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The Role Of Iso 14001 In Environmental Management At U.s. Manufacturing Facilities

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September 2018
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iii - # !, % ! % % % "" & " !, ! 4" ! , 8 % & % ! " % # # 8 ! 8 # % % 94 % # " * # " # & ' =>66= ! & # # 8 !% ! 9 # 9 # " !! 8 & & A * 4 * !% # ! " ) !! A " 4 * !% +' & 0 % !! A " 4 * !% # ! ' & 0 !! A " 4 * !% # ! ' & 0 !! A #*% % 4 * !% # ! ' & ) ' ! A #*% % 4 * !% # ! ' & ! 9 " #A % % % 4 ) ' ! 1 !! A #*-4 * !% # ! " ) ! ! # 1 8 !% ! 9 ? ' &! * ! A ' & / 8 A ' & # A +' & % ! # 9 " " 4* " 4 * " ! - !% 4* # !% - iv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v- & +3 +3 5C 5E 5E 53 5F 76 7D ,7 3 ) 3 3+ 3, 5 '' -#$ -./C-=-= ) C-=-5 ' & C-=-7 ! , C-=-> & C-=-C & C-=-E ' & C-=-3 % & C-=-D & C-=-F ) /.$ // / $ C-7-= & C-7-5 - 0/./! ! , ) !) - ! $ >= >7 >> >E >3 >3 >F >F >F 3 & ! ) - ! $ 3 % " 8 C5 C5 %, 3, ') CC ! % ) " # & ' #( " # & $ * # $" $ $" - vi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vii - 77 7> 7C 7C 7E 7E >-=C >-=E >-=3 & ! ) ! # ! ) !, ! % =6< 73 73 7F # 5E ! ! " # C % #$ >-= >-5 * 5666 * ! " % ! , @ C-7 C-> C-C C-E C-3 $#/ % - ! $ -" '$ ! % , ! ! ! , ! , ) !) " # ) ! ,' & 4 % # ! , ) ) 8 " # ! , ' - 5D $ - " # # C-5 % ! " 8/ #$ C-= ) , >5 ) ) !) " " # ' % & &" " $ , " ' " ) " ) 8 " ? & ! & " & 4 & >> <' & ! , ) 8 ) ! % ! , . %$ ) 8 " % # ! % " % # ! % 8# ! & ! 4 % & % 4 , ! !, : ; >C - viii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ix - ! < % ! % " # # , % & # %% % ! % # : ' ;4 % ' # =>66= & $ 9!, % % , , & @ % 56664 # 8 554DF3 & @ FD 8 # ' =>66= : ! & @ " % %@ 5667 ;' % % % # - =>66= % % " % % % ) ! % , # ! & @ " )% ! " ) ! & , % =>66= % % # " ! # ! &,4 & @ 9 ! 8 # ! ! ! ) # ) ! " %8 # =>66=4 " ! ) ! " # "" ) " =>66=# ? ! !, ) ,: " # - % , "% / # , ) " ; # ) ! , " # % ! " % 0! " : & ! ! 8 # ; 8 # " ! & , : =>66= " % ) # % # ) < & ; , & 8 ! =>66= !, - ! ! %" %, # ! % % % # 5666 % " !! 8 # # % % % 5666 7FFF! " >D> " ! 8 ! % # :5>5; # % ' " % # =>66= % % # # !" 8 " % %8 ! % % " # 5666 !, & % # % "" 8 % # # &# ! 4 # # ? ? ! ? # )% # # " % # 8 !%" " % % ! # # =>666 % %@ # &! # $ # & ! % $ % # ! " ) ) , " ! , ) ! < & - # 8 # 8 & &# ) ! # ) " ) ! ! % 2 ) ! ! ,4 & &4 & &4 &4 % & % & " % " &" ! # , ! " % # %,- . !" " # , 5666- # # &" ! & ! # # & % & & % ! # 8 " ) !) &- #& 4 % !, % # % "" 8 # # ! ! , # 8 & - # # ! ! !, % # % "" , ) # " ) <, % <, %" # % "" , " # !4 # ! ? , 9 & , 8 % ) % !@ - %% !!,4 #8 , " % "" # ! 8 !,@ % 9 & , % # % %! 8 ? !- -x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xi - !,@ & # % " # $ 8 & - xii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• • 4 % -#$ -./- 0/./- ! /. ! & , : ' ; " ! # 8 & @ 8 !! & ! , 4 %4 % $ ", " ! , ) "" ) ' ! % 2 * ) & " % "" ,4 % H % ) & " ) % & H ) % % # " 4! & ! 4 :0 9! %4 # =FF7;- ) % " & • ' % # ! " =>66= % ) ! & %# 8" # # & " # ) # # 4 8 !! % ) ! & , 4 # ! ! & @ " % %@ ) ! & " =>666 4 % # ? ! ) , % ! " ) ! & - - # % % , + = & ' %% $ ! ? ) ! ) ! -3- ! - % % # 4 - % ! 4 % ! & ! ) ! 8 " # 4 # & " % &, ! " " 8 # # ! " ' 4 # ! & ,: ; % # ! % # ) % ) ! %& % % # !, % " # 9 , ! " "" ) ' # ) ! ! ,4 ) % & # ! 4 % % ? =4 ! % , , " & @ # # ) ! - # ' % ! ! % ") < " 8 9 4 % 9 ) ! ! ) % !! 8 %)% ! & @ % ) ! ! % , # !, %% # - # ") ! % ! 8- ) ! % " # ") " % % ? 5• 4 ) ! ! , % # & 9 , % % # "! # " ( # ) • %!,4 ! & % 9 % ", ) % & 4 ! & ! $ 4 ) ! 4 % " # ) ! & , • # # % # ! " # ! % ! ,4 ! , &4 4 % 4 % & , % , 9 " ! • # " • & ) # " # 4 !, # & ! ! % ) & # ' # ' # % 9 & ) 4 % & % % &) # , # ! , !, &, 8 # # & " # ) !) " ) 8 9 % ! ) 4 * ) 566=; & # & ) 8 " # 4 # ) % % , # % ! ! & % ! , - : ", , ! 4 # # ' ) ! , % % # !@ , < % # # & & @ ( ) ! - # # % % % % 33C6 : 33C6;4 ( <' & % % & # : ' ;4 % =>66=- !! # % % !! 8 " " - # % % % & %" & @ " !! % "" , % @ - # $ & # % # " # # ' % % % !' # # # % % % ,( ' 4 ) ! # " & H % )% !, " 33C6 # <% & % # ), # # % ) ! # % , & 33C6 =FF5% & % I% # % % " ! ,4 4 ) % ! ) J :B ! , 8 9 =FFE ;! 8 # ' % =>66=- # % % " ! !, ) ! ! ) ! ! , % # ! # ! " # ,- ' < % % %% & % % % % & ! - # % % & ! ? ! # &# # ) ! * ! % # ! , " ) ! " 8 " % & @ 4 9 # !% 4 % # ! - 1 # ' 4 % , # # ! , 4 # ) ! & 4 # & , 4 % % , ! ) 8 % % ) !% % , ? ! % % % , ' :B ! , 8 9 =FFE ;? =>66= $ & & ! - # !, , &! " ! ) ! " ) ) ! % ! % % %% ! " ! # 4 , ) ", # " # $ 8, %% % " # % # % # ! 8 # ' 4 8# # ", " " - 33C64 ' % =>66= # , ! # 4 % "" & & # " 33C6 % ' # !, % !,4 ' # ! % 33C6 # % % % & $ 9!, % % , , & @ % # 8 !%=>66= ' % % % # - - # !, 8 !! " !, & &!, ! ) ! & - - -4- # =>66= ! # =>66= # ++ # -/- $ 0 -$1 $ - 2 -" "$1 $ ! & @ " % %@ <& ) ! # % =F>3- # " # 8 !%8 % " % % # % ) ! " % %@ ! ? # & " & % % ) - : % %@ 5665 ;% % ", # " % % 4 ) 4 % 8 9 # , % %! % % " ! % % ? # & # • # % % $ ! , % ! ! ,4 • ) % # ! #4 " , % ) ! 4 % •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ource: 2000 Toxic Release Inventory Public Data Release Report – Executive Summary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a m p le S e le c tio n F ig u r e n ot t o sca l e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• ) ! ! , < " & @ ( # ) • ' & ) !) A ? 8# # & ! , ) !) % ) ! ) • ! , < ? 8# # < & ! , ) !) % ) ! ) • & A & ! , % % ! " , & # ) ! ! - 14 - • & &A ! # ) 8 # # ! ,4 ) ! ' &A 9 , ) % &A % !!, ) ", # &A )% ) • • •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f observed − f exp ected ) 2 X = 2 # % % #< $ # # # ( f exp ected !, 4 # $ 8 # ) ! ! , " 6-6C ! !! #, # # # % 8# ) , % "" !, % ! ) & 8 ? # % <) ! # # ! " 8 % # ) % ! - # # ( ? 8# !! ) ! ! # ") : # !, # % , ! ! ? 8# /.$ !, & # 8 # // / - ! $ % # - ) ! " C ! ! - # ! ! % # ) ! ) ? , % # 9 # ! # , ! % # ! ! % - # 9 # % # # # , % # # ) % # % # ) % # 9 # # ! #4 # # & % 566=;- # # " # ! , 8 # & # # 4 # 8 % ) ) # ) & %! " , " & % C % # " #) % %% # & $ - # # !% - ! <& ) & !! ) ! %% &) < " # 8 ! & 4 % ) @ 5665;- Environmental Management Analysis – Hypothesis: ! 8 # =>66= " % ' 8 !! # ) ) ! & # " ! 8 # ,, # & & ! #, ! , " " # # < # ? ! " # , % ) & < # ) " % ' - , : ; 8 # # " < & " & ) ) , % !, # ! #- # " % " ! %4 ! % % " % % & !@ % 8% % ! %8 # # - # " 4 ) ! " % # ) % # % % # !$ , " : % 4 " ! , , % # ? , ? # !4 , # $ , " & $ , 8 !% & ) # # 8# " # 8 ) !! # ! #%% 4 % # && & % 9 # ! % ! ) ! " - # !, # # 8 4 4 % "" ! !# 9 # ) " ! ! ! %" # &) & - # 9 ! # ! & ! & 8# - 19 - % , # " ! ," ! # # % " # & % & # " # 4" 4 ! ! % %% - % %% ! ? ,, *$ $ ! # & 8 4 , # % "" & # ! ? # " ? "" ! % ! ) !4 % ) ! % , . ;4 1 &# % % " : &K 4 " ! ) ! " ? , # # %, # 8 % ! %1 # 8 9 !, ? % % & D<# # ! " ! " , ? , % ? # 8# ! % # " ! ,4 8# # # !,@ % % : # " # 1 % # % % ? ) ! 8 ! " ! % # !- " # # !4 # # %8 ! %" CDG " # # ! ! % , # ! 1 % ? , 9 & ! % # ) , # 9 & , & # 1 9 # 1 " -6= % # &# =66# % , !% ? , % # ? " # ? , % # ? , 9 8 # ? , - ! , 8 # " # % "" # # !- !! , 9 & , ! @ !! # ! % & % ? @ # !, - & , % ? # ! % ? C- ! 8 " # # % 8 # %" # - . 4# 8 ) 4 # 1 " . %% % 1 " ! %,- 1 8 ) ! ! " " >D> " ! - !! " # ! " # " 1 (Emissions x ) = Toxicity Score TWAx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∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1995 # # % ! &, 8 " # " ) <, % :5666K=FFC;4 # ! & # & ? , " # =6<, %- ! % # =FF6 5666 ! ! % 8 # # %" # & % # " ) <, %- # 8 ) %- 1# # ) " ? , % ) ! % # # % ! &, 8 % Toxicity Scores 2000 Pr oduction Ratio1995 = normalized change in toxicity score * Toxicity Scores1995 Pr oduction Ratio 2000 ,, *8 # ? , # &#< % !@ / 6 /- $ 4 ? # High 95 - !$ " !@ 48 ! 8 ? ! !, " # + Medium 95 Low95 ? !,@ % )! ! #" " !- # " !! 8 & $ !- − High 00 - 22 - + Medium 00 Low 00 = ∆ Ratio ) )! # # & # % " #" " # &# ! 8 ? ! & ) )! " % " #" " ! 8 ? ! # &# % % !- ! # &# # ) ! #"4 # !$ ) #" # !, "! " & % !, " ! # # % # # &# % ! 8 ? ! 8 ! % % # !, ? ,,3 " ! 8 $ $ # // / - ! $ = # " # & 4 8 # " # " #" " & %! 8 ? 4 # 8 - # )! !8 / $ , 4 % # % "" # &# ? ! % !, & " < " # 8 & % # ) " # 8 $ !% !@ # % " # " # ? " - # ! % )! ! 7-7- ) ? & - 0/./- - ! $ = !8 # " # &# ! 8 ? < & @ 8 !! % % # % # & ? ) 8 % % 8 # $ - !@ % " # & % ! ? % # &# ! ? & 8 % "" " # < & % % # !, % # %4 " 8 & - /.$ # % "" % # & # & /.$ # % "" ! < " ! xλ − 1 λ - 23 - 8 # ? @ - & / $ ! # % !, $ !! 8 4 ?< ? ! 8 " % # ?< x= ! < # # , " ! ! H )! % % " # !, % # < 4 8# # # % "" # ! # 8 ? ? # # ! %" !! % 8 # & %8 & % < !- !!, % % % # # # < % # 1 ! # 8 % % ? !, " 8 %- # ? , % !, & ?< ? ? " % >/,,= 8 . &# ! # 8 . &# ! # 8 . &# ! # 8 . &# ! # ! !' ! !' ! !' ! !' .>" *$ $ ! !A7, !A7, A7, & !AC, !AC, AC, & !A3, !A3, A3, & ! A =6 , ! A =6 , A =6 , & / / /" $- / *? * .>" - 2 . $ / /" 6 6 -= A7, -=C -6C -=E 6-=6 -= -= 6 AC, A3, -=C -6C -=5 <6-=7 A =6 , - 24 - 4 = 6 # # ! ! % # !, - ! ! -#$ -./# ) ! ) , ) ! # - 0/./- - ! $ & !, 8 ! & - - #/! / 8 - / ! " >D> " ! ) ,- # ) !! ! >-= 8# # # , 8 # " " " # 8 % " % &" & % ! - !, ) !! % # " # % " " %4 %4 % # ) ! & " # # % " ! & % ! 8 >6-FG9% 8 " # ) , , % % # # % , %- # ) !! " # & 8 C=-3G4 % # < & 8 76-5G! >-5 # 9% 8 & % # < & - >/ += #/! / 8 - / >! / " ' ! ! ! ' ! 8 & !, / #/! / 8 - / >! -" -" + ED >7 >5 > ==6 >3 -? ! !, % >/ = / " ' ! ! ! 8 " # ) ! " # ! ! -" -" -" -" , 77 D >= / " 2 #/! / / 8 - / / 8 - / =>> 5F-DG C> ==-5G =FD 9D / 8 -" + -" , / 8 - / / 8 - / / 7E 75 ED 5F 5 7= 5= C 5E DE 7F +3 3 4D 75 =6 >5 => 5 =E =5 7 =C CD =C 4, , +D - 25 - + #/! / 8 - / '/. 0 8 $ # % % ! 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" % " % ) , !, 5665 ) ! & A =FFD " " , # ) !' & =>66= % =>66> 5665 ) ! & A < E> < A !& % ! & # $ % &A ! ! % &A % % & , % &AB !" ) ! A A ! ! !"<% ! % ! ! ! &; A , % % A , ) ! ) ! " " ? ! ) ! " , ! A " ) " , ! , , ! A " !, A " , ! A " " , ! =>6>5 " , ! A A " , ! =>6>= & ! A % ! , & @ # % % , & & ) " ! % K1* =>6E7 K 1 =>6E> =F6== : * * 5665 % & %% ) ! & A ) ! A % ! % ? ! % ! " &4 & % ) ", & , 6=64 =>6== % =>6=5; ) ! 4 5665 ; < EC < < EE < 88/-"$* -#$ -./- < E3 < - 0/./- #/! 4 0 W* W W W' *W * W * W Environmental Management Survey This survey is being sent to environmental managers across the United States. The results will help environmental managers create more effective environmental training and management programs. It should take about 15 minutes to complete. The survey has been designed by graduate students at the Donald Bren School at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Information you provide will be analyzed as part of a Master’s thesis, the results of which will be presented at a small public workshop in the Spring of 2003. All responses are strictly confidential, and reported results will include only aggregate measures, general analysis and interpretation. Please let us know on the following page if you would like to be notified when the report is available online or if you would like more information about the workshop. There are no correct or incorrect responses, so please express yourself freely. At the end of the survey you will have an opportunity to share any additional comments or to elaborate on earlier responses. Your prompt reply is important to us. It will help to provide us with an accurate representation of facilities in the United States, and will strengthen our contribution to the growing literature on environmental management. Please return the completed survey in the pre-addressed envelope provided by November 5th. We thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Should you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact us at [email protected]. Ryan Harding Brandy O’Gorman John Onderdonk Derek Sweatt Greg Tamblyn Donald Bren School University of California, Santa Barbara 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL W X Optional Respondent Information Would you like to be notified when the final report is available online? Yes No Would you like to receive more information about the public workshop? Yes No Email address: ________________________________________________________ Survey begins on the next page. 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL FACILITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Please answer the following questions concerning your facility or plant as opposed to your corporate headquarters or parent company. General Facility Information 1. How many employees does your facility have? ________ 2. How many of these employees have environmental responsibilities (for example, hazardous waste, air quality, scrap recycling) in their job? _________ 3. Has your facility significantly changed it’s operations, either by changing product lines or ceasing manufacturing, since the year 2000? Yes No Don’t Know 4. How involved is the facility manager in environmental management at your facility? Very Involved Somewhat Involved Not Involved Don’t Know 5. Does your facility have an Environmental Manager or equivalent that is responsible for environmental issues at your facility? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 7. 6. If yes, what percentage of his or her time is spent on environmental issues?________ Facility Environmental Policy The environmental policy is a statement or written document where the facility defines its main environmental goals and objectives. 7. Does your facility have a written environmental policy? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 11. 8. Who wrote this environmental policy? Check all that apply. Our Facility Corporate Headquarters or Parent Company Other: _________________________________ 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL 9. Please indicate to which of the following areas the facility environmental policy applies. Yes No Don’t Know Facility operations Facility products and services Facility suppliers and service providers Other:_______________________________ 10. How is the facility environmental policy made available to employees? (Check all that apply) Written policy is posted around the facility Employee receives a copy when they are hired Employee learns about it during environmental training Written policy is available on the facility website or intranet Supervisor informs employees about the environmental policy. Other:_________________________________________________ Environmental Management System An environmental management system documents the processes, practices, procedures, and resources necessary for achieving environmental goals. 11. Does your facility have a documented environmental management system (EMS)? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 15. 12. In what year did you implement your current EMS? ___________ 13. To what degree were the following people involved in the design of the EMS? Heavily Not Involved Involved Involved Facility Manager Facility Environmental Manager Corporate staff Staff from other facilities External consultant Facility employees Other: __________________________ 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL Don’t Know 14. How effective is your EMS at helping the facility manage the following issues? Partially Don’t Effective Ineffective Effective Know Regulatory compliance Identifying environmental impacts Managing environmental impacts Demonstrating environmental stewardship to the public Promoting internal communication among managers Fostering communication with the community Improve Environmental Performance ISO Certification 15. Is your facility ISO 9000 registered? Yes No Don’t Know 16. Is your Environmental Management System ISO 14001 certified? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 20. 17. How is your Environmental Management System certified for ISO 14001? Self External Don’t Know 18. Check the statement that best describes the scope of your ISO 14001 certification: Entire Facility Know 4/22/03 Specific Area within your Facility CONFIDENTIAL Don’t 19. Which one of the following reason(s) was most important in deciding to certify your facility? Check all that apply. Corporate mandate Improve regulatory compliance Improve management of environmental impacts Improve communication and demonstrate environmental stewardship to the public Customer request Improve internal communication among managers Improve business opportunities Decrease insurance costs Other:_______________________________________ Don’t Know Environmental Performance Indicators (EPIs) Environmental Performance Indicators measure an aspect of environmental performance, such as resources use or pollution emission. 20. Does your facility use environmental performance indicators (EPI)? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 22. 21. What type of EPI does your Facility use? Check all that apply. Energy consumption Water consumption Solid waste generation Hazardous waste generation Air emissions Other:_______________________________________ 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL Employee Participation 22. How do individual employees at your facility receive information regarding environmental issues? Check all that apply. Workshops / Seminars / Briefings Audiovisual or computer based materials Corporate environmental report Procedures manual Newsletters, posters and notices During performance evaluations Informal conversations during work with supervisor Environmental Manager or equivalent Co-workers Other:_______________________________________ 23. Does your facility have a system that allows employees to suggest ways to improve environmental practices? Yes No Don’t Know If ‘Yes’, How?_______________________________________________________________ 24. Which of the following describes your environmental training program? Check all that apply. Training materials or summaries are available to employees at any time Employee comprehension of material is tested Refresher training is provided to employees as needed Training is tailored to each job description Other:_______________________________________ No Program 4 4/22/03 53 " ($ " 2 CCCCCCCCC CONFIDENTIAL # ( " # 26. What information do your employees receive during environmental training? Check all that apply. Environmental policy Environmental impacts of their job position Training regarding their role and responsibilities in avoiding or reducing environmental impacts Training to help employees creatively solve environmental problems Other:_______________________________________ 27. How is environmental training delivered to employees? Check all that apply. Computer or Video On the job training Written Materials Instruction by qualified facility employee or Consultant Other:_______________________________________ 28. Are environmental goals considered in job performance reviews for the following employees: Check all that apply. Facility manager Facility Environmental manager or equivalent Non-management employees Other:_______________________________________ None 29. Does your facility present awards to its employees for contributions to environmental performance? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 31. 30. If yes, what type of awards? Check all that apply. Bonus pay Non-monetary award (gifts, company products, dinner, or other awards with value) Public recognition (in newsletter, website, etc.) Other:_______________________________________ 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL Facility EMS Review and Internal Audits An audit determines whether environmental practices, policies and procedures are being carried out as planned. 31. How often is your facility’s overall EMS reviewed? Multiple reviews in a year Once a year Once every 2 years Once every 3 years Once every 4 years or more Never 32. Who is involved in this review? Check all that apply. Corporate Board of Directors Corporate Environmental Managers Facility Manager Environmental Manager or equivalent Non-management employees Other:_________________________________________________ 33. Does your facility have an environmental audit program? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 38. 34. Which of the following describes your environmental auditing program? Check all that apply. Internal Audit Independent / 3rd Party Audit Know Don’t 35. Is there a process to ensure that any observations, recommendations, or findings from internal audits are acted upon? Yes No Don’t Know 36. Who participates in environmental audits at your facility? Check all that apply. Facility environmental staff Corporate environmental staff External consultant Employees Other:_________________________________________________ 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL 37. How many internal environmental audits are conducted each year in the facility? 0 1 2 3 4 More than 5 8 / -#$ -./- - 0/./- The following questions apply to your corporate headquarters or parent company. They do not apply to your individual facility. 38. Does your facility have a parent company? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 40. 39. In what country is your parent company located?________________________ 40. How does your facility receive information from the parent company or corporate headquarters regarding environmental issues? Check all that apply. Workshops or Seminars Corporate Environmental Report Corporate environmental procedures manual Newsletters or notices Company-wide emails, voicemail messages, or intranet Informal conversations with Corporate Staff Other:_______________________________________ 41. How often does your facility communicate with the parent company or corporate headquarters regarding environmental issues? Weekly or more often Monthly Quarterly Annually Once every two years Other:_______________________________________ 42. Does your company publish an annual corporate environmental report? Yes No Don’t Know If you answer ‘No’ or ‘Don’t Know’, go to question 44. 43. Does the report include information on your facility? Yes 4/22/03 No CONFIDENTIAL Don’t Know 44. Does your company have a written environmental policy at the Corporate Level where its main environmental goals and objectives are defined? Yes No Don’t know 45. Has the corporation defined quantifiable environmental targets for your facility? Yes No Don’t Know 46. Are there company wide programs in place to formally assess and minimize the environmental impacts associated with: Does Not Yes No Don’t Know Apply Company Operations Product Packaging Product Distribution Product Use and Disposal Company Services Provided Suppliers and Service Providers 47. Please specify if your company has implemented any of these actions in the last five years: Implemented Taken environmental performance into account in selection of new suppliers Placed demands on existing suppliers to take environmental actions Introduced ‘green products’ Implemented product life cycle analysis (LCA) 4/22/03 CONFIDENTIAL Considered, but not Implemented Not Don’t Considered Know 48. Does your company participate in voluntary environmental initiatives? Project XL Energy Star WasteWise Natural Step LEED Certification Environmental Performance Track Other:_________________________________________________________ Don’t Know Please provide us with any additional comments that you feel would be useful. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ _________________ END OF SURVEY Please return the survey in the enclosed envelope. Thank you very much for your time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

37C . X =665D<=C> = . =66<667C . CE<7D<5 6-= . D3<7D<5 = . DC<>><5E<= 6-C . 3C6 . ==6C6 . 33D5<>F<5 6-5 . 6-5 . 3>>6<55<> 6-6= . * 666 6-6= . =66<>55E . . 3C E3D . 3>>6<5D<6 6-= . =73<5E>6<7= . 3C<5C<5 C . 3F<6= CE66 . =5=<>> =C 3C<6=<> 5-CE . =776<56<3 >7C . == . F><7E<6 C . 3EE>5<7 . . & A.0I., $ B ' ; * P* * (Center for Disease Control and Prevention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

The Role Of Iso 14001 In Environmental Management At U.s. Manufacturing Facilities

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