nome, disvela un gusto tipicamente francese - nonché le nobili ascendenze del suo fondatore - anche nell'aspetto architettonico, caratterizzato da merli delicati con i gigli stilizzati della casa reale d'oltralpe, da tinte contrastanti e da aperture ad archi a tutto sesto. L'edificio spicca imponente tra le basse case che lo circondano e si affaccia in posizione molto suggestiva sul lungomare. i i 1l iI 1I Introduzione The archaeological museum of T m s i n i , housed in Palazzo D'Aumale, wasfounded in 1984. It hosts a small but important archaeologica1 collection, fogether with ethnographic and naturalistic sections. The patient work to arrange archaeologicalfinds, mostly found undemter off the shore of Terrasini, is due to the tenacious passion of Vittm'o Emanuele Orlando, who 1w bem a tireless promoter since the creatian of the archaeologicai museum and to the generous and disinterested engagemmt of Gianfanco Purpura. To the activity ofmintenance and cultura1 promotion meritoriously carried out with severa1 initiatives by the museum has been added, with increasing engagemmt in rect7ntyears, a collaboration with the Archaeological Section of fhe Superintendence to cultura1 and Environmental Goods of Palermo, of which this brief guide represents afirst result. 9 The museum was set up some time ago incide ~ a & D'Aumale, an old winefactoy; the French name reveals a foreign origin. Indeed, the winefactoy was founded - in the place of an old warehouse - by Hmri d'orleans Dttke D'Aumale, the con of King Louis-Philippe of France, a great lover of agricultzrre. In addifion to having a French name, the palauo reveals typically French taste - as well as the noble origins of itsfounder in the architectural lwk, chmacterised by delicate merlons with fhe stylised lilies of the French royalfamily, as well as by conhasting hues and roundarch apevtures. The edifie stnnds out imposingly amid the low houses surrounding it and is in a uery charming position on the seafront. being purchased by the council, it w e carefully restored so as to house thefine collections of th museum, preuiously scattered around in three different places. In this way A * -(Monte Statueita Ritile d'Oro) -(Monte Lucerna acroma d'Oro) I 1 - Small isctile I, statue (Monte d'Oro) -(Monte Uncoloured lamp d'Oro) cura per ospitare le preete collezioni del museo de palazzo. Considerata l'importanza della collezioni e la grandiosith del Palazzo iumale il museo è stato regionarazie alla L R 17 del 1991. . ' -..,. . .. :.. , .., T ; , : . ,, '1' l o c b b i i e nei medesimi fondali sabbiosi del servati nel museo. anfow greche, puniche e romane per le quali è stato fin dail'inizio pwvisto, con lungimirante acume un centro indigeno e11enizzat0, attivo tra il VI e ii lii ',' '': j : ,; Introduzione fhe modernfashian in which the m u m m was conceived - Tmasini hpc restmed the due prestige to the big palazzo. Beuzuse of tha importante of the coilections and the grandeur of I ) a b D'Aumale, the museum became a regional m e under Regional hl i? of 1991. The archaeological section of the musaum - I Platio da pesce Stabetta fittile of Terrasini e s ~ l l exhzaih y materials of the hull of a Roman ship ofthe 1st centuy AD comingfrom Spain, as the type Dmsel amphorae number 7 and 8 attesf, which was shipwrecked around Mezza Prnia. Perhaps, thenumerous Greek-hlic amphorae and 0 t h materialsfrom the 3rd m f u y BC képt in the museum, are from anothsr relic, which can be also located in the same sandy backdmpc of the port. In fhe museum, there is also a selectia of Greek, Punic and R m n s amphorae, which h e a specùù exhibition cpace. T h m are smnal specimem, comingfrom various places of the island, whidh include the latest examples of late-rmn productiar (spathda and c o n t a i m of the 'African 1st and 2nd' type), as well aa certain icolated mmples from fhe medimal qoch. # Besides thejìnds of submadne origin, the archaeologiical collectwn includa a smali nucleus ofmateriab corning fknn vatM1s pkcea sifuuted in the hinterland and in the immediafe proxfmity of Tmasini. Among these, t h me thefinds discowered onMonte d'Oro by Montelepre, cite of a hellenised native eenter, actioe b e t w m fhe 1st ami 3rd century BC,which lateìy has bem ident@d &h the Sfcan t m of Hykkara, quoted by ancimt sources and r m b e r e d by TucidKle . (VI,621 a$ the :polimi paratalassidio#, 5 masta1 &n. It. wo4h men? .fioninaf k i n the n W o l i s of ..~ 1 1 - Flah dlsh - SmaII ffctllestatue secolo a.C., per il quale sembra ultimamente proporsi con maggiore fortuna l'ipotesi di identifkazione con la città sicana di Hykkara, più volte citata daiie fonti antiche e ricordata da Tucidide (VI,62) come polisma prataiassìdiari, owem città costiera. Vale la pena ricordare, a tal proposito, che nella necropoli di località "Manico di Quarara", relativa ali'insediamento posto sull'altura impeMa del Monte d'Oro, la Soprintendenzadi Palermo ha condotto a più riprese nei decenni scorsi alcune campagne di scavo che hanno portato al recupero di ingenti quantità di materiali, soprattutto ceramica greca d'importazione e indigena, tuttora custoditi al Museo Archeologico Regionale "A. Caluias". BencM ancora oggi la piccola m o l t a archeol; gica di Terrashi conservi il carattere di una coliezicne concepita con la finalità di aideniiare le più sigNIicativetestimonianze del territorio, i moderni standani m w x g d ì c i &pongono ormai una maggiore attenzione &impianto didattico e didascalico che dovrà contraddislinguem la nuova esposizione. . Per tale ragione, è auspicabiie che si arrivi p* sto a progettare un allestimento museografico del tutto rinnovato nella vista didattica e neii'impianto, che non sfigumh neiiiambitodella definitiva sistemazione prevista per le altre sezioni del museo archeologico nella sede prestigiosa di Palazzo d'Aumaie. Tale soluzione, oltre a consaitirr di espone i rrpertirinvenuti in anni recenti in vari citi del territorio, e che attualmente giacciono nei depositi della bibiioteca comunale, ridarà oltretutto visibiiità e respiro a quello slancio unitano verso la conservazione e valorizzazione del "patrimonio culturale" di una chwmitta ma straordinaria ponione di territorio, da cui ii museo archeologico di trasse decenni or sono, nella sua triplice T-ini articolazione scienafca, la sua stessa ragion C.G. Ritrovamenti arehnnlnaiei out weral excmtations during the lastfew years, to recover a huge quantity of m a t d s , qecially Greek and native ceramic, still kept in the 'A. Salinac' RegionaI Archaealogicnl Museum. Coppa a vernice nera (Monte d'Oro) e guttus Although today the s d archaeological wlkction of Terrasini still preserues its imprint ofcolkction conceived with the aim to underline the most important testimonies of the terriiory, nevertheless the m o d m museum standards require more attention towards didactic and explanatory equipment, which are going to characterize the new exhtbttton. For that reason, we hope t h f a completely new museological arrangement som will be planned, which would not disfigure thef m e e n set upfor the other sections of the archaeological museum in the prestigious P a l a m d'Aumale. This solution, besides allowing the exhibition of thefinds recovered in recent y m in the territoy, and that are currently kept in the storehouse of the town librmy, will breathe m life into the maintenance and exploitation of the 'cultura1patrimony'of a circumscribed but extraordinay portion of territoy,from where the archaeological museum of Terrasini found its "raison d'etre" tens of years ago. ArdraeoiogicaZfindings The village of Tmasini is not very ancient and originates from thefusion of iwo different places: Tmasini and Favmotta. In Arab tim,this section of coast was probably called Saquit Gins, which means water wheel, the noria of Cinisi, which eviden refmto a water machine with wheels installed here to irrigate thefields, asfrequently occurred in the Arabic world, in places rich in water. The small village of Favarotta, which developed around a water source, as in fact Lucerna a vernlce iera (Monte d'Oro) I - Cup wlth black palntlng (Monte d'oro) and guttua Lamp wlth black rpintin# 'Monte d'oro) Ritrovamenti archealaaici the Arabic deriuation of its name indicata, ha$ during the eighteenth century its own church, that of Saint Rosalia erected neara val1ey. The labfer wnsfilled up with earth and thus Favarotta merged with another small near inhabited area thusarip'nating the modenz village, which deoeloped partly around kuo churches: Saint Rocalia and Most Holy Ma y of the Graces. 0 Also in Palermo, as in other places, the name Terracina indiwrtes an ancient disirict near the ancient Cwe. In the subsoil of the modern village, there does not seem to be any as in other notable ancient remains, m, towns in western Sicily, a continuity oflifé from the ancient m to our days. 0 However, the outskirts of Terrasini are neh in archaeologicnl traces and the mllage itselfhas somet'mes reserued seoeral surprises. A seoenteenth centuy headstone, which ruasjound during the excavationsfor the constructkm of a road and kept a the right side at the entrance ofthe Antiquarium, remino3 us,for instance, of the existence of a common drinking inrgh beiween Cinisi and Terracina, confirming the above mentioned explanation of thegenesis ofthe village. Tke m m u n i t w of Favarotta was submitted to the %&ektinesfrom Cinisi, who depended a the rnonastety of San Martino delle Scale, while that of Tmasini belonged to the Barony @Carini Also the vilkzge of Terrasini had its aun church in the eighteenth century, that ofMost Holy M a y of the Gracec and in 1836 with an adminisbative act, the two urban nucleuses, deueluped on thefilled valley, were unified creating the modern center (Terrasini Favarotta). Fm itc particutar position in the western north peak of Sicily in the center of the I Macina (Monte d'Oro) bronzeo / -(S.Bacfle Giuseppe lato) - II Milistone (Monte OrOm) Bronre basin (S. Giuseppe lato) F:z~.+.~.-*;~2~..'7., .. ".a< .~..w..,I<.....->- P?..!..C+ d.:.-.\.:7< .<::,:: ,, ,,- +,,33,.,,<:j. .. . ,; $.C+:< *'><..'i ,,,,?<,, -. ,. .....,,.#,;. :;.;,',;<.,.C,':<. k.).&!j.!i.L:-..'h.,' ~&:.,..,.,....,-+ . X..:l. .&..,. ,,..,... , * . ~. "'. .:... . : .#,2, . .:..-,~ .'4;..i. ,: .-,?- :*>,;;f::?. A : . . . . . .. , , ., . , , .. ...- ,..: .-.,?T:. .<: .:,. , ., ., . . .. . ,.....C.I... L .;. W ,. ;i I. I , , "" 5 ,, .r. ~ i ; .\. 0 . ; ~ . : Terrasini ebbe nel '700 una sua chiesa, quella di Maria SS. delle Grazie e nel 1836 con un atto amministrativo i due nuclei urbani sviluppati sulla colmata del vallone furono unificati determinando così la nascita del centro moderno (Terrasini - Favarotta). k Per la sua particolare posizione nella cuspide nord occidentale deila Sicilia al centro del Mediterraneo, la distesa marina antistante le spiagge di Terrasini è stata frequentata, fin dalla più remota antichità da un numero assai elevato di imbarcazioni sovente da trasporto, provenienti dai più vari e lontani paesi. - I La conformazione della costa, caratterizzatà dalla presenza di punte rocciose, scogli affioranti e faraglioni, ha provocato l'affondamento di numerose imbarcazioni, che hanno disperso il loro carico sui fondali. Le tracce di diverse operazioni militari antiche avvenute nella zona, come nel caso della presa di Hykkara (Carini) da parte degli Ateniesi d a fine del V sec. a.C. o degli scontri in zona nel iiì sec. a.C. in occasione della prima guerra punica o, molto più tardi, durante la rivolta mussulmana contro l'imperatore Federico ii intorno al 1220, possono aver contribuito ad incrementare un patrimonio archeologico subacqueo gia di per se cospicuo per un'intensa attività di pesca e di commercio esercitata nei secoli nel sito. Al centro deiia spiaggia del porto, nel mare prospiciente la località Mezza Praia, in seguito ad un artificiaie dissabbiamento del fondale conseguente alla cosiruione del molo, sono affiorati, a partire dal 1963, reperti tanto numerosi da indurre a realizzare, soprattutto a cura di Vittorio Emanuele Orlando e dello scrivente, nei locali del palazzetto La Gma un Antiquarium che finì per comprendere testimonianze di una nave romana proveniente dalla Spagna naufragata nella seconda metà del I sec. d.C., di un reiitto del sec. a.C., oltre a numerose ana re ed anfore di diversa origine e datazione. m Mediterranean area, the sea expanse before the beaches of Terrasini has been crowded, since the most remote times, by a high number of boats, often transport boats, comingfrom the most various and distant countries. The particular conformation of the coast, characterised by the presence of rocky points, emerging rock-cliffs and re@, have provoked the sinking of several boats, which have dispersed their load on the shore. Moreover, the traces of uarwus ancient military expeditwns occurred in the area, as for example the siege of Hykkara (Carini) by the Athenians at fhe end of thefifth centtrry BC or the clashes that occurred in the 3rd century BC during thefrst Punic war or, much later, during the Muslim reuolt agginst the emperor Frederick 11 around 1220, contributed to increase a submerged archaeological patrimon y already conspicuous thanks to intensefishing and commerce carried out dtcring the centuries in the area. In the centre of thebeach of the port, in the sea merlooking Mezza Praia, after work to take sand off, for the constrilction af the dock, severalfinds have appeared on the suqace since 1963. Thesefinds were so numerous as to induce the creation, especially curated by Vittorio Emanuele Orlando and myself, of an Antiquarium in the Palace La Grua, which included testimonies ofa Roman ship comingfrom Spain shipwreckd in the second halfof the 1st centu ry AD, of a relic of the 3rd century BC and several anchors and amphorae of vmious origins and dates. To the submarine archaeological collection is added a limited number offindsfrom the dry land and particularlyfrom neighbouring archaeologically interesting areas such as Mount d'Oro (Montelepre), the center of an ancient native center and La .Oinodioeacronia [Monte d'Oro) I Guttus a vernice nera (Monte d'Oro) .B I ~ psinting C ~ (Monte d'Oro) Ritrovamenti archeologici Montagnola di Monte Palmeto, the site of a mediaml town. Fragments of a lekyihm (5th cetituy BC), an uncolouered oimhoe, a guttus (baby bottle),small terracotta Roman heads,fragments of oil tamps and an oscillum originatefiom the piace of Gasm,in the terrifoy of Carini, where there was a rural settlement of Greek and Roman age. An anthropomorphic small stone idol wacfound in a cave near Terrasini, in whose back there are incisiais ofa magic character, verijiable also in another shilar pebbles, recovered in fhe same area. Among thefinds comingfrom the unknown native and hellenised center of Monte d'Oro, there is thefragment of a lekythos, a hydria, (vns~forwater), a miniature shyphos, patereae (Roman vases), lekyihois decorated with pods, various bmnze arrows points and copper finds, among which are stveral dishes mui a grater. Regarding this lastfind, more than a ma@ use, it is possible to hypothesise that it was used to produce dust to be mixed with a perfumed oinhent for body cleansing. Taking oljfthe mixture with a bronze bent scraper, besides clemising the skin, m l d also make it more elastic and perfumed. The colleciion also comprehends Punic coinsfmm Sicily (4th century B.C.), among which are some fmm cefnlù (Cephaloedium), weights for laom or scnie and oil lampsfrom the 4th and 3rd centuy BC,among which ika table with high@t. A bronze basin $h pearly edge comingfrom San Giuseppe lato, which is considered of Etrusm production, is of great i n t m t . Seuerpl millstonesfor cereals fmm around the 4th century BC, indicate an origin of the complex of the jnds not onlyfmm the necropolis, but also from inhabited and rural centers, where life was predominantly agricultural. . Hydria (Monte d'Oro) I1 - Vasetti acromi [Gasena) - iiydria (Monte d'Oro) - Uncoloumàsmall vases (Gasena) ..xoh...*r*n** -.- The Roman ship of the 1st c e n t u y AD The complex offinds of the Roman ship from the second halfof the 1st century AD is exposed for the public in the leading wall of the beautzful warehouse with barre1 vault of the Palace La Grua, that hosted the Antiquarium for many years. Here the section of a Roman ship,from the imperial age, was reconstructed. The reconstruction of the section of the hull is modern, as it has not been possible to veri@ the strutture of the hull and the exact disposition of the load. It hm also been impossible to complete the recovey of the materials and thweby ejject more research, which would have allowed the recovery of the keel and the hull of the ship, still laying on the sea floor of Mezza Praia. After the recovey of Terrasini, similar loads have been tracked down in Ventotene (1981) and in Port Vendres I1 in France (1977), but only in this last case, the submerged archneological layer has been accurately investigated. From an examination of the load, they established t h t the ship originated from Spain. This is proved by the content of the amphorae, originally fu11 of garum, afish sauce v e y appreciated 6y ancient people, commercialised by the merchant company of the Atinii who worked in Spain, as is noticed from painted inscriptions. Severa1 necks of amphorae are recognisable as containers for wine produced on the outskirts of Barcelona and perhaps they are precent in limited number as reserved for the storeroom of the ship. i" Ingots made of pure copper, marked by a series of numbers and coming from the rich Spanish mines located in the Guadalquivir area (Betica), can be foundfrom the place of the shipwreck to the centre of the moderi1 port. It is thought that the metal was passedfrom the Spanish mines to a center or ~"~*~~~*I.LB : r.. yk;..>$;L;?:-;<,;,;?$*3, nelle vicinanze della spiaggia di Mezza Praia, ove h .,:. ..~. ..~?*. ,,:.?$$,!!<:i?% quasi immediatamente ricoperta dalla sabbia. Dello . ., . ~. . ;.,i-%'.:.'; .>'.2 ~ .' scafo sono stati ritmvati diversi frammenti fra cui , p${.$$: yd,>,:,<:*$t. .r madieri lignei, chiodi di bronzo, coniami di sparto, tl'Z.,"-i'.: uno scandaglio di pietra, lamine di piombo. Queste ., :..,$,?:?e~ ultime venivano utilizzate per proteggem la diiglia ed ,,:-i:..,L%% .:.i. .:r.:.;* -: il fasciame dalla Teredo navalis, il moiiusco che c o d e ?g+; ".;, ... . .-il i legni per lungo tempo immersi. Ed ancora sono ;*?r,'$.,$r, ,..",..>. , . ; ,yì&g;;;:.;:.,:3 state rinvenute tegole, forse per la copertura del cari,.:+;e ;p. !. -*,,, co, bmchette, paterr ed un mortaio di marmo. .~?.,~4.1!~3:.;y. r,:,.y..=:>>:)!i. ,~&;g;$rji,~3,2~;,:ht >. a . , >. 1,.?4.. ..- ;~~!@c~.:.;&~~~ ,:. . ,:,.... 5,k9f$J+e:>: %,"iis .kr-,a.:;p;: g+$.>:'!i ggi4: ;*>-.;I; NeUa nave erano forse imbarcati dei mercenari, proprietari di due gladu rinvenuti, assoldati per custodire il carico (custodes navium).La prima spada, il cui fodero di legno era rivestito di cuoio, è stata estratta dal suo guscio calcareo; la seconda in ferro resta interamente ricoperta dalle concrezioni. La destinazione finale della nave, proveniente d d a Spagna, non era forse lontana: infatti gli stabilimenti per la lavorazione del pesce identificati neUa zona potevano attendere alla commercializzazione del pescato locale, ma anche provvedere allo smistamento sul mercato locale del più ncercato prodotto straniero. Uno dei maggiori della Sicilia occidentale era ubicato suii'isolotto delle Femmine, un altro forse a Torre Molinazzo, ove un antico molo e mderi sulla riva del m m indicano una frequentazione del sito per attività marinare intorno al iiI sec. d.C. in età medioevale. La nave romana workshap forfurther manufacture. The rough surfnce is due to the bubbles offucion created at the moment of cwling; the edge has been smoothed to allow the incisions to record the production. The valleys of the Guadalquivir and the outskirts of Cadiz exported m the 1st century AD toward Italy both the main products trarsported by this shipwncked boat and une of the ancment possible routes, which leadfrom Spain towards Italy, after having coasted the African c w t s went on towards western Sicily. Therefore, the ship comingfrom Spain was overwhelmed and pushed by the wind, scattering its load of amphorae and ingots in the pmimity of the beach of Maza Praia, where it was covered by mnd almost immediately. Variousjiagments of the hull have been found, among which there are woodenfloor timbers, bronze narls, esparto ropes, a stone sounding lend and leadfoils. The latter were used to protect the keel and the plankingfrom ereda nnvalis, which is the mollusc that corrodes wood kept under waterfm a long time. Moreover, files have also been recovered, used perhaps to c a w the load, small jugs, paterue and a marble morfar. Possibly the owners oftwo recmered gladii fchort swords), were mercenaria embarked in the ship, renuited to guard the load fcuctodes navium). Thefirst sword, whose wooden sheath was cawed with leather, was extracted from its calcareous hull; the second one, made of iron, remains etztirely c m m d by concretimiS. of the shipfrom T h e f i ~destinatiun l Spain, perhaps was not distant: in fact, the plnnfsforfish processing, identifkì in the area, could haw beenfor the localfish marketing, but also prm'de the sorting in the local market of the much more sought-aflerforeignproduct. - Patera a vernice nera (Monte d'Oro) - Piatto da pesce I - Black paintIn# I- cup (Monte d'Oro) Flsh dlsh - I rinvenimenti sottomarini in localita Mezza Praia . I., ,.:- 8 ' . i< ><*::q:,' '.:;:~~.,:-.<.. >:a.r,r;,.;s:;,!-:;i. . , ., ."". ..,..t E$.* !: , ,,#?i. , , :5.;3;;:$.$,:>: . ... l In concomitanza con il ritrovamento della nave romana del I sec. d.C. per il dissabbiamento del porto, a'partirr dal 1963si constatò l'esistenza di una vasta zona più ad oriente con q e r t i di vana epoca. Appariva netta la prevalenza di frammenti di d o r e del iiIsec. a.C. Oltre ad ancore litiche e ad uno scafo capovolto h e sepolto, forse di un veliero coichiodatura in ottone deiia fine del Settecento, inizi dell10ttocento,erano presenti colli spezzati di anfore greco ita. liche con all'interno ancora il tappo di sughero di chiusura, un'ad e t t a di terracotta con la raffigurazione di Eracle che stmzza il leone nemeo, frammenti di un'altra simile e parti di louteriu, bacini per le abluzioni rituali compiute in onore delle divinità a bordo deiie navi, ma anche per più comuni motivi igienici. A n c h e se è molto probabile, non è assolutamente certo che i frammenti e le anfore intere del IIi sec. a.C. rinvenute neiia parte più interna dell'insenatura di Terrasini indichino il naufragio di un'altra nave, come nel caso del relitto romano del I sec. d.C., o si colleghino ad episodi diversi, soprattutto ad un' intensa utilizzazione del sito, quale attracco per il rifornimento deil'acqua dolce necessaria alla navigazione. l La denominazione Favarotta ed il toponimo arabo Saqiat Gins della contrada nei pressi deiia spiaggia rivelano infatti l'esistenza di un'antica sorgente, nei cui pressi le navi in transito avrebbero potuto approdare per il rifornimento. I1 tipo d'anfora ivi ritrovato fu tanto comune nel I11 sec. a.C. in Sicilia, da ritenerlo prodotto, oltre che nell'Italia meridionale, anche nell'Isola, anche se finora non è stata localizzata nessuna fornace relativa a questo tipo. Degno di nota è il fatto che alla foce del torrente Nocella, nei pressi della locaIiti San Cataldo, ssistevano fino a non molto tempo addietro Mezza Praia @ One ofthe greatest ofwestern Sicily was situateci on the small Isola delle Femmine and another perhaps in Torre Molinazzo, where an ancient dock and mins on the sea shore indicate maritime activity on the sitefrom amund the 3rd centuy AD to the mediaral age. Lingotti rame La Ciucca) Aruia con Eracle I il leone nemeo The submarine recovedes i n Mezza Praia On occasion of the recovery of the Roman ship of the 1st centuy A D thanks to the desanding of the port,fim 1963, a vast area more to the east was discovered, withjnds of various epoch. The preualence offragments of amphoraefrom the 3rd centuy BC appeared obvious. @ Besides stone anchors and a buried upside - down hull, perhaps part of a sailing - ship - Small amar with Heracles and the nemean Ilon La Clucca) with brass nailsfmm the end of the eighteenth centuy/beginning ninetemth centuy, there were broken mks ofltalzc Greek amphorae still with their closing cork, a terracotta representation of Heracles who strangles the mythologiuzl lion, simiiarfiagments and parts oflouterui and basiw for ritual ablutwns carried out in honour cf the divini* on the ships, but used a h for more c m - - - - whether thefragments and the whole amphoraefrom the 3rd centuy BC r e c m ered in the m t interna1 arefmm the shipwreck another ship, as in fhe of the Roman wreckage of the 1st centuy AD, or they me Lvrrr-rcu dt%ferentepicodes,especially to the intence use of Fhe site, which was a berfhfor collecting the necessay waterfbr the seafnring. The name Favarotta and the Arab name SaqZat Gins of t k m e a near the bench in fact reueal fhe exis- ' , dal sito frammenti di .:: .A : ? ~,,. I, Mezza Praia wsns tence of an ancient spring, where ships in transit would have landed to refuel. The type of amphoraefound here was v e y common in the 3rd centuy BC in Sicily, and probably, besides southern Italy, it was pmduced also in the Island, even ifnofumaces werefound relating to this type up to now. Worthy of mention is the fact that at the mouth of the Nocella River, near San Cataldo, there were, up to some time ago, on the shore of the sea, severa1 Romanfurnaces used to bake bricks. One of the necks of these Italic Greek amphorae has a Latin grajjifi, which says L. AIMILIIO who apparently was a military mmmander during thefirst Punic war. Even if Punic amphorae originatefrom this site,frequent in this part of the island, the hypothesised connection a p r s uncertain. A terracotta tablet found about m e hundred of metersfrom the beach between Cinisi a d Terrasini, at a depth of iwo meters in an area partially covered today by the base of the new dock, desenies a particular mention. The signs of an unknown wi'ting proceed anticlockwise in a circular wayfrom the extm'or toward the interior, separated in groups by W tical lines, which ewidmtly detach single t e m ofthe text. The numerous vertical lines in the center could be relnted to a calculation. Even being v e y characteristicsigns, similar to minziscule symbolic objects, there is no mmparisonfor them. Thefind of Terrasini, which has been in the Museum of Palermo since 1974 (photographicfile, negative n. 22451), unfortunately has newer been exhibited. A broken whife marble plate orig- : inatingfrom the same place, has been given to the M u s a ~ mof Palermo, as ~ l r . It hac an inscription of the 3rd centuy BC in honour of fhe emperor Alexander Severo. The Afrcan dynasty of the Severs, modifYing the routes for the import of - Anfora medievale - Anfora punica - Medieva1 amphora Testimonianze archeologiche sottomarine nel Golfo di Casteiiammare Da una grotta ubicata nei pressi del mare, I'Uzzo, proviene uno dei più antichi indizi relativi ali'impiego di imbarcazioni per la pesca. Ce improwisamente lische di grandi pesci si rinvengono insieme ad ami in osso e a reperti del W miilennio a.C., ciò indica l'acquisita capacità di allontanarsi d d a riva, limite per l'uomo preistorico, raccoglitore di molluschi al fine di alimentazione. Dei tre nuclei abitati più importanti, che fin dall'antichità hanno esercitato un'influenza diretta sul Golfo di Casteilammare-Segesta, Alcamo e Partinico-solo nel primo sono state condotte indagini ardieologiche, che, se pur hanno evidenziato l'importanza, soprattutto dal V1 sec. a.C. fino all'età romana, del maggiore dei centri elimi della Sicilia occidentale e la sua antichità, non hanno avuto per oggetto il suo rapporto con il mare. Eppure, secondo Tucidide (VI, 2), gli Elimi erano profughi Troiani ai quali si erano aggiunti Focesi sbattuti dalla tempesta sui confini sicani. Castellammare fu indubbiamente lo scalo marittimo deli'importante centro antico, ma la carenza di ricerche in proposito e la continuità di vita nel sito, che in età medioevale fu abitato costiero (Al Maderig, Le Scale), gravitante intorno ad una fortezza sull'acqua, rendono le testimonianze relative pressoché nuiie. Certa è invece la presenza di un relitto quattrocentesco con ceramica pisana ubicato nei pressi del paese a notevole profondità. Da documenti di archivio risulta naufragata nel 1487 una nave appena salpata dal porto di Alcamo (Vaiione) carica di 288 salme di grano. Tutto ciò bene indica il tipo di attività nelle quali era coinvolto il Golfo: dagli attracchi costieri (caricatori) per la commercializzazione dei prodotti in corrispondenza a vie controllate di penetrazione verso l'interno della Sicilia, come nel caso di Segesta-Castellammare, Vallone-Calatubo,S. Cataldo-Partinico, TerrasiniC i s i , a centri per la pesca e la lavorazione del pescato, come lo stabilimento greco punico per la Testimonianze sottomarine Af"ca,.imped the.I c h d economy, so receivqifiom ~icìlian-communitiesfrequents~uent dedicak6y inscriptions.f@wever, the presence of this kind offind in thè sea is unclear. The precence ofstructures of the 3rd centuy AD, destroyed bn the occacion ofthe .mstruction 'ofaiiport runways could be hypothecised.~ Therefore, :themaritime settlement of Torre One ofthe most ancient signs relative to the use ofjishing boa6 ori@natesfrom a cave sifuated near sea called Uzzo. Ifsuddenly bones ofbigfishec are recovered together with bonejish-hwkc'andjindc ofthe 7th millennium BC, the pokfs to the nbìlity to leave the shore, which was the limitfor prehistoric human beings who limited themself to collect edibld'molluscs.Among the three mast important tawnc, which have inJ7uenced the Gilf of Castellammare sincepast times - Segesta, Alcamo a$ Partinico - archaeologiuil 'researchhas only been carried out in thefirst m.This research hac underlinsd the importante, especiallyfrom the 6th centuy BC up to the Roman epoch, ofthe greatest Elim centre in western Sicily, but they haoe not considered its relation with the , from Troy who had arri the Focmeszs due fo a storm Sicifutnjvrders. Cactel was undoubtedly t& por impmtmztancient centre, but the lack $re-rch and fhe continuity of lveiri the site;&at in m e d i a d times amastal centre (AI'Mnderig, Le Scale), amund afo+tressaon t& water, ma!e , .~ . . . - . I- -LUcemagnkromana Lucerna romana - Late Roman lamp - Roman Iamp I preparazione della salsa di pesce (garum) di S. Vito Lo Capo, l'abitato punico di Scoglio Fungia, Scopello (Cetaria?), i ruderi del iiI sec. d.C. di Torre Molinazzo, attrezzati con un molo artif~aale semisommerso. Testimonianze dell'intenso traffico commerciale antico costituiscono i relitti di Terrasini e di S. Vito Lo Capo. Ai primi abbiamo già accennato, gli altri si ascrivono ad epodie e provenienze assai varie. Uno è di età normanna (metà del W sec.) con la stiva colma di " transito forse verso Palermo; un altro inizi del 1500. :' tom costiere del Quattrocento (ad es. S. Vito, Capo Rama) e della iine Alba, Molinazzo) ci ricordano presenze subacquee relative a ben iù cruenti fatti d'arme ed incursioni. Nei pressi della spiaggia di S. Vito Lo Capo si riscontrano reperti barbareschi degli inizi del Cinquecento, che è possibile ricollegare a documenti d'archivio che menzionano il saccheggio nel 1526 del santuario e la sua conseguente ristrutturazione a mo' di fortezza. Una straordinaria testimonianza d i culti collegati al mare si rinviene in una grotta di difficile accesso nei pressi di Castellammare: la grotta di S. Margherita. Ivi si riscontrano affreschi databili al XN sec. raffiguranti una Madonna col Bambino di tipo Eleusa (affettuosa) ed una teoria di santi, forse Pietro e Paolo, incorniciati in riquadri in rosso, bianco e giallo hacciati sullo stucco. Un grande pesce, posto su di un arco dell'antro, rappresenta il Male, calcato dalla Madonna. ii ualo (Carcharinus carcharias), animale che Testimonianzc sottomarine ry wreck with Pisnn ceramics situated near tht village at a notable depth is certain. From documents, a ship headedfor Alcamo (Vallone) was shipwrecked in 1487, loaded with 288 salme (which 1s an ancrent Italian measure) of wheat. Al1 this puinb to the type of activity which was carried out m the GuFfrom the coastal docksfor the trade of products which went along roads leading toward the Sicilian hinterland, such as Segesta-Castellammare, Vallone-Calatubo,San Cataldo-Partinicoand Terrasini-Cinisi, to centresforfishing andfish manuficture such as the Greek Punrc plant for the preparation offish sauce (garum) of San Vito io Capo, the Punlc uillage of Scoglio Fungia, Scope110 (Cetaria?)and the remains of the 3rd centuy AD of Torre Molinazzo, equipped with nn artificial undenuater dock. The intense commercia1 ancient trafic is witnessed by the remains of Terrasin1 and San Vito Lo Capo. We have already mentioned the first ones while the others arefrom uarious epochs and migins. One is of Norman period (haifofthe 12th centuy) with the holdfull of ouer h o hundred jugs in transit perhaps towards Palermo; another one was Bnrbaresquefrom the beginning of the 15005. The numerous wastal towersfrom thefifteenth centuy (San Irrto, Capo Rama) a d from the end of the sixteenth centuy (Impisu, Alba, Molinazzo) reca11 bloody events a d raids. Near the beach of San cito Lo Capo, tlzere are Barbaresquefindsflom the beginning of the sirteenth cenhty, which can be connected to documents that m a tion the siege in 1526 of the sanctuary and its consequent rectoration as aforiress. A n extraordinary testimny of worshiv mnected to the sea is found in a cave of dificult accecs near Castellammare:the cave of S. Margherita. Here there arefrescoes - Torre di Capo - Gdus - Guttus I The tower by Capo Rama sovente disturbava l'ingresso dei tonni nella t6nriara. Un affresco del XVII sec. di bella fattura, che rappresenta S. Margherita affiancata da due angeli, è stato sovrapposto alle raffigurazioni trecentesche. Sul fondo dell'antro, un tumulo di pietre, forse tomba di un santo eremita, segna il luogo di un culto protrattosi nel tempo e connesso con la pesca e le attività del Sia i numerosi relitti antichi, che i moderni presenti in zona, costituiscono ecosistemi valutabi- " i Vito e di ScopeUo sussistono relitti di navi moderne meritevoli di tutela. Nel primo caso si tratta di un con un carico di Corani, nel secondo del Capua, affondato durante la seconda guerra mondiale con un carico di munizioni. Anche lungo la spiaggia di Balestrate e a Capo Rama si riscontravano mezzi da sbarro e munizioni deli'ultimo conflitto, che ormai, per trascorrere degli anni possono essere considerati d'interesse storico. Le ancore Sembra che le acque del Mediterraneo siano state solcate da imbarcazioni almeno dall'VIII miilennio A.C. Ossidiana di un'isola dell1Egeo (Melo) è stata ritrovata in una grotta della terraferma, in Argolide ad olti-e cento chilometri di distanza marina. Certamente era stata trasportata per mare da ununimbarcazione che,utilizzava un sasso legato ad una fune come ancora. Ancora oggi la gente di mare adotta comunemente questo sistema, che assicura un discreto ancorag&o, sia sui fondali di sabbia, che di mcia. ,~ frwn the 14th cerituy showing a Madonna with the Child of Eleusa type (affectimtate) and a themy of Saints, perhaps Peter and Pau1,framed in red, white and yellow panels drawn on plaster. A bigfish, placed in the cavity, represents Evil, trodden by the Lady. T h e f i h appears with the characteristicface of a shark (Carcharinuscarcharias),an animal that often disturbed the e n f y of tuna into the tunny-fishing nets. A beauh@lfrescofrom the 17th century, which represents Saint Margherita with two angels, has been painted over thefourteenth centuy representations. At the m d of the cavity, a turnulus of stones, perhaps the grave of a hermit saint, marks the place ofworship performed over the years, connected withfishing and the other activities of the Gu'f. Both the various bncient wreckc and the modern ones presenf in the area, constitute valuable ecosystems, not only for the historical and archaeological point of vim, but alco under the environmental naturalistic profile. Near the tuna-fishing stationc of San Vito and ScopeIlo there are the w r e h ofmodern ships which deseme to be guarded. In thefirst case, it is a merchant ship, the Kent, shipwrecked durfng the menties with a load of Korm books, in fhe second it is the Capua, which s u d during the Second World War with a load of rnunitions. In addition, along the beach of Balestrate and by Capo Ramg there are landing crafs and munitionsfrom the last war, which can be n m wnsidered of historid interest. The anchors If ceems that the waters of the Mediferranean have been ploughed by boats at least since the 8th millennium BC. Obsidianfrom an islnnd of the Aegean Sea (Melo) wffifound in a cave on d y land, in - I Corano Ungueniario dl eià ellenlstica I - Konn - . Hellenbtic unn-fao' .. . ,., , . ,.. ~.. I . . ~' : . trattava di p m parziale rivoluzione. ttlmerito del corpo morta'sui fondale, aone dalla superficie, provocava sicuro aggancio deiia marra al fondo, . . a ancora ben radicata la ctedenza che .. efficiente dovesse essere allo .: Un Ulteriore progmso fu a e n i o di un bastone di :. n o r d e ai pioli per evitare che :. ,ponendosi di ndnco potesse slittare. ii ccessivo fu dora quello di realizzare in . ' età m c adeii'ancora dal Le ancore the sea. Certainly, it was hansported ~ i asea in a boat, which used a stone tied up to a mpe as anchor. Sea people still adopt this system, as it assures a dismeef anchorage, ori both sand and rock backdrops. -(Torre Ceppi d'ancora Molinazzo) . In the rudimentay type of anchor, there- fore, the pPrfanance was determined by the weight of the stone h e r e d into the sea. It used shapeless stones or barely outlined, today dtficult to recognisp. The inmase of the weìght determined the improvnnent of the system of anchorage but obviously un increase ofwork, A correlatton exists therefore between the weight of the anchor and the tonmge of the ship. The weighf of stone anchors àllows us to estimate with a certain approximation the dimensions ofboats, of which there are no more remains. An important piece of technical progrffis,determined by the p t e s t tonnage pegs, ofshipping, was achieved with W& which assured bettersitting ori the seaflom and allowed a reduction in the weight of the anchor. It was a partial rmlution. Thefalling of the wight on the sea bed, wnsequent to the tractionfrom the surfac, p k e d the secure hwk-up of the anchor to the bottom of the sea, but the beliefstill persisted that the stone had to be heavy to be .fFMmt. Better progress was made with a wwden stick inserted into the pegs to stop the anchm, being cet on one side, from skidding. Thefollowhg step was then to keep the stone and make the stem of wood. The weight of the log necessay to a d the anchorfloatingdetermined thefdl fv the bottom of the sea and fawured the hooking of tides. 0 The appearance, in ancimt times, of the anchor with a stom log and a woadm stem was a radiml turn in the achorage system. This type of - Anchor logs (Torre Molln-) lume più pesante, più e swsamentq attacca, volta due barre di piombo potevano esse se &a due astiene strette da e e costitaire così un %dimentale smon; eppo facilmente componibileuee tabile. il ceppo in piombo si diffuse ampiamente in età eilenistica e mma-. ,na e,anche se i pib recenti ceppi in piombo sono datati al Iii sec. d.C., è pwbabiie che siano -ti in uso sino e dellbq antico accanto ad ancore di di ancora di uso più frequente neldi facile reperibasso prezzo, è quella dal ceppo.in. con perno di ritegno al fust~, nel quale direttamente il metaiio. I1 piombo del era colato in un apposito stampo sull'animata. Ovviamente era inamovibile dal a conwmacra per meglio assemblare le al fusto era in piombo. I puntali delle inbtonzo, metallo meno duttile, o in ;dopo quelìa in pietra Mare talvolta che la caseo,invece di presentare un beo, mostra ail'intemo dei a in croce. In qualche raro che d'interno deila cas; i fori o di perni di ritegno raso pohebbeesserestato fissa- ' , . Le ancore anchor was usedfrom the end qfthe 8th fo the 4th centuy BC, but if did nof supplant fhe other models, which mtinued to e s t . It ic possible that the increase oflead production, consequent to the exploitation of silver mines, and the collapse of its price have confributed to detemine its replacernent, in the classica1 age, of the stone log, which would eacily break in fhe cmter, with a lead one. The meta1 had the advantage of being heavier, easier to work and not aftdabIe by sea creatures, in compartson to stones. Dfen, in order to ecaaiise, they iwerted stones or woodenfragments in the metallic log. Sometimes, two lead bars would have been mtained between two crossbars tightened by ropec so to constitute a rudimentay easily detachnble log. The leaà log was vey comnum in the Hellenictic and Roman age and, eoen ifthe most r e m t lead logs arefrom the 3rd m t u y AD, it is probable fhat they were used at the end of the ancient age together wiWt iron anchors. The type ofanchor more used in past times, afe7 those of stone of easy availability and low price, is that one made of lead wibh a plvot, in which the metal isfused dìrectly. The iead of the log was cast in a special mmld on the completai anchw. Obviausly it was irremovabkfim fhe stem. The contro-hookfm beiter assembling the hooki to the stem wac made of lead. The ferrules of the hookc were maàe of bronze, a less supple metal, or imn. Comeiimes the box ofthe leaden 108,imtead of having a learien piwt, s h m inside symmehicat holes. It is thozrght then thaf the log wasfized to fhe stem by a small wood a&, which crossed it. In some rare caces, inside Lucerna a II M " ~ % ~ , - I Plgnatta troncoconlca (Monte d'Oro) : je Column Iamp (Monte dlOm) - Cone shaped pot Wontr @Oro). ' conferme sicure in tal senso. L'oneraria romana di . ~, età imperiale portava a bordo diverse ancore, la maggior parte in piombo, ma anche alcune in Ii peso del ceppo può consentire di desumere con una certa approssimazione la rro erano imbarcate ancore di pietra. enti da Mezzapraia - Molinazzo. Una delle antiche un reperto in bianca pietra calca^ rovenienza non locale. Le modalità di e s m , . ,. Le ancore ... .,. . . . ................ .... :L . .. . .., . . . :. ....... : !i , ... ',., : . . ., . . . , . ; ; ... , ......... ; , ... , '- . , . . " <:. .,:::"~;:1:-.. . , , i': . :..... . . .,..- .. .. . . through a paìr of d e n pegs, placed in the stem, out of the box in the points of contact. This type of anchor, as the log could have been detachedfmm the stem and placed on board the ship during navigatwn, allowed a notable saving ofspace. Maybe, it was used on military ships, but we do not have cerfain i n f m t i o n abmrt it. The Roman ships of the imperial age had dz&ent anchors, most of them being made of lead, but some others were made ofimn, as a papyrus of the 3rd century AD (Pap. Lond. 111,1164) also shows. - Tavola generale II- oggetti matallici (Monte doro) Skyphos a vernice nera (Monte d'Oro) , The weight of the log could te11 us with a certain approximation the tonnage of the ancient ship. In*, the weight of the leaden log seemc to correspond more or less to halfof the complete anchor. It is probable then that the weight of the anchor was equa1 to a thoum d t h ofthe tonnage ofthe ship. Colossal leadenfetters have beenfound, but their use on ships is excluded. One of thesefetters is visible in Malta and another one wasfound off San Vito Lo Capo. It is pmbable that they were used to anchorfixed jishing nets orformilitay obstrucfions, usefil to p r m t the entrance of harbours or to protect certain umes.As the lenden anchor did not replace the stone one, still used today, so the appearance of the iron anchor, more or less during the in republican Roman age, did not preuent the use of the leaden one. Only m the Byzantine epoch, did inm anchors with a very characteristic shape come into gerieral use, buf still in the Roman wrecks in San Vito Lo Capo (halfway th the 12th centuy) there were s iron anchors. In the civic archaeological wllection, there are varìous stone anchors coming mostly from Mezzapmia - Molinazzo. One of the most a n h t is a white calcareous stonefind of non-local origin. The method of perforation of the only hde denota its age, - Generale table of I- metal objects (Monte dWm) I Black palntlng Skjphos (Monte CFOm) . , . , I)Non tutte le pietre intew$onaime& forate ritrovate in mare erano euidentem'ente ancore. Alcune hilo- ' ; . . no utikmte come contrappesi di nAi, di aWzzi da p c a o imvaiiTra. i cepjih piombo se ne s e p i a uno, del raro tipo senza perni di ritegnoal al quale era tuttavia in qualche con hini o pioli Ugnei. mbo, veniva fa%W% fonna lignea del Le ancore n Ancora di terracotta I- Anfora rodia One of the Ieatlenfetfmmmingfrom Tom MokmaPa wns mdted, and also in tkis cnse Hwe &e m t m q of these dmiiar sumples. @ The most w m m type with a box with pimt on the l&m stem wns nude by pwc& ing a hole in the stem mrd cmfing the rnetul Girecfly Into the wwden shape of the kog. Tke ope~ationwas effected,J%rspace reasons, holding the wwdni a n c h upside-dm and to theqbre the mnooth part, cmr-t the bottom of the mould, appenred @er the Iog ws m&. Tttis o m the udmtage ofhidur sfone insertjons, that in2 wooden were somh'mes i w t e d inside to save a ". " recognition and per* eusy release from the boftom of the sea. @ Ojten the anchms were stolen, so t h a were murked &vinseripfions , "I - Clay anchor - Rhodian amphora I ' Le anfore 1 l l I -Antore g-italiche (La Ciucca) - I Qnwk-ltalic amphorae (La Ciucca) prima di essere universalmente adottata. La fonna delie &re 1: La frequente presemadi un puntale nene anfore pub oggi apparire sorprendente. Si giustifica per le condizioni di rustici& ed asperità dei pavimenti degii ambienti antichi, ove tali contenitpn erano normalmente impiegaticantine o stive, ma anche una la da p r w o di un.piccolo centro greco o dell'inferno della Sialia poteva presen-. . si reggeyano abbastanza ritte. un'imbarcazione potevano da frasche (stiplae).Resti Le anfore millennium BC in the Canaanite civilisation, whichflowered in the line of coast between Syria and Palestine. From the East, it spread Lo Egypt and Greece before being universally adopted. - I Anfore (La Clucca) - Aniora africana Other systems, cuch as more untidy transports, in sacks or in big 'doliis'jixed to the bottom of the hold of the ship, are also ancient and teetijied by recent underwater discoveriee. The shape of the amphorae Thefrequent presence of aferruie in the amphorae today cm appear amazing. It was due to the conditions of rusticity and asperity of thefloors o f t k ancient m s , where these containers were normally used: cellms, ships' holds, but also a dining room of a small Greek Punic village in Sicily wuld have afloor not perfectlyflat. They were put in the corner, m e next to the other so as to stay upright. I f there was a need, they would put a mobile support under them, which was called an "incitega". In the hold of a ship, there could h been over ten thousand amphorae, set layers protected by branches (stipulae) Remains of these twigs, which arefrequently fmrnd in archaeologicalfinds, can indicate the pwiod of stowage of the ship, as they are seasaal saplings. The enormous load of the large ship sank in Albenga and the content of the Roman ship dug in Gtens, France, show the truth of what has bee mentioned. The system of Roman Gree stowage in layers was adopted, not onl to cave space, but abme al1 to make the load of the ship a homogeneous, solid, elastic and well balanced block and to eliminate ewry risk during a storm. Neither rolling n m the moct violent hnphorae (La Ciucca) 1 Le anfore Anfora romana . Anfora I greco-ltalica (Eolle o Egadl) Roman amphom - Gmek-ltalic amphom (AeoIIan or -ad1 lslands) :,*:;;$;>,i>.".';' .,p,^. ' .,.,:*:>2:>?' Fabbricazione, contenuto e trattamento interno 0 L'anfora commerciale era costituita da diverse parti che venivano realizzate separatamente e poi unite tra loro prima deUa cottura: orlo, coUo, anse, spalla, corpo e puntale. Ciò evidentemente non vale per ogni tipo di anfora. L'anfora punica, ad esempio, si discosta alquanto da q u d a romana ed ha sovente l'orlo ed il coiio fabbricati insieme al corpo. 0 Nelle anfore potevano essere contenuti vari generi di prodotti, ma queUe commerciali d i a t e oltremare trasportavano prevalentemente vino, olio, miele, frutta in conserva, pesce in salamoia ed una salsa a base di pesce molto usata dagli antichi, chiamata garum. 0 Non era infatti vantaggioso usare i'anfora per i prodotti secchi, poiché essa aumentava di almeno il 25% il peso dei prodotti trasportati. Quindi il grano trasportato in sacchi il cui costo era inferiore a quello deile anfore, trasporto di frutta secca venivacassette di legno e ceste. . ~ p; Le anfore contenenti vino o salsa di pesce ~.-;;,.;$l;2:?:*. "i.,:,e . :y, ,?..v: , . % L? -, .!!:,eranorivestite internamente da sostanze resinose :*..~.ia.i:i :p,.:S.;-<;., . .:. ..-,.:,,!,z:;<~t.,! L,.per conferire al prodotto un gusto particolare ed al tempo stesso per impermeabilizzare parzialmente le pareti del contenitore. L'olio invece veniva versato in,anfore incerate con resina di alberi da frutta @ m m ) o era conservato in contenitori privi di qualsiasi trattamento interno, che non potevano essere facilmente riutilizzati. Questa circostanza spiega il formarsi di vere colline di detriti di anfore olearie in luoghi di ampio consumo. Impieghi anomali delle anfore Oltre che come contenitori per il trasporto oltremare di derrate alimentari, le anfore venivano utilizzate per gli scopi più disparati: incastrate alle Le anfore separately assembled before baking: edge, neck, handles, shoulder, body andferrule. This was not the samefor euey type of amphora. The Punic amphora,for instance, is dzferent fvom the Roman one and often has edge and neck manufactured together with the body. Onfora romana Onfora punica Eveything could have been contained in the amphorae but the mmercinl products primarily transported were wine, oil, honey, preservedfruit,fish in brine and afkh sauce used by the ancients, which was called 'garum'. It was not advantageous to use amphorae for d y products, ac it increased by at least 25% the weight of the products. Therefore, wheat was transported in sacks whose cost was certainly inferior fo that of the amphorae, while dryfrz~itwas usually transporfed in wooden or wicker baskefs. The amphorae containing wine orfish sauce were lined internally with resinous substances in order to +e a particular taste to the product and at the same time to waterproof partially the walls of the catainer. Oil was @t in amphorae waxed with resin offruit trees (gumma) or it was p r m e d in catainers without any kind of internht treahnent, which could not be easily used again. This explains theformatwn of deposits ofoil amphorae in places of ample consumption. In order to determine exactly the capacity of an amphora it was necess a y to weigh the container. An Italic nmphora for wine ofthe republican period,full, weighed on average aroundfifty kilos and it wns d~jficultto t r a v o r t it. ifit was suspendedfrom the handles with a baton, hoo strong slaves could lift it. Roman amphora punii amphora ' I Le anfore Anomalous uses of amphorae As well as being used as containersfor transport overseas offoodstufi, amphwae were employedfor the most disparate purposes: attached to the walls of marine nurserips, they were excellent dens forjish; sawn vertically they were tuansformed into cradlesfor pmr children. Startingfrom very remote times they were usedforfuneray purposes orfor the realisation of hydraulic conduits. m -re In rhe militayfield they werefilled with incendiay cubstances ami hurledfrom catapults, or, hidden in the ground, could constitute a temmbletrapfor enemy cavaly. Filled with earth or empty, they were used in building, and bmken up into tiny fragments and mixed with lime they tuere used for purposes ofJooring or hydraulic lining (crushed shards). This was certainly thefate of most ancient amvhorae, at Ieast those that did not end uv on the seabed. Closing systems, hallmarks, capacit y and transport In the inner part of the neck of the Italic wine amphora, you can easily notice the precence of a little protrusion serving to stop the incide stopperfim falling in. Thls stopper was normally made of cork and onto it there was poured some resm, wax, pozzolana or gypsum in arder to clme the amphora hermetically and to protect the contents against atmospheric agents. On it there might be applied a terracotta operculum on which there were impressed hallmarks refirrmg to the producer-exporter. romane ioman amphorae I ..... .:7:;v~3ra;s.!~~~~7: .'; Alu.,fb:.',!; . - : ii q;. ..-. l i : . .i.:. 7.: , ...... . .,.., . . .. . " . . . . . . . .. . . .. _.,>. . .~ ~ ~ : . , .~ .. ~ . . I ., .. . . . . >.,,;: $ , k . . .7 . . . .. . . -.. 5. . . ' .,: ..yv:; ,:$; . , .%-.i?; .....E..,...... .... -ci.:. . . &;,?..a!.... :: ...:........... :: ..... ,mMarchi e contrassegni non solo garantivano ;:..,p" 1 ;. .... z::f_:%iproprietario da un eventuale trafugamento, ...l.,.,... .' _.... <:;*{!,,i!..: ~ . .:. A(. ~ ,.?A @\ ;,!:.,;: ..,: il,>. . , . . . .,, : ~ I":. ? .~.> J Z : ~ ; , ~ ... = 'I ........ . ;;l- '.:ha anche l'acquirente, del contenuto e delle .. ...................... ,........ ..,:'.. =_1 : , . ;?i: . .:,.,~;,,$m:., ~...,,,",,:i-:5. capacità regolari. Caratteri dipinti con un penneiio iii rosso o in nero (tihrli picti) denotavano la natura del prodotto trasportato, la sua qualità, il peso dell'anfora, la compagnia mercantile esportatrice; potevano addirittura essere relativi alle verifiche doganali e dimostravano che l'anfora era stata controllata ed aveva pagato le impostedovute per le importazioni ed esportazioni (portoriu). re , ' . . . , ' . I) Nel periodo romano repubblicano la misura di amphora o quadranfalebbe una suddivisione in sottomultipli: un'amphra equivaleva a otto congii, pari a ventisei litri. Un congius era pati a sei sextarii, cioh tre litri e ventotto decilitri. .. . . . . . % .. , ' ~ ) ,, . ., .. . , .,,>,, , , , . ~ , , .. . ,. ' . ., . .' . .N Anche se i'anfora fu sempre un contenitore artigianale di varia capacità, la misura di un'amphora fu acquisita in età romana quale misura sfwdardper i liquidi. ~ - - ~ , per determinare esattamente la capaoccorreva sottoporre il contenitore a pesatura. Un'anfora vinaria italica di età &pubbibnaapiena pesava dunque in media una cinquantina di dUli ed era difficoltosa da trasportare &mqualche accorgimento. . . .iJ,.~,,' Sospesa per le anse ad un bastone poteva ~ sollevata da due robusti schiavi. .. , Le anfore i) Stamps impressed on tke handles, on the neck or on the rim, or @ti or paintings on the body or close to theferrule could represent the hallmark of the wmkshup tlut made the contniner, m could indicate the type of product, its weight and age, but above al1 refmed to thefreighter or producer and owner of the cargo, who, not having hlc own pglinae' (ceramicc workshops) annexed to thefarm, had recourse to ceramists working to order. i) Hnllmarks and signs not only protected the owner agaimt possible tlz@s, but also comtituted a guaranteefir the purchaser regarding the regularity of the wntents and the capacity. Characters painted in red or black with a paintbrush (tituli picti) denoted the nature of the product transported, its quality, the weight of the amphora, and the exporting mercantile company; they might men refer to customs checks and demonstrate that the amphora had bem checked nnd that the excise dilefor its importation and exportat i a (portoria)had beetz paid. i) Although the amphora ruas always an artisanal contaiw of vaying size, in the Roman age its size was taken as a standard measurefor liquids. i) In the Roman republican period the size of an amphora or 'quadrantal' wac given a precise subdivkia into stibntultiples: an amphora was equivalalent to 8 congii, i.e. twent y s i x litres. A congius was equa1 to six sextarii, i.e. three litres and tzueniy-eight decilitres. i ) Hmever, in order to establlch the exact capacity of an amphora, it was necessay to weigh it. Afull Italic wine amphorafrom the Republican age on average weighed aboutfifty kilograms and it was diylcult to transport without special techniques. i) Suspendedfrom a stick by its handles, it wuld be lifed by two robust slaves. Città di Terrasini Assessorato Beni Culturali