Transcript
Topic 1 Vocabulary Frame of reference – Point of view set of axes used to describe the positions or motions of things Celestial bodies – all objects seen in the sky (sun, moon, stars, planets) Constellations - Grouping of stars that form patterns - Appear like objects - Given names (Orion the hunter) Planets - Celestial bodies in our solar system that orbit the sun Azimuth - Angle measured clockwise from north (when measuring altitude-azimuth coordinates) to position objects Altitude - The angle measured above the horizon in degrees (when measuring altitude-azimuth coordinates) Astrolabe - a device used to measure the altitude of an object Compass - Device used to measure an objects azimuth Geocentric - Earth centred, mode of the universe that places the earth at the centre with sun, moons and planets revolving around it Heliocentric - Sun centred, a model of the universe that places the sun at the centre with earth, planets and moons revolving around it Epicycles - Smaller circular motions planets moved within the larger rotation of the earth Reading Questions 1.
Give two different frames of reference of a bug flying in a car travelling at 100 km/h. Bug -moving around in stationary car -moving quickly down road
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What function did myths play in the lives of early people? Give one example. Myths explain the origin and movements of celestial bodies Example: Sun God, Ra carried through sky in sacred boat
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What constellation/star did early navigators use to guide them a) in the northern hemisphere? Polaris (North Star) b) In the southern hemisphere? Crux (Southern Cross Constellation)
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List the four discoveries made by ancient peoples watching the skies. - The stars make unchanging patterns in the sky - On each successive day, a given star rises and sets four minutes earlier than the day before - The sun rises and sets at a different rate than stars, as well as moon and planets
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What two coordinates are necessary to give the location of a celestial body? How is each of these coordinates measured? Azimuth- measured clockwise from north Altitude- measure angle above horizon
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Why is it important to use the stars as a frame of reference in order to predict the movement of the planets? Allow you to track actual motion of each celestial body Look for motions in sky that are different from earth’s rotation
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Who first theorized the geocentric model of the universe? What did he base his theory upon? Aristotle - based on mathematics and geometry, ideas of circles and spheres
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What was the celestial sphere and how did fit into the geocentric universe? The outer sphere of Aristotle’s earths centred model where stars are in a fixed position
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What was the biggest question that geocentric universe could not answer? How did Ptolemy modify the geocentric model to account for this problem (epicycles) Difficult to explain reverse direction of 3 planets. Ptolemy gave planets another level of circular motion called epicycles (very complex)
10. What is retrograde motion? Reverse direction 11. Who first suggested a heliocentric model of the universe? What were the major problems that people had accepting this model? Nicholas Copernicus Problems - rotation of earth would throw people off planet - there would be extremely fast easterly winds - our importance in the universe
Topic 2 Vocabulary Telescope - device used to magnify objects at great distances Objective lens - large lens at front of a telescope Ocular lens - eyepiece, lens through you view a magnified object using a telescope Resolving power - determine the fineness of detail a telescope can produce of an object is view Refracting telescope - telescope that has a lens for the objective Reflecting telescope - telescope has a mirror for its objective Ellipse - a figure that looks like squashed circles - planets in the solar system move in elliptical orbits around Universal gravitation - Newton’s law states that all objects attract other objects and provides an explanation for the planets elliptical Reading Questions 1. a. Who invented the telescope and in what year? Hans Lippershry, 1608 b. What was the original purpose of the telescope? To magnify image-spectacles 2. List five observations and conclusions Galileo reached by turning the telescope to the heavens. – Moon blemishes - Moon has mountains and craters like earth - Sun spots that move - sun rotates on its axis - Jupiter has 4 small stars - Jupiter orbited by four small moons - Planets are disk shaped - Stars are very small - stars are much further away then planets 3. a. What does the resolving power of the telescope depend on? Diameter of the objective lens b. How do you make a telescope with the highest resolving power possible? Large diameter objective lens 4. How does a refracting telescope differ from a reflecting one? Refracting telescope- objective lens Reflecting telescope- objective mirrors
5. How did Kepler change Copernicus’ heliocentric universe? Planets orbited in elliptical pattern (not circular) 6. How did Newton explain the elliptical pattern of the planet’s orbital? Law of universal gravitation- force of attraction between all objects pulling planets in towards the sun rather than off in a straight line 7. How do astronomers locate celestial bodies? Mathematical calculations 8. What is a solar eclipse and how does it occur? When the moon comes directly between earth and the sun 9. How does the orbit of a comet differ from the orbit of a planet? Very elongated orbit around sun - spend most time away from sun, moving slowly, then speeding up and whiz around sun when near it
Topic 3 Vocabulary Spectroscopy - the study of spectra spectrum produced when a beam of light is passed through a prism Spectral Lines - dark lines or bright lines observed in the spectra of stars Diffraction Grating - a device made of thousands of closely spaced slits through which light is passed in order to produce a spectrum Doppler Effect - the phenomenon that the observed frequency of a wave changes if the source of the wave and the observer are moving toward or away from another Red Shift - when spectrum lines move toward the longer- wavelength part (red end) of the spectrum Reading Questions 1. What are the three types of spectrums and how are they found? Bright Line/Emission- heat a gas at low pressure Continuous- heat a solid, liquid, or gas at high pressure Dark Line/Absorption- continuous light passed through cooler substance 2. How is a pattern of Spectral lines like a fingerprint? Each element produced a unique pattern of spectral lines 3. How does a spectrum help to infer about the composition of stars? Use the spectral lines to identify composition 4. Why is calling a Pokemon card holographic an incorrect term? They do not have holograms in them, rather diffraction grading that display colors and reflect light 5. What is the Doppler Effect? How have scientists used this phenomenon to explain the movement of stars? Compression of waves (sound/light) in front of moving object and the stretching behind Objects moving towards you have compressed lines and move toward blue end of spectrum Objects moving away have stretched lines shift towards the red end of the spectrum
Topic 4 Vocabulary Triangulation - a method of measuring distance indirectly by creating an imaginary triangle between an observer and an object whose distance is to be estimated Parallax(pg 389) - the apparent shift in position of a nearby object when viewed from 2 different points Astronomical Unit (AU) - the distance from earth to the sun (150 million km) Light Year - the distance that light travels in one year (~63 240 All or ~9.5 trillion km) Reading Questions 1. What did Sir William Herschel discover with his telescope and when? Uranus in 1781 2. How have computers affected the study of space? Correct atmosphere distortions of images 3. Why do stars twinkle?
The motion of earth’s atmosphere refracts light
4. How do modern telescopes fix the atmosphere distortion? Uses adaptive optics by adjusting mirror to control image 5. What two methods are used by scientists to find the distances to stars? Triangulation and Parallax 6. Explain how triangulation works. Create an imaginary triangle with known baseline distance, and base angles to determine distance using mathematical calculations 7. What is Parallax? What do scientists use as the base line when looking at stars? Baseline- diameter of earth’s orbit around the sun 8. Which star is closest to the Earth? (Not the sun) How far away is this star? 126 light years away or 272 000 Astronomical Units Proxima Centaur
Topic 5 Vocabulary Radio Astronomy - using radio waves to learn about compositions of stars Radio Objects - objects in space that give off large amounts of radio waves Interferometry - technology that electronically connects 2 or more separate telescopes to combine their images VLBI (very long baseline interferometry) - a technology that combines images from telescopes anywhere on earth using timing marks, but not wires Questions
1. List seven types of electromagnetic radiation. Microwave, infrared, visible UV, xray, gamma radio 2. What is radio astronomy and how was it discovered? Using radio waves to learn about the composition of stars Discovered by listening to the sky using a radio telescope 3. What did Karl Jansky discover in 1932? Built radio antenna- radio waves sources come from space 4. How did Grote Reber add to Jansky’s discoveries during the 1930’s? The strongest radio waves come from particular places in the sky 5. What is one disadvantage and one advantage of using radio waves to produce images of the skies? Advantage- penetrate dust clouds and can view centre universe Disadvantage- images have lower resolution 6. Radio waves cannot be seen. How do astronomers produce radio images both in the past and today? Dials and needles monitor waves and data is graphed Blue low intensity greens, yellow, red, white high intensity 7. What is an active galaxy? Any galaxy that emits strongly in radio waves 8. How do astronomers improve radio images? Connecting telescope - 2 telescopes separated by distance, combine signals 9. What is very long base-line interferometry? How do astronomers use this technique to get even better images of space? Combines telescopes anywhere on earth using timing marks
Topic 6 Vocabulary Rocket - tube that contains combustible material in one end and a payload in the other end and moves by the action reaction principle Payload - the device or material that a rocket carries Staged Rocket - rocket with more that one stage -stage is a section of a rocket that drops off once fuel is used up Ballistic Missile - a rocket with a bomb as a payload, launched in a trajectory that sends it up into space and down onto its target Gravitational Assist - a method of acceleration which enables spacecraft to change speed by using the gravity of a planet Charged Coupled Devices (CCD’S) - devise that convert light signal into electric signals in digital form (digital camera) Artificial Satellite - a satellite made by humans such as a spacecraft or telescope Low Earth Orbit - satellites placed from 200-800km above ground -complete orbit of earth in 1-5 hrs. Geosynchronous Orbit - orbit of satellites placed ~36 000 km above ground, directly above equator, orbiting earth every 2 hrs. Remote Sensing - taking measurements of earth and other planets from space Global Positioning System (GPS) - using a fleet of GPS satellites above earth and small hand held GPS units on earth, you can calculate your position on earth to within 30m Reading Questions 1.
What is the action/reaction principle? How is this principle used in rocket science? For every action there is a reaction. For a rocket to move in one direction, the exhaust must move in other direction
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What advantage is there to a staged rocket? Because rocket is lighter, rocket can fly faster and higher
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What advantage are there to liquid fuels over solid fuels? Higher exhaust velocity
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When was the first ballistic missile launched?
1942
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What was Werner von Braun accomplishment? Launched 1st ballistic missile successfully into a target 700km away Team built rockets that took U.S astronauts into space in 1960’s
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What job do computers do for rockets today? Calculate and control the orbits of spacecrafts Collect, store, analyze data
7. How do scientists keep rockets moving through space? Gravitational assist - method of acceleration which enables a spacecraft to gain extra speed by using the gravity of a planet -planet’s gravity slingshots the satellite in a new direction 8.
List four uses for artificial satellites. Ex. Hubble telescope -communication, observation, navigation mapping
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How do we use Low Earth satellites and geosynchrosous orbit satellites? Geosynchronous - radio and television Low Earth - telephones
10. At what speed do satellite signals travel? Speed of light (3x10^8m/s) 11. List four uses for remote sensing. Forecasting weather, carrying out research, observing land use, trace erosion 12. How can your location be discovered by using GPS? Hand held GPS units detect radio signal from satellite and measures distance by timing how long it takes Using triangulation to calculate location
Topic 7 Vocabulary Solar Wind - high energy sub-atomic particles that stream off the sun and define the boundaries of the solar system Inner planets - the 4 closest planets to the sun (Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars) Called terrestrial planets because of their rocky composition Outer planets - the 4 planets furthest from the sun (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) All have gaseous composition Questions: 1. What is the cause of Sunspots? Cooler, darker regions of the sun 2. What is a solar flare? Violent outbursts of the sun that send high energy subatomic particles into space 3. a) What is a solar wind? The outflow particles from the sun b) How does the solar wind determine the extent of our solar system? Locations that feel the effects of solar wind c) How is the Earth protected from the solar wind? The magnetic field protects us 4. What process on the sun supplies the solar system with its energy? Nuclear Fusion (reaction)-hydrogen converted into helium 5. What is the “dark side of the moon”? Lunar far side of moon is never visible from earth because moon rotates in some time it takes to go around the earth 6. List three pieces of information for each of the nine planets in our solar system. Mercury made up of silicate rock daytime high 430 degrees C, night time low -180 degrees C very thin atmosphere Venus rotates E-W (opposite) iron- nickel core thick atmosphere- highest surface temp
Earth diverse life forms Large qualities of liquid water Moon orbits earth Mars red colour because of oxides Similar land features as earth Very low temps because of distance from the sun Jupiter very large planet 17 moons Distinctive colour cloud lands as a result of spin Saturn large yellow planet 18 moons Distinctive ring system and cloud band from rapid rotation Neptune giant dark spot 8 moons Similar to Uranus in structure and composition Uranus appears blue because methane absorbs red light 8 narrow bands in ring system Rotates on axis tilted 90 degrees of plane Pluto retrograde motion Moon Charon, almost as large as planet May be result of large debris left from formation
Topic 8 Vocabulary Sub orbital a trajectory in which a spacecraft is boosted above the atmosphere and then falls back to earth without going into orbit
Microgravity limited gravity found in a spacecraft due to free falling effect of orbiting earth
Questions: 1. What speed must an object reach in order to leave the Earth’s gravitational field? 8km/sec (29 000km/h) 2. When was the first unmanned satellite launched? What was it called? Sputnik 1 in 1957 by Soviet Union
3. When did the first man orbit the Earth? How long was he in space for? April 12, 1961 in space for 108 minutes by Soviet Union
4. What was the goal of Project Mercury? Who was the first American astronaut to make a full orbit? What year was this accomplished? Goal- place and astronaut in orbit John Glenn in 1962 5. What was the Gemini project? Bridge from Project Mercury to the Apollo program -put 2 teams in orbit to practise for moon landing
6. When did man first arrive on the moon? Who was the first man to set foot on the moon? 1969
Neil Armstrong 7. What was the first Russian/American collaboration in space? Apollo/Soyuz test project in 1975
8. How did the Russians and the Americans approach the problem of oxygen supply in their spacecrafts? Soviet System- 80% N2, 20% O2 at normal all pressure O2 replenished with chemical reactions with solid chemicals American System-100% O2 at ~1/3 air pressure O2 stored in high pressure containers
9. What was the advantage of the space shuttle over a rocket? Space shuttle was reusable, less cost
10. What was the name of the first space shuttle? When was its first mission? Columbia 1981
11. What is the Canadarm? Canadian- built space arm that the launch and recovery of space shuttles
12. Who was the first Canadian in space? When did he fly his first mission? Marc Garneau in 1984
13. What is the “International Space Station”? Who is working on this project? Complex internationsal scientific project for space research 16 nations- US, Canada, Europe, Japan, Russia
14. Why does weightlessness occur in space? Orbiting has the same effect as falling In orbit you are constantly falling around the world
15. What is the purpose of the International Space Station? Conduct scientific research in micro gravity environment -Industrial benefits medical breakthroughs, weather prediction
