Thermal Conductivity Analysis In Various Materials

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 3, May–June 2016, pp.342–350, Article ID: IJMET_07_03_031 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=3 Journal Impact Factor (2016): 9.2286 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 © IAEME Publication THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ANALYSIS IN VARIOUS MATERIALS USING COMPOSITE WALL APPARATUS Asst. Prof. Vikas Mukhraiya and Asst. Prof. Raj Kumar Yadav Asst. Prof. Department of Mechanical Engineering, AIST Sagar M.P, India Sachendra Kori M.Tech Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, AIST Sagar M.P, India ABSTRACT Heat transfer due to temperature difference and mass concentration difference as heat and mass transfer. So many research has been made in past on heat transfer through composite wall of different materials. Which I have extended this work by taking a new materials like a charcoal and natural gum as an composite material along with mild steel, Bakelite and wood. In which I conduct a experiment on a composite material wall apparatus and fitted mica heater plate centrally in the combination on the composite wall and varying the voltage at 80 , 120 ,160 and current is different so I found the thermal conductivity of the material as followed Bakelite – 0.976645 W/m-k , wood1.804670 W/m-k , charcoal- 0.272975 W/m-k, and natural gum – 0 according to the found result i hope the natural gum can be used as a insulating material in the future. Cite this Article: Vikas Mukhraiya, Raj Kumar Yadav and Sachendra Kori, Thermal Conductivity Analysis In Various Materials Using Composite Wall Apparatus. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp. 342–350. http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=3 INTRODUCTION Heat is energy in transition from a region of higher to one of lower temperature in such a way that the regions reach thermal equilibrium. This temperature difference is the driving force for the transfer of the thermal energy, also known as heat transfer. This is the Second Law of Thermodynamics. There are three modes of heat transfer: Conduction, convection and radiation. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 342 [email protected] Thermal Conductivity Analysis In Various Materials Using Composite Wall Apparatus CONDUCTION When temperature difference exists between different regions in solid or static fluid, heat transfer occurs by conduction, a process of energy transfer from high energy molecules to those of lower energy. Although conduction is molecular phenomenon, on an engineering scale it can be treated as occurring on a continuum. CONVECTION When temperature different exists between a surface and a fluid flowing over it, heat transfer between them will occur by convection. This heat transfer largely due to the air motion close to the surface of the wall. The air motion is driven by natural or free convection which arises from density differences due to temperature differences of air. This is always the case of the interior surfaces. In forced convection the air motion is produced by an external agency like a wind in a case of exterior wall surface. Both mechanism may operate together. RADIATION The transfer of energy across a system boundary by means of electromagnetic mechanism which is caused solely by a temperature difference where as the heat trans by conduction and convection take place only in the presence of medium, radiation heat transfer does not required any medium. PROBLEM DEFINITION in this innovative word there are so many materials are available researching are not focused on all of than . so in my work I took charcoal and natural gum as composite material along with mild steel , Bakelite and wood for determining and checking this feasibility in the are as , where the insulating materials are use a making of glres ,coating of electric dives , for preparing of dress in hazardous places. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY The amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area, and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit temperature difference. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, HEAT TRANSFER REVIEW Metal in general have electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, and high density. typically they are malleable and ductile ,deforming under stress without cleaving. In terms of optical properties, metals are shiny and lustrous. Although most metal have higher densities than most nonmetals, there is wide variation in their densities, lithium being the least dense solid element and osmium the densest. The alkali and alkaline earth metals in group 1A and 2A are referred to as the light metals because they have low density ,low hardness, and low melting point .the high density of most metals is due to the tightly packed crystal lattice of the metallic structure. The strength of metallic bound for different metals reaches a maximum around the center of the transition metal series , a those element have large amount of delocalized electron in tight binding type metallic bonds . http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 343 [email protected] Vikas Mukhraiya, Raj Kumar Yadav and Sachendra Kori MILD STEEL Iron –carbon alloy containing less than 0.25 percent carbon which makes it more ductile and less hard thus rendering it unsuitable for structural work. after determining that their usual would be ineffective ,the construction company employed mild steel to create a more rigid building. Thermal conductivity for cast-iron - (55-60) W/mk Figure 4.2 Circular plate of mild steel BAKELITE Bakelite, or polyoxy benzymethylen glcolan hydride, is an early plastic plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from a condensation reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. One of the first plastics made from synthetic components, Bakelite was used for its electrical non conductivity and heat-resistant properties in electrical insulator, radio and telephone casings, and such diverse products as kitchenware, jewelry, pipe stems, children's toys, and firearms. The "retro" appeal of old Bakelite products has made them collectible. Baekeland was already wealthy, due to his invention of Velox photographic paper, when he began to investigate the reactions of phenol and formaldehyde in his home laboratory. Chemists had begun to recognize that many natural resins and fibres were polymer. Baekeland's initial intent was to find a replacement for shellac, a material that was in limited supply because it was made naturally from the excretion of lac insects. Baekeland produced a soluble phenol-formaldehyde shellac called "Novolak", but it was not a market success. Thermal conductivity for Bakelite – (0.2 W/m-k) Figure 4.3 Circular plate of Bakelite http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 344 [email protected] Thermal Conductivity Analysis In Various Materials Using Composite Wall Apparatus WOOD Wooden" and "Heartwood" redirect here. For other uses, see wooden and heartwood .For small forests, see wood. For wood as a commodity, see lumber. For other uses, see Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of tree, and other woody plants .It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees, or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs. In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to o there plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber. Thermal conductivity for wood – (0.12-0.04) W/m-k Figure 4.4 Circular plate of Wood CHARCOAL Charcoal is light, black residue, consisting of carbon and any remaining ash, obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by slow pyrolysis, the heating of wood or other substance in the absence in the absence of oxygen. Coconut Charcoal. Shell charcoal is used widely as domestic and industrial fuel .it is also used by blacksmiths and goldsmiths and laundries .shell charcoal is also used to produce activated carbon. activated carbon produced from coconut shell has certain specific advantage as the raw material can adsorb certain molecular species. The coconut tree is a member of the family arecaceae and the only accepted species in genus coco. The term coconut can refer to the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a nut. The spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word. The term is derived from the 16-century Portuguese and Spanish wood coco meaning head or skull from the three indentations on the coconut shell that resemble features. http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 345 [email protected] Vikas Mukhraiya, Raj Kumar Yadav and Sachendra Kori Fig. 4.5.1 Coconut disposed material Fig. 4.5.2 Coconut charcoal in powder Fig. 4.5.3 Circular plate of charcoal (mixture by coconut charcoal and fevicol) NATURAL GUM (GAAD) Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, capable of causing a large increase in a solution’s viscosity, even at small concentrations. In the food industry they are used as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifying agents, and stabilizers. In other industries, they are also used as adhesives, binding agents, crystal inhibitors, clarifying agents, encapsulating agents, flocculating agents, swelling agents, foam stabilizers, etc. Most often these gums are found in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings. Fig. Natural gum (Gaad) produce from tr Fig. circular natural gum (Gaad) plate formed by mixture of natural gum and fevicol http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 346 [email protected] Thermal Conductivity Analysis In Various Materials Using Composite Wall Apparatus EXPERIMENTAL WORK First of all arrange three plates. Center one is heater plate (mica plate) and other are mild steel plate, Bakelite plate, wood plate and charcoal, natural gum (gaad). Mica plate is placed on both sides of centre plate and again mica plate is surrounded by charcoal plate in both Direction. At the end Natural gum plate is placed above Charcoal plate. Secondary Experiment Mild steel plate is replaced by the Bakelite plate. Bakelite plate is placed on both sides of centre plate and again Bakelite plate is surrounded by charcoal plate in both direction. At the end Natural gum plate is placed above Charcoal plate. Heat transfer for the different temperature and current and voltage. Third experiment Bakelite plate is replaced by wood plate. again wood plate is surrounded by charcoal plate in both direction .At the end Natural gum plate is placed above Charcoal plate. Heat transfer for the different temperature, current and voltage. Comparison of mild steel, Bakelite, wood, charcoal and natural gum at 80 dimmer (Material, voltage, thermal conductivity) 6.3.1- Dimmer-80 Table-1 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 Mild steel Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1324 1329 1324 41.31 0.272975 0 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 Bakelite Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1330 1332 1329 0.976645 0.272975 0 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 Wood Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1329 1329 1329 0.1382 0.272975 0.194982 Table-2 Table-3 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 347 [email protected] Vikas Mukhraiya, Raj Kumar Yadav and Sachendra Kori Comparison of mild steel, Bakelite, wood, charcoal and natural gum at 120 dimmer (Material, voltage, thermal conductivity) Dimmer-120 Table-4 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 Mild steel Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1326 1329 13225 41.853 0.272975 0 S.NO. Material Voltage 1 2 3 Bakelite Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1328 1322 1333 S.NO. Material Voltage 1 2 3 wood Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1330 1330 1330 Table-5 Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 0.976645 0.262975 0.194982 Table-6 Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 0.1437 0.272975 0 Comparison of mild Steel, Bakelite, wood, charcoal and natural gum at 160 dimmer (Material, voltage, thermal conductivity) Dimmer-160 Table-7 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 Mild steel Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1333 1330 1330 0.658174 0.272975 0 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 Bakelite Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1333 1333 1333 0.976645 0.272975 0 Table-8 http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/index.asp 348 [email protected] Thermal Conductivity Analysis In Various Materials Using Composite Wall Apparatus Table-9 S.NO. Material Voltage Thermal conductivity (k) W/mK 1 2 3 wood Charcoal Natural gum(Gaad) 1331 1331 1331 1.804670 0.272975 0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION By performing the experiment at different voltage range I found that the thermal conductivity of natural gum is zero at 1331 volt and thermal conductivity of charcoal is 0.272975 at same voltage. According to changing the position of dimmer I found the variation of thermal conductivity of Bakelite, charcoal and wood. But the thermal conductivity of natural gum is remains zero. 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