Transcript
Transmission Solutions for Migration from Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV and Budgetary Costs V.S.Skandakkumar Rohde & Schwarz Middle East & Africa
Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) Group At a Glance Ø History Established 1933 in Munich, Germany
Ø Type of enterprise Independent family-owned company
Ø Global presence In over 70 countries, approx. 60 subsidiaries
Ø Net revenue Approx. EUR 2 billion (FY 12/13, July through June)
Ø Export share Approx. 90 percent
Ø Employees 9000 worldwide, with approx. 5500 in Germany
Ø Success A leading international supplier in all of its fields of business
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
2
Worldwide Solutions of R&S Ø Wireless communications Development and production test solutions for every second mobile phone in the world
Ø Broadcasting Transmitters for more than 80 countries
Ø Air traffic control Radio communications for more than 200 airports and ATC centers
Ø Secure communications Radios in use worldwide for all branches of the armed forces
Ø Management of the frequency spectrum Instruments and systems for radio monitoring and radiolocation for about 150 countries
Ø Services To be as close to the customer as possible, nearly 70 locations worldwide
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
3
Rohde & Schwarz around the World
Sales Service Development Production
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
4
Rohde & Schwarz in Germany Hamburg
Kiel
Naval Communications Systems
GEDIS GmbH
Hanover Berlin
Rohde & Schwarz DVS GmbH
Rohde & Schwarz SIT GmbH Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG GMIT GmbH
Duisburg Integrated Circuit Design
Leipzig Cologne
Ipoque GmbH
Cologne Service Center R&S Systems GmbH Teisnach Mainhausen (Frankfurt)
Teisnach Plant
HAMEG Instruments GmbH Stuttgart-Weilimdorf Rohde & Schwarz SIT GmbH Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG
Munich
i i
i
Memmingen
Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG (Headquarters) Rohde & Schwarz Vertriebs-GmbH Other subsidiaries
Rohde & Schwarz Messgerätebau GmbH
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
5
Rohde & Schwarz Middle East & Africa Ø History Established 2009 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Ø Type of enterprise Free zone company fully owned by Rohde & Schwarz
Ø Responsibility Responsible for the region - Middle East & Africa
Ø Other offices Abu Dhabi UAE, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, Johannesburg South Africa & Algeria
Ø Employees more than 100 all over Middle East & Africa
Ø Success A leading solution provider in the region for all of its fields of business
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
6
Rohde & Schwarz in Africa, Middle East & Asia
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
7
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration Sequence of Planning & Considerations Ø Selection of standard (DVB-T, DVB-T2, ISDBT, ATSC, DTMB) Ø Frequency coordination between neighboring countries Ø Network Planning Ø System Planning Ø System and equipment specifications Ø Budgets for the Network Ø RFP, evaluation and contract with vendors Ø Project implementation & management Ø Initial verification of coverage and quality of the network Ø Gap filler planning & implementation Ø Final verification of coverage and quality of the network
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
8
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 Network Planning – DVB-T2 - Important Considerations Ø Single Frequency Network (SFN) or Multiple Frequency Network
(MFN) or Mix of SFN & MFN Ø Number of services (HD / SD services) including future services Ø Coverage by geography or by population
Ø Reception Mode: Ø Fixed Outdoor, Ø Fixed light indoor using non active receive antenna, Ø Fixed light indoor using active indoor receive antenna Ø Mobile reception Ø Modulation parameters based on the above Ø Link budget calculations based on the selected modulation
parameters Ø Selection of suitable sites and determination of antenna heights Ø Selection of suitable antenna configuration / directivity / gain and transmitter power to
achieve the required coverage for the calculated field strengths and maintaining the specified inteference level into neighboring countries. DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
9
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning (Core Systems) Ø Headend Ø Input Interface Ø Encoding & Multiplexing Ø Statistical Multiplex Ø T2 Gateway Ø EPG Ø CAS Ø Headend Management System Ø Subscriber Management & Billing System Ø Monitoring & TS analysis Ø Distribution Network Ø Fiber Network Ø Microwave Network Ø Satellite Ø Transmission Network Ø Transmitters Ø Transposers (Repeaters) Ø Transposers (Gap fillers)
Ø Transmission Site
Ø Network Management
Monitoring
System & Central Video Monitoring
Ø Input TS monitoring Ø Output TS monitoring Ø RF monitoring
Ø Coaxial Systems Ø Mask Filters Ø Directional Couplers Ø Power meters Ø Channel Combiners Ø RF Patch Panels Ø Dummy Loads
Ø SNMP driven Ø Non SNMP Digital &
Analogue outputs Ø Centralised video monitoring
Ø Test & Measurement
Equipment Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø
Ø Antenna & Feeder
System Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø Ø
Panel Antenna Super turnstile Antenna Log periodic Antenna Yagi Antenna Semiflex feeders Dehydrators
Transport Stream analysis RF & Power measurements SFN Synchronisation Antenna measurements Electrical measurements
Ø Electrical Systems Ø AVR Ø UPS Ø Generators Ø Power Distribution Systems
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
10
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning (Infrastructure)
Ø Equipment building Ø Shelters / Port cabins Ø RCC buildings Ø Roads Ø Fence Ø Furniture
Ø Cooling System Ø Air conditioning Ø Air handling units
Ø Electrical System Ø Transformers Ø Main Electrical distribution system
Ø Structures for Antenna Ø Self Supporting Towers Ø Guyed Masts Ø Mono poles Ø Roof Top Poles Ø Rapid Deployment Units
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
11
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Headend - Important Consideration Ø What is preferred – Software based or hardware based
headend and why? Ø How many services (how many HD & how many SD), future
expansions? Redundancy concept: Is a 1+1 system preferred or a n+1 encoding sufficient? Ø IP output (IP platform) or ASI output? MPEG 2 or MPEG 4? Ø Is 4K and HEVC an option for future?
Ø Is SFN required? How many PLPs? Ø Variable bit rate or Constant bit rate? Ø Conditional Access System Ø Any other features such as EPG, Ad insertion, Subscriber
Management System & Billing Ø Is re multiplexing a requirement? Ø Are satellite receivers required? DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
12
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Headend - Typical 5HD (1+1) System
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
13
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Distribution Network - Important Consideration Most cost effective network: Fiber, Microwave Or Satellite?
DVB-T2 Multicast TSoIP Distribution Network System Requirement Ethernet / STM-1 / SDH (Copper Fiber) Description
Parameters
Different independent main & back up paths
Differential delay below 200 – 300ms, (ideally lower than 20 – 50ms)
Signal propagation delay from headend to transmitter site
Overall signal propagation delay below 600ms (ideally way below 200ms)
Error correction
Network error corrections needs to be handled by the service provider
Required bit error rate
10-13 or better (Ideally 10-15)
Network Jitter
5ms or lower
IGMP
Version 2
IGMP Snooping
Enabled
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
14
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Distribution Network - Typical 4 Site (1+1) System
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
15
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Important Consideration Ø Transmitter power at various sites and How many multiplexes? Ø Redundancy concept: Dual exciter or 1+1 system or n+1 system (in
case of more than 1 multiplex)? Ø Efficiency consideration: Standard 24%, Boosted: 35%. Higher the
efficiency lower the operational cost. Ø Liquid or air cooled transmitters? (analyse the advantages of the two
systems case to case basis) Ø Multiple transmitters in single rack in locations where floor space is
restricted? Ø Other Options: Ø IP input or ASI input Ø Overvoltage & lightening protection Ø SNMP enabled or just parallel interface Ø Internal or external GPS
Ø Multiple Input Single output
(MISO) Ø DVB-T2 Tone reservation Ø Enhance group delay Ø Crest factor reduction Ø Single PLP or MPLP
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
16
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Important Consideration Ø MISO Ø The multiple input single output uses the "modified alamouti" technique of using conjugated symbols to be sent at different time and frequency. So it reduces the possibility of collisions and the receiver can resolve the symbols in an easy way. Ø This is very important in the application of SFN. In the DVB-T spectrum you can see a lot of oscillations on the signals. And when using MISO in DVB-T2, you will see the spectrum is much smoother. Ø DVB-T2 Tone Reservation Ø One of the techniques used in T2 to reduce crest factor (increasing efficiency). Ø The technique uses some of the unused carriers in the Spectrum to reduce the crest factor and thus improves efficiency. This can improve efficiency ~ 2% Ø Enhanced Group Delay Ø This is an option in case the RF path has a long delay and you need to have a better group delay compensation in the transmitters. Ø Crest Factor Reduction Ø This another technique to improve the efficiency added to other techniques like Doherty, envelope tracking, tone reservations.
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
17
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Dual Exciter System (2 Muxes)
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
18
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Typical 2+1 System (2 Muxes)
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
19
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Network – Typical (1+1) System (2 Muxes)
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
20
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Site Monitoring – Important Consideration Ø ASI Platform or IP platform?
Ø Simple monitoring system or comprehensive monitoring
system with multiviewer? Ø Input output transport stream monitoring and analysis Multiviewer
Ø RF parameter monitoring Ø SFN Monitoring at site
Switch
Ø Co sited with headend or independent of headend? T2 Decoder
Ø Low bit rate stream of the multiviewer screen to be
streamed back to the central monitoring location Ø LCD monitor size depending on the number of services
monitored
TS & RF Analyser
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
21
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Site Monitoring – Simple Monitoring
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
22
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Transmission Site Monitoring–Comprehensive Monitoring
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
23
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Coaxial Systems – Important Considerations Ø Mask Filters: Ø 6 cavity mask filters essential for digital TV Ø 8 cavity mask filters may be considered in case of adjacent channels Ø Medium and low power uses convection cooled filters and high power filters use liquid for cooling. Liquid used from transmitter cooling system.
Ø External Power Measurement Ø External power meters are generally used at the output of the filters to track the power lost in the filter and also at the input to the main feeders in case of dual antenna system to confirm the actual power reaching the antenna.
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
24
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Coaxial Systems Ø 6 port Splitter U Link Patch Panel Ø Required in case of dual antenna / feeder system. The Tx or combiner out put is split into two and fed equally to the upper and lower half antenna. In the event of a failure of upper half antenna, it is possible to re route the full power to the lower half antenna using the 6 port U link patch panel. The system could be also automated by using coaxial switches.
Ø Channel Combiners Ø Channel combiners will be required in case more than one
multiplex is designed with two or more operating transmitters. Combiners could be stretched, star point or Constant Impedance combiners. The selection of the type of the combiner depends on the particular requirement and future expansions.
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
25
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - Important Considerations Ø The antenna pattern, gain, beam tilt & null fill will need to
be derived from Network Planning Ø The directivity and the aperture of the antenna directly
influences the gain of the antenna Ø Antenna and feeder power rating needs to take into
consideration any future expansions Ø It is always advisable to design the main sites and sites
that are prone to lightening strikes with dual antenna / feeder system (upper & lower antenna)
Panel Antenna
Log Periodic
Ø Selection of antenna type will depend on the pattern and
the capability of the existing structure to carry the antenna load. Ø It is mandatory to check the existing structure (tower /
Mast) capability to carry the new antenna loading Ø Polarisation: Horizontal, vertical of Elliptical
Super turnstile Antenna
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
26
Yagi
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - Important Considerations Antenna Array Gain
ØThe gain of an antenna array describes the increase of signal in the main radiation direction which is produced by reducing radiation in all other directions and concentrating it in the main beam.
ØThe gain of a broadcast antenna system is normally increased by using a larger number of vertical bays (increasing the vertical aperture) and thereby forming a more narrow vertical radiation pattern. In the case of a directional antenna system the gain is increased by reducing or eliminating radiation towards azimuth segments and redirecting it toward the areas where coverage is desired.
ØWhen calculating the gain of an array the losses in the feeder cables and the power splitters must be taken into account.
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
27
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - Important Considerations Null Fill ØPanel arrays with multiple vertical antennas will exhibit deep nulls in the vertical radiation pattern if all antennas are fed with equal phase and amplitude.
ØIt is important to fill these nulls for proper signal coverage. ØThere are three methods of introducing null fill in a panel array: Ø Ø Ø
Mechanically tilting some panels downward Using a non-linear phase taper between bays Using an unequal power split between bays
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
28
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - Important Considerations Down tilt in Panel Arrays Ø When transmitting antennas are located on elevated sites it is often beneficial to tilt the main beam of the vertical radiation pattern downward to provide higher signal levels in the areas to be served. Ø There are two ways to accomplish down tilt (also known as “beam tilt”). Ø The panels can be mechanically tilted to direct the beam downward Ø Phase differences can be introduced into the array feeder system to achieve electrical tilt.
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
29
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - Important Considerations Mast or Tower Dimensions for Panel Arrays Ø The radiation pattern of a panel array depends on the relative positions of the individual panels in space and the relative amplitude and phase of the RF energy fed to each panel. Ø Therefore it is necessary to have exact dimensional information about the supporting tower or mast if one is to optimize an array design.
Mast face width 550mm
Ø The cross section of the mast, tower or spine should be less than one wavelength for a good omni pattern. As when the cross section increases beyond one wavelength, the nulls in the horizontal radiation pattern will become deeper.
Mast face width 1500mm
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
30
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Antenna & Feeder - HRPs Considered in Networks
Usually antenna manufacturers would specify a typical exactness of +/-8% of the predicted horizontal radiation pattern
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
31
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Network Management System & Central Video Monitoring Ø Large scaled networks are usually un manned and will require the deployment of a network management system Ø What do one consider management system
when
selecting
a
network
Ø WEB based GUI fronted (configurable) Ø Event log, site diagrams, Central network view & fault management view Ø Interface via built-in SNMP-agent (configurable) Ø Automation, System-logic & Correlation, all fully configurable Ø Quality of Service monitoring Ø Fault Management Ø SMS & Email alerts Ø Support of non-SNMP devices Ø Hardware independent, should run on almost any WINDOWS platform Ø Scalable solution with flexible license scheme Ø Open for any device or equipment Ø Flexible: Anything can be logically combined with Everything Ø Built-in configuration tool
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
32
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Network Management System – Typical 10 Site Diagram
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
33
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Central Video Monitoring – Typical 10 Site Diagram
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
34
Analogue to Digital Terrestrial TV Migration DVB-T2 System Planning – Test & Measurement Equipment Ø Any network will require the necessary test &
measurement equipment to maintain the network Ø A DVB-T2 network shall require the following as a
minimum to maintain and operate the network DVB-T/T2 RF Measurements Ø Transport Stream Analysis and Monitoring Ø DVB-T2 Video Audio Decoding Ø Spectrum Analyser with Tracking Generator Ø DVB RF Power measurement Ø SFN Frequency Offset measurement Ø
Ø
Network Analyser
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
35
THANK YOU For further queries, please contact: V.S.Skandakkumar Rohde & Schwarz Middle East & Africa Fz LLC Office No: 206 & 210 Building No One Dubai Media City Dubai United Arab Emirates Email:
[email protected] Mobile: +971 55 6092711
DVB-T2 Transmission Solutions & Budgetary Costs
44
