Transcript
THE
F
I R ST V O LU M E
.
Cour ti e r an d Te m p l ar Cou n try Ge n tl e m e n A d v e n t ur e r s D uk e H umphre y s Di nn e r Poor C ur ate s S ch ol ars an d Th e N oi se of P au l s Quack Do c tor E x ch an ge of Ne w s Th e L aw y e r s P i ll ar Thi e v e s H i s tory of St P au l s F i re P au l s C r o s s Po e t and P lay e r — Cou ntry Vi c ar Citi z e n an d W i fe M as te r D e s cr i p tion of P au l s W alk Var i e tie s M ann e r s o f O rd i n ar i e s C h ar ac te r s C ard s Tav e rn L ife P ar ting Wa tch e s In te r ior of a Pr i s on S c e ne s at City G a te s B e ar G ard e n B aitin g N am e s of B e ar s B e ar B a i t i ng at Ke n il w or th —Pu r it ans attac k t h e Ab u s e Wh i pp ing A p e o n H or s e b ac k Bli nd B e ar s All us ions to Par i s Gard e ns in S h ak s p e r e Gam i ng Tr i c ks of G am e s te r s F a ls e Di c e Bow ling F l e e t Pr i s on e r s Coc k F i gh ti ng Ru l e s and Max im s Th e Ju ggl e r s of t h e D ay H e a d of St J oh n t h e B ap ti s t Var io us Tr i c ks B an k s an d h is H or s e Mor occ o Ju ggle r s L angu age B ar th olome w F a i r R o as t P ig an d Bottl e A le Kin dh e a r t t h e B all ad S e ll e rs C r i e s an d Stall s D ive r s ions D e nti s t Ta rl e ton an d C u c koo S c e n e s in th e C r o w d A T av e r n Sto r i e s f t h e Pl agu e o r Stop G al l an t P oor Tu tor Song S e ll e r S m okin g T h e App ar i t o r N o A llu s io n to it in S h a k s p e r e A b u se of it — E u logi e s — Me th ods of taki ng it Ki n g Jam e s s Pa mph l e t E xtr a c ts Page 1 00 .
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C HA P THE
IV
O F T HE
.
D UE
LLE
.
S ands of C al ais F e n c in g Mas te r s Fr e q u e ncy of D ue lli ng S a v iolo s Int ro du c tion of t h e R ap i e r D ue l s a t T av e r ns Book s C aus e s of D ue ls C h all e ng e Con d itional L ie Th e F ooli s h Lie Pr oud an d Ci v i l Pr oof Th e Lie in G e n e r al T h e Co mb at C au s e s th at s t aye d D ue l s T ime fo r t h e D ue l Mora lity of t h e D ue lli s ts Ar t of F e nc e Th e Ap ology 1 80 P arr i e s é Te rms L ang uag e of th e S ch ool s
he
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LAW S
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vi
C
ON TE NT S
OF
C HAP V .
VING
S ER
—
GENT LE WO ME N T H E KIT C HE N B UTT ERY S T I LL R oo m:
MEN AND
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.
A ND
THE
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S h aks p e r e s Ab u se of S e r v an ts — Pu ritan S e r v ants Fr e n ch Pa ge : I r i s h r u nn i ng F ootm e n H or s e s L aw s of O rd in an c e s H ous e h ol d F ine s Pe tty O fii Th e C ook Th e St e w ard c e r s of t h e Cou r t S e r v an ts Di nn e r s D u ti e s of a P age P oo T h e C h ap l a i n Th e ir Man n e r s Th e S e r v i n g Man Tu tor L ane h am an d h is D u ti e s A n A rchb i s h op s S e r v an t: My t h o Th e Kitch e n H ab its of th e J e s te r Th e Di nn e r logi c a l Pas try Cooking L i s t of Di s h e s T h e R oy al Di e t R e c e i p ts Coc k Ale P ag e 2 0 Th e Q ue e n s Di n n e r s ‘
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C HA P V I .
ELIZ AB E THAN
E liz ab e th a n
.
D IE T .
Die t Th e Di sh e s b or ne in Pr o c e ss ion Th e Kitch e i Ar ch ite c tu r e of t h e Pas try an d S w e e tm e ats L oc al D aint ie C ur iou s Di s h e s —D r i n k s C al c u l a tio n s of T i m e in ol d Cook e r Book s —Coc k Ale —Th e Q u e e n s B r e akfas t Di nne r and S up .
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p er
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22
CHAP VII .
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DR E SS .
P i c tur e sque ne ss of D re s s Di s ti n c tions of Cl as s e s B r illi an cy 1 Colou r P ur it an O u t cr ie s Va i n Q ue e n v ain N ation Van ity p e cu liar Vi c e of th e D ay — L uxury —E li z ab e th s St at He r Ne w Ye ar Pr e s e nts A ll e go r i c al Gow n s — J e w e l Dr e s s F an s Tou r nam e nt D r e ss e s M al e D r e s s Do ub l e t an .
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FI
THE
R ST V OLU ME
v
.
ii
Cloak — F o re i gn F as h ion s A r m ou r Pu r itan F ab l e s Th e Story of t h e D e v il and t h e Ru ff — F e m al e D r e s s — H oo ds and F ard ing ale s Clo ak s and S h oe s H os e P e r fu m e s S u mp tuary L aw s — City D r e ss Law Stu de nts —Mu n i c i p al D re ss P age 23 1 .
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C H A P VIII .
CHE
AT S
,
TH
IEVE S,
.
BE
A ND
GGAR S
.
Th i e ve s d e s p e rate an d d ar i n g St a tute s of t h e S e v e r ity of Law Coc k L or e l — P un is hm e nts Th e E gyp ti an s Th e i r D r e s s an d M ann e r s Moo n Me n M au n d e re rs an d Cl app e r D u d ge on s — H a un ts and F e s ti v a l s —G i p s y Gan gs Pr i e s ts an d Ki n gs Ju ggle r s O ath s an d L aw s L angu ag e a n d Songs B an d itti — D o m O rde r s of R ogue s m e r e rs H ooke r s Ane cd ote s of e a ch T i nk e r s Abr am Me n S h am Sore s ( Poo r Tom ) Count e r fe it Sol d i e r s Th e C r an k Story Fr e s h w ate r M ar i ne rs Fr ate rs —P alli ards H or s e Ste al e r s —R ogu e s p a r e xce lle nce — Th e W il d R og ue Th e Up r ig h t M a n Th e R u ffl e r Fe m al e Th i e v e s S h am Si c k Th e T av e r n B u lly a n d B r a v o Th e F a r m e r in P au l s C hu rchy ard C r os s Biti ng Gam e s te r s Tr i c ks Th e Tr av e l li ng Conj ur or Th e Co m p os itio n of a G ang — Th e B ar n ac l e a n d h is D up e W e l s h Me n Th e a v e ng i ng S h o e m ak e r G ull Th e E ag l e an d t h e gr op i ng Th e W oo dp e c k e r a nd h is C r e w D e l u de r F e rr e ti ng F a l c on e r s G il Bl as Tr i c k s Us u r e r s Th e Vi s i to r Ja ck s of t h e Cloc k H ou s e an d P oor S ch ol a r s T h e S h ifte r T h e R a n k R i d e r s — T h e H o r s e Tri c k s of S m ith L am b P ie Th e Jin gle r T h e J a c k s in t h e Box fie ld Cu t P ur s e s Tr i c k s on C arr i e r s F au n Gu e s ts D r ap p a ge F os te r s L ift S p oon D r op Ch 0 p C h ai n B at F ow li ng ping Stone C arry i ng Co un try G e ntl e m e n at Pau l s C h e ap Th e Tr ave lle rs Q uac k S al v e r s —Po r te r s an d th e i r Th e fts P ar as ite Mi s ce ll ane ou s Tr i c k s Cou r te s ans C r u e l L aw s B ur l e igh and t h e Wat ch me n Tr i ck s of t h e Th e A rr e s ts
E li z ab e th an R e ig n
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viii
C
O N T E NT S
o n TH E F I R ST
V O LU M E
.
B ailifis Th e Pr i s on s a nd th e i r Wards — G aol e r s C r ue lti e s E s c ap e s — Th e Pr i s on Cou n c il B e ad l e s an d Wat ch m e n Vol un tary Pr is one rs Pr i s on Dole s P ag e 2 5 ! ’
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C HA P N NG
HU TI
R om anc e
.
AND
IX
.
H
AWK ING
.
of ol d Hunting Story of a Stag at B ay E li z ab e th an d J argon of th e H aw ki ng F i e l d B r aw l s h e r C r o ss Bo w N am e s P as s ion ate L ov e of t h e C h as e S e v e n Sor ts of F al c ons S acr e and L au e r Th e B arb ary an d P e r e gr i n e F al c o ns &c Me r li n and H obby H awk s D u ti e s of a F al c on e r Si gn s 0 good an d bad H aw k s F li gh t of t h e H e r on D e s cr i p ti on of til t Tr a in i ng of t h e H aw k F li gh t to t h e F i e l d T o m a ke Me w S urge ry C h ar a c t e r s of Bird s S e w i ng u p th e a H a w k b ol d How to r e c ov e r a c o w e d Bird E ye s F al c on Tr a in i ng Th r S p arr ow H aw k —F ly i n g a t t h e Par tr i dge — F al c on e r s D u ti e s B a d H ab its an d h o w to c u r e th e m D is e as e s of H aw k s Ho w to tr a c k a H a rt H un tin g A H u nts m an s D u t i e s H ab its of t h e D e e r S u b tl e ti e s of t h e D e e r Mo de of H u nti ng Fre n c l B r e aking u p t h e d e ad D e e r R e w ard i ng t h e Dogs an d E n g li s h M ann e r — R oy al P i c Ni c s — A ge of a D e e r kn o w r by h is H or ns H unte rs S up e r s titio ns H ar e H unting S ub t le t ie s of t h e H ar e 3 7g .
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S H A KS P E R E S
E N G LA ND
’
.
I
I N T R O D U C TO RY C H A P T E R THE E ngland
to
.
hich w e w ish t o i ntroduce our readers is Shakspere s E nglan d the E ngland of the sixteenth w
’
,
century
.
W e go back to d ay s of gilt rapi e rs and roses on the
shoe of ruff and ,
far d ingale ,
of p e aked s t arched beards and
slashed hose to d ays whe n forks ,
w ere
a novelty and
tobacco smoking the last capric e of fa s hio n -
,
W e want,
.
in fact to lead our readers a lon g rambling gossiping ,
,
w alk through Ludgate
,
u
p
C h e ap
,
and
,
into
P aul s, ’
then away to the B ear G arden in Southwark and the ,
G lobe, where A s you like it is actin g ; an on past the old cross at C haring to t h e presence ch am ber at G reenwich '
-
or R ichmond
,
an d
m ake
back to
D evil Tavern, where the players
a
night of it at the
an
d
poets meet j us t ,
nder the chimes of St D un s tan We w a rrant y o u safe fro m all stabbi ng ga me s ters an d qu a rrelsome serving
u
.
.
men as
we
,
17 0
7
.
L
hurry from
th e D
tilt y a rd to the pageant -
,
S H A K S P E R E S E N G L A ND ’
2
fro m the farmer s dinne r to
gipsy s pic
th e
’
.
’
you to forget black c o ats or silk hats stre e ts with crowd s of g all a n ts
,
an
-
n ic
d
people
-
in
th e
m ob
sober clad
,
a
fla t
an
d th e
1 5 88
ribbo n s or je w els in the
hoods
an
-
c apped ci tizens an d
,
—
an
d
you
fa ded satin
see
the Lo n don of the A rm ad a
like C h a uc e r s w o rl d
d
the i t in e ran t
c arri e d cl o uded c an e s
,
,
w
an
s
,
w
orld is w
in
,
any D irecto ry
,
we
w o re ruffle s
sp o rted cocked hats
Sh ak s p e re s Lo ndon ; can
fin d
do nned
Wh o
ith th e ir spuri o us
m en wh o
’
us thr o ugh o ld stre e ts
d e a d and
a
ith the m e n
how me n
ith the
d
w
N o som e of o ur d e are s t frie n ds
relati o ns live
,
an
an
d
d
-
if you follo w
th e m all
without
out
in
C heapside
,
a
h os t e lrie
w e ll kn o w n by the pr e n tic e s fo r i t s e x c e lle n t pies w in dow
there
are
Sir John Falstaff an d
.
S ir
Look Toby
B elch di s cussing a po t of s ack ; D ame Q uickly is
ho s tess and Maria the barmaid A s ,
lace
e r heart
an d n a
’
at the
,
.
Here is the D agg e r Tave rn in
,
n
’
relic s ; o r Pop e s world
.
in
players
,
,
oisy shopk e epers callin g day u n der th e ir p e n thouse s and
all
’
cravats
mix
.
on e
,
e ar :
prinklin g of leather jerkin e d pre n tices
Not th a t this sixte e n th c e n tury
buried
ll the gay
we
S
”
year
,
’
-
,
old
-
sturdy w ate r carriers W hat do you lack ? at their doors
th e
motl e y w a v e rin g silks
in
all flutte ring with iris col o u rs — matchin g so bonnet fe ath e rs
W e be g
.
.
we
t he
pass on up C he a
p
.
L O ND O N
1 5 88
IN
we see a fat pur s y old l ady
ith a fe a ther fan and a lub
w
,
,
berly page draggi ng afte r her to h o ld That is the C apul e ts P eter ;
’
n
but w e regre t t o
R omeo , B enedic t
urs e
u
her train of satin
p
.
that page was christened
d
a b an d o f mad brained gal lants
see
-
C la udi o
,
an
,
3
.
L o re nz o
,
,
and some others
,
,
exchanging joke s wi th e a c h other at t he stately waddle of the faithful but c o rpul e n t keeper lives
Shylock
.
n
’
ear St P a ul s .
urs e o r rather now house ,
h e ar
we
,
n
is
,
turned scrivener and ,
Sir An drew Aguecheek and his
.
,
warm hearted but simple frie nd Ma ster Slender have j ust -
,
passed arm in arm '
w ith
D o gb e rry
been rather ov e rtak e n l a s t Three C ranes in the V in t ry If you looked up
at
th e
n
ight
an
d
the watch having ,
w ith
malmsey at the
.
gateway a s you passed Ludgate
,
and observed the pri s on ers begging a lms you might have ,
remembered one B a rd o lph meteor
ia
B lackfriars
his companion
;
sa
rather out at elbow s
livery of blue and orange is little Moth grown ,
m arried
short commons
.
W ily
is shoutin g b all ads at the door of the play
dancing dogs and cuts no w
ho s e n o s e still shines like a
an d
in spite of g a o l fa re
A ut oly ch us
house
w
,
u
p
,
,
who
also educates
fe purse s is Master P arolles ,
,
That braw ny servingman in
.
w
ith a silver badge
on
his arm
,
to m an s s tature and about to be ’
,
to B eatrice s w a iting ’
volio and refused B altha s a r B
.
2
w
oman who has jilted Mal ,
Sir Topas preaches sour
S H A K S P E R E S E N G LA ND ’
P urita n d iscourses h is
curate
at St
A n th olins ,
.
we
ll
as
old frie nds
w
,
w
ith D r
C ain s
.
w
i t h G ratiano concoct medi ,
w i th
Slender lose ,
p othe
’
at
i th P oin s and see Sir A n dre w cozened by ,
the gre at traveller may
is
and view old s cenes
and R omeo s Italian
,
w
us,
’
cary g o to the B ear G ard e n board
-
Yo u must come birdin g with
.
Ma ste r Ford break a bl a de cam e n t s
and Mar Te x t
.
B ut we must beg you to foll o w
as
.
sh o ve l S h o e tie
To c on fo und truth and fabl e
.
itne ss B urbage thr o n ed
as
,
you
R ich ard at the B o r o ugh ,
The atre l oo k at B abbington s he a d on the spikes of Lo n d o n ’
,
B ridg e m a rk the old Mo ther Pra tt Whose gown F a l s taff ,
,
b o rr o w ed tried for w itchcr aft ; ,
forg e t
d
in fact for a
scen es the re ader mu s t imagine hims e lf ale
with M e rcutio at the ,
w
-
,
se
ated
at the tilt y ard -
house with P istol at ,
th e
Ex
ith A nton io at the fe n cing school with C laudio ,
th e
ordinary with Lore n z o
As
a
p ut
h o urs
.
side by s ide with Shaksper e an characters
at
fe w
,
In t he s e
ch a ng e
,
nineteenth and sympathise with the sixte e n th
th e
cen tury
an
,
.
complete antiqu arian social history
,
w e do
not
this book forw ard but co n fess it to be a series of ,
el abora t e d groups care fully stu died fro m old plays ,
an d
forgotten pamphlets and illustrated by nearly all exist ,
H I S T O R I A N S N E G LE CT
O LD
ing c o n te mporary literature
D E T AI L
5
.
C harters , and MS S re main
.
.
unt o uch e d for another and m o r e e laborate volum e
‘
.
In a dequa t e as these pages may be no one acqu a i n te d with ,
our his to ri ans can be ignoran t t h a t such a book Hume
an d
do
Smollett
n ot s
is
of
ll e gory
an
a
picture s
p h ilOS Op h ic brevi ty
h ow
or
full of abstract perso n s shadowy as ,
h ow
trus t
figures
th e
the men who fo ught the A rmada dr e s s e d
they amused thems e lve s
we
we
.
W e cann o t l e a rn from their dign ifi e d
.
had t o be principally but
.
top to paint the mann ers of
the m e n whose actions they trace with His t ory
w an ted
is
,
This detail h a s hi t h e rto
.
fr o m rare books or scarce play s
w on
may hav e
p rtly supplied the w a
an
t
,
.
We l e ad the reader to the E lizabethan man or ho u s e and -
palac e t o the d ining hall -
,
an
d
the
h all
-
room
the
o
dditie s in
at the sh o ps ; sho w him
as
te nde rly
him through old London poin t out to him ,
the as
cro w d and look ,
if he
w
in
-
,
,
th e
g a llants at the
o
s
study
to him
of
,
the
W e do not forget to give him a peep into
.
’
’
moky alchemist s labora tory
,
the
rdin a ry
j o s tle him among the jugglers and sho w m e n
noisy city fairs the
an d
ere a country cousin the bear garden
theatre introduce him to an d
W e g u ide
.
,
or the as t r o loger s
we
show him the murky London prisons
a ll
the am using knaverie s of their inmates
,
a
.
n d recite He w ill
le arn something too of ev e ry class of society from t he ,
,
,
ruler on the throne to the c aptive in N e w gat e fr o m the ,
n 3
S H AK S P E R E S E NG L A ND ’
6
.
th e
farmer to the page from t he merchan t t o ,
eve ry lin e he
w ill
remi nded
be
o
Sh aksp e re
f
,
begga r an
d
In
.
se e
how
satura te d that divin e ge n ius was with the t houghts and feelings o f h is
own a
t h e d re a ms
d
h ow s
an
t ho u gh h e c o uld i n voke
;
wo
m an
an
,
d E n glish
-
d
s
o ul e d
,
on the thr o n e
s at
,
,
v oy ag e r D rake her captai n Shak s p e re her dr a matist ,
,
her
,
Th e t i me s
gre a t times
are
E liz ab e th is t h e
a
th e
the
s
Sp an ia rd
,
an
an
a re
h e r s w orn
w i t heri ng in
,
on
,
.
patri o tis m is ro us e d
e ne e
th e
mi e s
p o pe
his low
fla t
o
,
s
Th e
w hispers
-
,
at work
,
an
ar e
d
ax e ,
gre a t times fo r ,
is
religion
thoughtful he a rts
.
.
th e
an
th e
In qu i nam e
E ngl a n d
a fe rvid vital impulse d while
.
.
” .
R efo rmation is still
,
,
,
on
c a res the Span iard
T h ere is much danger for
of A lva are at the door
d e v il
b a ttli n g b e sid e the
of E ngl an d as the war cry th a t The t imes
f th e
san dy do w n s u s e s
Hugue n o t b e n ding t o the
th e
yes t o w a rd s E ngl a n d
Th e D utch ,
.
,
D yi n g m e n
.
t he d a rk dun ge o n s
itio u pray fo r E ngl and dyke s o r
d
d e cl a re s
she
d
tak e tu rn th e ir glazing
P ale m e n
m e rch an t
,
c kn o w l e dg e d d e fe n d e r of P r o te s t an tis m
ll o v e r t h e w o rld ,
an d
.
coun s e ll o r R al e igh her s o ldi e r Frobi s h e r
her
Sidney her c o ur t ie r Gre s h a m
sea
an
.
B u rleigh w as
s
a w ord
r e ality Sh a k b a s e d ev e n his m o st ethere al ide aliti e s — A lion
hearte d
a
at
vi s i o n s of all c o n c e ivable p as t an d future s ;
a br o ad b as is o f expe rien ce
on
pe re
her
g
e
th e
in
all
troops
there is a C atholic quee n
P R O G R ESS in
THE
OF
D
in
Scotland Mary de Medici pl o ts ,
R AM A
.
France
The rich e s
.
of A me rica have given Sp ai n a power alarming to Protest autism
There are disaffected
.
p a triotis m and loyalty
me n
in every street but ,
w a rm passions not merely
a re n o w
,
cold abstractions The dis covery o f prin ting is still affecting .
mankind and the cl a ssical s pirit is i nfusing fresh life into ,
literature
C hivalry
.
an
d
feud a lis m are sinking belo w
the horizon and their s e tt in g
on
,
ly sheds a light on the
country they on ce ill umin ed ; cl as s es though not hostile to ,
each other
,
are
distinct
an
d
isolated
in the country and we al t h in ,
th e
There is happiness
.
ci ty
The people ha ve
.
reached a degree of civilis a tion when the drama is their ,
best education and the stage is now the resort of ,
literary men
a
ll
amongst wh o m the son of a decayed
,
Staffordshire gentlem an is not the least celebrate d ’
.
D ress is splendid , m ann ers sta tely, and co s tumes pic t ure s qu e
ing, r
A gallant s amu s emen ts are not now , fox hu n t ’
.
-
rat killing billiard s -
,
ing and the glove
,
an
d
the opera but running at the ,
hawkin g the ordinary and the pl ay ,
,
,
There is no W est E nd of Lon don but more sociality ,
gentleman in
wh o
.
.
The
is in the morn ing walking with the citizens
Finsbury or Moorfie lds is at night to be seen stepping a ,
C anary at W hitehall
.
great daily promenade
P aul .
s
’
,
an
Th e
I
B
4
d
not R otten R ow is the ,
’
Strand the nobleman s
’
S H A K S P E R E S E NGL A ND
quarter
Venice is t h e c o nti n enta l place of resort, and
.
not P aris French
.
Italian the fa s hio nable language and not ,
.
America is
.
Africa untraversed
,
we wage perpetua l
s
an
till
a
lm o s t an unknown country
,
Irel an d a s ort of Al giers where
d
,
w ar w i t h
the cruel
revengeful
a nd
tribes of a people lit tl e b e tte r th a n B edouins or b ar barians
.
Small as E nglan d is with
no
,
s tan ding army and but a ,
few vessels she is re s p e cte d or fe ared by all the world Her ,
.
colonial empire is fo un ding firmly and surely
W e visit
.
N ewfoundland, trade wi th R us s i a
build forts in India
,
,
ravage South A m e rica i n timid a te France ,
Spain and influence Ge rm any ,
weaknesses E lizabeth pr o ved ,
lived
th e
overthrow
,
W ith a fe w nation al
.
grea t est queen that ever
B rave as Semiramis undaunted as C atherine she
.
,
had neither th e cruel ty of p assions of the R ussi an
th e
,
B a bylonian nor the evil ,
.
W e hope we do n o t claim to o much for this book in
trying to make it a sor t o f
ke y t o
Shakspere every page ,
being indeed a comm e n t on the man n er s and the people w hom
he p aints
.
The records o f his
existing but to rn in ,
as
a
ge
are we know still ,
,
many pieces as the body of Osiris
was and hidden in d ark and dus ty tracts and plays ,
,
known to
fe w
but the dustmen
a nd
,
scavengers of litera
ture , men who grope in the se w ers of the past in hope of ,
IND I V I D UA L I T Y
finding a mongst
th e
’
S HA K S P E R E s
0F
rubbish
or lon g forgotten j e wel
an d
C
HA R A C T ER S
9
.
the filth some stray ri ng
-
.
In eve ry play o f Shakspe re there are sions
manners unobserve d by readers ignorant o f the
to
socia l his tory of h is age m illi o n s o f
plain ed in n
thousan d allu
a
Th e se mann e rs
.
contra dic to ry n o te s
partially ex
a re an
d
prefaces but ,
o w here in any c ollective or in teresting sh ape
quarre l s o me gall an ts he ske tch e s were
p a nning, s t rac tion s ,
but portraits from his daily life ; so
mischievous pages the ,
w
ives
&c
.
,
,
Th e
.
an
d
the fervent lovers
w e re
gw o me n, t h e
His Macbeth
.
oisy
n ot
s e rv in
w itty
n
and
,
ab
the
merry Lear
are indeed of no age ; but such characters as C assio an d
and G ratiano Sir Toby ,
de r s to o d
Malvoli o can only be ,
un
by comp a ring th e m with the o riginals wh o m the
poet meant to ridicule or s a tiris e
.
Th e
pedant
,
th e
b ully
,
the am o roso the m a lcontent the servingman and th e g aoler ,
of
,
th e
s
,
ixteen th century
dried flowers between ,
,
his
a re
,
,
all embalmed like s o many ,
immortal and perennial pages
.
S H A K S P E R E S E NG LA ND ’
l2
watermen ; its
.
arro w
s
tre e t s full of pl u med
d e ro n s c o a ch e s ; i t s t id e
a
live
n
Th am e s rive r
n ot
,
but
cry s ta l flood
a
tre e s
an
,
y
et s
,
pe rfu med
d
an
i t h i n n u m e rabl e b o a t s ; the
co n cre te o f co al dus t
a
,
flowe rs
an d
de s e rted
not
an
,
W hi te hall is
.
o nly span s t h e rive r
,
a
sub u rb
an
d o pe n,
n e w a nd
th e
w
i th
d e rs ga te , y e s th e
We s t
,
s o ci a l p o s i t i o n th e
is
un
are
very d o ors o f
w her e
there
a re
th e
riche s t an
d
of
citiz e n s
th e
.
Th e
,
s
t alls
s
ounds
,
an d at
n
M a ryl e bon e a d Al
L an e
an
th e
city
an
,
d
d
d th e
tra de s m an lives
obl e s in E ngl a n d in
at
E very
.
the n e ighbourhood
S t Pa ul s is the ge n tle m an s ’
.
.
an
,
Hyde Park
.
’
Moorfie lds
th e
g abl e d e n ded s hop s
with sig n s ; fo re ign a rmour
-
an
a p e rpetu l cry of a
an
gard e ns
of the mos t cro w ded stre e t s fas hi o n abl e pr o me n ade
,
bridge
N o dis tin ctiv e gr a de s o f
.
fields
a nd
,
in D rury
tho u ght of kn o w n
on e
Oxford Street
.
lde s t portio n s o f
ye t
th atched
,
d w elling o
d
li ne s of h o us e s i ts ch a p e l
it s
in th e
eve n
En d
are
ci ty ; t he
an
gli tte ring but
I s lin gt o n a vill age
Noble me n
.
,
,
muddy coun try ro a d l e adin g t o Tyburn
is b are
mud
fo rgotte n but
citadel o f
d th e
and its gh a s tly ro w s o f s hrivell e d h e a ds is
d
.
B orough side a broad tr a ct o f gre e n fields
c o ttage s
an
-
,
w i th
fre que n te d
d
w
p on
hel te red wi th pal a c e s sh a de d with
Im agine the To w er busy
,
an d
,
d
fa vouri te w alk a re
t ape strie s are
hung thick in t h e
W hat do you l a ck
every d o or and under e very pe nthou s e
.
o pen
?”
re
SU B U R B S
We
c an
carc e ly im agin e L o n do n
s
gate s like Thebes Ther e
w as
shu t at
is
too larg e
o
we
fa ther
as a
lms
Bo w
f
in
fo r
th e ir as
a
gaol
h ad
,
w
p g
ate ,
a
an d
it
was
I s lington
an
d
a country place
w as
sa
”
w
w as
C helsea
wa
on
in
a
ll that
fro m t he To w e r
,
an
,
an
d
d Bi
so
past
an
ll,
.
t o re
a S un d ay as they did t o ,
an d
,
w
drin k
new
milk
,
I’Va lt e r
h r Sir e
e
old ho u s e s t ill s tan din g
famous fo r i t s chee s e c ak e s ,
.
ra n
city
here citize n s u s ed
fa mous fo r i t s d iry
these peculi a rities that after a plac e
h e re that Sir
w as
Ludg ate t o the Th a m e s
a
id to ha v e li v ed
so Hollo w ay
Lond o n
.
,
pudding pi e s
“
and
t oo dirty to
an d
Th e
.
Islingt o n or Hogs d e n to t ake tob a cc o R aleigh is
,
through C ripplegate to A lders ga t e
pair to eat
as
pp o in ting
Aldg a te Hou n d s ditch
to
C hrist H o spita l by N e w g a te P imlico
citi
d
h e re the pri s o n e rs cl am oured
b e e n re pul s ed
through the Min ori e s s
an
,
,
w ere
,
,
join ed thi s gate t o its o ther fe llo w gates sh o
.
night gua rd e d
a m o th e r
b arre d grate ;
Th o m as Wyat t
bell rang
-
th e
o wn
&c
,
.
.
w as
th e
at
o
to l o ve
now
A t Ludgate a
re barred
v e r by men
h e n Ludga te
,
,
tched
w
M o org a te A ldgate
,
certain h o ur wh e n
a
,
abl e to st an d a s ie ge lik e Troy
C rippleg a te
,
wa
for
d
walled ci ty h aving
a
,
z e ns fe l t they
honour
an
,
13
.
de ep fo n d fe elin g of home
a
B ishop s g a te
L O ND ON
OF
;
an
d
it is
c o nfe r imm o rtali ty u p o n
mere vill age o f C h e lse a kn o w n
w as t h e
,
fro m Sir Thomas More s house where Hen ry V III ’
,
.
14
s n Ax e
h ad
wa
lk e d
d oom e d
to
th e
fr o m
ck ;
ith as
h is
RE s
w as
t he n
.
t o Oxfo rd
le d
it s bur n
angl e rs
an
,
d
c o u n try r o ad l e a ding
a
an
,
,
we
led al s o if y o u turne d up
o ne s
,
t o t h e T o tte nh am C o urt
,
co u ntry
,
rou nd e d by wide p a ths H amp s tead
an
s
w as
d
,
so
c alle d
s
t he co m e)
at
am e O x fo rd S tre e 1
ide o f t h e H amp s te ad Road
w hich
P rimr o s e Hill
an d
Th e
.
to t h e
ll kn o w n t o p a tie n t ci ty
The tripl e tr e e or gall o w s s t o o d
.
on
d t re n di ng
t o fatal Ty burn
or br o o k t h e n
pre s e n t E dg w are R oad
th e
an d
r o u n d t ha t gre a t statesm a n :
arm
Holb o rn
.
’
pl e as a n t v illage of St Gil e s
th a t
w ay
of
ne
w
E NGL AND
’
fa r in t h e
tood th e re alon e an
un tr o dd e n hill o ck
,
s ur
ditch e s b e t w een this C ourt ,
.
A cheerfu l li ttle str e am kn o w n by the pl e a s an t n a m e ,
Fl e e t r o s e
ne a
,
B ourne
an
d
r Hamp s te a d Hill
op e n
Tham e s
,
an d
h a d bu t
h ad
d
j o ine d by the
C le rke n
o ne
fo u r bridge s o f an
;
d th e s e w e r e
it s
W ell
o w n,
kn o w n
Fl e e t B ridge
,
gras s y open spac e
,
-
,
an
,
Th o ugh e ve n th e n mer e ly
.
B ridge Flee t lan e B ridge Bridge
,
recruited by sp arkling
its e lf in the Th a me s it w as
.
,
as
an
01
O ld
e
mptie d
a
se w e r
w hile t h e
Holb o rn
d B ride w e li
.
Sp it alfie lds
groun ds
an
sermon s
we
w as
d a p ulpit
a
an
d
re p r e a ch e d
and Fi ns bury Fie lds
,
cro s s
.
an d
Th e re
w h e re we
w ith
fairs
w
artille ry
ere held
an d
re also Tothill Fi e lds
Moorfie ld s j us t outside the city ,
Cunni ngh am s Gui de Book to L ondon ’
.
\VH IT E H AL L
walls laid out in walks ,
,
an
l5
.
plante d as far as H o xt on
d
,
.
R ound these squares there w e re win dmills and everythin g e
qu ally rural
A s for Picc a dilly, it was everyw h e re
.
kno w n as a ro ad to R eadin g
an
,
d
by many herb alis ts as ,
h arbou rin g the small wild foxglov e in its dry ditch e s Outside Temple B ar before the ,
built
,
l ay
the Strand
the houses of C o urt s id e n ce e
,
.
th e
w ooden
.
gateh o u s e
w as
road l e a ding from the City to
This riv e r bank was the ch o s e n
re
of the nobility who s e gar dens stretched to the ,
un d e file d
dge of the
rive r
The sky was then pure
.
an
d
bright fo r our ancestors burn t w ood fires and the water ,
,
was gay with thousands of b o ats t e rrac e its water stairs ,
,
an
d
E ach house had its
.
g ard en
The street hou s es
.
wer e so scattered that the riv e r could be seen betw e e n there
w
,
an d
ere three water c o urs es there traversed by bridge s
besides two churches and a Maypole House where B acon ,
w as
b o rn
,
an
,
Here s to od York
.
d D urham Pl a c e ,
whe re
R aleigh lived , with his s tudy in a turret overlooki ng the
ri ve r ; there also was A rundel House and E ssex House where great m e n pined and plotted A t Whiteh all stood Wols e y s P alace
,
.
’
Henry V III
,
e nlarge d by
’
.
and E lizabeth s favourite residen ce wh e n
n o t at Nonsuch in Surrey W in d s or G reenw ich or R ich mond
,
,
,
The tilt yard stood wh e re the Horse Guards n ow St James s P alace also built by Henry V III -
.
st an ds
’
.
.
,
.
-
,
where
E NG L A ND
’
SHA K e
16
nE s
.
Q ueen s melan choly bigot sister had died,
th e
’
-
seldom inh abited by the C ourt ; but the park .
(Baynar d s
eve n
w as
A s for the old palace of R ich a rd III
then e xi s ting ’
,
broke and the same King s dwellin g of C r o sby Hall ,
th e
hands of
an
alderman
,
th e
bridge
at each end and in ,
A B e cke t t,
restle s s
’
It
.
th e
h ad
”
an d
a gatehouse
middle a chapel
w as
drawbridge
de dicated lay th e
in the crypt of which
the founder P eter of C o lechurch who died ,
h ad
.
B ut the m o st characteristic erection in Old L o n don
its pride
.
C astle ) that h a d bee n let to the E a rl of P e m ’
fallen in t o
w as
,
to that body
of
in 1 205
.
The bridge was lined with s t ately houses with spaces ,
here
an
flowing
d
the re for travelle rs to rest and loo k at the fair
river o ver the pa rapet for suicides were ,
n ot
yet
fashion abl e ; the houses had g able ends pl a tfo rm roo fs -
small g ard e n s and arbours ,
overh anging the carved
an
d
N e ar the dr a wbridge
,
,
an d
the fa med Nonesuch House a
gilt buildin g co n s tructed an d
of timb e r
w ater, w a s
.
,
,
in
Holland entirely
put togethe r wi th wooden
sober citizen s believed the bridge to be
p e gs on e
f The of the
wonders o f the world and rejoice d that on the gate house ,
Edward VI
’
.
a
workh ous e
s
ol d p al ac e of B ri de we ll
b e e n tu rn e d i nto
h ad
.
1 C unni ngham s ‘
-
’
H andbook
for L ond on, v ol
.
p 496 .
.
( He nt zner)
R OY A L the he a ds counted The or
o
m e time
sa
cofle r
-
lo w
be
*
rro w n e s s of the arch e s an d th e broad s tirling s d ams pr o t e ctin g t h e piers pr o duced a ra pid that ,
,
made it d ange rous t o s ho o t the b ridge at
17
.
na '
—G AR D E N &
thirty prie s t s and re bel s might s o m e time s
f
the
at
E XC H A N G E w
w a te r the n oi s e
deafe n ing
w as
high w a t e r
at
an
d
.
The real glory of the city h o w e ver w a s the Ro y a l E xchange built by Sir Th o m as G re s h a m wi th it s qu a ,
,
,
drangle , moure rs
,
a ’
rcad e s
and
,
g o ld s mith s
,
merchants
’
E xchange in the Strand was A t this time there
.
over the S alte rs
’
an
,
garde ns
an
b o w ling alleys
contempora ry
,
h ad
were g arde ns There
we
in
flow ers
in
g ardens
d
a
si x
w
;
’
s
h o ps
St
.
Gile s
’
s
;
an
D r a p e rs
,
’
’ ,
a nd
sow
h ad
Hal ls
’
VO L
.
L
all
’
,
t heir ’
Sir P au l P i nd a r G re s h am s ,
.
in
B ish o p s ga te Stre e t an
d
pl an te d
w
W e s tmi n s ter ,
d
S oh o
w ere
and
and
th e
C
Coun try
.
garden s
i th tre e s
d E ly P l a c e w as
an
There
.
;
tree s
famou s fo r
open tracts ; ,
an d
.
L u p ton s L ondon
its
I r o n m o ng e rs
n e a r Le a th e r Lan e the Q ueen s garde ner lived pl ant
d
o pen e d t ill James L s
’
to
an
,
ar
riva l Ne w
Th e
.
it s
fe e lin g o f s o ci al pl e a sure
’
S m ith fie ld w a s
.
i th
’
Al d ers gate Street
L e ic e s te r Fie lds
.
lks
re g arde n s r o und C o rn hill Mark e t
in Clerke n w e ll w a ved
w as
Me rchant T ay l o rs
d
d
an
n ot
h o le city ; G rocers
w
wa
and h ab e rd as h e rs
,
change bell ringing at tw e lve reign
’
p
.
17
.
an
d
lived
S H A K S P E R E ’S E N GLA ND
18
.
Fountain s with th e ir pl e a sant and c o oling silver rippling chime were m o re c o mmon in Old than Ne w ,
,
,
Lond o n lived
Somerset Ho u s e Palace
.
h ad
,
one ; so
,
w
here L o rd Hunsdon th e
an d
W hi tehall ;
h ad
city mer
’
chants ho us e s and the cen tre o f the companie s quadrangles ’
frequently bo asted the s ame orn ament be
The o ld streets must
.
imagined with th e ir gabled ,
timber h o u s e s ; s w inging p o n de rous signs
to
,
every shop ;
the stre e t s b adly paved ; the shops with m e re penthoused sheds b e ne a th which the pre ntices cried un ceasingly ’
,
,
What d y e lack gentle s ? w hat d ye lack ? b e fore the ”
’
’
,
goods l aid out on b ulkh e ads just as a ,
out his fish
fis h monge r
Fleet Street then a suburb
.
,
,
w ith
opposite Sho e Lane was fam o us for shows ,
’
Jonson
of the D evil s Tavern Wh e re B en ,
met
Th e
.
Three C rane s
Bridge Fo o t
remain
in
pieces
,
leaded with
rich
an d
its conduit
an
boasted
d
and the wits
the V intry
th e
,
were the m o s t noted inns
L o ndon a
open c o urts
in
,
now lays
.
B ear at
There still
fe w E lizab e than
houses with their galleries stucc o ed roofs carved chimney ,
,
p orches,
panne lle d wainscoted r o oms and Some of the old hostelries also stand,
e a s e m e nt s .
,
th e ir o pen balconies
d
paved cou r ty ards where our earliest plays were acted —the audience crowding in the wind o ws above an
,
.
C unningh am s L ond on v ol i p ’
,
.
.
.
67
.
S H A K S P E RE S E N GLAN D ’
2o
.
St Vedast St Margare t Moses St Andrew Hubbard .
.
,
.
,
and St Anne in the Will o w s .
.
In these old times d e e p t o n gue d -
rung at
n
,
th e
ine as a signal t o ,
B ow
bell was nightly
pren tice children of
’
th e curfe w and w as taken up at the same hour by B arking C hurch St B ride s St Gile s s and Crip p le gate f There were conduits in Chepe Tyburn and B ays water ; there was Lamb s Cond u it b e side s others at D alston and Islington A s Old London had churche s so had it m any prisons the C link Marshalsea and Q ueen s Prison in South w ark the latter fo r pira te s ; Newg ate ; the Poultry C ompter w here the priso ne r s w e re fe d w i t h scraps from the Sheriffs tables ; t h e S a voy m ilitary prison ; and W est min ster Gatehouse t h e st ate pr is o n secondary to the Tow er Marylebon e Park and Re ge n t s P ark in E lizabeth s time w ere a deer p ark an d a tilt ground C hepe
This
.
w as
,
’
’
.
,
.
,
,
,
,
’
,
.
,
’
,
,
,
'
'
,
.
’
’
,
,
.
St Martins .
makers
-
le G ran d w as -
of coppe r l a ce
an
pe opl e d
d
by
foreign craftsmen
,
coun terfe it jewels ; W atling
Street was devoted t o clothiers L o ng L ane to old clothes ,
me n, Pie
C
-
Corner to c o okshops Turnbull Street to thieves , ,
’
i gham s
unn n
Handbook
for L ond on v ol i v ,
.
.
p 5 35 .
.
C E L E B R I T I ES O F
S m it h fie ld f
to hor
’
se
,
S o uth wark
w as
the ite o f Sh ak s pe re s Th e a tre
d
w as
t o th e
belo nged
B e s id e s the clear
an
t re ams that
,
w ll e
bricked up
or
C le rke n
,
Led e n
-
w
ell
its
-
,
P erilous Po n d
Islingto n
w as
’ -
,
Shad
-
w e ll
w ell ,
a
ell s
fe w
There
.
C lark the
n
,
.
Th ames
th e
lost
n ow
,
,
-
,
le
The d u ck hun tin g
th e s e p o o ls
in
C l e a re
,
Joh n the h atter ,
,
an
-
w e ll ,
an d
fa v o uri te a mus e m e n t o f t h e ci tizen s
e w sm o n ge r ;
l
w e ll C l e m e n t s
p o ol of D am e A nni s
w as
su
,
’
-
Fay w e ll Fed e
d
w as
th e
d
at
.
but
Pa u l s ; Willi a m ’
at
J o h ns o n
cel e brate d street ch ara cters there
an
d ay w e kno w
Of the celebrate d trade smen of the a
,
Be argard e n,
W est S m ith fie ld had i ts
.
-
.
w
Th e re was H o ly
.
ll Ski n n e rs
an d
,
Hor s e p o n d
we
-
the
d
i nt o
ran
Old L o n do n boaste d of innu m e rable lied
,
B i s hop o f W i n che s te r s
gme n
qu arter th o ugh it
ba d
a
’
s
s e rv in
.
o
.
21
.
c o ur rs and S t Pa ul s t o
se
ou t an
place
TH E DA Y
th e
,
prin te r
.
Of
W oolner ( a W in d
sor chorister ) the glutton ; Kin dh e art the den tis t ; and B ank e s the sho w man F o rg e t n ot T a rleto n the clown ,
,
and Little D avy the ,
figh t ing m an -
are in Pa ul s ; the cl o thi e rs ’
m akers in St Martin s and ’
.
ditch
,
.
Th e
money changers -
in Birch in
th e
L an e ;
the
shoe
old clothesm an in H o un ds
.
The city
a
rchers m e et
P annie r A lley, Th e
,
,
.
,
copp e r
-
an
d
w ork e rs
at
F in sbury
the pi e s of B udge a re
n
.
Row ,
o i s y in L othbu ry 0
3
Th e
.
tripe of
are fam o us Th e
.
Three
S H A K S P E R E S E N GL A N D ’
22
Pigeons is
at
B re n tfo rd ; the Wools a ck and the Ki ng s H e ad ’
in Fi s h S treet ;
w
a
B arbican is fas hion able
in
in dmill s tan ds an
,
Take care o f Pick th a tch -
in
.
d
Mary
le
-
-
Sou thw ark o r your thro at ,
an d
,
b one
C lerkenw e ll
in
Old Jew ry the
,
pocke t
is th e
c o un try
d th e
B o rde llo
an
m ay
su
ffe r
A gre a t fe at u r e o f t h e s tre ets of Old Lo n d on
fre qu en t pr o c e s s i o n s o f
.
we
re the
tw e lve gre at c o mpanies to
th e
.
an
d
u ltry fr o m their hall s in Ch e ap s ide t h e Po or Th rog m o rt o n Stre e t The s e h all s h ad op e n t imb e r roofs w ere ,
,
,
.
h u ng r
w
ith tape stry
ie s of th e ir
gift of d e ad the Ma s te r
o wn
an
d
d h ad o fte n
wi th garl an d s al
,
an
d
drum ;
an d
.
th e
d,
a
r a nk
o
an
,
rmou ,
th e
in w hich
ne w
bov e all the
f
the gue s ts
m e mb e rs
we
p age an ts w e re p e rfo rmed ,
an
proce ssi o n s to
d
,
th e
m a s s ive
,
S o me time s they r o w ed do wn
their gilde d b a rge s ing
th e
fe as ts ;
th e
so fun eral dinne rs
service
a
Wa rde ns d ran k to the comp a n y, to the
,
at
d
-
s alt— cella rs th at m ar ke d pre s en t
an
more p ar tic u larly the l o ving cup
soun d o f trump e t w e re
gran arie s
Th e y bo asted rich s tores o f pla te
.
m e n,
an
,
a
L a dies
.
re cr o w n ed Th e y had
.
ttend D ivi ne
th e
Th ame s in
m e mbers in t heir liverie s b e ar ,
bann ers of th e ir trades
atte n ding t o s w ell the train
,
an
d t heir
alm s p e o pl e also -
.
It mu s t h a ve be e n imp o s sibl e t o keep the hot blooded -
prentices quiet beh ind the coun te r when such long tr o ops
’
,
of velvet gowns
an d
golden chain s were s w eepin g by ;
S T R EE T P R O C E SS I O N S
wh e n
th e
Qu e e n
p a s s ing fr o m W hi te h all to
w as
or the Lord Mayor going t o take Much less
w
23
.
wa
city
th e
te r fo r R ichmond
,
.
h e n E lizab e th cam e to S t P aul s to re turn ’
.
defe at
than ks t o G od fo r the
of
Arm a d a
(w hen than ksgivin gs w e re n ot mere fo rm s ) or trotte d p ast to Tilbury Th e n London was a youthful h appy tow n and th e
,
,
.
n ot s
,
uch an
Th e
o
ld s in
bright river w ate rm e n ,
-
bl a ck e n e d care ,
-
w orn
mu s t im agi ne as
we
,
city
a s n ow
.
he n it s uppor ted
w
d
flo a t ed 2 00 0 s m all b o ats ; w h e n the idler tire d of bo w ls or dic e had n othin g to do but to step an
,
,
down
to
Q u e e n hi the or the T e mple
noo n s salmo n fi s hing ’
“
w
have
an
w as
gay
,
a
ll
silk
an
d
g o ld
d
an
,
after w
ith
many
i t h ladies re turn ing to the P alace or wi t h the ,
royal tra in r o w in g to
th e
soun d of flute s
pas t R ichmo n d or G r e e n w ich the Cyd n us is E lizabeth
on
wh e n silks trailed in the
ate r
,
when the riv e r gotten back street There
d
wh e n the w a te r
;
cro w d s g o ing t o the t heatre s colours ;
an
w as
rice and fear
.
d
trumpets
’
p o e t s C leopatra on
t he Th a m e s seen p o e t ic ally , ,
an
neither
d
a
ga th e red no p o lluti o n sewer
,
n or
a
d ark for ,
,
~
.
no n
shatterin g din ;
w as
w
Th e
.
an
by e w ay s
oise the n in Lo n don
no
ro a r of wheels ;
L o ndon was
not
no
D e c ke r s Knigh t Conj ur ing
,
4
brain
selfi s h rush of ava
too large to l o ve ; the
’
c
; no
1 6 07,
p
.
17
.
S H A K S P ER E S E NG L A ND ’
24
local p o ints were
an d
fe w
w e ll marked ; th e y could be the mind like the scenes of youth — like the
in
retain e d
.
,
C astl e of E dinburgh, or t h e A cropolis of A th e ns
If the
.
buildings were not impre s s ive they were pic t uresque ; if ,
and
rich they were quain t
not
,
were
no
l ong
m iles
of
that n umb the senses
e ari s ome terraces
an d
o ppress the brain
some pr o ce s s ion or page an t be
and
w
The streets of Old Lo ndon to
individualis e d
we
There
.
dull doors
,
.
re always thr o n ging with
There is A lderman G ossin
.
m a rried or the Lord Mayor to be in au gura ted ; ,
an amb as s a dor visiting G uildhall or a rogue to be put ,
in
th e
p ill o ry ; a serm o n th e
matio n t o be read at
P a ul s C ross, or
at
C ros s in C hepe
some of these a little ne arer the life
’
,
an
Le t
.
p rocla
a
us view
draw our picture s fro m
d
.
A fun e ral train is passi ng to St A ndrew Un der s h a ft : .
Sir R ich ard W a tkins knigh t ,
are fun e ral bann ers
hoods
.
There
.
,
,
and all
th e
an
d
pennons
guild
Re st be to his ashe s !
served God
merchant tail o r
torch e s tapers and scutche o ns ;
,
-
,
d
’
squire s b e aring coat armour black g o wn s
an
*
in
,
serva nts in and
their livery
He tailored we ll
a nd
,
.
'
N ow it is the day for cho o si ng s h e rifi, and t h e Di ary of H Me ch yn .
,
1 55 0, 1 5 6 3 ;
C amde n So c ie ty p ,
.
a
lder
23 7 .
SC E NE S ’
m e n s barges gay ,
pe te rs in
re d
the
tre a mers and ,
25
.
n
oisy
ladies are in crimso n There are
.
an d
tw o
Th e
.
gi an ts
w i th
tru m
The city w a its
.
gow ns ; the liverie s we a r t heir chains
coach e s B a r,
s
shooting Lond o n B ridge
a re
,
w ith
I D LE R S
F OR
velve t ;
and
streets are full o f gilt
an
d
a pagean t at T e mple
much noisy disch a rgin g of guns and chamb e rs
To morro w there -
is
a
sa
d
proces s ion of ten fe lon s an
,
another the l a me
;
proper y o u n g man
w
who
oman
in Tu r n ag a in Lane -
t here is a cheating fis h m onge r .
,
w
stabb e d s
O Ne ille ,
Thursd a y
’
city to dine
w ith
the
w
a ban d of
’
.
re lease a prisoner
.
On
.
ild Iris hman ri des thr o ugh t he ,
the Me rcers C ompany
r u ffian s
the
On W ednesday a cut
.
’
too the pensio n ers muste r
a
t ocks
on
door of St P a u l s
th e
at
d
p
earing a chain o f bad
,
fo re he a d for treasonabl e sl an d e r
u
the
the
In
.
In the pillory a Po pi s h man is branded
purse is to be hung
,
.
Ho lb o rn Hill towards Tyburn : o ne is a priest
sm e lts
”
“
and s waying cla mour of b e ll s
cutpurs e
are
in
St
.
James
’
On Thurs day
.
s P ark
.
On
Friday
thre ate n to break into B ride w e ll to On Satu rday the masters
fight b e fore the Q ueen
*
a
and runn ing at the rin g Here is work for idl e rs
o
f
be
fte r which there is to
fe n ce a
tilt
,
.
.
B ut this is a mere ske tch o f
C amd e n So c i e ty Di ar y of H Me ch yn .
,
p 25 0 .
.
E NGL AND
’
S HAK S P E R E s
26
.
E lizabethan sights and dr aw n from a limited experience
.
,
’
To day go o d old B ish o p Jewel preach e s at P aul s Cross -
to morro w t he Q u een visits the T o wer
t o th e ald e r man
,
-
or c o mes to St Pa ul s to return thanks for a victory over ’
.
Spain
C o urt
.
an
d
ci ty often m e e t ; th e y h a ve c o mmon
ties and l o ve the same que en
an
,
walk
in t h e
same sight s s
same plac e s din e ,
in t he
,
,
’
talk of every h o use
th e
,
or
sam e religion ;
same r o oms
The city too is sm all ;
.
uch as a rich ci tizen s marri age
is
d th e
d
an
ev e ry
e
the
vent
,
a G uildh all pageant
There is symp a thy
.
see
,
and
,
feeling of broth e rhood and mu t u al depende n ce
,
a
The
.
gu ild spirit produces frie nd s hip ; t he tra ined bands bring people toge ther ; so do pagean ts Le t
man
w
c ity feas ts
th e
th e
an d
,
city
.
us ta ke another week
.
To day there will be a -
hipped through Fl e e t Stre et
,
an d
an
ill
-
fa med
woman drive n p as t wi th a bras s b asin b e a ting befor e her The s a me a ftern oon th e re Lord Mayor s ’
,
an
d
is
a gra nd christe n ing a t my
a procession of
’
th e
Q ueen s c o oks ,
with gold chain s and fo ot cloths bears in carts ,
pikeme n
an d
.
gunn er s in bright harne s s
“ ,
and
A t the feast
.
A pos tle sp oo ns will be given aw ay, and m uch muscadel
and Hippocra s be drunk The church is stre w n with herbs .
and the hous es are hung with silks and tapestry C amde n So c ie ty ; Di ary o f H Me ch yn p .
,
.
.
,
E NGL A ND
‘
s HAK S P E R E s
2s
are three new heads
on
.
L o ndon B ridge
and traitors
’
qu arters on every ci ty g a te yet s till the crowd push on just '
as usual through the sh o p s cries
Have you
,
mix ed
w ith
in t h e
a
rch
an
,
d
you hear the
w o rk for the tinker ? B rooms i
”
”
an
y
the noi s e of drums at
.
t h e B e a rgard e n,
,
drums
beating to announ ce a s a le a crie r s b e ll ringing and the ’
,
,
sh outs of a street fray
in t h e
dis tan ce ;
w
hile if it is even ,
ing there is the w a tchman goin g ro u n d bello w ing at every ,
door
,
“
Hang out your lan thorn
street lighting is
n ow
an
C oal ;
an
y
’
A citizen s
studious he ,
s
can learn to dance
.
and much
The collier too
m all coal ?
”
leisure h o urs c an
for
,
m atter,
cared for by the provid e n t g o v e rn me n t cries
candle light
d
an i ndividu a l
”
well employed
a re
g o t o l e ctu re s on science th e
If
.
if gay
,
Fre n ch galliard the Spanish pavin
,
,
or the Scotti s h jig ; c an s tudy t h e pommado or learn to vault on a hors e w ith o ut t o uching the stirrups with the ,
foot ; at the A rtill e ry G roun d l e arn to slope a musket
,
,
or trail a pike ; visit the tilt yard the B ear garden or -
-
,
,
the theatre ; or at t h e cock pit w a tch the brave birds that -
,
,
will rather die than cry and the m as t ifi hanging to B ru in s '
’
,
ears
.
The E lizabeth an streets were filled by itinerant sales C amde n So c i e ty ; Di ary of H Me ch yn .
,
p
.
1 04
.
C HA
ST R EE T
men many ,
o
f
w
R AC T E R S
29
.
hose trade s h a ve long si nc e p as sed aw ay ;
charcoal sell e rs from the coun try b uyers o f old lac e ,
sellers of
hot peas
”
an d
,
Irish
ap
p le monge rs
o
pen stalls were piled with ra pie rs and targ e ts
a
rmour and p o ign ards
,
,
an d
fe a thers roses fo r shoes ,
fine ry
articles of
s
,
s
ilk points
we
,
an d
,
and
,
an d
w
,
rong d a tes attached
w
s e rv in
.
French
gme n,
ounded s o ldiers from
th e
wars Span ish gall an ts G reek merchan ts ; and here ,
,
moment to bre a the a purer o
f
mercury
alchemist c o m e out for a
an a ir
than
There were act o rs and bear
.
,
an d
,
wives and
bona
,
gentlem e n pensioners
r oba s ,
,
,
an d
,
fe ssions
,
.
and cream coloured
,
’
,
no dull mo
manner ; bu t a as
the dyes of
There were beards of all classes
—the spruce -
gay citiz e ns
w as
ever ending variety shifti ng and brilli an t
a kaleidoscope
,
an d
There
.
and stere otype of dress face
-
rds masters of
,
,
,
,
wa
and falconers all bright coloured
shifting motl e y and picturesque y
p o is onous atmo
,
,
no t on
th e
his c e llar or his turret that re eked with fumin g
fe nce bulli e s
n
ruffs
of old show m an si o n s
there an a s trologer or
sphere
Italian
,
re filled by j o stling
p ages and wate rmen D utch
an d
,
d
now mouldering in quiet cou ntry vaults
in t he w a rdrobes
The paths
an
Th e
.
c a rves and a th o us an d oth e r
or treasured here and th e re with to them
,
,
an
d
pro
the poin t ed the r o und grey bl ack ,
,
,
,
’
.
A ll d re ss marked cla s s the pre n tice
passes with his ro und cap
an d
truncheo n ;
th e
citizen w it h
S H A K S P E R E S E NGL A ND ’
so
his trimmed gown
an d
.
gold ch a in ; the noble
w ith
his silk
cloak and scente d doubl e t g o ld s p u rs and S pangled ,
,
,
ther the ne e dy ad v e n ture r
w
fe a
o
ith his rusty sword and ,
greasy buff or h alf In dian r o be ; t he scrivener with his ,
r
usty black co a t
cassock and his '
s t afi
and
coach
th e
an
d
the divine
w
ith his
yeom an with his unbarked
h an d s ; t h e
c o urt l a dy r o lling by in her ponderous gilded
A t S mith fie ld
.
bag ;
unfa ilin g
we
re
the discarded servan ts
an d
wark the bull b ai ters
at
,
a
few d ays with on ly its ,
ters of pleasure
a nd
th e
h o rs e dealers ; at P aul s
hun gry spen dthrift s
In South
.
W hi te hall the courtiers , and at
Westminster the l aw ye rs
for London was s t ill
’
E ve ry cl a ss had its locality,
.
city to be t raversed and learnt in a fe w
prin cipal stre e ts and its quar
b u s i ne s s
All th e merchants
.
w
ere to
be seen at a certain h o ur r o u n d G re s h am in the E xch ange ,
,
discussing the Muscovy tra de or t h e pr o spects of V irginia ; ,
the players at night m e e t
in
the M e rm a id or the D evil ;
the courtiers at the ordin ari e s or at the promenade at ,
’
d
P aul s, wh e re politics
an
cussed
m o re s o cial an d genial out of doors
than
The life
.
n o w.
was
E very m an met h is frien d d aily at P aul s, the ’
theatre the ordinary or ,
,
day
fas hions were indifferently dis
th e
c o urt
were known to eve ryb o dy
.
,
an
at the tilt yard or at the pageant -
.
d
The great men of the could be heard t alking The fe elin g of common
danger heightened the patriotism of all ; so that save by a ,
.
A S T R EE T S CE N E fe w R oman
C ath o lics and false he a rted traitors E lizabeth -
,
was univers a lly b e loved Stan d still for an d
a para site
31
.
.
momen t in a doorw ay : here comes
a
his gull
If his dup e drin ks he calls it his
.
,
infirmi ty ; if he bawls it is spirit proving him a jovial boy ,
,
,
and a companion for princes ; if he is music a l de claring ,
he pl ays b e t ter than Tomkin s the lutanist s
E v e ntually he will
.
cope take to robbing
at
,
murdering the
t wo
Mile
to
,
,
wh o
,
kn ow by
we
En d ,
h is
horo
and be suspected of -
,
O n ce
.
beg for de dicati o ns
he
was
in Pa ul s , ’
G unpo w d e r All e y , C rutched Friars
cer
organ ist or D owland
merchants of the Still y ard who are
found floatin g in the Th ame s who used
th e
a
poor po e t
an
d
lived
,
in
Then h e was a m er
.
sold musty three pil e velve t in a crafty dark shop ; ,
but turnin g bankrupt fled to Ire land ,
,
broker fe n cer ,
,
an
d
.
He then turned
sergean t ; then returned and sold ,
’
face wash e s of burned hog s bo ne s l a id on with oil of ,
poppy to remove flushes from faces and prevent eruption ,
Then he who
w as P ur itan w rit ing
brushed his cloak and
ca
-
p
m a ster when
,
w ith
he
an apprentice
we n t out
he is pimp pander and parasite and between ,
,
,
,
.
.
Now
wh ile s ,
.
a
x .
His companion whose pocket ,
in fla m e
socks
.
-
is
full of crowns rejoices ,
coloure d doublet satin hose and carnati o n silk ,
Le t h im
,
beware though he can play well at ,
shovel board and take part in a court masque ,
.
S H AK S P E R E S E NGL A ND ’
32
.
an d
G o into that mu s ic shop wh e r e they sell gittern s -
cittern s lutes o rph ar i o n s ,
,
six d o ubl e gut strin g s th e
an
,
last diffe r s from both
danc e s
— th e
d
th e
oth e rs
The firs t has
* .
h as
se c ond
th e
,
b an doras
wire c o rds and ,
Th e
.
C o un tes s of Sus s e x s Galliard ’
Vane s Fa di ng
”
m an an
d
sells Lady
( Irish d anc e ) He h as s w ift coran to s b o u nding gav ottas s t ate ly p a vin s not to men ti on B rawls He s e ll s als o S e llinge r s Ro un d G illian o f C r o ydon ’
”
.
,
,
”
’
Ye ll o w Stocking s
and
,
,
d
an
an d
ne
h aw ks
e at
up
last
-
na
,
w ith
an
d
th e
quail
hite b as tard
sorts o f pure ,
an d
” ,
an
d
all s uch
bra ss bas in shi n ing on in
,
,
p o ultry an d
an
,
a
licant d
makes
and
w
s
a
,
co
flin ‘
n ow
wh o c an
buy red
,
wa
pie s
ters an
Th e
.
d
an
d
an d
all
.
buy p o ison stibium ,
gl o v e s girdl e s kn ive s ,
,
,
p ast rycook sells
b o ar pas tie s
me n
h ow th e
pursue s him
qu a s o lis up s y freez e
t rong
His
.
He sells
.
ill te ll y o u
hun ter
his
grumbli ng that
is
,
i dow
w n
m ak e it d e ar
th e
A t th e a p o thecari e s d ange r o u s
( antimo ny ) ; fo r
the
A t the tav e rn s y o u
.
an
d
d o tte re l ;
med foolish bir d ape s
botarg o
a
ighbou r the poulte rer
and so is c a ught w
G reen Sl e ev e s
strings o f t e e th rat tli ng
frie n d
bustard
,
.
Ne x t d oo r is a b arb e r
pole
.
”
,
vulga r tun es
,
,
,
e
v e rything
is poisoned so dreadful is the re fi ne men t of Italian art ,
.
Th e
Pathway to Mus i c
,
1 5 96
.
C H AR AC T E
PU BL IC B ut this is on ly for
se
RS
33
.
cret and rich c u s tom e rs ; fo r the
public th e re is all inn oc e n ce —silv e r to ng s j un iper coals ,
th e
sm all bl o cks for cutting best V irgin i a
is all about Sc an d e rb e g
,
th e
,
p amphle t o f Na sh s
,
Ni n e veh in Fl e e t S treet
,
’
ne w
an
d
or about D rake s ship th a t is exhibi t ing ’
s
ilve r
l a dy s c o l o u r s
An o ther is l a ughi ng
.
n e xt d o or ab o ut the cerus e that Sh e
plexio n * .
fan s
though
an
,
m an , w i t h h is
so
pr o u d
ne
,
There
we
d is w ell
o ders
the glutt on
v e r in te rfe re s
,
wh o
c an
o
e at
f
in
I
.
at
C o urt
.
,
h o p and ,
I s lingt o n
the stre et
m adman, w h o a nd s
H o ne s t
,
He r
,
.
n
are
is
umerous
did s uch
is
W oo ln e r
d
numerous
W h ore A c t i S c ,
D
.
;
fan cies hims e lf
t ruts a ccord i ngly an
.
wh o
o ut th e k e e per o f an ordi n a ry
The street cries were movi ng D e cke r s
s
.
E mperor of both the Indies
.
at
in t h e
St Pau l s ; t here
,
’
fe a th e r
the C i ty
’
th e re is M o n archo t he
V OL
in
d
an
,
-
the t o w er
m an
shiny bl a c k s h o e s o f which
ll k n o w n ch aracte rs
on
,
kn o w n
K it Wo o drofle the suppl e v a ul t e r
w n
wo
-
blu e
ll s t o pr o duce c o m
’
is
O ne
.
a rm ,
the chi n a
,
,
ly pl ain Mi s tre s s Ov e rd o n e
a re
h is
on
has she says I t ali a n s ce n t too
j ust goin g abroad t o duck h u n t
The
a nd
se
on
,
no w
he
perfu m e d gloves
husband p o o r citizen s
s
w i th
d
an
,
D eptfo rd
at
’
h is
you n g cus t o m e r w e ars and
d th e
an
,
the buzzing s h o p s his talk
in
m oti o n of Lo n d o n
ne w
cl e an pipe s
.
If v o u lis te n to the go s sip th e
w e e d,
,
.
1
.
.
.
A t the
S H A K S P E R E S E NG L AND ’
34
prison gates the p as s e r
-
.
h e ard m e lan choly voices doling
by
out : B read and
ten
der
New g ate
me at
bread
mercy of Go d t o foure score
an d
an
th e
ten
d
meat
for the
p o or pris —ners of p ris ne rs
po o r
Or at another : ,
Here lies a comp an y o f very p oo r w o men in the dark dungeon hun gry c o ld ,
,
,
an d
comfor tless night and day ,
.
P ity the poor women in the dark dun geon
Then : R ou d and sou d n
n
,
a
ll o f
marking stone marking st o ne ,
colour ; buy a very
fine
a
;
c o l o ur ; buy a very
fine
'
round and sound all of a ,
very
marking ston e ;
fine
.
i
W ith these came :
Salt
s alt
whi t e
Wor
ster
spice salt ” .
B uy a very fine mou tr p or a torme nter for your fleas se
Kitchen stuff, m a ids -
” .
a
,
,
”
,
I have rock
.
rock s amfire (dreadful trade —mat or a hassock for y o ur
,
a stopple for your
p ew ;
,
maids whiti g ,
.
H o t fine
s amfir e ,
B uy a mat a mil mat
close stool or a pouch t o thrus t y o ur feet in n
.
I h a ve whi te moist white har d
lettuce ; white you n g o nion s
”
”
oatcake s hot ,
” .
” .
here W ill yo u buy a ny milk t o day ? candle light ho l m aid ho ! light here ! -
.
W hiting,
Small coals Lanthorn ,
”
,
—
S h aks p e r e So c i e ty ( Re g is te rs of t h e St atione rs Comp any) , 1 5 86 1 587 ; H e y woo d s R ap e of Lu cr e c e 1 6 08 ’
’
”
,
.
SH A K S P E RE S E NGL A ND ’
36
with
tail s
t wo
the c a m e l ;
giant D utchm an
.
Ne a rly all thes e
diffe re n t fr o m those of surg e o n w o un d s
an d
ge w e re
days
cu t y o ur hair j u s t as
m o re
Th e
.
druggis t s s o ld poi s o ns
p e aked
r o s e s fo r them
and
w ar
sa
ddle s
,
an
d
s
.
n
w
an
ll in
Th e
as
ch e ap
as
chri s te ning sp o o n s ch a in s whic h h ats o r
ne
cks
we
re
bee r
.
d
stran ge
s
w as s
a
word
ervic e
;
b s tan ces
sh o e m ak e r m ade
s a ddle r fr a m e d high .
A t the
w hich w a s
,
The g o ldsmiths man ufa ctured dri nking
r
by
wo n
su
o ld v e lve t h o u s i ng s
d
an
h is
eeded
.
om e degree
barb e r
i n n s p oo r ci tiz e n s w e re h an de d Sp ani s h win e the n
s
the
ere c a rrie d to such
Th e
.
d
Fleet Street
Th e
.
yo u
,
lik e ch arm s th an m e dicine s
kid s h o e s
a
an
w e ll ; he h e al e d yo u r
as
y o ung re ve ll e rs s t abb e d at ta ve rn s sh o p s
in
are
a
o u r o wn
a de n ti s t
a nd
m o ti o n of E ltham
t he
trade s o f t his golde n
Th e
.
me n
flagons , o
f
an d
th o se rich
all ran ks roun d their
.
We w ill n ow pr o c e e d t o s k e tch m o re in d e tail the trick s o f the s e trade rs l e ss n um e r o u s an d de adly than t h o s e of o u r o w n d ays but equ a lly s h a m e ful The pro fe s s io nal b e gg a rs a n d cheats w e m e n tio n else w here cut purs e w e Th e j u ggl e r th e b a lla d m o nger th e touch u p o n in l ater pages Th e w its d e s erve a m o re respe ctable pl a ce apart Th e playe rs are grouped roun d Shakspere Th e bodd ic e makers the bo w yers and such obsolete ,
,
.
.
-
-
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
O R E I G N S H OP S
F
trad e s
,
we
37
.
cann ot sta y to enumera te but on ly to re min d ,
th e
our r e aders t hat
great er part of the weave rs are
Flemis h the running footmen Irish the millin ers Mila n ers and the arm o urers Italian ,
-
,
,
.
Th e
foreign shops Milane se t ailors and Italia n ar ’
,
m our e r s
d isgust
’
are crowded with foreign goods much to the
,
,
of true E ngli s hmen
There
.
a re
Ven e tian lo o king
glasses G erman clocks Span ish bl ades Fren ch gloves ,
,
,
,
Flemish kerseys Mil an spurs though for ty ye ars since there were n o t a dozen strangers sh aps in L o ndon ,
,
’
.
Here
dials tables can dles balls puppets penners
a re
,
,
,
,
ink ho rns tooth powder buttons pots
,
-
,
,
,
bells and paper all foreign ,
,
”
,
p a ints hawks ,
Our wool w e nt abroad and
.
returne d as cloth ; our leather was sent to be tann ed Spain ; our
,
in
came back in m anufacture d shapes and
t in
,
our lin en rags as p aper with Italian glass
.
painte d cruses
,
and
E very shop gli t ters ,
shines
and gay d aggers
.
W e bro ught home their cl o th, leather, tallow, butter and ,
chee s e ; and they bring us
in
return to the horror of states ,
me n,
only perfumes gloves glass dial s , oranges pippins
silk
s
,
sa
y
th an
pices and salt ,
rents in crease 2 00 1
.
u s ed to ‘
‘
S t aflord s
.
,
From all this luxury p o litici ans
.
an d
,
,
,
,
,
300 1
.
a year does not go further
Men come to Londo n and give up
B r ie f Conce ip t of Engl is h P oli cy p ,
D
3
.
58
.
S H AK S P E R E S E NG L AND ’
38
their c o untry h o u s e holds a shilling ; ye a r
,
an
w he n
d
,
n o w , a nd as
d
an
d
a
or
th e
a se
rving
-
m an in
a
,
an
in s o l e nt
w i th
ca
as
p in
d w h o, fo r
m an s ’
y
a c an
e ne
,
re s
.
d ay ,
pre s e n t ,
th e
a
if a s trange r
w as,
re
ppren tice s ofte n turne d A t first
.
,
,
my j ust as
t hey had j us t be e n fa w n i ng
h and it
of ale
P a ul s c o uld be hired to s w ear
th e
wa
m any
’
,
fu s ed to p urch as e th e ir
w e re
l w ays u s ing t heir b ats
an
,
fals e o ath o r h e lp t o r o b o r s tab Lik e the s h o pm e n o f
as
ta vern s
a re
.
d e r t ake to be at or l a m e
r e adily as a
ill
a
.
o ld m e n say
as
,
w
4 03
Th e t imes
.
o ld p o liticians j ust
qu arre lsome y o u ths
-
un
uffice him
w o rth
no w
.
ppre n tic e s o f L o n d o n there
at the play hou s e s wo u ld
n ot s
o ld m e n a l w ay s
A m o ng s t the
abu s ive
th e
s ai
8 d is
h a t us e d to be
hon e s t ye o man s till gets his
an
d o u bl e w o uld
ou t of j o in t
w
.
Wh at l ack
W h a t l a ck you cou n trym a n ? S e e
w
,
,
g e n tl e w o m an ?
y o u,
ha t you l ack
”
B ut
.
if m e n fa ile d in purch as ing th e y w o uld c al l out Will you buy n o thing ge n tl e w oman ? It s n o m a rvell y o u ,
,
’
,
should see s uch ch o ice of g o od C o un try m e n
wa
re
” .
re t heir peculia r butts They w ere al w ays a s ked do uble t h e v alu e of t h e w a re ; the cit we
.
sometimes taking th e ir mo ne y
an
d
d e m andi ng more
the cl o w n the n refu sed to buy they ,
D e kke r s ’
H one s t Wh or e
,
1 6 35 ,
w
.
ould set a dog
Ac t
i Sc .
.
2
.
If at
M E RR Y A N D R EW
D o y o u hear coun tryman ? L e a ve
him or cry afte r him ,
,
your blue coat
an d
sell his sword
,
paw n for
in
39
.
th e
rest :
”
or
a
dvise him to
buy a pair of shoes making the ab as hed ,
C orydon long t o draw them i n to F ins bu ry fields, that h e might
have his re v e nge
fa ir cudge l fight
a nd a
’
The apothec ary s shop we
a
.
know fro m Shak s pere s ’
ll
own lips : tor toi s e h ung A n alli g ato r s t uff d and oth e r sk i ns O f ill s h ap d fis h e s ; a nd ab ou t h is s h e l v e s A b e ggarl y a cc ou nt of e mp ty boxe s G re e n e a rthe n p ots b l a dde rs and m us ty se e d s R e mnants of p ac kthr e ad and ol d c ake s of r ose s W e r e th i nl y s catt e r d to m ake up a sh ow And in h is
ne e
sh 0 p a
dy
,
'
,
’
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
”
’
.
In
such pl a ces despera te men bought poiso n s
and
,
blu s hi n g maide n s w ith masked faces purch a sed love charms and philtres of great price an d sm all virtue Here too -
.
w as
h aunt, fo r
the smoker s ’
real Trinidado
,
n
the apoth e c ary sold t o bacco
icotine can e and puddin g ,
,
A n old book of medicin e B oorde,
a popular physician
o
,
” ,
f
,
,
.
writte n by D r A ndre w .
Henry VIII s reign ’
.
,
a
book
that Shakspere must often have seen gives us a correct ,
impression of the medical treatment of that day m ixture
.
It is a
of theory religion superstitio n and white m agic ,
,
,
Boord e s B re v i ary o f He alth ’
D
4
,
1 5 75
.
.
S H A K S P E R E S E NGL AN D ’
4o
.
’
It should not be fo rg o tten th at from this D r B oorde s .
name our term of Me rry An drew is d e rived great pretension of l e a rn ing simple shrewd and humor o us ,
,
disclose
his
in
w ork ,
the obscure te rms o f phy s ic
an d
B lood shot eyes ; -
Sn e as ing
” “
D ogs
out of me asure
plaints ; and his b ook
appetite ;
’
”
an d
,
is , in
,
th e
scorpions the greas e o f
a
,
lilies
.
Lettuce s e e d
some salves
.
an
d
” .
Man s mind ; ’
,
”
P riv ac ion of
wit ;
oth e r incongruous
”
c om
fact a coll e ction of medical ,
remarks on all the a s pects o f min d medies are frequen tly o f
to
chirurgie whether
,
The merry doctor has ch apters o n “
though it is
The pre face professes
.
Greek , A raby, B arbary o r E nglis h
in
There is
.
an
d
body
The
.
re
stra nge st kind such as oil of ,
fo x
an
,
d
j uice of violets and
m andragora are ingredients in
For a brui s e d s hin we
are
told to wash with
white wine and then pl ais t e r w ith an old oak leaf His advice is often mere je s t ing ; a s for a scolding wife he ,
.
,
tells us the o nly c u re is,
G od
itching he recommends long gluttony
a
,
bs tinen ce
He
.
h as
an
na
il s
on
s
great sickness ; ” for d
an
scratching ; for
a ch apter on weariness :
this is c aused by too much ridin g He discourses wisely
d
” ,
he s ays
If
don t ride ” ’
,
.
trange diseases gone by like
’
last year s fashio n s or pr o moted t o better names ; as ,
,
morphew green jaun dice four sorts of leprosy and the ,
,
falling sickness (epilepsy )
,
.
He is often pious , and slips
.
M E RRY AND R E W
in
prayer betw e en
a
fo r
th e
gall an t the
s ”
tan di g up of hair n
as
,
it
he
,
a
n e gl e cte d clean lin ess m it
him s e lf to Go d ;
th e
fac e should
be
only was hed o n ce w as
an
an
d
for t he t ertian ”
fev e r
an d on e
The pe s t ilenc e o r
.
top
s
,
fac e tio u s ly c alled by joc u lar se x t o n s of
w as
Haml e t kin d
quain tly ;
receipt
a
41
.
an d
recommen ds eve ry
d y e t , in
week in
,
b
su
says
he
sc arle t clo th but
a
,
A void d e a d c a d a v e rs h e s ays
.
,
of
one
itineran t pr o fe s s o r
to
m an
an o ther chapte r
wiped daily wi th
,
d
an
,
an
a
th e n
,
t tributes to fo ul air dirty s t reets
,
h is
he
m o un teb an k fi ts fo r ,
b e lieve he define s lo s s of
we
hearing thu s In
Latin
na
med
that c ann ot hear
s u r dita s ,
” .
sp e aking o f di s e as es o f the t o ngue
In
hath m any other imp e dim e n ts d
an
slan d e ring
drives a
in E nglish it is n amed a man
a
way
s
,
bu t
o e
w
n n
,
he
s
ays ’
.
.
pirits
,
,
It
orse than lying
He half beli e v es th a t St Joh n s
”
“
w or t
but o nly half ; and describ e s
an
bbess at St A lb an s who suffe re d fr o m nightmare ’
.
which he will
all o w is a moun te d evil
n ot
an
gel
,
He
.
dilates on the four humours or complexio n s of
m an ,
phl e gm blood choler and m e l an ch o ly
w
,
o ut
g
,
,
He plays
.
’
n s disea s e as if it was a rich ma T
Boorde s B r e v i ary of He alth 1 Ib i d '
'
.
,
,
1 5 75
an d
ith
advises oil
42
’
s n Ax e
RE s
E NGL A ND
.
’
of ros e s bread crumb s y o lk of eggs cow s milk and ,
saffro n seethed together
has the king s evil he
th e
King s Majesty
’
,
the ptis an bula ry
an
an d
,
Asthma
.
an
d
disma
,
are t e rms in his son o r o us v o ca
d p t is ick,
,
“
t ouched
g
If any
.
y s he must mak e frie n ds of
The gall of a h are mixed
.
on
sa
et
fox m ak e s he a sserts a run s
spread on clou ts
an d
o ne
’
,
,
,
sa
w ith t h e
grease of a
lve o f rare virtues ;
an
d
so
he
.
A fe w simples
unde rs to o d
,
” ,
s ay s B urt o n
well pre p a red and
better th a n s u ch a heap o f
a re
confu s e d compounds ordinarily sold
“
”
w hich
o
n ns e n ’
in apothec arie s sh o ps
'
ar e
He s e e ms t o have thought
.
se
ne w
d
an
far fetch e d medicines as m e rely used by doctors t o show -
th e ir l e arn ing an d
E very city h ad its own pharm a c o poeia,
.
p e o pl e peris hed by thou s an ds all
the curs e o f B abel F or
me lanch o ly wormwood
T a mar i s k and bugloss
w i n e w e re
other rem e dy was clarified endiv e succory ,
in
th e
th e
,
&c
.
,
w h e y,
an d
used
w as
frequently take n
.
.
An
with borage bugl o ss ,
,
a g o od dra ught of which was taken
m o rn ing fasting for thirty days
spl e en
consequen ce of
.
an d
m a dnes s
in
in
the spring
.
For
liver syrup s w e re frequently rec o mmen ded
and w e re made of borage thyme epithyme hops scolo ,
,
,
B ur ton s Anatomie of Me l anc h oly ’
,
1 6 76 , p 22 8 .
,
.
,
’
sn Ax e
44
RE s
E NGL AND
.
’
suckets for their mis tre ss e s o r perfumes for my lady s ,
chamber
.
D rugg e r s o ld philtre s
an
d
antidotes and had ,
his room for taking t o bacc o silv e r tongs and a mapie ,
block for cutting i t
d
Here g a llan ts met
.
gossiped
an
,
and learned tricks of sm o kin g fo r so much a lesson of fashionable professors there were alone !
7000
C an we credit it that in
.
1 614
tobacco shops in and near London
”
A s we leave his
s
h op
meet a lawyer a grav e ,
an d
walk down the street we
s o ur fa ced man in a black -
,
,
velvet coat and a bla ck silk gown wel t ed and faced
,
followed by four serving
-
m e n,
o ne
s e rjeant in a buff jerkin greasy ,
,
with a cloak that hides all
bu t
of the m an ill favoured '
~
a nd
beer stained -
,
muflie d
his red nose and with a ,
clumsy dagger like a bre w er s bung kn ife hanging at his ’
s ide
.
The rest follo w at a dis t an ce in order not to appear to
kno w him ; but the others are a sum m oner a gaoler and ,
an
informer
.
The first is a fat
black coat unbutton ed to give
,
m an ,
with a threadbare
him
eas e
The gaoler
.
carries a staff and a whipc o rd and the third wears a ,
black coat faced with taffety while the informer is dis ,
t inguish e d
by a great side p o uch big -
,
cram med with informations
.
as
This serjeant
a falconer s ’
is
R i ch s Hones tie o f th i s Age , 1 6 1 4, p 26 ’
.
.
,
as eager to
T
catch
debt o r
a
were k n o w n cap
an
d
,
if
O BAC C O M E R C H A N T
a dog is to s e iz e
as
h ad
their victim th e ne a
kne e t o
45
be a r
a
Th e s e
.
mon ey to lead him with ,
re st ta vern
,
w he r e
fo r
spe a k wi th
h is
dragg e d him
to
right
w i th
m an ,
t hey
uld
wo
creditor or
a
ll o w him t ime to
rrange
a
c o mpo s i tion but
,
,
h e w o uld p u rch as e
,
is
a
,
l w ay s
ea
hom
he
ould fe a st him with fl e s h
an
w o ul d
the
some of his pe w t er bra ss or h o u s e h o ld s tu ff
w ife
of B ath
,
w
.
ves dr o ppi ng to pick up -
,
w
.
a
scand al but is eas ily bribed to silen ce the
If
ba il
n ot
the compte r un l e s s
Th a t informer as
bra c e of
a
angels th e y w o uld ofte n summo n his fri e n d t o he w e re a po o r
me n
calls
d
W o m e n such
.
,
his g o od dame h e in
fo w l and ,
” ,
return
d e cl ar e th a t all c omplai n t ag ain s t them proceeded
from envy
,
an d
th a t they
w
ere
ive s o f g o o d b e h a viour
w
.
Th a t g a o l e r is fa m o u s fo r extor ting fe e s fro m his pri s o n e rs In h a lf
,
an
who
’
are
m an y o f them this l aw y e r s clients
hour a fte r
a
pris o ner s ’
en
tran c e he will
an ange l ch a rg e for g a rn ish t u rn i ng ,
jury payin g ,
th e
The t o bacco
C
hamb e rl a i n
m e rch an t
pipe s m apl e cutting block s ,
in ,
c o als fires o f ju n iper w o o d ,
serves was ,
t oo
an
,
,
s
th e
d o th e r s
items
pite o f
h is
feeing
an
d
Jons on s Al ch e mi s t A c t v S c .
th e
and
h ot con
He adulterated
'
,
th e
W i n chester
all his scents .
up
.
ilve r t o ngs to han d
ofte n a m o n s tr o u s ch e at
Be n
ke y ,
r un
.
.
1
.
S H AK S P E R E S E NG L A ND ’
4s
the precious weed he sold
w
.
i th s a ck lees and oil washed ,
it in muscadel and grain s or k e pt it moist by burying ,
it in gravel rags
The
.
wra pp e d up
,
in
fr o m Italy was a fa shion
silver pi t chfo rk
reserved for the next re ig n ;
gre a sy leather and oily
bu t
n ow
to carry a pipe in
shape like a woodcock s head to have three sorts of ’
,
tobacco to learn to blo w o ut ,
rin gs was indispensable to all ,
tob a cconists were kn o w n
an
th e
smoke in balls and
me n o f
fa shion
The best
.
rec e ive d pupils who m they
d
,
taught the slights ; th e y w o uld brag o f being able to take thr ee w hifls drink thre e cups of c an a ry then take horse ‘
,
,
and evolve the smoke at Staines
and
,
,
on e
a third
w hiff
on
Hounslow the second ,
B ags hot ”
at
,
.
P ages were kept
half the day running ab o ut to buy tobacco smoke out in a long tub e
w as
a
triumph but to bring it ,
out thr ough the nostrils procu red a g allant immortality
To blo w the
.
tw o
long days
’
.
A ( pawn ) brok e r
leather jerkin
w
wo
re a black taffe t a doublet and a
ith crysta l buttons a cloak faced with ,
velvet a country ,
ca
p
of
th e
gold rings upon his fi ngers character as they do blood suckers of -
Ev e ry
th e
.
n o w.
fi n e s t wool and a ,
ro w
of
These men bore as bad a The satirist dubbed them
poor receivers of s tolen goods and ,
Man out of h is
,
H umo ur , Act iii S c 1 .
.
.
B A R B E R S S H OP ’
THE
s
me n wh o
upporte rs of cu t p u rs e s ; -
spend thrifts they
w
pe n ce p er
an
d
pr o digals
”
47
.
live d by pre yin g on
F o r paw n s wor th
.
te n
poun ds
ould give thre e re quiring an intere s t o f s ixteen ,
in
ce nt
the p o un d e v e ry m o n th .
,
th e
,
or a t
the r ate of eigh ty
bill t o be m o n thly re n e wed
sold if t he money
w as
din ing ho u s es t o
a
dvan ce mo n e y upo n ring s ch a i ns
cl o ak s
s aw
an d
If they
.
re ady
t he paw n
a nd
'
n ot
accomplice
p aying t he dupe do w n
w i th
in
they purchased
en
courag e d him to
us
ure r to l e n d
us e l e s s c o mm oditie s
pen alties
an
w i th o u t
for a p o un d s worth
d
.
fo rfeitu re s
,
their bra ss
an d
a poor w o m a n
a
p y
thimble sc a rcely
w
a nd
shop
dressed sword
w as w
a h alf pe nny -
orth S ixpen ce
d
,
mon e y
,
bin din g him
Thie v e s pl u n der
.
ra te o f a cr o w n
a
w eek
ev e n for a silver
.
oun d s recei v ed
was
in
a
great man .
,
He
stre e t fray s cu t hair
curl e d mou s ta chios
,
,
,
the l o u n ge of all idle gallants
and starched beards
,
,
an
d
tied
u
p
gittern (gui t ar) th a t lay on his co u n ter always a resource an d the earlie st n ew s from P aul s
love locks -
an
h im
xp e n se
Th e y w o uld some t imes make
.
-
h is
,
e
hous eh o ld s tuff t heir
The E lizabe t han b arb e r s urge o n and
an d
poor they terribly oppress e d
robbing th e m o f th e ir cloth e s p e wter
,
’
th e
in quiry a t
Th e
’
isi ted
y o ung ge n tlem a n of fair living
a
,
an
v
,
a s sured po s sibility th e y
and in duced
Th e s e ch e ats
.
.
Th e
’
w as
,
or the court was sure to be circulating among the
S H A K S P E R E S E NGL A ND ’
4s
gossiping customers round his arm ch a ir -
who came to
ou r
be
barber t o
.
The poor men
.
p o lle d for twopence were
soon trimmed round lik e a ch e e s e or di s missed with scarce ,
a
G od speed you !
”
fine laced clothes in
th e
B ut
t hrone
th e
shav er took his comb
in
o
f
,
h an d and snapped his
on e
,
he would say o ut
low
congee
,
’
Sir will you h a ve your worship s hair
,
,
fter the Italian m anne r sh o rt and round and then
a
,
frouns t
,
with the curling ir o n s
half moon in a mis t ; or like ears
his
a chair while the
scissors merrily in the o ther ; th e n making a ”
in
c o ur tier sat down
and
curled like to the
periwig ; or will
y
ou
m a ke it look l ike a
to
Sp a niard long at the
a
,
two
en
ds of an old cast
be Fre n ch ifie d
down to yo u r shoulders
w
,
with a love lock -
h e re o n you may wear your
mistress s favour ? Th e E nglis h cut is base and gen Speak t h e word sir tle me n scorn it ; nov e l ty is dain ty ’
,
my
scissors are re a dy to execu t e your
In combing and dres s in g
h is
A pollo spends some
hours
’
barber s
bas in,
is
fairly reached his
tw o
w as he d
,
shaven
w orship
”
’
s will
.
mbr o s ial locks our young ,
an
d
then coming to the ,
with camphor soap
h e ard, t he
other cong ee to know if
a
,
,
.
Having
.
barb e r requests with ,
h is w orship
an
would wish it to be
whether he would h a ve his peak cut short and ,
G re e ne s Q u i p ’
for
an
Up s t art
Cour tie r
,
1 5 92
.
’
B AR B E R s
sharp and a miable lik e
F
49
.
in amorat o o r broad penden t
an
,
A SH I O N S
,
like a spade to be am o rous as a l o ve r or terrible as
a
,
warri o r lo w
cut w ith
an
d
s o ldado
like
h e w ill
whe th e r
j un iper bu s h or his
a
,
h is
a ra z o r ; if it be
su
have his crate s
be rcle s
pl e a s ure to have
take n
his
a
aw
ay
ppen dic e s
prime d or his m o u s tachi o s fo s te re d to turn about his ,
e ar s like vi ne tendril s fi e rce ,
to
an d
curling or cut do wn
lip wi th the Itali an la s h ?— an d
th e
tion a s n ip of t he scissors and a b o w
w
ith every ques
” .
The P urit an s wondered at the strange fashions
an
d
mon strous m ann ers of cuttin g tri mming and shaving ,
i ntroduced by the barb e rs cut
,
th e
,
the bra v ado these the y ,
fashion ,
Th e
.
th e
Span is h cut
,
D utch
and th e refore ,
,
counte nan ce
,
B e s id es
.
,
.
w
to
ill
,
co m e to be trimmed th e y ,
be
,
The y have also s ays
other kind s of cuts inn umerable
,
ask you whether you ,
the Ital ian mode ;
gentleman s cut the common cut
w hen y o u
enemy or amiable
d
French
’
h ad th e
in dign an tly
an
th e
and the mean fashion
and the c o urt and country fas hion S tu bbe s ,
talk was o f
,
w
,
ill
cut to look te rrible t o your
your frien d ; grim and ste rn in
or pl e asan t and demure ; for they have
diverse kinds of cuts for all these purposes or else the y ,
lie
!
Then when they have d o ne all th e ir feats it ,
world to consider
h ow
their
mo w ch atow s
is
a
must be pre
served and laid out from one cheek to another yea al most ,
VOL I .
.
,
S HA K S P E R E ’S E NG L A ND
50
from
o ne
e ar
to an other and turned up lik e two horns ,
tow ards the fore he ad to
th e
B e s ides th at
.
,
w hat
w hen
,
cut ting of the h a ir
what rubbi ng
.
,
w hat
scratching
w hat
,
an
d
combing
ing,
wh at trickling
you
m ay be
h ow
gingerly they behave themselve s there in !
s
ure
t oying
tricking
they come
an d
,
and
claw
t o ta we out mone y
an d a ll
,
trimming
,
And wh e n they come to w as hing, o h,
.
be
shall your mouth
t o s s e d wi th
th e
F o r then
lather or fo am that
riset h of the b alls (for t hey have th e ir s w e e t b a lls w h e re w ith all they use to wash ) ; your e yes clos e d must be ,
a nn oint e
d
therew ith also
bravely God ,
w
w ot
arm clothes t o
m ust be
picked
fors o oth l
!
w ,
Then s n ap g o the finge rs full
.
Thus this trage dy ended comes the ,
ipe d
an
an
d d ry
him
w ith all ;
,
The h a ir of the
n
o stril s cut .
a
way and eve ry ,
The l a s t action
tragedy is the p ayment o f mo ne y ; and le as t these
cunning barbers might
see
much for their pain s t hey the y
w ill
a sk n
othing
m un c o n s cion able
are
,
as
next the e ars
cl o sed together again artificially
thi ng d on e in order, come ly to behold in t h e
,
at
in
asking
of such a shameful m o de sty
all but standing to the cour .
,
tesy and liberality o f the giver they will receive all that ,
com e s
,
h ow
much s o e ver it be
,
n ot
giving any again I ,
w a rran t you ; for take a barber with that fault
,
s
trike
off
in term,
his head ! N o n o ; such fello w s are ,
nigms que s imillzmts c ygnis , ’
'
'
Ram
an d a ves
R are birds on the
E NGL AND
’
S HA K S P EE E s
52
dials
,
the s h ap e of bra s s rings with
in
,
a s
.
lide
d
an
apert ure
,
to be re gulate d to the s e a son ” .
The fo ll o w in g is we
give
c an
P rentice
’
sc e ne at a b o okseller s shop of which
a
,
more living de scripti on
no
W h a t l a ck you gen tl e m an ? See a new book ,
.
come forth sir ? B uy a n e w bo o k s ir ? Gent lema n N ew b oo k say s t ! F a ith ! I
ne w
,
,
’
,
.
p
c an
see no
’
thing c o me for t h to my humour s liking
re tt ie
P r entice
Troth sir ; I thin k I
.
,
of all s o rts as any Ge ntlem a n
.
,
C anst he lp
volume ? B ut I w an ting
Lo n do n sir
in
w ill
me
c an
.
show you as many
.
’
to all Gree ne s books in one
have th e m every one
not any
,
.
P r e n tice
Sir I have most p art o f them but I l ack
.
,
,
C o ne y C a tchi ng
,
an d
some half d o ze n more ; but I think -
I could procure th e m There be in the to w n I am sure H ave y ou all th e parts o f P as quilt sir ? c an fi t you .
,
,
.
and
,
look you here
Me la nch oly sir ,
edi tio n
,
an
d
a
pretty book I ll ans w er for ; tis his ’
’
here his M o ral Philosophy of the last
.
e n t lema n
G
’
.
B ut where s the
ne w
book thou
t e ll s t ’
me
of ? Which is it ? P ren tice
.
Kni gh t s ’
L ik e I t
.
Marye look you sir ,
Sh ak s pe r e ;
,
Note
.
Th is
is a pretty odd
to T we lfth Nigh t
and
A s You
B OO K SE LL E R S
ALE H O USES
.
conceit of a m e rrie me e t ing heere w ife a w iddow a nd a m ayde ” ,
,
Ge ntlem a n
Lo ndon b e tw e e n a
in
.
Merrie m e eting ! W hy that title
.
There is
53
.
is
stal e
b o o k called Tis Merry w hen Kn aves M e e t ; ’
a
an
.
d
Tis Merry whe n Malt Me n Me et ; and therefore I think no w I have s e e n it Bu t if y o ur book t h e re
’
s
ball a d
a
’
,
,
,
.
be of such exc e llen t
qu alit ie
an d
ne e ds have s o me traffic together
r are oper a tion
,
we
must
Here take your m on ey ;
.
,
is t S ixpe n ce ? ’
I c e rtain ;
P r en tice
’
.
Gentlem a n
no le s se sir ,
I th ank
.
sir
.
W hat s thi s ? A n E pi s tl e dedicated to it ? ’
.
P r entice Ye s ,
forsooth ;
.
an d
d e d ica t e d f
to all the pl e a
s ant c o n ceited London gentlewome n th a t ,
ye ,
a re
,
friends
to
mirth and e n emies to over melancholy I n ns and ale h o uses w e re kno w n by their red lattices .
,
-
a custom of
w
hich perh a ps
the red curtain s the favourite ,
The cross bar ornam e n t -
h a ve still some trace
we
in
r m e nts of be e r s hops
o na
.
the door posts of tavern s to
on
-
,
which an tiquarian s attribute a R oman origin
,
have been an indication that drau ght bo a rd s within
,
is
said
w e re
to
kept
.
In the suburban roads the head boroughs and chief men S h ak s p e r e So c i e ty ; R owl an d s ’
1 6 02
’
Tis
Me rry w h e n Gos s i p s Me e t
,
.
S h k s p e r e So c i e ty s Pap e r s a 1 G os s ip s Me e t 1 6 02 '
'
,
,
1 844 ;
.
E
3
R ow land s Tis ’
’
Me rry wh e n
E NG L A ND
’
SH A K e
54
RE s
.
of the parish often kept the ale house s
so profitable
-
an exchequer was the tap d uce me nts to
revel
A m o ng o ther ingenious ia
.
some lan dl ord s
,
whose ears were
,
attuned to the sound of chinkin g silver kept bl ack leather ,
j acks for their ale bibb e rs tipped -
with little hawk s bells
These
’
-
Ging le B oys
bowls or ,
”
.
w
we
and
ith metal
hung
re called fondly the
In other pl ace s th e y used brown sh allow ,
.
The stronge s t
wh is king
.
they called Huff s ’
l
a e
ale and of this even C hristopher Sly would not have ,
been allowed to drink more than a pot at one sitting W ine
w as ,
however che ap and drun k by all classes ,
,
.
.
The lower sorts of taverns up garde n s and alleys were ,
not reputable
,
an d
Here shifters
.
cheats resorted and ,
papists afraid of the s tatute sought refuge highwaym an came
w
ith his mask
pocket his pist o l still smoking ,
,
money red ,
and
w e t,
s
h aking
in
at
and
h id e
kill
d T in
his
the touch hole and -
his pocket
.
,
In
the stables
of f,
and white
the s t ar or blaze in the forehead
Here a man could find bravoes o f R ome would
Here the
.
c or
were horses with tails that moved on and and black skeins to
”
and
.
N aples who
your rival fo r a pottle of wine butchering ,
enemy as they woul d do
beas t i In such places in Whi t e Friars conspiracies had been known to be hatched a
.
Whe tstone s Mi rr or for M agi s trate s 1 5 84 p 28 Ibi d p 38 1 Ibi d p 35 ’
,
,
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
F O RE I G N
C
R AF T S MEN
55
.
of
To higher sorts cheats brought men who m they particularly preyed and expectan cies by
m eans
o
finding
,
f
co u rt men on ,
out their fortunes
directories
To a lower
.
class resorted drovers and bankrupts who plundered m er c hants
In such places men stabbed themselves in
.
the arm and mixed their blood with wine in honour ,
of
,
their mistresses or drank down lighted almonds which ,
they called
,
p d ragons
s na
-
beards in their pockets to be worn
on
,
either side
of
most
,
an d
the men have false
wear cloaks of
t wo
colours
,
.
The tinker was half a cheat and made more holes ,
than he mended
The pedlar was a thief whose pack
.
,
was a mere excuse dipped
tallow
for
his pickpocketing
The chandler
.
his wicks in dross and merely coated them with ,
The haberdashers sold hats made
.
of
old felt and
lined with gummed taffeta that melted with the heat the head of
.
The grocer bought refuse from the
spices and mixed bay berries with ,
his
of
garbe lle rs
pepper
.
The tradesmen of this age had many competitors There were Dutch and French D utch
The
shoemakers who ,
English
m ade
sempstresses
o
Gree n s Quip
for
an
handlers and drunken ,
all the fashionable shoes
the
for
sell their bands and shirts ’
f
C
Exchange
4
.
could hardly
the Milan ers ( Milan and -
Up s tart Courtie r, 1 5 92
E
.
.
56
S
HAK SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
French women) of St Martin s who also sold bracele ts jewels fans ouches brooc hes periwigs rutis and c uffs ’
.
,
,
'
,
Of
,
,
,
,
,
comparatively forgotten trades we must not
the capper or the
boddic e
-
-
goldsmith s
of
of
the clothiers
C heap
B lac kfriars , the distillers of of
,
for
Watlin g Street or the ,
.
The goldsmiths mercers and rious
fo rget
make r ; nor neglect to mention
the Puritan feather sellers Buckle rs bury,
.
,
drapers
were all noto
lending money up o n land at exorbitant rates
of
The fraudulent draper lived purposely in a
interest
.
dark shop where the ,
c
ustomer could not well see the
dye and the thread the wool or the nap ,
.
His friend
th e
.
clothworker stretched his cloth till it broke into holes, which were then artfully cl osed up and had also various ,
means
o
f
powdering and dressing his fabrics
The vintner spent h alf the night
.
mixing his wines
.
C laret that h ad lost its colour he dashed with red Gascoigne
Strong j uice and
of
all
.
wine he alloyed with weak grape
R ochelle ; white wine he flavoured with sack ;
the rest he dilute d with wate r
The blacksmith s ’
.
worst fault was that he lifted the pot too often to his nose and was somewhat ,
barber
.
o
f
a gossip like his friend the ,
The weaver cheated poor women by weaving Gre en s ’
Quip
for
an
Up s t art Courtier
.
C HA
R C OAL S E LL ER S
thin and weak and stealing yarn
57
.
The miller had false
.
hoppers and was so notorious a rogue that there was an ” old proverb A n honest miller has a golden thumb ,
.
,
of
The cook bought b ad meat and made S unday pies ,
the baked meats of Thur sday s intended dinner ’
.
all
C olliers seem to have been the most knavish of
itinerant tradesmen the m called
leger s ,
of
There were a certain number
.
who to escape the notice of the Lord ,
Mayor and his officers
us
,
in
ed to hire ho u ses and yards
the suburbs either at Shoreditch Whitechapel or South ,
wark
The leger rose early
.
Whetstone
C roydon,
,
,
,
and would go towards
Greenwich ,
,
and R omford to meet
the country colliers who were bringing for
the London market paying ,
1 5s
.
1 6s
,
.
or
,
ful l bushels
1 98
and
.
in
ch arcoal for
every load of
36
sacks
every sack containing four
These being brought into his own yard
.
,
be
employed his th ree or fou r men to unlo ad the coal into long and narrow sacks holding about three bushels or ,
two bushels and a h alf the dust and small willo w coal ,
large fille rs to cover dirtying their shoes and hose to pass
below
,
and
carrying
t wo
back gate to
sacks s e ll
ummer for
14
If the fraud
w as
s
a
-
all
for
above
Then
,
country coll iers
,
.
piece the men went out at the ,
in the sub ur bs sellin g the load
and
,
16
pence in winter for ,
18
and
in 20
.
detected the coals were forfeited to the ,
53
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
poor the sac ks burnt and the collier whipped at the ,
,
’
cart s tail or exposed in the pillory -
.
P oor women were sometimes met in the streets, angrily
railing against these cozening knaves comparing them ,
.
with their black faces to devils ,
whom
Go d
loved
wh o
,
undid the poor
.
On one occasion as the story runs a leger brought ,
,
coals ( c harcoal) that had come in barges fro m K ent to B illingsgate and sold several sacks to a cook s a load
of
’
,
wife on St Mary s Hill ’
.
for 1 4
pence the couple
The
.
wife seeing the cheat called her little girl and bade ,
,
her run
for
,
the constable to teach the cozening rogue ,
to deal with false sacks and to have him
u
,
Lord Mayor V
before my
p
On the collier try ing to escape the
.
,
irago snatched up a spit and swore she would broach ,
him
if
he stirred
.
The collier afraid of the pillory left ,
,
the coals and the sac ks as a pledge and unpaid ran to his load and so es c aped ,
,
.
A flax w ife
in the suburbs being once de c eived in the ,
same way said nothing but ordered ,
,
tw o
more sacks and ,
’
against the cheat s coming colle c ted sixteen bours each with a cudgel under her ap ron ,
of
her neigh
The collier
.
,
decoyed into the room was locked in and surprised to ,
see su c h a collection
of
,
,
his customers all ,
remembered to have cheated cried ,
,
God
s
o
f
whom he
peed you all
,
S
so
HAK S P ERE S E N GL AND ’
were pullin g up or down the river
.
.
Their great achieve
ment was shooting London B ridge ; their great har vests days ,
the season
procession to R ichmond or
of of
,
was wonderful in Richard III fool c
o
Twelfth Night
f
.
.
or Kemp irresistible
,
,
f
cooperation
in
famous for
They were
oarse wit and were formidable by their number
o
an d
the
their spirit
Their boats formed as fine a nur sery
.
the navy as the colliers do
or
some new play wh en B urbage
of
popularity
Greenwi ch ,
n ow
for
.
The saddler who sold rich embroidered housings and ,
high peaked war saddles and pillions was in the habit of -
,
s t ufiin ‘
g
leather
of
them with straw or hay and making them ,
o
f t anned
sheep s instead ’
put in green wood in parts
o
f
of
pigs skin
The joiner
’
.
a building where soundnes s
and strength were essentially requisite
.
The cutler would
keep pliant blades that could be relied on
for
ru flians
bravoes and to novic es and gallants sold old blades ,
glazed,
which
or Toledo
he
the
and ne w
would swear had just come from Turkey
.
The butcher s frauds were innumerable
‘
’
He would
.
blow and stretch his meat or wash stale joints with fresh ,
blood
.
The fraudulent brewers and bakers the one as ,
pale as the other was Gree n s ’
fat,
Quip
were often exhibited for
an
Up st art Cour tie r
.
c ro
p
u
e are d
B
in
U T C H ER
the London pillories
ANN ER
61
.
The first would sometimes gro w
.
40,0 0 0l
to be worth
T
.
by selling sodden water with too
.
much hop and too little malt ; the second in one dear year t urned his daughter into a gentlewoman by making his bread heavy with salt and yeast in spite of
the daily visit
of
,
the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs who went ro u nd the shops ,
to weigh suspic ious loaves frothed
The tapster limed his sac k
.
,
his ale gave short measure and overscored the ,
drunkard
,
.
’
The butc hers shops however astonish us by their ,
p rices
price
:
a
for
a penny farm
.
fat
ox
,
a
,
a fat c al f ; a
fat
fat
E veryw h ere
wether
lamb
,
1 2d
,
and the same
3s 4d ;
.
.
.
three pounds of bee f
,
the same cheapness
in the Minories the three ale pints ,
1 %d
,
milk from a
:
in summer
.
,
and 2% d in winter Wine too is very cheap and within the reac h of any poor man though not quite so mu c h so .
.
,
,
,
,
as in Henry V III sold at 4d
.
’ .
5
time when by statute ,
,
,
Gascon
the gallon and the chea p est at ,
the pottle
Malmsey and sack at
.
The tanner instead ,
of
1d
.
wine was
a pint and ,
the gallon
.
allowing his skins to remain in
soak nine months ripened them prematurely with marl ,
and ash bark and fibrous
.
so that they looked well but remained soft ,
He obtained the stamp ’
Gre e n s
Quip
for
an
of
the
Up s t art Cour tie r
.
Le a d e nh all
s n Ax e
62
E N GL AND
’
RE s
dealers by frequent bribes
.
The currier who bought of ,
.
the tanner acted as a mid dleman and extorted money ,
,
fro m the poor shoemakers selling them at high prices ,
,
poor and ill tanned leather -
An A ct
.
,
was indeed passed
to prevent this but the tanner avoided it by pretending ,
to use the curriers rooms as a war ehouse ’
.
The shoemaker nothin g behin d his fellows cheated in ,
,
every way possible joining nea t leather vamps to calf ,
leather
heels ; and
,
as
a race they were considered drinkers ,
and spendthrifts just as London tailors were laughed at ,
for
their fondness for buttered toast or butchers and tinkers ,
thought turbulent
The skinner s fraud consisted in sell ’
.
ing the skins of the bellies backs ; and s
potted
fur,
if
o
f
of
animals instead
they obtained any unknown worthless or ,
,
declaring it was a most precious skin from
Muscovy or the furthest p arts
o
f
C alabria
.
The chirurgeons to sum up this catalogue ,
neglected the poor and robbed m any
universal ;
that of the
th e
rich
of
knaves
,
Quacks were
.
physic ians charged as high as
l l for .
single visit and even then adulterated their medicines ,
The Puritans repeat ed all these charges
a
.
The drapers
.
,
they said strained their cloth till all its strength was ,
gone
the clothiers sheared the nap S tubbe
’
s
Dis p l ay
of
off,
and thickened it
Corrup tions
.
M OD ER N
by the help for
o
f
T
RA D E
63
.
the fuller ; the goldsmiths sold hal f dross
pure metal ; the
V
intners mixed their wines
and
,
brought the good only to the rich man ; the butchers let the blood lie in their meat to increase the weight and ,
pinned pieces
of
butchers complained of
the butchers
were
fat
alien of
to lean and poor meat : the
the graziers prices ; the graziers ’
The tailors stole lac e and
.
c
loth and ,
league with the drapers ; the tanners only half
in
tanned their hides ; the shoes were so quired two pairs a year
bad
that a man
re
Oh farewell former world
.
,
,
quoth
S tubbe s father,
pair
shoes in my young days would have kept a man as
of
’
when he got wet in his feet
”
,
a
dry as a feather though he had gone in water all day ,
through yea all the week through to the very last day ,
,
,
,
and woul d have served a man almost a whole year together without repairing
The brokers re c eived stolen goods :
” .
their men tempted servants to steal and bought old clothes ,
and remnants of lace The chandler sold butter cheese .
,
crockery and was accused ,
of
,
false
fagots ,
candles and ,
weights and u s ing
ingredients to keep the tallow so ft We have not improved much in these times : our tea is .
sloe leaves coloured with poison ; our bread is alum -
,
,
j u diciously short weighted ; our beer is drugged with tobacco and quassia
our arrowroot is half meal ; our
E NGL A ND
’
S H AK S P ER E s
64
calico is stiffened with flour E very
.
Trade is rotten to the root
thing is sham dear and bad ,
.
,
.
The old Whittington
.
spirit the honest ambi t ion the patriotism the public spirit are all past place
,
,
,
R estless feverish avarice has taken their ,
.
R iches are made the
.
,
of
bonum
s umm um
life ;
for
the m princ iple honest charity love contentment all are ,
sacrificed
,
an d
,
Trade is become a legal robbery and in its
.
,
essential nature dishonest p ine s s
,
We have forgotten that hap
.
consists in the true performance
honour not in wealth ,
of
duties in love ,
Money cannot give taste or
.
,
bring affection or purc hase friends or give wisdom or ,
,
,
inherit learning or guard a man from misfortune or make ,
him beloved
.
,
It does not make one a good c itizen an ,
honest shopkeeper or a fervent friend ,
lived in
Al dersgate
.
Those men who
and Ludgate knew this and lived ,
happily above their shops and remained there to die ,
.
Without turtle ?No no i mpossible ! says an A lderman ”
,
of
P ortsoken
.
HOU S E S !
E L I ZA B E T II A N
C H AP II .
MA N S I O N S
T HE
Fore God
‘
Fals tafi
.
,
y ou
ha
.
PAL AC ES
AND
ve h e re
th e El iz abe th a n
of
.
ly d w elling and a rich v n ry I V ( Part
”
g ood
a
.
He
Ch aracte ris t ics
65
H o us e
.
.
Th e Ch as e
.
and
Sc 3 .
Te rrace
.
.
F oun t ain s B o w l ing Gre e n s Magnifice nce Th e ir S an ct ity and As s ociations and S e ns e of S e cu rity Ind ivid uality R o m ance S e e n by N igh t S ce ne s in an old Mans ion —Th e H all and Gard e n Fittings T u dor Bu ilding So me rs e t s h ire —H e n ry VIII s Pal ac e at Sh e ne —His Lux ury Ex is ting E liz abe th an H ouse s Wols e y and B uckingh am I t al ian D e cor ation Court Yard s O rn ame n t al Br ick Work A rch ite ctura l Works Timbe r Work Cinq ue Ce nto O rie ls Pal atial Jo bn Th or p e —His Works —A rch ite cts of t h e Age De scrip tion H ous es Jam e s s Re ign A n e c d o te o f Gr e s h am A p art H aws te ad Hous e of L or d N or th s H ous e a t K ir tl ing Eliz abe th an Gar de ns m e n ts o f E liz abe th s Palace a t R ich mo n d Garde ns at T h e obal d s Bac on s D e s c rip t io n —A v iarie s Th e Gar d e ns at K e nil wor th Cour t Yard s -
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
—
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
'
.
.
’
.
.
‘
’
.
.
.
.
THE
aspect
Englishman
of
.
the
Elizabethan
house is
known
Wh o does not remember the gable end the ,
gilt vane the stone shafted oriel the chimneys -
,
,
brick
with their ric h ornaments
,
VO L
.
L
to every
*
F
,
of
moulded
overgrown by the
S
so
H A K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
honeysuckle or the ivy
.
.
Outside is the old terrace with ,
its ivied statues and roses ; inside the old hall with the ,
lozenged floor the stag s horns and quaint pic tures
What
’
.
,
recolle c tions linger in the faded tapestry the tall Flemish ,
the shovelboard and the worm eaten c ross bows still full of deer and the A nd then mark the chase —
flagon,
-
-
,
,
,
narled elm where g for
the stag
nobles
and
,
o
f
E lizabeth
herself used to stand to wait
ten with all her ladies round her ,
the wits and poets in the second ring ,
,
an d
Shak
,
spere calm and wise ; Sidney gay and ardent ; and fiery and impatien t ; Leicester dark
an
d
the
Essex
smiling ; B en
Jonson rugged and sullen ; and R aleigh proud and cold ; such a band
of
great men as have never since met on
earth not with Johnson at his club with Sco tt at ,
,
c
his
laret nor with C oleridge at a Highgate tea party
.
,
for
The houses built ,
leisure days
of
magnificence and
display have generally their court yards where the bridal -
,
,
or the hunting train could wind and prance the terrace ,
where the ladies with merlin in their fists could pace ,
,
in
company with the mad lovers in the ruff and cloak with ,
roses in their shoes and gilt rapiers by their side ; huge ,
panelled rooms stamped with heraldic devices where grey ,
,
bearded men could entrance Shallows and with ingly
Ague
-
cheek s
”
excellent good conceited things or perform ravish ,
upon the
v
iol or gambo
.
They have high clock
s n Ax e
es
sale
o
f th e
E NG L AN D
’
RE s
old mansion and the arrival ,
a stranger to the land
In the love
.
for
.
of
the
ne w
heir
,
these old houses
there w as something unselfish and almost sacred ; it was no m ere mean exultation in the power of riches ; it was a pleasure
m ixed
with pain at th e tho ught of past generations
,
a tho u ght which roused to exertion spurred on drooping ,
v
irtue
an
,
d
stimulated even the noblest energy
wonder that the
American
traveller visits these mansions
still as the chief characteristics u
pon them as contemporaries
F alstaff
visited and the Two Elizabethan
The duality
.
passions
o o
f
f
the old country l o oking ,
Shakspere plac es where ,
Gentlemen
met
.
houses are wonderful in their
They seem to share all the hopes of
the builder
No
.
,
an d
indiv i
joys and ,
They have sunny spots caves
.
,
of
shadow bright clear qu adrangles and gloomy corridors ,
,
There is no mood in your
m ind
they will not fit
.
They
.
have abo ut the m a cal m stately dignity neither sel f con ,
scious nor arrogant sense
o
f
.
They do not oppress you with a
wealth but greet yo u like old friends ,
neither flimsy nor tawdry nor so
m assy
and dark as to
a workhouse and a gaol
They seem fit
,
remind you for
o
all seasons
w inter
.
f .
They are
.
They are c ool
The terrace is
fo r
in
.
summer and
Ju ne the porch for ,
The bay window is so clear and airy that
c
heery in
D e c ember
you
believe the same house had that red cavern of a
.
could not fire
-
place
,
G
the very shrine
of
AT EWA Y
SC
comfort and
by legend and recollection
.
E NES
69
.
of
warmth hallowed both
A las !
that one cannot or der
,
an avenue ready made that one cannot purc hase a ,
logy
In these old
h o uSe s ,
ge ne a
the portraits frown at a mere
purchaser as a stranger ; the ghosts refuse to leave th eir churc hyard beds to welcome or disturb you and the very ,
tenants look u pon you as an upstart and an interloper
We never see one
of
.
those old gateways arched and ,
massive without imagining a hawking party setting out ,
,
the gallant shouting belo w to the lady who leans fro m the mullioned window above ing and dogs yelping ,
;
feathers
fly ing hawks scream ,
We love old plac es like B urleigh
.
,
with the steepled clock tower the paved quadrangle and ,
pillared
C
,
loister : the broad staircases the parapets and ,
bossy capitals the
fan
,
ceiling the bartizans the waggon ,
,
roo f pierced and pendant the hall gallery ,
for
the musi
eiau s and the heavy cornices are all dear to us as the old ,
,
familiar things
o
f
childhood
.
Ho w we dwell on the feudal grandeur of the dee p em bra s u re d
windows and the family pictures on the walls ,
between the panelled and radiated
c
eilings the broad ,
heraldic panes the rich frin ged dais and the stone figures ,
,
that watch you fro m the fireplace ; and the n we wander in dreams following tip toe after B eatrice up broad hall -
,
staircases with carved balustrades and pillared images ,
r
3
,
'
S HAKe
7o
RE s
E NGL A ND
.
C upids and vine wreaths suits of armour and sheaves o f ,
,
,
weapons and c alm watc hful an c estral pi c tures ,
,
arved like
a
tapestried rooms and sounding
c
c
ase winds round
,
,
c
c
.
The s tair
asket over hea d past ,
orridors that echo even
the velvet footed maiden s step ; outside in the moonlight ’
-
are the clipped yews bla c k as c o ffin plumes and the foun ,
tain splashing silver on the sleeping flo w ers broad swards ,
holy
an d
c
alm
the glamour light and gilded vanes
in
,
shift ing and changing ever to catc h the stray moonbeams The windows are shining
like
.
bright armour and the ,
brook where the deer drink is breaking like melting metal over the pebbles
.
The lions that support the great c lock
in the to w er I see are staring stonily at the hour and ,
,
the two statues
in
,
the nic hes bide their time in the deep
shadows that rest under the roo f and proj e c ting eaves
.
I step again into the hall and see Loren zo whispering ,
to Jessi c a and the faded banners over head whisper too ,
and the
griffi ns
,
in the oriel say nothing but the wind is ,
piping in the great twisted
c
himney s talks where the -
swallo w builds and the moo n glints on the great stone ,
globes
of
the gateway where the roses cling and the turf ,
is striped with the ominous shado w as o f prison bars
.
B ut this is but one s c ene : there is another chamber with ,
C orinthian
c
ol umns and
Gre c ian
statues where grave ,
C apulet sits reading his cap and sword lying on the table ,
,
E L I Z AB E T HA N IN T ER I O R S
71
.
and there is a bullet hole near him in the p anel and ,
there is a legend about it which I am not goin g to tell here
.
W e ll may he be proud when his gen e alogy stare at
him fro m the windows and from the tapestry
,
an d
is gilded
on the c eiling when his crest is round the weather mould ,
ings and over every gateway and on the t iles in the hal l ,
floor
.
,
Ho w can he , E nglish
C apulet forget that li e is o f ,
a very ancient and princely lineage There are rushes on the floor and the ,
on the wings
fir e
-
brands rest
brass peli c ans ; and there are old
of
,
dim
mirrors on the wall and oak buffets and carved screens ,
,
and the walls are panelled with his badge ; and there are stone seats round c
lamped
,
th e
room and the door is huge and ,
and the embrasures
o
f
immense thickness
.
W ithout the deer are fee ding in the sunlight and the ,
,
boys are running at the quintain or trying their bows ; ,
and there is a lady reading Plato at the window where the ,
rose struggles in
In the distance is a village
.
of
gable
roo fs and striped white walls ; and a weddin g pro c essio n is passing out across the meadows : the bride also and ,
the
favours,
and the pipers and the ,
fiddle rs ,
are all
coming to the Hall
.
More p alaces than churches had been built in d u ring the reig n of the T udors r
,
4
England
a sure proo f that luxury
S
72
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
had more votaries than religion
.
The R eformation
.
approaching and the nobles were increasing in power ,
,
c
,
feudal
hurches
power being crushed by the wars
o
f
.
Lan cas
Somersetshire alone a county devoted to the trian cause is rich in perpendicular
w as
The
.
the R oses
,
the nobles having no longer enemies to conquer c ontented ,
,
themselves with domestic grandeur and turned their ,
castles into sumptuous mans ions
Hospitality increased
.
as travelling and commerc e in c reased and more retainers ,
rendered ne c essary
m ore
apartments
.
Henry V II built a pleasant palac e at Shene in Surrey .
,
to whi c h he gave his o
f
i t now remains
resided
own
title
of
It was here
.
R ichmond : no vestige E lizabeth frequently
here she died ; and it was from one
,
,
of
its
w in
dows that the blue ring was dropped which Lord C ary gallo p p e d
with to S c otland as a proof
Lion Queen
,
.
of
the death
o
f
the
It abounded with bay windows and r ect
angular and semic ir c ular tu rrets ; its o c tangular towers were surmounted with small cupolas terminating in rich cro c kets and gilded vanes The luxury
o
f
that Henry V III
.
the times may be gathered from .
,
Hunsdon
fact
ri c h with the abbey money himself ,
built or repaired no less than ten palaces E ssex,
the
in
Herts
,
A mpthill
:
B eaulieu in
in Bed fordshire
,
Nonsuc h in Surrey Y ork Pl ace at Whitehall ; besides ,
HOU S E S
O LD
73
.
Westminster
,
K imbolton Huntingdonshire Sheri ff Hutton in Yorkshire
,
B lackfriars ,
B ridewell and ,
St James s ’
.
,
,
and K ing s Langley Herts ’
,
.
alled Wolsey rivalled his royal master by building his regal c olleges of C hrist The
Ma n as his enemies
R ed
,
c
,
,
church and Ipswich ; he completed Hampton C ourt
,
re
built York House ( Whitehall ) and E sher in Surrey The unfort unate D uke of B uckingham surpassed even .
,
the C ardin al in his stil l The
D uke
of
u
nfinished palace at Thornbury
Suffolk built
N or folk and the
of
E arl
Grimsthorpe
The
.
D uke
.
of
Surrey reared magnifi c ent man
sions at K enninghall (Norfolk ) and Mount Surrey near N orwich A mongst other noble Tudor erections we ,
,
.
m ay
,
also mention
the very names call up a thousan d
for
,
associations Haddon Hall ,
d ray,
fie ld
Sussex burnt in ,
Hall
,
E ssex ,
Layes Marney
,
( in ruins ) ; C ow Hewer C astle K ent ; Go s
D er byshire
1 7 93 ;
,
still perfect ; He ngrave Hall Suffolk ; ,
E ssex ,
-
,
now
in ruins ;
R aglan C astle ,
Monmouthshire destroyed by Fairfax ; Hunsdon House ,
Herts rebuilt ; South Wingfie ld ,
Hill Hall
,
,
Wo lte s t on in
E ssex ;
D erbyshire,
E ast
,
dilapidated ;
B asham N o rfolk, ,
ruined ; Harlaxton Lincolnshire ; and Westwood Wor ,
,
ce s t e r s hire ,
still perfect
.
N ow that de fen c e and strength were no longer t he
primary requisites of a building gate houses bay windows ,
-
,
-
,
74
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGLA ND ’
and quadrangular courtyards old fortresses
.
were soon added to the
,
R ed brick was more used now that no
.
cannon were to be feared ; and towards the end
of
Tudor period
use
m o ulded
,
and Holbein introduced the
Tre v ij
terra
c
otta
the of
Sometimes the bri ckwork was
.
plaistered pointed and adorned with external alto reliefs -
,
,
generally the work
of
Italian workmen
Italian paintings
.
began to enrich the rooms ; plate became a work an
not a me re display
d
richer and
of
,
fo r
sed
wealth
finer workmanship
other places bric ks u
of
o
f
,
Layes Marney and -
,
,
,
lozenge and geometric patterns of
art
two colours highly glaze d were
variegating the surface
proud types
of
The tapestry was
.
At
.
,
,
and were worked in The chimney shafts
.
,
hospitality were twisted wreathed dia ,
,
,
pered and o ften decorated with busts or the arms and ,
,
cognizanc es m ade
o
f
the founders
.
the prominent feature
The gateways were justly o
f
the house
.
Those at
Whitehall designed by Holbein were construc ted with ,
,
different coloured bric ks over whic h were appended four ,
large circular medallions containing busts
.
The bay window invente d a century before the Tudor -
a
ge ,
,
was at first simply a proje c ting opening betw een two
buttresses generally plac ed at the end of a room and occupying the bay o f a building A t Thornbury C astle ,
,
.
it consists
of
right angles intersected by circles
.
When
76
S
HAK S P ERE S E N GL A ND ’
chamber joined the great c hamber the
of
estate and many of ,
rooms had a prospect into the c hapel
In
E lizabeth
’
.
.
s reign the C inque cento began to mingle -
with the Tudor style and a strange incongruous mixture ,
was formed
o
f Go thi c
,
and c lassi c al
—n unnatural u ion n
a
,
It is characterised by orders rudely profiled by arc ades ,
.
,
with openings extravagantly w ide the c olumns of the piers are as pedestals and are frequently joined by square ,
blo c ks at regular intervals cor a te d
stones
W hen square they are de
.
,
wi t h prismatic ornaments in imitation
of
pre c ious
The entablatures are broken and ins c riptions are
.
,
plac ed in t w isted s c rolls with c urling ends
In tombs the
.
figu res were coloured and various marbles and alabasters ,
o
f d ifferent
and confli c ting tints were intermingled with
mu c h skill but small art ,
pla c ed u nder en t ablature ble
,
o
ment
open arc ade with a rich and compli c ated
an
,
The c olumns were
.
f t he D oric o
f
The altar tombs were generally
.
of
bla ck and white mar 9 -
or C orin t hian order
.
this age was formed by small pyramidal
whose sides are
v
eneered with various
disposed in ornamented squares or globes
.
A favourite
A rmorial
bearings a mass ,
nauseate us by their repetition
.
o
f
c
c
wi th columns
.
figures ,
oloured pieces
ircles supporting
gold and vermilion
,
When the monument is
plac ed against the wall the form is generally ,
orna
of
an alco v e
The most interesting examples of this style
TH E T
are the monuments of
those
of
UD O R PL A N
Queen Mary and Queen
R atcliffe E arl
o
,
f
C ountess at Westminster ;
at Warwi c k ; and minster
of
E lizabeth
;
S urrey at B oreham and his ,
of
,
D udley , E arl
of
Leicester
C arey Lord Hunsdon at ,
,
,
West
.
A rchitecture m ore
77
.
once under Italian auspices assume d a
scientifi c character
The treatises
.
o
f
Lomazzo and
Philibert de Lorme were translated into English ; and '
no building was construc ted withou t a studied plan John Shute an architect sent by D udley ,
u m be rlan d,
D uke
of
North
to study in Italy published a book on ,
return on the subject ,
ments
,
of
A ncient
h is
and Famo us Monu
” .
The Tudor plan now underwen t many modifications Th e
.
.
parapets and porticoes were carved into fantastic
and grotesque shapes ; the galleries
w
ere lofty and wide feet
and sometimes more than a hundred staircases were spacious the hall
.
E lizabeth
an
d
long ;
th e
magnificent filling up hal f ,
herself always cautious and saving
,
,
like her grandfather built nothing but the R oyal ,
at Windsor ; but Leicester expended worth alone
,
Gallery
on Ke nil
.
Timber frame work became common in country manor -
houses and particularly in the counties ,
and Stafford
.
of
Salop C hester ,
,
Wherever stone and bri ck were scarce
’
E NGL A ND
SE A K S P E R E S
78
-
they increased and multiplied of
the barge boards
th e
singularly pleasing e ffect o
f
arved pendants
,
,
m u ch
,
figures
c
roo fs and gables were executed
in oak and chesnut with fantasti c
The
.
.
beauty
of
design and a
The corbels were formed by
.
extreme grotesqueness and curiosity
.
This fashion c ame from Flanders ; and on the C ontinent it was is
se
c
arried to perfection
lfis h ly
hid :
Our arc hitectural luxury
.
Elizabethan
ar c hite c ture was intended
to please the traveller the neighbour and the passer ,
-
,
by
.
Its inconveniences were that the rooms in stree t houses ,
were low and dark the streets narrow and dim ,
One Thorpe
o
.
f
the greatest architects
o
f
this age of
His plans generally c onsist
quadrangle ; the portico
in
the
c
.
w as
John
three sides
o
f
a
entre being an open
arc ade finished by a turreted cupola ,
.
The quadrangles
are frequently surrounded by an open corridor ; the win dows are large and lo fty mostly alte rn ated with bo w s
,
and always on the flanks
,
,
the ornaments are Cinque cento -
and are debased and mere imitations ,
Lescot and V ignola be llis h e d
wi t h
of
the works
of
His c himneys are grouped and em
.
Roman D ori c
c
olumns
.
His best works were B uck h urst House in Sussex ; ,
Sir Thomas He n e age
’
s
C o p t h all, in E ssex ;
house at
the
Willoughbys house at Wollaton Nottinghamshire ; B ur leigh House Sir Walter Coap e s ; Holland House Ken ’
,
’
,
,
T
HO R P E
A nthony
sington ; Sir
A D AM S
AND
79
.
C oke s Gidden Hall
E ssex ;
’
,
,
Thom a s C e c il s at Wimbledon ; Sir Thomas ’
Sir
George s ’
,
C astle Wilts ; Sir C hristopher Hatton s at Holdenby ; A udley En d Sir W alter C overt s in Sussex ;
Longford
’
,
’
,
,
K irby C astle B ethnal G reen ,
.
For himself Thorpe designed a strange edifi c e formed
his plan on the initial letters
of
He
.
his name J and T ,
,
with this epitaph : Th e s e t w o
l e tte rs I ,
Joyn e d t oge th e r Make a dw e lling
as -
a nd
yo u
T see,
h o u s e for m e
J O HN
” .
Tn o a
.
The I was devoted to o ffi c es and the T distributed into ,
small and large apartments A
ve
A
c
y or
ontemporary of
o
f
Thorpe s ’
,
He translated Ubaldini s account
of
’
.
the Spanish
A rmada from
an d
distinguish ed architects d
,
the queen s buildings who was buried at
B ernard A dams
an
R obert A dams sur
w as
’
G reenwi c h
de feat
of
.
Italian into Latin
the .
Lawrence B radsha w we re also o
f
this reign
Gerard
.
C h r istmas
B ernard Jansen built N orthampton afterw a rds Suffolk ,
now Northumberland House in the street
front,
.
His
c
ypher was visible
and the letters H U P .
.
.
worked into the balustrade and pierced so th at the ,
might shine through them
.
,
were d ay
B ernard Jansen is supposed
so
S
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
A udley End fo r
the
Suffolk and probably finished Sion House
for
to have been the architect who built Earl
of
Earl
the
.
,
of
N orthumberland
.
R obert and Hunting d on Smithson fath er and son were ,
,
engaged in finishing Wollaton Hall in N ottinghamshire and B olsover in Derbyshire In the Schools at Oxford
,
.
Thomas Holle pedantically and inc ongruously introd uced
,
united in one building all the five orders ,
of
Terraces and flights these houses of
this
.
c e s s ary
.
steps were the o rnaments
Sir R obe rt C ecil s seat was a fine example
.
The building being on a slope rendered it to raise between the brick wall of
of
the hall five ascents
three s c ore
of
,
tions ; the platforms were
o
well wrought freestone
On
-
,
.
,
th e
The ceiling
ground floor was
long pillared
o
d
an
,
of
the hall was
of
.
of
th e
arched fret
or
work in the middle a well wro u ght landscape and -
,
,
ound the centre seven other framed pictures
was
dis tinc
Flanders brick the steps
1 08 feet
stone gallery a room with grey marble
.
f
ne
the lower court
and ten steps varied by balustrades and other
r
all
’
and the tall door
farge
of
f black
and white marble
The following are a be fore
1 6 00
:
—C
now taken down ; .
a tle
fe w
of
The floor
.
.
the palatial houses finished
C ambridgeshire , L ord North s ’
e,
g
Ba s ingh ou s e ,
Marquis
‘
,
Winchester
of
,
Hunts in ruins ; Kelston Sir J Harrington s Somerset ’
,
,
.
,
,
A NE CD OT E O F
RE S HAM
81
.
’
Gorh a m bury ,
rebuilt ;
G
Sir N B acon s Herts in ruins ; .
,
,
’
B uckhurst Lord B uckh urs t s Sussex d estroyed ; Knowle ,
,
,
,
K ent Lo r d B u ckh u r s t s still perfect ; Penshurst K ent ’
,
,
,
Sir H Sidney s pe rfect ; K enilworth ’
.
,
,
E arl
o
f
Leicester s ’
,
in ruins ; Hunsdon Lord Hun s d on s Warwi c k rebuilt ; ’
,
W anstead
,
E ssex , E arl o f
Lin c oln Lord ,
Bu rle igh
Sir J My ne re s of
E arl
,
’
s,
,
Hu n t ingdo n s ’
C heyne s destroyed ’
,
;
,
,
still pe rfect ; Osterly Mid ,
s rebuilt ; Longleat Wilts
’
,
,
still standing ; Stoke
’
.
Leicester s destroyed ; B urleigh ’
Gresham
Sir Thomas
dle s e x ,
,
,
B ucks
P ogis ,
,
,
rebuilt ; Tod d ington B eds Lord ,
,
Theobald s Herts Lord ’
,
,
B urle igh
’
s,
destroyed ; W imbledon Surrey Sir T Cecil s rebuilt ; ’
W estwood Sir J ,
wicke
,
Of
D erby,
.
P a kingto n
C ountess
Osterly the
E lizabeth,
of
’
Worc ester pe rfe c t ; Hard
s,
,
S h re w s bury
following
,
.
,
,
’
in ruins
s,
ane c dote is told
when visiting Sir T
.
Gresham ,
erected be fore the Queen
h ad
a r ti ce rs ,
fi
Queen
.
remarked that
the court should have been divided by a wall mediately c ollected so many
.
.
tha t the wall was
arisen the next morning
In James s reign the angu lar and ’
im
He
c
irc ular
w
.
indows
disappe ared ; they grew square and tall th ey then were ,
generally divided by transoms and plac ed in lengthened rows
B attlements were omitted ; the effect
.
of
the pile
becomes one o f m assive soli dity broken by a square c entral ,
turret higher than those at the an gles VO L
.
I
.
G
.
They were more
S
32
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
massive more gloomy and less picturesque than those ,
o
,
f Elizabeth
s reign
A
’
.
of
more minute description
mansion will not be uninteresting
a
.
K irtling Lord N orth s residen c e was situated in the ’
,
woody part market is
,
of
C ambridgeshire about five miles fro m N ew ,
Queen
.
Elizabeth
visited him here in
and
1 5 7 8,
said to have once presented him with a s c arf as a vi c tor ,
in a tournament ; and he after w ards fought with great courage at Z utphen
.
This house was built in Henry the Eighth s reign ’
first Lord North was C hancellor t at io n s ,
and sh ared in
th e
c
f
the C ourt
of
u
u
the
.
It was
nder a square bric k tower
a
p
for
A ugme n
spoil of the monasteries
entered from a small lawn with fo u r turrets ; then
o
,
flight
o
stone steps you
f
,
rossed a narrow paved terrace which led to the porch
,
and from thence passed to the ante hall passage ; through -
this lies the great hall where there is a screen gallery and ,
an organ
The room has a high table and an oriel windo w
.
at t he upper end ; the side opposi t e the old fireplac e
w
in dows are very lofty and ,
The walls are hung
.
w
ith
paintings ; a passage leads t o the chapel round whi c h in ,
compartments are the heads ,
family p e w
screen
of
o
f
the Twelve
,
A postles ;
the
is entered from a room up stairs and in the
the c hap el is carve d
,
,
s4
S
In
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
visited Sir Willia m
1 5 78 Elizabeth
stead House in Suffolk ,
at Haw
D rury
.
This mansion seems to have been a beautiful example of
E lizabethan
arc hitecture in all its
interesting features
of
o
the sides
f whi c h
c
romantic and
It was seated on an eminen c e gently
.
sloping towards the south the enclosure
m ost
The design was a quadrangle
.
was c alled the B ase C ourt
onsisted
o
f
barns
stables
,
Three
.
a mill house -
,
slaughter house bla c ksmith s s h ip and other o ffices ’
-
,
,
these houses were
c
omplete
v
-
,
c
,
,
for
illages in themselves ; the
entran c e was by a gate house in the centre side over whi c h were
,
hambers
for
o
f
the south
i gm e n
s e rv n
The
.
mansion house also a quad rangle formed the fourth side -
,
,
,
standing higher than the other buildings and detac hed ,
from
them by a wide moat lined with brick and sur
rounded by of
a
handsome terrace commanding a fine view
the surrounding c ountry by a flight
w as
,
,
of
.
The approach to the house
steps and a s t rong bric k arch ,
of
three
arc hes through a small jealous wicket formed in a great ,
w
ell timbered gate -
.
The first object that stru c k the visitor in the inner of
court was a stone figure h an d ,
,
and the other resting on
pedestal flowed from
Hercules with a c lub in one
th e
hip
h is
.
Above
the
water whi c h c ame by leaden pipes
a pond three miles
,
off,
,
,
and passed into a stone basin
CL
beneath the statue
O I S T ER
G
A RD E N
The inner c ourt
.
stood included an area
o
f
about
85
.
in
fifty
-
whic h this figure
eigh t feet square
.
The walls of the ho u se were c overed with the P yracan th u s
,
once a very rare plant
.
Having passed the wic ket a door in the gateway on the ,
right conducted the stranger to a small apartment called the smoking room a favourite appendage to old houses -
.
,
A djoining
to this was a large wood closet and a passage ,
that led to a dining room whic h contained a large buffet -
,
These rooms occupied h al f the south front the dining room -
a c loister forty
w as
-
At
.
fiv e feet
.
the end of
long fronting ,
the east and looking into a flower garden within the walls ,
of
the moat
.
The cloister terminated in a kitchen well ,
supplied with long oak tables and rows and black j acks
-
f
pewter
flagon s
.
On the le ft hand smoking room
o
of
the entrance and opposite the
the c hapel and through this a door
w as
,
led to the drawing room or largest parlour which filled -
u
p
,
,
the rest of the south front A djoining the parlour w a s a large hall with a screen .
,
o
f
brown wainscot at one end and a door leading to the ,
buttery whi c h formed the west side ,
of
the square
B eneath these apartments were the cellars
brick o
.
,
v
.
aulted wi th
The north side was occupied by the kitc hen and
ther o ffices ; and at the back was the drawbridge 0
3
.
A ll
E NGL A ND
’
S H A K SP E R E s
86
.
these rooms were raised twelve feet above the surface
of
the moat Over the gateway c hapel and largest parlour were the .
royal out
o
a
par t ments whi c h were approa c hed by a staircase ,
the hall
f
pied the rest A mo ngst
o
B ed c hambers and the still room
.
f the
story
occu
.
other chambe rs there was a small one
the painted c loset intended ,
,
c
alled
oratory (su c h r ooms It was wainscoted and the fo r
an
,
are no longer required ) painted panels were c ove r ed with sentences emblems .
,
,
,
and mottoes : at the top ran the following legends Qu o d
v e l is
s is e s s e
S u m m am
ne c
,
qu e m alis d ie m, n e q ue
n ih il
m e t u as
.
op
te s
.
Q uae c up io h au d cap io Par va s e d a p t a mih i n e c t am e n h ic re qu ie s N un qu am minu s s o l a cum qu am s ola ,
,
-
F r u s tra A mongst
with roses
th e
coalo
n is i
d om u s
D o m inu s
e s t, ” .
other emblems there were a bear in his den
motto odi
,
.
,
A m p lior in
.
“
obscure se c ure ,
p ro fan u m
vulgus
,
a boar t rampling on
a bucket des c ending into
a well descendo u t imp le ar a blac kamoor pointing to a room Jam s u mu s ergo pares a blac kamoor smoking ,
“
,
a pipe
,
Intus idem
” .
The windows were spacious and high ; over the porches were the arms
of D
rury gay and grand wi th their sixteen ,
,
R I C H MO N D PAL AC E quarterings
The walls
.
of
87
.
the house were
plaster and were stu c k with fragments
o
,
timber and
of
f glass t hat
turned
the walls to gold in the sun and to silver in the moonlight We must remember too the intern al fit tings —the high
.
,
backed chairs ; the c arved oak chests the rich etymologies woven in the h angings ; the bu ffet with its silver posset cups flagons
and bright
the floors strewn with fresh rushes
,
or l aid with carpe t s and matting ; the windows l atticed ; wood fires on the hearth and seats in the chimne y corner ,
The mere enumeration o f the apartments
of
Elizabeth
.
s
’
palace at R ichmond may give the reader some ide a of the of
m ultiplication
domestics in this reign
.
B elow the great hall were the gre at buttery the buttery ,
chamber the silver chamber and the saucery ,
was
,
1 00 feet
long
.
The hall
The brick hearth stood in the
.
midst under a lanthorn roo f ; it was tiled and adorned with ,
eleven statues
At
.
screen and a dais
,
At
.
small clock tower
one end was a gallery and under it a the north end
of
the hall
w as
.
The privy lodgings consi sted twelve rooms on ea c h story
of
three stories
,
the waiters chamber the robe rooms the four rooms ,
,
rooms
of of
horse
,
th e
the groom
with
The lower chambers were
.
’
master
a
of
the
’
servants dining room and the three ,
of
the stole
.
In the middle story were the lobby lit by the lanthorn ,
G
4
s n Ax e
se
E NG LA ND
’
RE s
.
in the roo f the guard room the presence chamber ,
,
,
the privy closet the privy chamber the passage the ,
,
,
bed chamber the withdrawin g chamber the school c ham ,
,
ber and the room ,
for
the pages
of
the bed chamber -
.
The third story contained twe lve chambers and the ,
whole building sixtee n turrets
The courtyard was
.
t wenty four feet broad and forty feet long -
,
t ower, four
staircase
The centre
.
stories high contained four rooms and a stone ,
1 20
steps in as c ent
The chapel building three ,
.
stories high covered the c ellar in the middle story three ,
rooms
for
,
the garner
’
porters rooms broad
The
.
o
f
c
the wine cellar and two groom ,
hapel
9 6 feet
w as
long and
1 30
.
’
The Queen s closet
two stories high containing a
w as
,
’
kitc hen a poultry room and the Queen s closet opening into ,
,
the chapel
’
.
The Princ e s closet two stories high com ,
,
prised the entry two vestry rooms and a closet opening into ,
the c hapel h all of
,
The middle gate two stories high led to t he
.
,
,
and the lord C hamberlain s lo dgings
In the centre
’
the inner court stood a fountain Three ranges of building
,
t wo
.
.
stories lying round a fair ,
and spacious court incl u ded the wardr obe and were ,
t e re d
,
by a gate from the green
.
Here were rooms of
cup bearer carver server grooms -
,
,
,
,
,
for tlua
the privy chamber
the S picery the chandlery co fferer the clerk of ,
eu
,
th e
green
K IT C H E NS
THE
89
.
cloth the apothe c ary the confe c tioner the housekeeper ,
,
,
the porter the chaplains and the gentlemen ,
chamber
In
.
and rooms
another c orner were the pantry and larders
for
,
,
for
the gardeners
rivy garden and orchards with
p
,
The Friars another part
.
,
palace once a convent was now a C h andler s shop
of
,
,
the privy kitchen with its iron racks ,
fo r
cisterns were eight rooms ,
the
c
ooks
kitchen was sur mounted by a turret
,
dressers Th e
.
w as
,
and
living
Two stories were
.
devoted to the flesh pastry and fish larders ,
,
.
“
the
Ne ar
’
flesh larder
,
their a t tendants ; a tennis court an open
tiled gallery led to the rooms
the bed
of
,
,
.
Over the
the boiling h o use ; over the second three -
,
rooms for the yeomen
o
f
the pastry
was floored with stone four rooms ,
over the last which ,
fo r
of
the clerk
the
kitchen ; these rooms stood round a court adjoining the water
.
B esides these there were the poultry house the scalding ,
house the armour y room ,
,
an d
the ale buttery
.
The
woodyard lodging with the pitcher house and coal house ,
contained seven rooms
fo r
the scullery men
for the clerk of the woodyard rooms belonging to the c lerk moury
f
the works : near the ar
and b akery the park keeper li v ed -
two rooms
The plumbery contained
.
o
a nd
,
.
The privy garden was surrounded by a brick wall
.
In the middle it cont ained a round knot divided into
S HA
90
four
K S PERE S E N GL A ND ’
quarters with a
y
,
fruit trees on the wall
.
in the centre and sixty two
ew
-
,
cu t
into
one great square and one small triangle flanked with
28 3
cherry and other trees
The great orchard
.
w as
.
The privy orchard contained thirty nine fruit trees -
in
In the housekeeper s yard stood a pigeon house ; ’
.
the
*
great orc hard an aviary where d oves were kept
.
,
Here was a town contained un der a single roo f a vast ,
fa mily an d
held within the same walls ; all loving and hating
,
wooing and fighting wi thin this network
o
,
passages towers and chambers ,
,
.
S e rv ingme n
f
courts
,
squ abbling
in the kitchen ; butlers drunk in the cellars ; pages steal ing in the buttery ; wenches c hattering and being kissed in the pastry room
;
matrons busy in the still room ;
stew a rds weighing money in the bursary ; gallants duelling in the orchard ; lovers meetin g on the staircase romanc e gone to the grave Go d A lmighty
for
ever
.
D ays
of
.
first planted a garden ; and indeed it
is the purest of human pleasures ; it is the greatest re fresh ment
to the spirits
of
man wi thout which buildings and ,
”
palaces are but gross handy work s says B acon ,
A
.
garden was man s first prison replied Lamb or ’
,
Hazlitt and ,
if
man had no other then were despotis m Nict olis P ro p e rse s ,
v ol.
ii p 4 1 2 .
.
.
’
s n Ax e
92
E N GLAND
RE s
.
musk honeysuckles,strawberries bugloss columbine the Fren c h marigold Flos Africanus cherry in fruit ribes ,
,
,
fr uit,
figs in s at
y
ria n,
blossom
,
,
,
,
,
rasps vine flowers lavender flower sweet ,
,
,
and
c on valliu m ,
herba muscaria lilium ,
apple
.
In July
gilliflow e rs ,
musk roses lime blossoms early ,
,
In
A u gust
rich c oloured fruits pears apricots barberries
filbe rt s,
pears and plums
,
and codlins
ge nit t ings ,
,
,
musk melons ; and in flowers monkshood ,
poppies
in fruits ,
.
,
In September
,
.
grapes apples peaches melo c oto nes ,
,
nectarines cornelians wardens and qu inces
In O c tober
,
,
,
,
,
and November services medlars bullace h olly oaks
late roses and
and
,
,
,
.
B ut B ac on s great delight was when he ,
,
c
ame out
the hot laboratory or sulphurous still room to smell -
,
the breath
o
the warbling m usk
flowers
.
’
from
in
r
f
flowers coming and going in the air like ,
o
f
music
.
For this purpose he preferred the
ose and the white
double
twice a year about the middle ,
t h olo m e w tide
.
violet whic h flowered of
A pril
and at B ar
Strawberry leaves when dying give he ,
says a c ordial smell ; and next to these he prefers the ,
vine flowers and sweet briar under a parlour or lower chamber window : clo s e
i i ll g flo w e r,
a distance
.
and after these the matted pink
the lime flower and honeysuckles ,
,
for
For the pleasure of their perfume B acon
’
PL AN
B A CO N s
of
recommends alleys
93
.
burne t wild thyme ,
,
and water
mints which yield a perfume when c rushed under foot ,
For a p rincely garden about thirty acres
of
.
ground was
requ ired the whole being divided into three parts ,
,
of
whic h one was the main plot with side alleys another a ,
th e
green and ,
third a heath
required four acres
o
f
The green at the entrance
.
ground six to the heath twelve to ,
,
the main garden and four each to its two
wings
,
.
The
green was to be o f grass finely shorn with a c overed wal k ,
about twelve feet in height
o
f
carpenters
’
w ork
on ei ther
side by whic h you might enter the garden on hot days ,
B orders
o
f
.
coloured earth in various shapes were not
un frequent and were generally between the garden and ,
the house
B acon s
.
flowers and passed
on
m odel
’
garden with its recurrent ,
”
a square and eu com four sides with a stately arched he dge —the “
ver
p e tuum,
er
p
w as
,
,
arches reared on wooden pillars ten feet hig h and six broad ; over these arches were hed ges four feet high
,
supported by wooden frames and over every arch a t urret ,
hollowed so as to receive a bird cage and above this a -
figure with broad plates
of
round
,
c
oloured glass gilt for ,
the sun to play on : and this hedge was raised on a gently sloping bank six feet high set with flowers ,
On either s ide w alks ,
of
,
.
the garden square were to be side
but no hedge on either end lest the green or the ,
’
S H A KS P E R E s
94
E NGL A ND
.
heath should not be seen through the arc hes
Within were
.
figures cut in juniper although B ac on liked not su c h c hil ,
dren s play ; in some plac es were fair c olumns upon wooden ’
frames , m iddle
and little
ledges and pyramids
lo w
In the very
.
.
stood a mount with three winding as c ents to alleys
wide enough
for four
to walk abreast
thirty feet high and
c
,
with chimneys
The hills were
.
rowned by a banqueting house
.
Nor were fountains the beauty and refreshment of a ,
garden ever forgotten ,
They were
.
two sorts the jet
of
,
and the basin ; the latter were o ften thirty or forty feet square and were sometimes used as bathing pools ,
.
They
were always paved and had like the others marble or ,
,
,
gilt images ; they were embellished with c oloured glass and en c omp a ssed with low rails
.
The water
perpetual motion and the basin was
c
,
it should gro w muddy or dis c oloured
.
dri nking glasses and canopies ;
to look on
,
says B acon
in
,
In some places in forms
of
pretty things
“
,
”
kept
leaned daily lest
the water was in geniously made to rise feathers ,
w as
,
.
The heath was made to resemble a natural wilderness and was filled by thic kets and wild
v
,
sweet briar honeysuckle
,
ine ; the ground set with violets strawberries
,
and primroses
o
f
,
,
,
and all flowers that were sweet and
prospered in the shade
.
There were also little hillocks
96
S
’
j et d eans -
fountain
white marble
,
an d
columns
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
pyramids
The
.
bowls
and wooden
,
The summer house in the lower -
.
of
semi c irc le c ontained statues touchstone table
-
.
u
the twelve Cae sars and a ,
pper part
the house was set
of
round with leaden c isterns in which although fish were ,
,
for
kept were used in summer ,
bathing
A
.
little bri dge
joined this to another arbour whi c h contained an oval ,
table
of
red marble
.
In the Hampton C ourt gardens
rosemary was
th e
trained to c over the wall a practice that surprised foreign ,
visitors N onesu c h P alac e at C uddington in Surrey was .
,
,
en
compassed with deer parks delic ious gardens and groves ,
ornamented with trees cut into shapes column s
of
marble and ,
tw o fountains ,
,
There were
.
shaped like a c irc le
and like a pyramid upon whic h sat birds that streamed ,
water from their bills fountain
with the figure
and another place full
In the
.
of o
f
Grove
A ctaeon c
c
o
f D iana
was a
hanging into a stag ;
oncealed pipes whic h spirted ,
upon all who came within their reac h
.
Laneham is very eloquent about the Ke nil worth Garden at w hi c h he took a ti mid and surreptitious Gossiping
,
peep
.
north
It was an acre or more in extent and lay to the ,
o
f
the stately c astle : a pleasant terrace ten feet ,
high and twelve feet broad ever ,
u
nder foot and fresh
KE N I L W O R T H
G
ARD E N
97
.
with trim grass ran beside it alon g the castle wall ,
was set with a goodly show w hite
bears
o
o
f
obelisks and spheres and ,
stone raised upon goodly bases
f
It
.
,
eac h
At
.
end was a fine arbour redolent with sweet trees and ,
flowers
The garden plo t near
h ad fair
-
.
alleys
turf
of
,
and others paved wi t h smooth sand pleasant to walk on ,
as the sea shore
w hen
the wave has j ust retired
enclosure was divided into four even quarters : of
midst
of
each upon a base ,
The
.
the
in
two feet square rose a ,
porphyry square pilaster with a pyr amidic al pinnacle fi fteen ,
feet high pier c ed and hollowed and c rowned with
an
,
orb
around was c overed with redolent herbs and flowers
A ll
varied in fruit
trees
form ,
c
.
,
olour and quantity and mixed with ,
,
.
In the midst opposite the terrace stood a square aviary ,
,
,
joined to the north wall in heig h t twenty feet thirteen ,
,
long and fourteen broad ; it had four great windows two ,
,
in front and
two
at each end and eac h five feet wide ,
These win dows were arched and separated ,
ters which supported a cornice ,
net
,
of
flat pilas
The roo f was
.
o
f
w
ire
meshes an inch wide ; and the c ornic e was gilded
and painted with representations great aviary su n
by
.
h ad
and heat
,
of
prec ious stones
also eaves in the wall
an d
for
the purpose
of
,
for
.
This
shelter from
build ing
.
Fair
holly trees stood at each end on which the birds might ,
VO L
.
I
.
H
’
S H A K S P ER E s
98
perch and pounce
.
E NGL A ND
.
They had a keeper to attend to their
.
seeds and water and to c lean out their enclosure ,
birds were
English ,
from A meri c a ;
Frenc h and Spanish ,
and Laneham is
not from the C anary Islands
Some were
.
de c eived
The
.
”
if
some were
.
In the centre of this miniature P aradise stood a fountain with
an
m idst
octagonal basin rising
four feet
high ;
figures
A thletes ,
back to back
stood the
their hands
u
f
two
phol d ing a fair marble bowl
sundry fine pipes i
o
d istilled continual
C arp tench bream perch
s e rv o r
.
,
,
in the fresh
falling
,
,
in
from
,
the ,
whence
streams into the
re
and eel disported
,
,
water ; and on the top
of
all the ragged
staff was displayed ; on one side Neptune guided his sea horses with his trident on another stood Thetis
w ith
,
dolphins
Here Triton and his fishes there Proteus ,
.
his herds
,
D oris
her an
d
and her dau ghter and hal f the Nereids ,
,
disported in sea and sand surrounded by whales ; stur ,
geons tunnies and ,
,
qu is it e
c
onch shells all engraven wi t h ex
device and skill
,
.
B y the sudden turn
the specta t or could be d renched at
th e
pleasure
o
of
f
a tap
,
any wit
.
Laneham here gets so violently rhetori c al and yet so ,
evidently labours to des c ribe a real delight that to give ,
an impression
of
the s c enes in
w
hich V iola mused or
R osalind wandered we fe el tempted to transcribe it ,
A
.
garden then so appointed as wherein alo ft upon ,
S HA K S P ERE S E NG L A ND ’
1 00
C HA P III .
A
’
D AY s
AM
.
.
USE ME NT
.
I am a fellow of th e s t ange s t m ind in t h e w o ld ; I de ligh t in m as que s re ve ls s om e tim e s ltoge th e r r
and
r
”
a
.
T we lf th N igh t, Ac t i 8 0 3 .
.
.
B e ar Gar d e n an d B ar th ol o Walk in Pau l s T h e O r din ar y Qu al ifications of a Cour m e w F a ir — E liz abe th a n A m u s e m e n t s t ie r Hardy Tr ain ing Ve rs a til ity o f Ch ar ac te r S o ciality of E l iz abe th an L ife N o Je al o u s y o f Cl ass D is tin c tions of C l as s Th e Gall an t s Mor ning Prome n ad e in S t Pa u l s D inn e r O r dinary S i q u is Wall S e r v ing Man s P ill ar C h ar ac te r s in Pau l s Walk Th e atre S e at o n t h e S tage A d v e nt u re rs C our tie r an d Te m p l ar Cou n tr y Ge n t l e m e n an d S ch o l ars P oor C ura t e s D u ke H ump h r e y s D inn e r Q u ack D octor —Th e N oise of Pau l s —Ex ch ange o f N e ws Th e L a wy e r s Pill ar Th ie v e s H is t ory of S t P au l s Fir e P a u l s C r os s Poe t an d Pl ay e r Citiz e n C o un tr y Vicar Varie t ie s D e s c rip tio n o f P au l s Wa lk an d Wife Mas t e r T av e rn LEe Ma n n e r s C ards o f O rd inarie s Ch aract e r s P ar t ing In t e r ior o f a Pris on S c e n e s at City Wa tch e s
Th e
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
’
.
.
.
.
’
-
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
.
’
’
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Ga te s
B e ar Gar d e n
.
B aiting at
Ap e
in S h aksp ere B ow l ing
.
B a iting
.
.
on
H ors e back
Gam ing
F l e e t Pr is one rs
.
tt ack
of
B e ars
t h e Abu se
.
.
B e ar
Wh ip p ing
A ll us ions t o
.
Tricks
.
N am e s
.
a
.
.
.
.
Ke nilw orth —P uritans
B l ind B e ars
.
.
of
Cock
-
Gam e s t e rs
Figh t ing
.
.
Paris Gar d e ns F al s e D ice R ul e s and Max .
RE Q U I S IT E S F O R A
E AU
1 01
.
H e a d o f S t Joh n t h e B ap tis t Variou s T ricks —B anks an d h is H ors e Mor occo Juggle r s L angu age R oas t P ig a nd B ottle A le Barth ol om e w F air B a ll ad S e ll e r s D ive rs ions K in dh e art t h e Crie s an d S tall s S ce ne s in t h e Cro w d D e n tis t —T ar le ton an d C uckoo A S torie s of t h e P l agu e or S top Gall an t Poor T u tor T a v e rn im s
Juggle rs
B
Th e
— .
of
D ay
th e
.
.
.
'
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
”
.
.
K ing James s Pamp h l e t
.
E x tr acts
.
Mercutios of the time
TH E
.
.
’
of
.
S o ng S e ll e r S m oking N o A l lus io n t o it T h e Ap p aritor E ul ogie s Abus e o f it Me th od s o f t aking it S h aks p e r e .
in
.
,
.
killing time
of
.
.
Shakspere
h ad
many ways
There was the promenade at P aul s a ’
.
,
duty and a pleasure ; the ordinary and news agents at ’
-
noon by no means to be missed ; the theatre at two and ,
,
the court revels in the evenin g
.
For a lower class there was archery and the quintain ,
the
fencing
-
,
school and swor d and buc kler play the ,
d ancing school the bear garden and the cock pit ; dice -
-
to
fill
u
-
,
,
the leisure hours and the last new juggler or
p
,
,
the newest motion ( puppet show ) to visit and criticise A n accomplished squire o f d ames in th ese days of -
.
,
re
fined gallantry was required to play well on the viol de ,
c e all the c omplica t ed ambo take part in a madrigal dan g ,
,
dances of the day from the bounding lavolta to the stately ,
pavin
,
like a master and ride like a C entaur
fence
,
He
.
must kno w how to hamstrin g a wild deer when at bay and ,
to cut it
up
learn how
when he had killed it
to
.
He was compelled to
pen a sonnet and an acrostic ; H 3
kno w
Italian
E NGLA ND
’
s nAx e
1 02
RE s
.
and Frenc h ; to be read in the poets and to parley with ,
his
m istress
in the
Euphuisti c
of
language
the day
Be
.
sides this he was compelled to play a t tennis shovel board -
,
,
,
bowls gleek and primero ; was expe c ted to have visited ,
,
V eni c e and floated in a gondola if not to have served ,
,
a campaign or so in the
,
C ountries
Lo w
.
This was the training that produc ed such as
Gratiano
c
harac ters
and B enedi c k ; as gay witty brave re c kless
as staunch loyal ,
,
honest
an d
If
.
,
,
,
,
the charac ter o c c asionally
degen erated into such villains as Iago or foolish Q uixotic fops as Sir Armado the educatio n that produced a Sidney ,
,
and a R aleigh is not to be blamed
It must be allowed
.
the gallants though c hivalric were quarrelsome ; though ,
,
courteous some w hat stiff and fantastic but at the same ,
,
time we must claim ,
them the reputation
fo r
of
courage imagination and intellectual subtlety ,
,
friendships
loyalty
,
Their
.
were more fervent than ours and their religion ,
more v ital ; their faith stronger and their patrio t ism more ,
heroic
.
Man y
o
f
these silken c reatures that
c ut
them
selves with daggers kissed their hands to ideal ladies ,
and c ommitted all sorts
o
f
extravaganc es in their honour
bore without a groan all the midnight tortures Inquisition or threw themselves into the fires ,
perish beside a dying c ountryman Z utphen,
,
and bled at C adiz
.
.
o
f
o
f
,
the
Spain to
These men died at
These men swept the
Ar
1 04
S
HA K S P ERE S E NGLA ND ’
mingled with ladies at revel or pageant
.
Their language
.
was simply quaint and larded with proverbs or collo ,
qu ial
sayings
.
R eviewing a day s amusemen t ’
,
we will begin with
P aul s pro c eed to the one o clo c k ordinary passing on to ’
’
,
,
the theatre bull ring jugglers booth and tave rn gam ’
-
,
,
,
bling house to end with the -
,
p r ison
.
In all these scenes there was more p iquanc y '
,
m ore
c
harac ter more ,
adventure and more danger than ,
now
.
There were spies to be shunned Jesuits to be detected ,
plotters
o
f
,
all classes to be avoided armed stabbers to be ,
trod under foot and
c
,
on the mou t h
.
For the ambitious there were trials
wit jesting c ombats ,
descriptions
o
f
heats to be detected and smitten
c
,
hallenges to rhym e and competing ,
travel and peril
were enemies to beard
of
an
d
At
.
the ordinary there
daunt at court rivals to out ,
shine and transplant and at the revel hearts to win or ,
still harder task to ,
,
keep
The mind was perpetually
.
called forth to the fullest exertion and the courtier was ,
compelled at the same time to be the student the man ,
of
th e
world and the c hampion and the adventurer ,
.
Those who lived outside this life at once fell bac k into a distinctive class and could not advan c e and retire alter ,
n a te ly,
as men may do
no w
The bookworm was known
.
at a glance ; the provincial the lawyer or the divine ,
,
M O R N ING
D
UT I E S
1 05
.
had their distinctive courses and manners shade of
of
The light
.
society was broad and strong ; the mere business
li fe was varied and amusing The rose
o
f fashion ,
.
in the days
o
f
c
loak and dagger
,
seldom rose before he had heard it at least ring noon from P aul s or B ow
The fumes
’
.
like the odours
o
can a ry perfumed the roo m
of
f m andragora ,
and his brain was wearied
with the wit c ombats at the Mermaid or the -
D evil
If
.
a
scholar he had been pe rhaps waking the night owl with ,
bird songs wearied
from A ristophanes
w ith
if
a
c
ourtier he
was
,
numberless sarabands at last night s masque ’
at the P alace where he enac ted a part ; and yet it has ,
been a long night
for
,
all good people go to rest at ten
.
He puts on all his silken bravery his ash coloured -
,
velvet and gold lac ed cloak or his cherry satin and blue -
,
taffety and tying his points goes down to a solid breakfast ,
of
meat and ale
Then mounting his Irish hobby his
.
,
,
Irish horseboy running at his side and his Fren c h page ,
’
behind he hastens to the pro m e n ade at P aul s it being ,
,
now we will suppose not noon but only j ust gone eleven ,
,
A rrivi ng
at the door he leaps ,
o
ff
his horse throws his ,
bridle t o the boy and giving him his c loak ,
.
,
an
d
sword
,
enters at the north door and takes half a dozen turns down ,
the
“
Mediterranean aisle
pillar and the
Si
” ,
avoiding the
s e rv in
Q uis ( advertisement) wall taking ,
gm a n c
’
s
are to
1 06
S
display h is
-
,
for
an
d
the
,
a hungry tenant
turns to prevent being
fe w
,
taken
,
his c loak which he snatches from the
of
The gallant after a
.
.
jingling spurs his gold fringed garters
rich taffety lining page
HAK S P ERE S E NG LA ND ’
’
D uke
of
Humphrey s house
,
repairs to the sempstresses shops at the E x c hange and talks pretty euphuisms to the citizens daughters ; to t he ’
,
’
booksellers
,
against the to the
ne w
to see the last book t hat had been written
’
“
divine weed
tobacc o
purchase Trinidado If
it be
foun d
c
o
” ,
flice ,
to
c on
the last
ne w
play ; or
to prac tise smokin g tri cks and
.
half past eleven and the gallant be still
no w
-
,
hatting in P aul s Walk he will at on c e repair to ’
,
his ordinary first pulling out his gilded watc h setting it ,
,
by the minster clock and arranging at
w hat
,
friend
hour the
with whom he parts should meet him at the door
the R ose or Fortune mounting his ,
G alloway
of
nag or
Spanish j ennet whichever it mig h t be and follo w ed by his ,
,
,
Fren c h or Irish lad he would then repair to a fashionable ,
Tarle t o n
ordina y say r
Ro w
,
A rrived
.
’
s,
the
,
down arm in arm C adiz
,
f D rake of
omedian s in P aternoster ,
,
,
o
c
there he enters the room salutes his ,
acquaintances and throwing talks
low
’
w ith
off
a friend
’
his cloak walks up and ,
.
If
s P ortugal voyages or
he is a soldier he ,
E ssex
’
s exploits at
the grave Mau rice or the French king using
so me scraps
,
of
,
Italian or Spanish to proclaim hi m sel f a
E NGL A ND
’
S H A K SP E R E s
1 08
.
To pursue our gallant s amusements in detail we must ’
R ow
return to P aul s and des c ribe more fully the Rotten ’
,
of
the seventeenth c entury and the church so irreverently ,
for
turned into a lounging place
idlers cut purses and -
,
,
servants out of plac e Fro m eleven till twelve that is to say an hour before .
,
,
the dinner was served up at the table of the c ity ordinaries was the most fashionable period middle aisle
of
P aul s
At
’
.
for t he
,
promenade in the
three the Prado
o
f
old London
began again to fill and continued c rowded till six ,
.
To this spot the fashionable men hurried like merc hants to the B ourse side by c
s
.
Here paced the ac tor c onning his part
,
ide with the
p e nnyle s s
ame the politicia n to talk
n
adventurer
Hither
.
ews and the intelligen c er ,
(spy ) to listen at his back The alc h e my s t still reeking with the fumes of his elixir repaired to P aul s to get an appetite for h is hasty meal and the poor poet to muse over the dedi c ation o f his next poem The P recisian and .
,
’
,
,
.
the young Seminary priest jostled in the c rowd leighs and Shallows V arneys and ,
gether arm in arm ,
soldier the rich
.
c
,
S le n de r s ,
.
B ur
walked to
The beggarly proje c tor and the poor itizen and the master
o
f fence , t he
courtier fresh perfumed from the levee and the prodigal ,
with the straws
o
f
his prison pallet still
c
linging
to his
’
sleeve rambled about P aul s staring at the advertisements ,
,
,
S
KE TC H O F A
C
R OWD
1 09
.
lau ghing at the epitaphs or skipping up and down ,
steps that led into the choir To the keen observer or rank
of
every passer
o
-
th e
.
f
that age
by
of
contrasts the trade
was at once known
There
.
is the courtier with his gold toothpick in his hat his long ,
,
caped
c
loak enormous ruff and silk stockings eyeing a ,
,
ponderous watch or adj usting the jewel in his ear The old citizen is mumbling over h is sum total the thumb o f .
,
one hand under his girdle as pom pously in his furred ,
gown he beckons to two smart little apprentic es who ,
follow
him swinging their bats
young Templar and the Inn
o
.
f
B ehind them comes the C ourt man trim in blac k ,
silk stockings beaver ha t and sad — coloured velvet clo ak ,
,
for
( he has a taffety one his rapier is gilt
an d
his
he is c
of
ollar is
o
f
rank
,
fo r
rich Italian lace
Holding his arm is an undoubted country gentleman probably his father
,
p le qs e d
.
,
and good humoured surprised -
,
at everything and looking round from each group of ,
swaggerers to his son with a smile discouraged by
th e
comparison
.
of
pride as
His dress is
of
ancient cut ; though it is winter his cloak is
if
not
somewhat
of
taffety
his stoc kings are actually yellow and he wears pumps ,
,
,
which he thinks fashionable though every one else has ,
Ov e rbury s Ch aracte rs , 1 76 5, p 1 5 0 '
.
.
S HA
1 10
boots
K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
he carries no rapier but an ill hung heavy
;
-
,
,
Henry V III sword with a ton .
,
o
f
h ilt
rusty iron in the
,
.
the country ( a proud man suspected of P apist opinions one who quo t es B ellarmine at the sessions The sheriff
of
,
,
meetin gs and seldom c omes to churc h ) j ust passed him ,
,
and s c arcely bending at all watched him to see if he would vail low enough He is followed by hal f a dozen ,
,
.
blue coated
all wearing his arms in silver on
s e rv in
gm e n ,
-
their sleeves and who elbow their way through the crowd ,
and enter the choir although the service is half over and ,
the psalms already finished while the c horisters nod and ,
whisper
.
R ound one pillar stand t h e
to be hired dis c ussing
i gme n
s e rv n
very lean hungry out ,
Drake
’
,
Lo w
one Pistol amongst them vapours
of
slew at B uda with the A mongst
coney c atching -
-
elbow fellows
,
,
,
.
at
s c apture of the C acafogo brimming with
silver or the last news from the
to sell
-
who are waiting
“
C ountries T while ,
the dozen Turks he
poor notc hed Toledo
”
he wants
them are swindling Malvolios and ,
Gr um io s ,
c
heating tren c her s c rapers and -
,
sly oily grooms tapping their legs with holly wands ,
N ot far from them is the tomb o f one
paladins
mistakenly
now
,
N as le
1
'
’
P ie rce
s
D e cke r
'
s
Gu ll
c
’
s
H orn
-
.
’
s
Humphrey s ’
.
k ( 1 81 2
Boo
Edward Il I
D uke
alled
P e nnyle ss , 1 59 5
of
.
p 95 .
.
s n Ax e
1 12
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
service who tell monstrous lies ,
sly scholars with
G reek
,
o
.
f Drake ;
and threadbare of
testaments sticking out
their
buttonless doublets who din your ears with quotations ,
from
Seneca and Tacitus Scaliger and C asaubon
and
E rasmus ;
,
who
and noisy controversialists
in the fac e railing at the Pope and any books not in MS S
.
An d
A rminius ,
Lip s iu s
,
get red
and despise
there is an alderman in
his holiday satin doublet and gold chain and a young c ity ,
preacher with a c loak with a narro w velvet cape and serge ,
h is
ruff as short as his hair and he is a little ,
sour and thin as most P recisians are ,
quac k physic ian watch ing
for
c
A nd
.
there is the
ountry patients astonishing ,
the russet wearers with quotations from P aracelsus and A lexis
,
coloured liquid up to the light a
Lo w
of
P iemont T holding a phial
of
A gainst
.
clear gold
the
w all
leans
C ountry ensign with his arm in an orange tawney -
s c arf ; and gliding serpentine through the throng goes a ,
cut
-
,
for
purse too qui c k ,
you to see his short
kni fe and the horn tip that guards
c
rooked
busy thumb : Here come men from taverns and tilt yards and bear h is
-
,
,
baitings and theatres and rows upon the river from the ,
,
,
C o urt at Hampton or Greenwi c h E ar l e
1 I bid I Ibid '
.
.
Microc os mograp h y
‘
s
p
,
.
1 29
p 4 .
.
.
u
p
or down from the p
.
13
.
TH E M I NST
tobacco o ffice stalls at
an
Gresham
’
d
s
ER ‘
WAL K
the ne w s sho p
from
-
E x c hange
1 13
.
,
the sempsters
and the Rose theatre from ,
from
the fenc e yard and the dancing school hot -
-
,
fashion fo r
of
s c ornful presen c e
th e
tavern and cold from those
’
“ .
says a gentle writer
the principal gentry lords ,
,
c
ourtiers
,
of
the
It was a the day
a nd
men
,
of
all pro fessions not merely merchants to meet in Saint ,
,
P aul s C hurch by eleven and walk in the middle aisle till ’
twel v e and after dinner from three to six ,
of
time some discoursed Fe w
events
late r
The
.
n
of
an d
the day but were heard
Armada ,
oth ers of
and the bull that of
ailed up at the door
new
business
suitor the rivalry
o
,
D uring
.
o
f
this
news
” .
here sooner or ,
w as
so daringly
’
a bishop s house the Queen s ’
,
f Essex
and R aleigh
,
Xcu il
worth and Theobalds were all whispered about here ,
amid nodding heads crossed fingers mysterious gestures ,
,
and pale faces The noise that
.
o
f
the voices in the Minster walk
an avenue
of
o
f
limes
w
w as
like
hen their yellow flowers
gro w black with the impatient and plunderin g bees There was a strange buzz and d eep unintermitting mingled wi t h the noise loud whisper
Osborn s .
I
of
feet,
Works I
.
“
of
a kind
.
h um ,
still roar or
that sometimes broke into a laugh or a ’
VO L
,
,
1 6 73, p 5 0 1 .
.
1 14
shout
S
of
rage
HA K SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
The dark moving bowing talking crowd
.
,
,
,
moved on like a tide and ebbed and flowed without c
essation with the ex c eption
of
,
natural silence
ertain intervals
and liveliness
o
day after the
A rmada
f
P aul s
th e
c
omparative loudness
,
was swallo w ed up and hushed ,
E ssex
laid his head upon
was
th e
Ex c han ge
o
f
news
fo r
,
among idlers a ric h and precious merc h andise and poets ”
c
alled it the
the
,
liament
nu
.
’
and men
f
the sound deeper and stro nger the
and lower the hour that rash
B r itain
o
We have no doubt the national mood
.
might have been au gured from
the blo c k
c
” ,
” ,
a
the
Thieves San c tuary
W orld s epitome
”
Mint
of
of
,
a
”
poli tic pates
lies
”
,
the
o
were known as a pe c uliar race
.
B u rle igh
f
stones
B usy par
The n ewsmongers
.
Li t tle
,
B abel ”
is
The wits
.
’
’
Synod
news
’
s
of
P a ul s ’
and Walsh
ingh am s spies c ame here to thrust themselves into men s ’
’
c
ompanies and worm out se c ret
tents rambled about hither to
,
c
o spira c ies
c n
areless and sneerin g
get a stomac h
,
as
Mal c on
Some strolled
.
”
.
the phrase went ; and
thrifty men to walk out their dinner and pur ch ase their ,
board and meal cheap
.
Many made it their club and ,
only left the c hurch to sleep where society never failed
,
.
wh
It was a lodging rent free
,
ere the best company came
and where invitations to dinner could be got
.
,
E NGL A ND
’
s n Ax e
116
RE s
.
through P aul s Walk and c o u rtiers lead their pet Iceland ’
,
( Sky ) dogs
Here the very lawyers had a pillar at which
.
they received clients crazed
loud voiced
,
greasy litigious
c
,
,
v
-
itizens
,
iolent farmers and ,
In the summer the
.
barristers stood on the steps outside ; in the winter round ,
a particular pillar their clients ringing down their ,
over
the font
nu
willing rials u pon the
fla t
c
were these aspirants
fo r
the c oif who quoted Plowden
of
Solemn men
.
,
dated every event like a statu te from the
an d
,
,
3
,
Hen 0 0 .
.
d 4 Ed Quin Here too c ame gallants and brisk pages behind them carrying their s il ve r t rimm e d cloaks to look :
.
.
,
,
,
s
,
,
for
servant s or to borrow money ,
fattened
Will and Hill
if
and
ou t
-
,
,
upon
gold and framed with pe arl ; while pimps came ,
.
,
had
Tailors lurked here to observe the last
.
court cloak the blush coloured satin
here t o beg relate
wh o
,
of
of
cloth
ric h citizens
on the Muscovy trade and had ventured cargoe s
to V irginia fashion
of
Here t oo prowled desperadoes ,
,
Sh ake bag
c
lass with
ru
,
they chose many cases ,
Hockley
i
’
-
-
ifianly
of
of
the B lack
hair who could ,
sudden death at
Gad s ’
the Hole Ne w market or Salisbury -
,
,
P lain ; and in S h ake bag s po c ket we can hear jingle fo ur ’
gol d
angels and fi fteen shillings
of
white money the pro ,
duce of his last robbery in which he was aided by a ,
band of Abram men and swarth This old church
of
Egyptians
.
’
St Pa ul s was built so the .
,
Eliza
O LD
SA I
N T PAU L S ’
117
.
of
bethan antiquarians believed on the sit e
a temple
o
f
this opinion being formed on the tradi tion
o
f
,
D iana "
;
some deer an tlers having been dug up in an adjacent spot The dese c ration of
E lizabeth
festival
of
the c hurc h by the Protestant subje c ts
had a painful parallel in the heathenish
annually permitt ed by her bigot siste r
bearing a pair t he
On t hese
.
oc c asions the priests of
.
o
f
an
d
c
hoir walked in proc ession
deer horns before them
,
in
,
rememb r an c e
goddess who had bee n deposed by saints more
C hris t ian perhaps but certainly less ,
c
haste
A
.
Saxon
K ing o f K ent first foun d ed a church upon this consecrated
site and many subsequent monarchs gave ,
port i t s erection
.
m anors
to sup
The C onqueror added a castle to these
bequests and he willed t he c hurc h
“
,
in all things to be
as free as he would his soul should be in the day j udgme n t ; of
of
”
an adjuration solemn and imperious worthy ,
the monarc h who was wont to swear by Go d ,
In fire
,
”
and such regal oaths
1 08 7 1 an
d
of
the brightness
.
St P aul s and half the c ity was destroyed by ’
.
a new church
w as
of
buil t
C aen s t one Henry I ,
.
permitting the Norman bishop to encompass the new work far
with a stone wall reaching as
S t ryp e
1 Ibid ‘
.
’
p
s .
S to w , 1 42
v ol
.
1
3
.
’
as B ernard s C astle his ,
i b 3 p 1 41 .
‘
.
.
.
.
1 13
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
residence beside the Thames
.
In Ed w ard II
’
.
.
s
feeble
reign
many murders and robberies took plac e in this enclosure of
In this c hurc hyard the Saxons mindful ,
spirit
assembled
,
their folk motes
for
armed c itizens c rowded at sound P aul s
.
posited by
a
solemn procession
prayed that su c h relic s w ind
and storm
stable spite the
o
o
f
f
t aine d in
and here the
;
the alarm bell o
f
saints
o
-
de
,
preserve the spire from ,
1 444 ,
reli c s the spire was burnt by lightning ,
one
.
rich clad priests who
,
steeple
f St
w ere
C hester enlarged t he chur c h ; and in
f the
ne w
m ight
of
their old guild
In the thirteen th century Lacy C on
.
E d w ard
pointing to t he hour for
o
In the new steeple the relics
’
”
-
.
of
On
.
III plac ed a dial with an angel .
,
B y a beautiful
.
in
c
ustom still ,
re
the Ox ford c ollege c hapels it was usual ,
the cho risters at certain feast days to ascend the tower In Henry VI s D ea t h wi t h verses by Lidgate was
and sing t heir orisons at daybreak reign a
D ance
o
f
’
.
.
,
painted round St Paul s ’
.
c
,
loister in imitation ,
o
f
one at
St Innoc ent s in Paris and over this cloister was a ’
.
,
goodly library o
f
In the old
.
our Lady St K atherine
Holy
.
Ghost ;
an d
,
c
hurch there we re
A ll
c
hapels
Souls Jesus and the ,
,
under the choir the parish church
S t ryp e
’
s
S tow ,
v ol .
i b 3 p 1 43 .
.
.
.
.
o
f
1 2o
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
barred thick with lac e
h is
He holds up
.
.
robe to sho w
his white taffeta hose and blac k silk stockings a huge ,
ruff surrounds his head a glass brooch as big as the great seal faste ns his small brimmed hat and two boys ,
,
in cloaks follow him car rying his rapier and sword ,
companion is a music ian
an
d
the
u
sher
of
.
His
a dancing ‘
watc het ( blue) coloured t afle ty with a cloak d aubed wi t h coloured lac e Here stand a of
school ; he wears a suit
.
group
of
tradesmen portly men in damask coats ,
gowns welted with velve t
an d
They all bow as that old
.
,
white headed country gentleman passes clad in russet -
in
and
,
,
a black coa t
,
w
ith five
s e rv in
gm e n ,
strong and
awkward but dangerous to elbow striding at his heels ,
,
A fter h im
do not be startled reader
,
is Sir John an ,
,
honest Windsor vi c ar in co mpany with the miller glover ,
,
of
and smith
his v illage
,
They have come up to attend a
.
trial and have visited more th an one tavern to drink luck ,
to the suit and by a natural sequence find the path too ,
narrow schisms in the
for
,
,
decent men
he is none ale
-
o
f
.
He is no P uritan or raiser
of
the best scholars and is oftener ,
house than the pulpit ; yet he reads a homily .
every S unday and holiday d rinks with his neighbours ,
S
,
pends his money to make the m friend s and sometimes ,
on Sundays ( misled by good fellows ) says both Morning and Evening Prayer at once and gives the villagers a ,
E
C I T I Z N S A ND T H
whole afternoon to play in
EIR
W I VE S
1 21
.
He is rather testy too and
.
,
would not refuse a challenge from the village doctor he sent it
if
.
ma n
That stealthy looking -
from
retu rned
is a runaway bankrupt j ust
Ireland ; he is suspiciously watc hing a
gaping yeoman who has come to London to see the sights — Guildhall the two ,
Ex c hanges ,
the wax works -
,
P aul s C haring C ross the B oar a t B illingsgate the Fleet ’
,
,
and London B ridge
,
,
That fellow in greasy satin sleeves
.
in
and spe c t acles hanging
a copper case round his neck
,
,
"
is a (pawn ) broker on his arm is his wife who flutters her fan affectedly and begs him to carry Pearl the dog ,
.
,
P oor wretch ! it is every moment,
glove
”
,
Husband carry my s c arf
,
and this he calls a
,
’
day s pleas ure country
Husband pick up my
c
.
The red nosed fellow beyond is another -
lergyman co m e up as a
minster trial
.
in a West
w itness
He is well described by a satirist who
knows him as An h one s t
v icar
,
Th at t o t h e
To h av e
a le
-
and a
h o us e
kind cons ort
of e n
t
,
l d r e sort
wo u
,
ga me a t table s no w a nd t h e n, " An d dr ink h is p ot as s oon as any man 1 a
‘
.
R o w l an d s ‘
S atir e , 1 6 00
L e tting
of
Humo urs
’
Bl oo d in th e
.
f Rowland s Humors Or d inarie , Ep ’
.
37
.
He ad Vaine
,
2md
’
sn Ax e
1 22
A lready
he is tired
E NGL A ND
o
bowls
f
Hear
.
country c lient
of
,
h ow
for
his c ountry harshly a
h ow
What whispering is
satirist des c ribes the motley scene : the r e in term times
.
London and sighs
of
ale and his game
RE s
by some slight to cheat the poor
his full purse that is stuc ke under his
girdle ! What plots are
to furnish young gallants
lay d e
money ( whic h is shared aft erward at a ta v ern thereby to dis furnish him o f his pat rimony ) what buying with
u
re a
of
p
for
die
,
oa ths out
a
of
the hands
shillings doe
fe w
lay inge
of
of
knights
the Post who
of
,
What
sell their souls !
d ailv
heads is there toge t he r and sift ing
still and anon as it gro w s towards eleven
of o
f
the brains the
c
lock
( even amongst those who wear guilt rapiers by their sides ) where for that noon they m ay shift from D uke Humfrey and be furnished with a dinner at some m eaner m a n s table ! What d a mnable bargains of unmerc iful brokery and of u nmeasura ble usury are there clapt up ! What swe ar ing is there ; yea what swaggering what fac ing
,
,
’
,
an
d
,
out fac ing what s h uffling what shouldering what -
,
,
,
j ustling what jeering what biting ,
qu a re ls ,
o
,
what holding up
o
f
f
thumbs to beget
fingers to remember drunken
meetings what braving with feasters what bearding with ,
,
mustac hios what castin g open ,
cloths what ,
m uffling
in
c
o
f
c
loaks to publish new
loaks to hyde broken elbo w s !
So that when I hear such trampling
u
p
and down such ,
S HA K S P ERE S E N G L A N D ’
1 24
desecrated and trodden under foot degraded state
o
f
an d
,
.
remembering the
the clergy we cannot help considering ,
that religion was al m ost forgotten but by the P uri t ans Having
sketc hed in outline the average morning s ’
no w
amusements
o
.
f the Elizabethan
gallant let us follow him to
far
too serio u s a thing to be so
for
all ran ks the table d h ote
the ordinary dining being ,
hastily dismissed
,
.
Ther e were ordinaries
’
-
,
being almost the u niversal mode of dining among those w h o were visitors in Lon d on during the season or ,
it was then c alled
ter m time
There was the twelvepenny ordinary
.
where you might meet justices
of
,
by poor lieutenants and thrifty attorneys
one the rules
of
,
the peac e and young
knights ; and the threepenny ordinary which was que nte d
as
At
.
fre
the
high so c iety were maintained and the ,
large silver saltcellar i ndicated the rank of the guests At the other the diners were silent and unso c iable or the .
,
c
,
onvers ation
feo ffments ,
”
,
if
any was so full ,
“
amerc ements and
that a mere c ountryman would have thought
the people were conj uring If
of
.
a gallant entered the ordinary at about half— past
eleven or even a little earlier he would find the room full ,
of
fashion
,
-
mongers waiting
There are men
,
o
f
a
ll
for
the meat to be served
.
classes titled men who live c heap ,
,
that they may s p end more at cour t ; stingy men who want ,
SC E NE S
to save the charges there
for
AN O RD IN A RY
AT
housekeeping ;
of
c
1 25
.
ourtiers who c ome ,
so c iety and news ; adventurers who have no ,
home ; templars who dine there daily ; and men about ,
town who dine at whatever plac e is nearest to their hunger Lords citizens c on c ealed papists spies prodigal ,
.
,
,
prentices precisi ans ,
c
aldermen
,
,
fo r eigners ,
ountry gentlemen all meet he r e ,
foot,
,
,
.
o ffic ers and ,
So me have c ome
on
some on horsebac k and some in those new caro c hes the poets laugh at ,
.
The well bred courtier on entering the room saluted -
of
those
,
his acquaintance
round the fire
,
,
who
were in winter gathered
summer round the windo w first throwing
in
,
his cloak to his page and hanging up his hat and sword ,
The parvenu would single out a friend and walk ,
down uneasily with the s c orn and c arelessness ,
t le m a n
.
p
and
a gen
usher laughing rudely and nervously or obtruding ,
,
himsel f into groups a poet
of
u
.
o
f
gentlemen gathered round a wit or
Quarrelsome men paced about fretfully fingering ,
their sword hilts and ,
m aintaining
as sour a fac e as that
P uritan moping in a corne r pent up by a group o f young ,
swaggerers
are disputing over a card at gleek ; vain
who
men not caring whether it was P aul s the Tennis C ourt ’
,
,
or the playhouse
,
p
u blis h e d
,
their clothes and talked as loud ,
as they could in order to appear at ease and laughed over ,
,
S H A K S P E R E S E N G L A ND ’
1 26
.
the Water poet s last epigram or the last pamphlet ’
,
Marprelates employment helped
The soldiers bragged of nothing but
.
in
Drake
Ireland and the to burn St
to hold out B reda
travellers would babble
o
,
and exhibit spec imens from
C o ry a t t ,
the river N ilus
o
f
their
,
and
Grave
Maurice
or such weak pated -
the R ialto and Prester John
,
uni c orn s horns or palm leaves ’
f
The courtier talked
.
f
C ountries how t h e v
Domingo ,
.
Tom
.
Lo w
o
of
of
the fair lady
who gave him the glove whic h he wore in his hat as a favour ;
the poet
the last satire
of
o
f
Marston or B en
Jonson or volunteered to read a trifle thrown o ff of late by ,
“
Fai th a learned ge n tleman a very worthy friend
if
though
,
,
we were to inquire this varlet poet might turn out after ,
all to be the mere de c oy duc k of t he hostess paid to draw ,
gulls and fools hither ing
w
The
.
m ere
dullard sat silent play ,
ith his glove or discussing at what apothe c aries the ,
best tobacc o was to be bought
.
The dishes seem to have been served
u
at these hot
p
luncheons or early dinners in much the same order as at the present day
,
—meat poultry game and pastry
at your woodc o c ks d inner
.
,
,
”
implied that
,
you
.
To be
had nearly finished
The mere unabashable r apid ad venturer though
but a beggarly captain would o ften attack the ,
D e cke r s Gu ll ’
’
s
Horn
B ook, p
.
1 17
.
ca
pon while
i 2s
S
HA K S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
crape hat band ; a young spark come to eat up his
a nc e s
-
tral oaks ; a country gentleman who has brought up his wife to learn the fashio n s and see t he tomb at We s t m in ,
ster and t he lions at the Tower
or a young farmer with a
,
suit pending be fore the Courts he
W ill
,
his night in loose co m pany at a tavern
be sure to spend w
,
ith
th e
players
,
the fenc ers or the di c ers He will go to old Sir Simon the K ing at the Devil in Fleet Street or j oin the great c lub .
,
,
of
,
wits at the
A pollo
He will hie him t o the Mermaid
.
in B read Str eet or the Mitre in C heap ,
The reddest
.
nosed landlord and one who has been in his
y outh
,
bluff K ing Hal her majesty s
fa t her,
’
,
B ullen makes the best host ,
.
If
at the sie ge
our friend
visitant he will soon k now the names
o
f
bears
o
f
an old
he
,
,
show them the last new parry
o
Jac k Will and
Tom the drawers and discourse with them ,
with
f
,
of
dogs or
C aranza or the ,
new Lavolta nimble fellows are Will and Tom but their ,
a
nswer is generally
A no n,
“
”
muc h interrup t ed by having to pint
of
sack in the Coney
in the Uni c orn
” ,
and their y
and
“
onversation is host
s c ore a
s c ore a pint
o
f
c
lary
These are lads who have learnt to wear
’ .
canvas doublets and to lime sour sack ,
Having emptied his pocket down his
th e
to
cr
c
fan , if h e
is such a
caressed his love lock -
,
if
o
f
.
tobacco
fop
an d
pipes laid ,
as to c arry one and ,
he is so not willing perhaps ,
,
,
T
AVER N
C
OM P L I ME N T S
1 29
.
like an honest gentleman to des c end into the kitchen and order his supper disgust If
o
f
for
he c alls
the host who hates s uc h
ne w
,
d
he were an epicure
an
of
a bill
-
fare ,
much to the
fan gled
nic ety
.
curio u s in his salads he
or
,
dered one to precede the mutton wi t h olives and capers to ,
whet the appetite perhaps jaded by last night s ’
,
a
of
nois e
fiddle rs
soon beset the doors and the ,
cannot be dismissed without a tes toon for or
Green
The B eggar of B ethnal
voices
co
c
in
uld be heard
” .
Green
If a ny
arouse ; fiddle r s
Sleeves
the next roo m the gallant would ,
,
w
ine
,
w
,
ac quaintan c es
as a c ompliment send them in by the drawer a pottle burnt
”
ith two papers
o
f
o
’
,
f
sugar to sweeten it or ,
perhaps the beribboned pa ge would c arry it himsel f with ,
some euphuistic
c
ompliment
boast as he was ordered ,
lant ry or ,
h is
o
,
f
returning to the bar to
,
his master s suc c ess ful gal ’
t r a y t rip
prowess at
Taverns were favourite places of c
numerous intrigues
or primero for
.
assignations in the
ourt gallants and citizens
To t averns the wild yout h took their c ourtesans
.
’
w
At
ives
.
dice
aft er supper the dra w ers would be allowe d to stake their crowns
The real man
.
f
items
o
ledge
of
of
a bil l however unj ust
,
the prices
o
f the
.
I
.
for
not dispu t e t he
to confess a know
market was held a disgrac e
De cke r s Gull ’
VO L
fashio n w ould
’
s
H orn Book
,
K .
p
.
1 56
.
.
S HA K S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
1 30
At
.
“ ould kiss the hostess and w
departure the gall ant
,
having taken t he stirrup cup ( the courtesy of the cellar ) wished the v intner good night and sallied home lit by a -
,
,
,
,
drawer with a lanthorn or a page with a torc h
.
,
our ga llant was so unfor t unate as not to escape the
If
hands
o
f the D ogberries
in the
g gowns ,
ru
amid curses and
blows he was d ragged with torn ruff and broken s w ord ,
of
into one
the fourteen prisons
of
London
,
The White
,
Lion the K ing s B ench the Marshalsea the C link or the ’
,
,
,
of
Southwark C ounter on the one side ,
,
,
gate Newgate Wood Street C ounter ,
,
Finsbury and Lobs P ound ,
for h is
therine s all gape ’
,
,
,
P o u lt re y
C ounter
,
N ew Prison and St Ka
th e
,
the then unsullied
House West minster Lud
G ate
Thames on the other the
,
.
,
carcase
There he awaits till
.
the morning in besmirched satin muddy cloak and bruised ,
,
of
feather,
the arrival
friend
One h undred or two hundred forlorn and hungry
.
Justic e
Shallo w his astonished ,
wretches gather round him as he is thrown in sighing la menting praying d itors ,
d
There is
cursing s w earing at cre ,
drinking healths swaggering roaring striking and ,
,
stabbing whe t ting knives ,
are
an
,
,
.
carrying platters
quart pots
of
u
p
,
an
d
,
scraping tren c hers
Some
stairs others running down ,
beer
.
D e cker s Gull s ’
.
’
Horn Book, p
.
1 64
.
fo r
is2
S
HA K S P ERE S E NGLA ND ’
was the joke to call eac h other Sir ham
or Lord
Lit t le w it
and
astonish and quiet the bellmen Es c aping ,
however this fate ,
,
Giles
E arl
o
f
.
o
and Sir
f B e s tbe tr u s t ,
the night
ou r
A bra
to
.
hero may have strolled
at four o c lock after the theatre to the B ear garden in ’
-
,
,
Southwark and seen what Shakspere and what
Elizabeth
and describes
s aw
,
hersel f deigned to look at with
a
ll
,
the
gusto with whic h a Roman lady would have seen a dozen gladiat ors bleed and then have gone laughing home to ,
co
ma
.
The c ompar ison
of
a noisy house to
a bear garden -
still perpetuates the national amusement t ime
o
,
f E lizabeth s ’
Spain yet glories in t he c ruel sport ; but
.
”
England
has lo n g sinc e grown too c ivilised to tolerate a savage diversion that Shakspere and B ac on R aleigh and Sidney ,
may have watc hed with breathless eagerness ing the last existing relic ,
arena is ,
n ow
reserved
for
o
f
D og figh t -
.
the R oman fights
the recreation
and felons P aris G arden in Southwark was a place
,
of
in
the
our thieves
.
,
,
of
amusement
in Henry VIII s time and was then frequented by the nobles and gentry of the day The garden derived its ’
.
,
.
name from a nobleman
o
f R ic hard II
.
’
s
time
R o w l an d s Nigh t R av e n, p 9 ’
.
.
.
A fter him
B
E A R B A I T I NG of
it belonged to the monastery m ond s e y ,
odour
o
f
1 33
-
.
S t Saviour s ’
.
,
san c tity prevails ,
fo r
,
There were two separate rings '
.
bulls and
th e
,
other
the baitings ofte n took plac e on Sundays the
B er
a place in which at present anything but the
in the garden one bably
in
,
for
bears ; and P lays
.
,
pro
an in ferior kind were performed here ; and when
of
,
Globe
was burnt down a regular theatre was planned ,
by Henslowe with a portable stage that could be moved ,
du ri ng the baitings
The bull house and stable held -
.
bulls and three horses
s ix
* .
In C harles I s time the dancing masters ’
o
-
.
f P aris Garden
grew famous ; and the baitings took plac e twice a week till P arliament sold the plac e wi t h other church lands p e lle d
by religious s c ruples and the bear
sides the c ommon A lleyn ,
w ant
o
f
money
.
,
co m
Be
and bul l baiting Henslowe and
who were licensed
,
by S ir
John
D avington ,
master
Queen s bears exhi bited ponies ridd en by
m onkeys
and baited with dogs and blind bears who were
W hipped ,
o
f the
’
,
,
mu c h to the horror
o
f
all P uritans : and let it be recorded
to their credit that in this respe c t they were their age
far
beyond
.
The sports at Paris
Garden
were the great amusements
'
C o llie r s
H is tory
’
S h aksp e r e , p 3 .
of
E nglis h D ramat ic
.
K 3
P o e t ry , v ol
.
iii
.
Mal one
’
s
S HA K S P ERE S E NG L A ND ’
1 34
.
to whi c h foreign ambassadors were taken j ust as they are ,
now to the Opera or a review ,
ac c om p anied
his
by
s u it e ,
The
.
h aving
D uke
Na x ara,
de
seen the lions at the
Tower was much deligh ted by the s c enes at the B ankside ,
whic h must h ave reminded him
o
f
the glories
of
Ma drid
,
,
that c ity from when c e as the proverb goes there is but ,
,
one stage up to Paradise ; and his gravity relented at the sight bac k
of “E
.
’
t he
dogs leapin g up at the monkey on the pony s
The French amb assadors were so amused with
the ape that having seen t he bai t ing at Whitehall before ,
E lizabeth,
they went the next G arden
to the P aris
d ay
with a g u ard
to see it repeated
o
f
honour
Sometim es as
.
many as seven bears were exhibited at once eac h c on fined ,
by a long rope c
,
an
d
baited with t hree or four large and
ourageous dogs who rushed upon him with open j aws ,
The bear s we r e
of
,
fero c ious
and
fr e t ful
with
c
ontinual fighting
.
,
great strength and not only de fended themsel v es ,
with thei r teeth but hugged t he dogs to death or hal f ,
,
suffo c ated them before their masters could release them
.
The bears bore generally the same names as their owners : Hu nx , George S to ne , Old H a r ry of Ta m e, and Gr ea t Ned,
were well known publi c c ha r ac ters ; and Shakspere men -
S le n de r
tions
1 He nt z ne r s ’
1 6 02
.
'
s
S p anis h MS '
friend , S a cca r s on 1
’
.
.
,
Britis h
Acco unt
Mu s e u m of
.
Engl a nd, 1 5 98 ; D e kke r s S at iro m as t ix , ’
S HAK S P ERE
1 36
At
Kenil w orth
,
on
’
E NGL A ND
S
Elizabeth
bears were worried by ban dogs Malvolio the
o
,
ffic iou s ,
’
s visit
,
,
fussy ,
of
groom
of
d escription
,
th e
of
,
the chamber grows warm in his ,
thirteen great
,
Laneh am that type
.
pert tyrannical
with pink eyes leering at
.
the bear
approac hing dogs the hound ,
nimble and watc h ful from v antage and the bear prepared ,
for
the assault
.
If he
was bitten in one place
the dog c lose till he got free relief
”
,
be
pressed
He says it was a
.
goodly
to see the c lawing and roaring the tossing and ,
shaking t ill he wound himsel f from them ,
Then would
.
he shake his ears twic e or thric e and s c atter the blood ,
and
fr oth
over his tormentors ; the dogs seizin g him by
the throat he c lawing the m on the scalp wi t h much ,
,
pluc king tugging howling and b arkin g growling and ,
,
,
snarling some dogs limpin g to their masters who kic k them ,
as curs ; some lyin g on their sides li c king their wounds ,
The grave P uritan looking on s h aking his head ,
m inds
the mad and ex c ited c rowd
one Sunday in ing
“
foolish
on e
1 5 8 2 3, -
o
f
o
f
”
,
re
the scaffold falling
and killing seven people and
What C hristian
faced B ardo lph
to see
,
.
inj u r
says (and that fiery a butc her laughs ) can take pleasure ,
he
,
“
poor beast rend tear and kill another ,
,
fo r
their
pleas ure ?for notwithstanding they be evil to us ,
S t u bbe
'
s
An at om ic
of
Abu s e s , 1 5 85, p
.
118
.
W H I PP I NG for
and thirst
T HE
B
E AR
l 37
.
our blood yet are they good c reatures in ,
their own nature and kind and made to set for t h the glory ,
,
power and majesty ,
for
of
our
Go d ;
and
his sake we should not abuse them ,
A nd
our
for
own
use and
” .
so he goes on till a burly waterman proposes to
bait the P uritan and points a mastiff s head towards ’
,
The n sh a king off the dust from his feet ,
,
The whipping a blind
h e ar
who armed with
the stake
.
was pe rformed by five or six
w h ip s a" ,
,
.
leaves the
S t u bbe s
,
h im
ring and proudly feels himsel f to be a despised Jeremiah m e n,
,
stood in a
c
irc le round
They then laid on with o ut mer c y and the
.
,
sport was to see the agonised c reatur e s ’
furious
e fforts to
seize them The bear would defend himsel f with force and skill throwing down all who came within re ac h of .
,
his chain and were not a c tive enough to es c ape tearing ,
the whips from the men s hands with his j aws and c rush ’
,
in
ing the m
his teeth
The whipping c ontinued till the
.
blood ran down the bear s shoulde r s and many ’
had had their legs torn and hands scratched
o
f
the men
The c r owd
.
peculiarly delighted in this dive r t issement be c ause it ,
resembled the gaoler s publi c whipping ’
o
f
strumpets at
th e
cart s tail a sight then frequently to be witnessed up ’
,
C heap or past Ludgate
.
D e cke r s S e v e n D e adly S ins ’
( Warre s )
,
p
.
3
.
1 33
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
The comedy to this tragedy appeared in the shape an ape mounted on a pony pursued by a couple ,
o
f
c
o
f
urs
that leapt up at him as he rode round frightened to see ,
them lolling t heir tongues and snapping their jaws
The
.
horse de fended itsel f by kic ks from the dogs and the c rowd ,
shoute d
w
ith laughter to see the monkey shrieking at
his enemies han ging to the pony s ears and ne c k
The
’
ape was generally dressed in a c oat
of
.
some gay c olour
.
These sports became so engrossing with the lowe r c lasses '
m a s t ifi s
that some men kept a dozen or twenty good m erely for
bear baiting o fte n betting twenty fo rty or a -
hundred shillings at one fight w ere,
Fight dog
” ,
,
,
,
The en c our aging
.
Fight bear
” ,
D evil
and
c
ries
part all
” .
The prentices delighted in a perilous exerc ise wherein a ’
man s life was in danger every minute
C olliers
’
and watermen were great frequenters at the theatre
,
,
,
The greater number and yelled
freq uently
o
f
,
c
arters
,
the garden : as
apples pears and nuts were sold by ,
no isy vendors and eve n ale h o wled
.
.
o
f
an
d
wine were to be bought
.
persons present smoke d and all ,
The bears were also we believe ,
,
taken round to attend provinc ial baitings and ,
their arrival in a place was announ c ed by the furious barking
of
every dog
in
the town
.
Terrific fights sometimes took place at these arenas
s n Ax e
l 4o
E NGL AND
’
RE s
under the general deno m ina t ion
of
.
R OO K S
So metimes
.
the box keeper was their ac c ompli c e to help the m rob the young spend thrift or to use their own metaphori c al ,
lan guage
“ ,
,
bite the la mb
being plundered he
”
,
if
a stranger es c aped
sure to be robbed his silver
w as
,
Here
.
,
hilted rapier and his c loak stolen or the gold buttons ,
c ut
his doublet while he stared unsuspectingly at the
off
game
.
The gambling rooms were generally thronged with bu llies who refused to pay ,
times snatc h
u
p
if
they lost
,
a stake and offer to fight
or
would some
for
it
.
If
you
escaped being run thro ugh by the adversary you had defeated you were ,
n
early sure to be beaten by
h im
and
his gang on your departure from the tavern at night S o me times the bullies c
andles
money
if
,
they had lost put out the
overset the tables
,
.
,
and scrambled
,
the
fo r
On these o c c asions experien c ed men thre w
.
themselves from the stair head or took shelter behind a -
table or in a c himney corner not car ing t o have their ,
souls pushed out
o
f
their bodies by a c h ance thrust from
a red ha n ded desperado
It was generally late at night
-
and
w hen
.
the players gre w tired
,
,
that false di c e were
introduc ed and the box keeper would score up double ,
a
gainst the in c autious player
top p ing ,
l
'
s u r r zng,
and
bing
s ta b
.
Then all the tri c ks
were put into operation
.
o
f
T
The false dice were Fulla ms ,
of
B r is tle d ice
and
W IT H
R I C KS
I E
D C
High Fa llam s , L ow
three sorts Some
.
with quicksilver and sold ,
for
1 41
.
o
f
these were loaded
as much as eight shillings
a pair when an ordinary bale fetc hed only S ix pence ,
The
.
bristle dice had a s h ort hog s bristle stu c k in one corner ’
to prevent them ever l y ing on the high quarter The moves
o
f
c
heating were innumerable
.
.
P a lming
was by putting one die in the box and keeping the other of
in the ho llow one
of
the little finger
the dice at the top
finge rs
and ratt ling
bone
Blurring
.
w
of
the box between the fore
ith the s c rew and the remaining
was taking up the dice as you would
have them lie and putting one on t he top ,
that the undermost should
n ot
smooth table without c hinks of “
h is
was keeping
Top p ing
.
.
The skilful gamester sure ,
c
,
came a millstone
,
as they
the other so
turn ; but this required a
under dice did not then ”
of
c
if
are
the upper one Knap p ing was
alled it
.
striking a die dead that it should not stir but only the ,
most dexterous could se c ur e both dies
.
S ta bbing
was
throwing the dice in suc h a manner one upon another into a smooth narro w box that both
o
f
them tumbled
and came out as they went in or rather were reversed ,
every gambler knowing that
if four
was above three
was at bottom that five faced two and six one ,
,
,
.
snAx e
1 42
Of
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
that beautiful game
o
f
.
Italy billiards we need not ,
,
speak and cric ket was not yet introduced B owling was another o f the favourite sports both .
,
the
m anor
-
ho use and the country tavern
of
The old
.
dramatists and Shakspere partic ularly very frequently ,
,
draw their metaphors
from
this game for
alley had its peculiar bowls ; flat biased sand
,
of
,
The players were ridic uled
.
sort
the enc losed alley for
open ground and round
for
E very
.
level green and
for
the ridic ulous
ben dings and g rimac es with whi c h they followed the bowl
c
,
ur sing it praising it and r unning after it t o the ,
,
goal wi t h exc lamations of R ub or
Short short ,
tress !
”
“
bystanders
A
” ,
“
,
ru
N e a r Jac k !
good cast !
”
bl
”
”
and
A
mile a mile l
“
Near the mis
,
were the ex c lamations
o
f
the
.
C ards were used by every one
was played by three persons
The game
.
of
Gleek
The dealer dealt twelve
.
car ds and le ft eight on the table
fo r
for
bou g ht and the ace turned up
stock seven were ,
the dealer ;
if
it was
Tiddy (four o f trumps ) such player gave four to the d ealer The ace was c alled Tib the knave Tim the .
,
fi fth Towser and the sixth Tumbler ,
begin bidding
fo r
the stock
in
,
.
hopes
Th e players then o
f
bettering their
game the buyer taking in seven cards and putting out ,
seven
.
If
Tib was turned up it counted fifteen to the ,
’
SHAK sP E R E s
1 44
well bred bird was -
of
E NGL A ND
.
middling size had a small head a ,
,
quick l arge eye and str ong bac k his leg w as thick and his spur long and sharp The favourite colo u r was grey ,
,
.
or yellow ; the black breasted red was one -
of
the most
estee med pyles ; white and dun being colours seldom seen in the pit
.
A
brave bird had generally wattles
o
f
a
bright flushed scarlet crowed frequently and bore himself ,
,
wi t h a stately and kingly demeanour heel was p articularly sought after
.
A
narrow sh ar p ,
.
The good breed depended more upo n the hen than the co c k
G reat
.
care was taken wi t h their nests and food
whic h were kept perfu med wi t h burnt
h erbs
chic kens were exercised in a grassy court wattles were cut
off
as soon
as
.
,
and the
;
The comb or
they appeared and as ,
soon as the yo ung game birds began to attack eac h other they were separa ted The flooring
of
an
d
trained
for
their military c areer
their hatc hes was generally
of
.
board that ,
the champions might not weaken or hurt their beaks
.
They were not allowed to fight a battle till they were two
years old when they had be c ome complete in every ,
member
.
C hickens that
c
rowed too soon or too
fr e
quently were generally condemned to the spit as birds of
no promise or ability
.
An
excellent sign in a game
ch icken was the closeness with which it sat upon its perch
.
COC
K FI GH T IN G
1 45
-
.
C ock figh t ing ‘“ took place generally between A ugust -
and May
Six weeks be fore a battle the ch am pions were
.
co nfined in separate pens and
fe d
with bread
Their
.
sp urs were then wrapped in leather and they were allowed ,
fe d
to spar and sweate d in s traw baskets and ,
,
with sug ar
candy chopped rosemary and butter to strengthen them ,
,
and give them wind
R oots dip p e d in wine and oatmeal
.
,
an d
kneaded with ale
,
eggs were also allowed the m as ,
purges and diaphoretics
E very
.
day the feeder had to
lick his bird s eye and lead and encourage it to pursue a ’
,
d un ghil l fowl which he held before them
in
his arms and ran with The last fortnight the sparring was dis
.
.
continued and four days rest allowed be fore the bird ’
,
was brought into the pit
,
In matching bir ds it strength and length ;
th e
and
w as
always fasting
.
necessary to consid er their
weak lo ng bir d rising with more
ease and the short strong bird givin g the surer and ,
deadlier blo w
.
The game cocks were prepared -
off
the
m ane
feathers from
for
the battle by cutting
all but a small ruff and clipping ,
the tail
.
The wings
points le ft to endanger the eye
w ere of
off
the
cut short and sh ar p ,
the antagonist
.
The
spurs were scraped and sharpen ed but steel spu rs were ,
Th e Comp l e at Game s te r, 1 709, p 1 5 5 .
VO L
.
I
.
L
.
S HA
1 46
KS P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
not used at this early period though the sport was as old ,
A thenians
as the
The preparation was completed by
.
re
moving all the feathers from the cro w n of the he ad ; the feeder
then licking his pupil
al
l
over turned him into ,
the pit to win the gold and move his fortune
.
The birds were generally brought into the arena
in
lin en bags in which they c ame from Norfolk or Wisbe ach ,
.
They began the combat by whetting their beaks upon the ground and continued the fight till they were both blind ,
or faint from loss wounds dust
of
of
of
blood
,
The feeder had to suck the
.
the winning bird and powder them with the ,
the herb R obert
.
If
the eye were hurt the ,
cooke r
chewed ground ivy and applied the juice to the wound ,
The jugglers
of
the day were very dexterous
.
.
Their
puppet shows and trained horses were the amus ement -
of
all classes who were not too wise to lau gh nor so childish ,
as to be always lau ghing
The
.
description of a performance
o
f
followin g
is a minute
the day :
j ugle r kno w ing the common tradition and foolish opinion that a familiar spirit in some bodily shape must A
be had
for
the doing
of
strange things beyond the vulgar
capacity he therefore carrieth about him the skin of a ,
mouse stopped with feathers or some like artificial thing ,
and in the
binde r
,
part thereo f sticketh a s mall springing
wire of about a foot long or longer ; and when he begins to ,
S
1 4s
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
tain words and crieth by t he virtue ,
of
.
Hocus pocus -
h ay
passe presto be gone ! Now open your hand ? and the ’
,
,
beholders stand amazed to see that there is nothing left in the hand
And
.
then
fo r
the confirmation
of
the wonder
,
a confederate with the j ugle r standeth up among the c rowd ( in habit like some countryman or stranger that of
the people ) saying I will lay with you for ty shillings you sh all not convey a shillin g came in amon g the rest out
f
my hand
’
,
,
It is done ;
saith the j ugle r Take you this shilling in your h and Y es marry saith he ; o
.
.
’
’
‘
.
and I will hold it so fast as ,
,
if
,
you get it from me by
words speaking I will say you speak in the devil s name ; ’
,
and with that he looketh into his h and in the sight the people c la s
p e th
,
saying
,
of
all
I am sure I have it
and then
his
other hand
his hand very close and layeth ,
to it also pretending to hold it the faster but withal ,
,
slily conveying away the shilling into his glove or ,
into his pocket ; and then the j ugle r crye th Hey passe presto vade p ube o by the virtue of Hocus pocus ,
-
,
tis gone
’
’
.
-
-
,
Then the
c
on federate op e neth his hand
and in a dissembling manner
fe ine th
,
,
himself much to
wonder that all that are present may likewise wonder ,
,
.
Then the j ugle r calleth to his boy and biddeth him bring h im a glass of claret wine which he taketh in his hand and ,
,
d rinketh
and then he taketh out
of
his bag a tonnel
JUGG LIN G T
f t in
R IC KS
1 49
.
or latine ( double ) in which double de v ice he hath formerly put so much claret win e as will almost fill made
o
,
the glass again and stopping this tonnel at the little end ,
within with his finger turneth it up that all may behold ,
,
it to be empty and then setteth it to his forehead and ,
,
taketh away his finger
,
an d
letteth the wine run into the
glass the silly spectators thinking it to be the same ,
wine which he drank to c ome again out an d
then he saith
,
good claret wine out
If of
of
his forehead ;
this be not enough I will draw ,
a post and then taketh out ’
,
of
his
bagge a wine gimblet and so he pierced the post quite through with his gimblet ; and there is one of his boys on ,
the other side co nv e
ye th
of
the wall with a bladder and a pipe
an d
the wine to his master which his master ,
vintner like draweth forth into a pot and -
,
,
,
glass and giveth the company to drink ,
A nother w ay
fille t h
,
it into a
.
is very craftily done by a Spanish borach i
,
that is a leathern bottle as thin and little as a glove the ,
neck whereo f is about a foot long with a screw at the top ,
a stopple ; this bottle the j ugle r holdeth under his arm and lette t h the neck of it come along to his hand of
instead
,
under the sleeve
of
his coat and with the same hand taketh ,
the tax in the garret that is in the foot and yet holdeth ,
the tax half in and half out an d crush e th the bottle with his arm and with his other hand holdeth a wine pot to the ,
,
L 3
S HA K S P E R E S E NGL A ND ’
1 50
.
tax so that it seemeth to the beholders that the wine ,
of
cometh out
of
the tax whi c h yet cometh out ,
and then he giveth it among being all drank
up
th e
the bottle
,
company to drink ; and
but one sm all glass at the least he ,
C ome sirrah you would faine
calleth to his boy saying ,
,
,
,
have a cup ; but the boy m aketh answer in a disdainful ,
manner d rawn
N o , master not I ; if that be good wine that is
,
,
out
of
a post I will lose my head ,
saith his master
‘
,
’
‘
.
Yea, sirrah
’
,
then your head you shall lose ; come
sirrah you shall go to pot ,
for
that word
’ .
Then
he
,
layeth
his boy down upon the table u pon a carpet with his face ,
downwards commanding him to lye still ,
a linnen cloth and spreadeth it upon ,
upon the table and by slight ,
,
the cloth a head
,
w ith
o
f
th e
hand
.
Then he taketh
boy s head placed
,
’
,
con v e ye th
under ’
a face limned so like his boy s head
and face that it is not discerned from it Then he draweth forth his sword or falchion and seemeth to cut o ff the .
,
,
boy s head ; but ’
federating
w ith all
it is to be noted that the con ,
boy putteth his head through a slit in the
carpet and throu gh a hole in the table made on purpose
,
yet unknown to the spectators and his m aster also by slight ,
,
of
hand layeth to the boy s shoulders a piece ’
,
made concave a t one end like a ,
s ur
p p it ,
other end like a man s neck with the head th e
wood
,
and round at the
’
concave end is hidden u nder
of
ou t off.
The
boy s shirt and the other ’
,
S HAK SP E R E S E NGL A ND ’
1 52
riseth
of
safe and well to the admiration
up
b eholders
.
,
the deluded
.
and the like j u gling tric ks some whereof are done merely by sleight of hand some h aVe hel p fro m T hese
“
,
,
false
instruments , as false knives false boxes false coates ,
false w as te coat s , ou t
and are all done by c ommon reason
th e le a s t comt
happeneth that
,
if
with th e d evil,
d
,
with
yet sometimes it
an
there have been any university s c holars
at the beholding and they have gone out and fallen into a ,
dispute upon the ma tter some saying ,
S e ns us
,
nu n u a m
g
fa llitur cir ca p r op r ium obj ecta m some have that the j ugle r by his familiars doth thicken the air some again ’
,
,
the eye s ight, and so deceiveth the be holder and in all their discourse they show themselves that he
h urt e th
-
,
very philosophical but little cap acio us
“
e
.
These tri c ks are more daring than any
n ow
pra ctised
,
and were bold appeals to the credulity and imagination quite conceivable in the days The de s criptions w ithout
of
of
witches and alchemists
some of these tricks will
any detailed description
be
.
To make a little ball s w ell in your hand To consume many balls into one
.
.
Ady s Candl e in t h e D ark, 1 6 55 , p ’
.
37
.
.
sufficient
T HE
HO R S E
JU GGL I N G
To tur n coun ters into money
MO R O C C O
.
To make a stone vanish from your hand To send a card in to a nut To swallo w
a
tin
long
1 53
.
.
.
pudding
.
How to m ake three eggs dance upon a s t aff
.
To blow a Sixpence out A mong
deceptions
the tricks o
f
of
fellows
.
a man s hand ”
o
.
this age are to be found the modern
pri c k the garter
and the French tric k liquors
of
’
f
,
the
cla irvo a nce ,
y
thim ble
for
g,
money would eat red hot
c
-
and
,
harcoal ;
sometimes exhibiting a toad which they called their miliar
ri
the magic bottle with its various
The jugglers were also ventriloquists who
-
fa
.
The
most
c
elebrated exhibitor
of
the day
w as
a man
named B anks and his trained horse Morocco a fterwards ,
,
burnt in Italy as a witch
.
This horse wo uld tell how
much money a gentleman had in his purse and would ,
pick up a han dkerchief or a stick and return it to the o
wner
him
.
“ ,
His master on such occasions would address ,
,
N ow sirrah here be divers gentlemen that have ,
,
lost divers things and they hear say that thou canst tell ,
them tidings
of
them where they are ;
if
further shew thy learning and tell them ,
T h e Anatomy
of
’
thou canst let s ,
” .
Le ge rd e in ain, p 2 .
.
SHA
1 54
K S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
The horse then pi c ks up the glove or stick
,
and ,
walking on his hind legs returns it to the owner who m ,
,
his master indicated to him by some secret sign
.
facetious
The ordinary juggler indulged in muc h j argon
of
,
whi c h the following is a suffi cient spe c imen
.
Let s look about us my masters and see whether we ’
,
,
are all sons us
of
one father
,
if
there be no knaves amon g
B y r lady ! sirs you are most welcome ’
.
,
.
How does
your stomac h after your carousing banquet ?what gorge upon gorge eggs upon eggs and sack upon s ac k ! ,
,
At
these years by the faith ,
of
my body sir we must ,
,
provide a little kitc hen ere we grow old good minds from the blac k enemy say I ,
.
God
bless
I know you
.
have been piping like the devil fro m east to west
.
prithee s w eet ,
for
n
ature s ’
d arlings ,
I
expose not my tri c ks ;
a worm that is trodden on turns again and patien c e ,
loves not to draw a layden cart ” .
Other jugglers by means ,
o
f
a bladder
of
blood and a
pasteboard painted bloody would pretend to stab them ,
selves
or
s
uffer themselves to be
dangerous tri c k
if
s t abbe d
the j uggler was
n ot
Juggling,
1614
Th e Art
1 I bid '
.
of
f This was a
sober or forgot
.
1 56
s nA x e
RE s
Their favourite trick s confederates
E NGL A ND
’
were
.
of
performed by the help
B y preconcerted words they would stand
.
behind a door and tell
if
a man thre w cross or pile by
the ringing ; made pots fall from a c upboard at the soun d of
a spell ; made a
of
gaggle
geese draw a timber log ; -
compelled an accomplice to dance naked ; changed the colour of a cap ; and foretold where stolen horses were hidden using for their incantations certain quaint forms ,
of
words as ,
,
n a r oth , s onus a ,
B r och , mgr och ,
fa r onus u
,
leg p
s en a r oth ,
ass ,
p
as s
be tu baroch ,
a ss e
.
They also by using boxes with false bottoms turned ,
,
toads into corn or wheat into flour
Sometimes they had
.
,
little bladders full
of
meal pepper and ginger which ,
,
,
they spit out after eatin g some bread at the same time ,
they played with a rush three holes
,
an d
balanced a trencher with
They burnt threads and dre w out fresh
.
,
ones from their ashes ; they made whole laces that had been cut in half ; or pulled yards
of
coloured ribbon from
their mouths and sold them at high prices to the ,
d ie n c e
.
au
Frequently the juggler clown showed a book -
white leaves which ,
be
shut and opened again showing ,
every leaf white black or yello w ,
of
,
.
This was done
by having the coloured leaves a little higher than the others
.
THE D
E C O LL AT I ON O F JOHN
B
AP T I ST
1 57
.
In the country th ey ran knives into a capon s head ’
without inj uring it and healed the wound by repeating ,
a charm of
hel p
"r
They pretended to swallow swords and by
.
,
a confederate drew it from a spectator s pocket or ’
,
sent a boy to fetch it from a tree such a room ; with blades
an d
the ir handles they prete nded to
in
the orchard or from ,
bodkins that slipped into them into their h e ads
r un
or tongu es or th rough their arms ,
s
,
queezing blood from
'
a small secret sponge to form a simulated wound
.
Others
a ffected to cut their noses in two or put rings th rough ,
of
their cheeks ; some to thrust pieces and out at the other by mean s ,
which the lead slipped
,
at one eye
a hollow stick into ,
.
of
B ut the great trick
before described and
of
lead in
the age
which
w as
the one we have
is still practised c alled the ,
Joh n B ap tis t,
and was shown at B artholome w f Fair 1 It required three people to perform and was shown upon a table in a d ark tent prepa red for the pur pose with a hole u p which one of the boys co uld thrust d ecolla tion
o
'
,
.
,
,
his head and another down ; a boy whose body lay upon ,
,
the table in sight
of
the
audience cou ld hide a basin fitted ,
roun d the boy s neck which was generally sprinkl e d with ’
,
Th e Art
of
J uggling
.
1 Hocus Pocus '
,
1 6 86 , p
.
33
.
s n Ax e
1 53
E NGL AND
’
RE s
.
red and surrounded with a little kneaded dough dipped ,
in blood to represent flesh ,
This the juggler pricked
.
with a hollo w quill upon whi c h it would bleed ; a little ,
dish
of
coals
the appearance
of
death
brimstone was then sprinkled on a the smoke
of
which gave
th e
face
c h a fin
g
-
,
.
The room was generally dark and the spectators were ,
crit ic al
hurried quickly out before they had time to grow
.
B ut let us hur ry to B artholome w F air, and see th e rude
,
sports
of
If w e
the age
.
push our way through the noisy crowd of laughing
citizens quarrelsome serving men keen eyed horse de alers ,
,
d
an
-
-
-
,
smiling cheats we c ome suddenly to a booth gay with ,
’
glass and displaying a sign on which is painted a pig s ,
head with the eccentric motto ,
d oes th em
s he
O v e rdone
’
bottle ale either
s
.
as
w e ll
celebrated booth She charges
See her there
.
as
eve r
,
“ ,
s
h e d id
for
5 3 fo r
fat
.
Here be th e bes t p igs , ”
a nd
This is Mistress
.
the sale
of
roast pig and
’
a pig s head and not dear ,
.
and perspiring waving a ladle ,
with which she bastes a pig already burnt a rich brown and occasionally bastes the boys who teaze her At
,
.
the doors are some B anbury men P uritans looking ,
,
on with reproachful eyes while a b allad singer is shouting -
,
out
,
B allads ballads, fine new ballads ,
.
He re s fo r your love and s ong for your mo ne y A de licate ballad of th e fe rre t and cony '
,
,
,
sn Ax e
1 50
E NG L A ND
’
RE s
.
bread gentlemen ? or the dame
fort able
of
,
’
the Pig s
Head Gentlewomen ,
Take care
of
the weather s hot ; whither walk ye ? ’
your fine velvet caps
.
The fair is dusty ;
take a sweet delic ate booth with boughs here in the way
,
and refresh yourselves with the best pig and bo ttle the fair sirs ,
in
l
a e
” .
Then again comes a sh arp quick business voice : ,
,
“
What do you lack ?
A
fine horse a lion a bull a ,
,
,
bear a dog or cat an excellent B artholomew kid or an ,
,
,
instrument ? W hat do you lack ? What do you lack ? A fine hobby horse to make yo u r son a tilte r ?a drum to -
m ake h im
little dog
,
,
a soldier ?a fiddle to ,
for
m ake
him a reve ller ?a
your daughter ? or babies male and female ? ,
What do you lack ? ”
Then the shows
.
The bull with five legs only a penny ,
the great Leicestershire hog ; the eagle ; the blac k wol f ; the cal f from Uxbridge ; the dogs that dan ce a morris ; and the hare that plays the tabor : and above all The excellent motion twopence a piece gentlemen ; ,
“
-
,
the ancient and and the most
m odern
m irth ful
history
tragedy
of
o
f
the
,
Hero and Leander Don Hie rony m o -
;
” .
For a diversion too there is a thie f to be whipped and ,
Be n
J onson s ‘
B arth ol ome w
Fair, Act iii S c .
.
1
.
K I ND H E AR T the
,
THE
T
OO T H
-
D
R AWER
161
.
rogues in the stocks to look at and public men
two
,
to point out staringly lad seller
,
an d
Look at that crowd round the bal
‘ .
watch his accompli c es the cutpurses tickling
the ears of the clowns with a straw in order to make them pull their clumsy hands out of the pockets of their ,
trunk hose while another rogue twitches ,
off
that gallant s ’
cloak o f blush coloured satin and unblushingly runs -
,
with it in spite ,
of
the hue and cry at his heels
.
that stern p al e faced man with deep brow and heavy -
,
,
tures watching him with a smile ,
,
o ff
See fe a
— that is Master B en
Jonson who is going to work the scene into a play ,
.
R aised on a high scaffold is K indheart, the well know n -
tooth drawer -
for
.
He is the greatest cheat in C hristendom ;
a crown he will cure any disease
—for 1 00 marks will
,
put out both your eyes and quite cure your ,
infla mm a
aqua mirabilis ( 1 2d a drop ) ; he stops the d ead palsy and from his skill as an o c ul ist tion with one drop ,
of
his
.
,
he is
c
Dr
alled by his enemies
.
P utout
His salve is
.
only surpassed by his pills ; and his antidote of five marks preserves
y ou
from stab and b ullet
.
B y his side waves
a banner stuck over with horse teeth to show his skill ,
,
in the power of extracting Ch e t tle VO L
.
I
.
’
s
money
.
Kin dh e art M
’
s
He is moreover a ,
Dre am, 1 5 92
.
,
’
s n Ax e
1 62
RE s
E NG L A ND
.
tooth— charmer and cures you by writing mysterious words ,
on a paper which he burns ; he sears your teeth with ,
hot wires or makes you inhale the hot v apour ,
of
henbane
seeds and then shows you the worms that he has con ,
jured out and which are certes ,
,
wriggling in the
n ow
,
water ; but they come from the henbane seeds and that ,
is a secret
He wears chains
.
f
o
teeth and shakes the m ,
re fres h the spirits
as he o ffers you a powder that will purify the blood and ease the pain ,
to
him
hear
repeat
aun t v ir tutes s u b
In
,
It is rather solemn
’ .
ve r bis e t
,
in h er bis e t in lap idibus
illa linguis Gibe ll e t Ch a lde e,
These are
the spirits that pass with the blood into the rheum to of
vex the teeth
men
bear d is William
’
That
.
A rcher,
m an
next
h im
with
the celebrated j uggler ;
a
he
wears a round low crowned rent silk hat the band knit -
,
,
,
His
in many knots and two round sticks stuck in it ,
jerkin is
of
.
cut leather his cloak of three colours his ,
,
hose paned yellow and blue and he plays the bagpipe ,
On
t he
fiddler who ,
He
18
d erives
a short
m an
coat ” and leather ,
At
of
other side
him is
his
n
Anthony Now Now , -
.
the
am e from a well known song -
.
in a round cap a side skirted tawny
buskm s
-
,
.
the next stage is B ankes and his dancing horse Kindh e art s Dre am, p ’
.
10
.
,
’
S H A KS P ER E s
1 54
Foxtail
E NG L A ND
.
What with selling and what with thieving he
”
,
.
has ere this made 2 03 a d ay at B raintree Fair To morrow he is off to Stourbridge and then to B ristol .
.
,
.
Here are two P uritan citizen s discussing the last sermon One c alls it
“
of
a good piece
excellent artic le ;
work
”
and the other
,
.
an
they are both notorious usurers ; and
that man they ac cost in a buttoned cap short gown and slippers is Hobson the wit a haberdasher of small wares in the Poultry ; wi th him are four aldermen who are ,
,
,
,
,
,
known everywhere as Ri c h R amsay Stout B ond ,
m an
B eecher and Stout C ooper ,
Gresham
’
Gentle
,
They are all friends
.
s and sharers in the Muscovy C ompany ,
o
f
Hob
.
son stops to talk to a russet coated pedlar ; he is a worthy -
man and always severe in c ompelling ,
follo w
h is
apprentices to
him to c hurch on Sunday accordingto the old rule ,
’6 .
N0 W t hey all turn into a Vintner s booth to have a flagon ’
of s
sack and a luncheon
p e re
’
host
s
for th e fair
a year “
o
f
the
A fat
.
G arter,
host not unlike Shak ,
accosts them with exultation
,
is the thirstiest fair that has been held for many
.
What gallants are ,
,
h ave news
yo u
enough for yo u all
,
come ? Well gentlemen I ,
t h ou gh
I can speak news enough and I ,
H obson s Pl e as ant Conce its , ’
a
,
I am so fat and prosy
m
1 6 07
sure you
w ill
( Pe rcy Socie ty)
.
hear
ST
O R I E S AB OUT
me and shall hear me ,
have tails and quails .
P L A GU E
TH E
165
.
Welcome wel c ome gentlemen ; I
.
,
,
fo r
you ; seat yourselves gentlemen ; ,
dishes fishes boys and beards ; I will be gone and look to ;
,
,
the drawers and back anon in a tri c e ere you look of
like the old vic e truly gallant top ,
o
f fiv e
-
,
and twenty
”
E ve ry
-
.
for
me
,
top gallant bullies -
third sentenc e he uses some
catch word whic h has become known all over London or -
some
old
of
proverb or snatc h
a son g
.
The talk is sad ; it turns on the plague in the last week mercy upon
us
Three c rosses and
.
”
-
,
85 7
dead
The Lord have
is over many doors in St L aurence .
L ane and the cookshops
o
f P ie
C orner
.
Men are afraid
to buy second hand clothes or feather beds : gentlemen -
from
the country retur n to London in their old taffety
coats afraid to order London clothes ; the public c oac hes ,
are hung with rue
The sextons and doctors are praying
.
that the si c kness may last h Op ing
minster
.
The people
o
f
Hertford are
that the term will be held there and not at West .
Horrible stories are current :
man b uried alive leapt out ,
,
Overhouse ; and
h ow
of
h is
h ow
a ser v ing
grave in St Mary .
one man fell sick fro m fright at
seeing the searchers enter his room to carry him to the dead cart thinking he was dead ,
.
Travellers
fall
off
their horses in the country roads and are buried by the ,
M 3
1 66
s n Ax e
highway side
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
.
Husband and wife die in the same day :
.
hopkeepers afraid go f their houses being closed s end away si ck apprentic es in sacks to poor tenants rooms in
s
,
,
’
Whitechapel from
A
.
man in a country
v
illage has fallen
his horse drunk and the villagers taking ,
one dead
o
f
h im for
,
the plague bu ild a bonfire over ,
him ;
he
rises up and leaps out to their horror j ust as the heap ,
catc hes fire
,
.
The door
o
f
this tavern the ,
Ange l
good plac e to watch the crowd
Trump
a nd
That old pinc h fac ed -
.
man with a great leathern po uch long sto ckings ,
,
side— coat with
c
rossbars
o
f
is a
e t,
velvet
is a usurer on his
way to sign a bond and caring nothing ,
and
,
for
the fair which ,
he does not even observe as he looks at his tablets and casts
u
a sum
p
.
Next him with a rain beaten feather -
,
in his cap a c loak hanging down to his an c les as he is ,
hurried along by the watch is ,
“
if
he c ould but
be dealt
.
find
a
tavern bully who de c lares ,
his Hamburgh knife
” ,
,
stabs should
He has just kicked the c onstable beaten the ,
watc h broken a tapster s head kissed the landlady and ’
,
,
,
finally been knocked down by the landlord
.
That over
dressed man all gilt and lace staring about is a country ,
,
,
gentleman whose purse has already been stolen though ,
R owl and s Dioge ne s ‘
’
L anth orn
and
Can d le
L igh ting
.
1 68
E NG L AND
’
snAx e
RE s
.
so he can get back to his quiet room and St Chrysos tom .
his best friend
He is observed
.
to
,
draw his knife lei
surely he wipes his beard g r avely breaks bread with his ,
,
kni fe but falls hotly on the porridge ,
ready
for
the first dish
o
f
meat
of
for fear
not being
His pupils are those
.
ruddy boys who long to get away to see Master R upert ,
feed
falcon
the white
Sloven the gelding
or John the groom back B lac k
.
fellow
That hang dog -
parchment in his hand is a
with a mis c hievous looking -
p arr ite r
o
f
the
E cclesiastical
C ourt : his friend in the brown bonnet leather coat broad ,
,
dagger and long sword is a country client on his way to ,
,
his lawyer with a bu c kram bag swollen with of
Here s a crowd ’
round a ballad seller -
The Crown England
G arland
s R oyal
’
of
G arden
.
near
R ichard Whittington famous
Li fe and
,
D eath
of
h im
and listen : he cries
Golden R oses
gathered out
Here is the R ed R ose
White ; the lamentable Song more ; the C omplaint
.
turbulent butc hers and tinkers Go
.
p ap e rs
"E
o
f
the Fair Maid
an
of
Fair Isabel ; the Song
d
,
of
the
D uns o
f
Sir
a short and sweet son net ; the of
Thomas S tukeley the London ,
gallant ; the K ing and the B eggar ; Jane Shore and Fair R osamund ; the
Tw o
Ladies
of
Finsbury ; the B attle
Nixon s Strange F oot Pos t, 1 6 1 3 '
-
.
“
of
THE B R
EA
A gincourt ;
tragic story
TH
Good
the
of
Wo o D c o c x ’s H E A D
“
T HE
OF
”
1 69
.
Shepherd s Sorrow and the ’
,
Henry VIII
.
’
s
Wives
Several cut
’ .
p u rses are busy in the crowd with horn thimbles ,
on their thumbs week hence they gate
and ready knife
,
w ill
so take care ; a
,
be grinding in the mill at
Ne w
.
So me lawyers pass towards Westminster talking ,
ej ectments and attachments
After
.
them come a ban d
of o
f
Irish sweeps costermongers and beggars and a sailor ,
,
with a brimless cap
,
They all stop at a stall where the
.
,
prentices are crying out
,
R ich girdles Spanish roses s ilk ,
,
stockings gay garters ; what do you lac k ? ,
and I
sell
c an
you
a pennywort
Draw
near
,
The shopkeeper is
one o f London s ric h aldermen and the 1 0 9 parishes shake at his nod yet he does not disdain St B artholomew s ’
,
’
.
,
fair ;
’
no nor yet St James s .
,
.
B ut we must not forget to notice that great amus ement of
the
w ho
E lizabethan fashionable
loved the breath
of
the
world smoking ,
Those
.
”
’
woodcock s head
,
as the
pipe ” was called sat on the s tage stools with their three -
,
sorts of tobacco on the point
of
real Trinidado
,
and
,
their lights by them handing matches ,
their swords or sending out their pages for
.
E v e ry
,
They practised smoking under pro fessors Man
ou t of
h is
Humour, A ct
iii S c 3 .
.
.
,
1 7o
SH A x e
who taught them tricks not more frequented no ,
at the
Exchange,
,
E NGL AND
’
RE s
.
The intelligence o ffices were
.
n or
th an the
’
the pretty seamstresses shops tobac c o o ffice
ne w
It has long been an object
o
f
special wonder with us
’
that Sh akspere s plays c ontain no mention of
of
the new vice
smoking while B en Jonson his younger contemporary ,
,
founds whole scenes upon the practice bring this forward as a proof
t ators e
.
arliness of many
of
his
as smoking was in full
d ramas ;
us e
Some oommen
.
of
the comp ar ative
but this cannot
long before
“
Will left London of
G rumio
It cannot be answered that
.
to notice the follies
of
s ufiice ,
”
He does not either mention the introdu c tion Italy
does not stoop
the day sin c e we have shown that ,
,
,
from
his own age and mentions ,
masks pom anders ,
ties
,
.
forks from
Shakspere dre w his manners entirely and almost idealised
,
farding ale s ,
false
um
hair
,
and all the latest novel
.
The poets called it fit only sweeps
rotten lun ged chimney -
the habit blackening the teeth and poisoning the
breath used by watermen ,
much
c
,
and beslaver every place with
fo r
.
olliers and carmen who spit ,
,
C ob
epitomises this dislike
humour and in a m anner that King Jame s ,
himself would have appreciated
.
De cke r s Gull s H orn Book, p 31 '
’
.
.
E NGL A ND
’
S HA x e
1 72
RE s
since yesterday was seven nights
’ .
.
Tis your right Trini
dado ; did you never take any Master Stephen ,
Master Stephen has never taken any but will learn ,
to take it
an
Master B obadil commend it
.
B obadil believes much in its many v irtu e s
Sir believe me upon my relation ,
the world shall not reprove
,
for
"E .
what I tell you
I have been in the Indies
.
where this herb grows ; but neither myself nor a dozen more gentlemen
of
any other meat
in
my knowledge have received or taken for
the world
twenty weeks but the fume
o
f
the space
of
one and -
this simple plant ; therefore
it cannot but be most divine Further t ake it in the nature in the true kind so it make s an antidote had you ,
.
,
taken the most deadly poison in
.
N ay it would expel it ,
and clarify you with as mu c h ease as I speak ; and for
,
’
your wounds your balsamum and your St John s .
,
wort are mere j ugge rie s and trash to it especially your Trinidado nicotine Go to I could say w hat I know ,
.
of
it
for
the expulsion
s tru ction s,
self ?no
,
of
of
and things
rheums sour humours ,
this kind ; but I profess
,
oh
my
” .
’
Smoking was called by the indignant w it making one s
Gifford Sc 2 .
.
.
Be n
Jonson s ’
E v e ry
Man
in h is Humour, Act iii
.
S NUF F AN D T O B A CC O
n
F A S H I O NS
1 73
.
ose an Indian chimney ; and it was considered for
s ary
all true humorous gall ants to be very c urious
in their tobacco At
n e ce s
.
the ordinary be fore the meat came smoking ,
u
pon
the board the gallant dre w out his tobacco box and ladl e -
,
for
,
assisting the cold snuff into his nostrils tongs ,
holding hot coals and priming iron ; -
,
he were rich or foolish u
seful
t alk
to
was
,
of
t h is
pawn when current coin ran low of
artillery
gold and silver
different varieties
o
f
better than the merchants and ,
w here
all
'
for ,
if
was very .
His whole
tob acco which he knew ,
of
the apothecary s shop ’
it could best be bought ; then he would sho w
several tricks in the way sni ff
an d
d isplayed
the
Eur ipus
.
f
taking it as the whiff the
At
the theatre he smoked and
o
,
,
his cane and pudding and all his varieties
tobacco and
from
,
of
thence would repair to the tobacco
ordinary ; his talk there is whether nicotine or Trinidado is sweetest which pipe has the best bore whic h turns ,
,
black and which broke in browning ,
.
The poor laughed at this lux ury of driving smoke through the nose and sealing up all wit h filthy roguish tobacco ; they smiled to see the smoke come
D e cke r s Gull s ’
’
1 Ibid '
.
p
.
1 20
.
H orn Book
,
1 6 09
p
.
1 19
.
forth
of
S HA
1 74
K SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
a man s tunnels little thinkin g that {it was destined some day to be the favourite narcotic of the poorer ’
,
.
classes
.
P imps
like B obadil
,
found
,
it their interest to say
K ing James s Counterblast against Tobacco is the best ’
of
written
all his works
.
is
It
a j udicious and sensible
attack on what he justly deemed an abuse pro duced by the growing luxury
f
the nation
”
he says
o
There cannot be
,
.
a more base yet hur tful
,
corruption in a country than is the vile use or rather ,
abuse
,
of
taking tobacco in this kingdom
The opening of
tradition
of
” .
the pamphlet upsets at once the old of
the in troduc tion
the Indian weed by
R aleigh : James says distinctly it was not brought in
by a worthy virtuous ,
gin ate d
and
in
w ho
t wo
died in
,
or great personage
but ori
,
or three savages arriving from
A meric a,
England
,
.
It originated he says in poor ,
,
wild barbarous men sprung from corruption and was ,
,
practised novelty
from
an
,
inconsiderate and childish love
of
.
Shall we manners
of
” ,
says
th e
King
who disdain to imitate the
,
the French or Spaniards borro w a vile and ,
stinking custom from the beas tly slavish Indians ? ,
Works
of
Jame s I , .
1 6 1 6, p 21 5 .
.
.
S H A K SP E R E S ’
1 76
precious relic both P uritans
fo r
E
NGL AND
.
superstitious priests and insolent
” .
He argues too that even ,
,
if
a medicine tobacco ,
t oo
often used must weaken and weary nature : to use th is unsavoury smoke is to commit a filthy abuse and to be ,
a sinful and shameful lust as bad as the sin
of
guilty
me n
drunkenness ; he laments that
of
should so enslave ’
themselves as not to be able to go a Sabbath day s journey without sending h ow
he asks
for
hot c oals to kindle the tobacco ; and
men so impatient for l u xury co uld be expected
to endure the privations of
war
o
f
meat drink and sleep in time ,
,
,
.
Q
Lastly he pleads the expense sin c e some gentlemen ,
,
smoke buyers bestowed three or four hundred pounds a year upon this precious stink The last page abuses ment
of
of
.
this book in which he sums ,
the custom is too interesting to bear ,
up
the
abrid
g
” .
For the vanities
” ,
he says
,
c
ommitted in this filthy
custom is it not both great vanity and uncleanness that at ,
the table a place ,
of
respect
o
f
cleanliness and
men should not be ashamed to sit tossing and puffing of the smoke Works
of
of
Jame s
of
of
modesty
,
tobacco pipes
tobacco one to another
,
I , p 222 .
.
.
K ING
JAM
ES
ON
SM
O K ING
1 77
.
making the filt hy smoke and stink thereof
”
,
to exhale
athwart the dishes and infect the air where very often men ,
t hat
abhorre
are at their repast
it
Smoke becomes a
.
kitchen farre better than a dining chamber and yet it ,
makes a kitc hen also oftentim es in the inward parts ,
y ling
m e n,
so
kind
of
t akers
of
and in fecting them with an un c tuous and oily
soot as hath been found in some great tobacco ,
that after their death w e re opened
” .
The angry and fumy king goes on to loudly complain t hat
no time or a ct ion was exempted from the public use .
of
that uncivil bric k making our manners worse than those
of
the wives
of
,
of
D iepe
To avoid appearing singular men
.
,
sound j udgment and complexion were also drawn into
imitation
.
B ut let him speak fo r himsel f, for we shall not
interrupt him again
.
Is it not a gr eat vanity that a man cannot heartily welcome his friend now but straight they must be in hand with tobac co of
,
for
it has become in plac e ,
of
a cure a point ,
good fello w ship —h e that will r e fuse to take a pipe
amon g his fellows ( though by his own r elation he would rather feel the savour o f a s nike ) is ac c ounted peevish and ,
no
good
estern
co m
p
even as they do with
.
I
.
t ip ling
in the cold
Yea the mistress cannot in a more ,
kind entertain her servant than by giving
her fair hand a pipe
of
VOL
y
e,
cou nt re y s .
m annerly
out
an
of
tobacco
.
B ut
h im
herein is not
’
S HA x e
l 7a
E NGL AND
nE s
.
of
only a great vanity but a great contempt
gifts —that gift
God,
of
,
the sweetne ss
of
G od s ’
good
men s breath being a good ’
,
should be wilfully corrupted by this stinking
smoke whe re in I must confess it hath too strong a virtue ,
,
,
,
and so that which is an ornament of nature and can neither by any artifi c e be at the first acquired nor once lost covered again shall be ,
filt h ily
re
corrupted with an inc urable
stink whi c h vile quality is as directly c ontrary to that ,
wrong opinion which is holden thereof as the ,
v e nime
virtue preserva tive
of
of
the wholesomeness
putrefaction is contrary to the
.
Moreover which is a great iniquity and against all ,
h umanitie , h is
thereby w ife
the husband shall not be ashamed
to
reduce
delicate wholesome and clean comple xioned ,
,
to that extremity that either she must also corrupt
her sweet breath therein or else resolve to live in a per ,
p
e t uall
y
stinking torment
.
Have you not reason then to be ashame d and to forbear ,
,
this filthy novelty so basely grounded so foolishly ,
ce iv e d,
and
so
,
grossly mistaken the right use thereo f ?
to your abuse thereof sinning against ,
selves both
in
re
God ,
harming your
persons and goods and taking also thereby ,
the notes and marks of
v an itie
upon you by the custom ,
thereof making yourselves to be wondered at by all for ,
reine civil nations and by all strangers that come among ,
s HA xe
1 80
E NGL A ND
’
'
nE s
C H AP I V .
Th ou
v
art
like
lap s me
t a ern, c
th ee !
THE
L AW S
one of
th ose
h is
by th e inde e d, th e re is no and ,
Op era
ne e d
tion
.
OF T H E D U
E LL E
fe llows , th at, wh en h e
s word up on
the
table
t
y
of t h e se cond cup ,
.
e n ers
draws it
con fine s of a
th e
me
send
Go d
and s a s ,
,
.
n o nee d of
th e d rawe r, w h e n,
on
” .
Romeo and Juliet, Act iii S c 1 .
.
He figh ts me h is minim
as
you s ing p ric k
t
-
song,
ke e p s time
dis tance ,
,
.
p rop ort ion ; res ts th e ve ry butch er of
and
th ird in your bosom : a s ilk button a d ue llis t a d ue llis t ; a g e n tl e m an of t h e ve ry firs t h ouse — of firs t and s econd cause : ah ! t h e immortal p as sado ! t h e p unto re verso l res , one ,
,
t wo ,
an d
th e
th e
,
th e
h ay ! & c ” .
Th e S and s
of
Cal ais
In tro duction Books
of
—F e ncing Mast ers R ap ie r
th e
of
Cau s e s
.
.
Th e Lie in Ge n e ral
D ue ls
—Th
D ue l s
.
Fo olish
Lie
T av e rn s
at
Ch alle nge
.
of
Fr e que ncy
.
.
D ue lling
.
—S a
v io o s
l
Conditional Lie
—P .
.
Civil
Proof T ime for th e D ue l T h e Combat Cau s e s th at s t ay e d Due l s M oral ity o f t h e Due ll is ts Th e A p ology Art of F e nce .
e
.
rou
an d
’
d
.
*
.
.
Parries
.
Te rms
.
L anguage
.
of
WH EN B obadil ventured his ”
f
cass by the help
o
reverso stoccata
imbrocat to
,
,
,
of
t h e S ch ool s
-
.
.
poor gentlemanlike car
his nineteen S pecial rules his punto
spare the entire lives parts
.
.
,
of
passada and montanto to ,
,
the Queen s subjects and three ’
,
the yearly charge in holding war by the ,
mere
TH E P
exertion of
his
RE VAL E N C E
0F D
UELL ING
1 81
.
own skill and nineteen oth e rs in the use of
the rapier he did but utter the ridiculous th reat s to be ,
in th e
heard any day The sands
f
London fencing school
.
C alais were too often moistened with the
o
blood of the hot brained gallants of Elizabeth s reign for on this spot the most formal duels were fought to pr event ’
-
,
,
interruption ; a chivalrous and warlike age and the uni ,
versal wearin g of swords by all classes from the prentice ,
boy to the d uke rendered street fights as common as stab ,
bings were among the lower classes who ,
and daggers
D uelling
.
had
grown into
fencing school became the scene
of an
all
carried knives
a science and the ,
important pa rt
of
Dancing practising with the rap ier tennis the theatre and the ordinary took up the greater part o f the London loungers day The fencing ’
every gentleman s education
.
,
,
,
,
,
’
.
masters were chiefly Italians and Fren chmen and the terms ,
of the art were all borrowed from the language former nation
The courtier
,
.
if
a man
of
of
the
letters had then ,
sometimes to handle the sword just as the man ,
of
arm s
had sometimes to pen a sonnet ; the very country curate had his sword and would not refuse a challenge ; ,
an d
the
slightest provocation at a ball room or a party ended in an -
appeal to the sword D uellin g had grown fashionable together with the .
,
habit of spending nights in taverns ; there was much N 3
SHA
1 82
luggi g out of n
ge ne r al
K SPERE S E NGL AND
iron :
’
“
fall
on
”
and
cries when the tables were of
a red sea
spilled wine
.
draw
u
were the
pset and the floor ,
D ead m e n,
.
”
with holes in
their breasts were often found by the watchman ,
their pale faces resting on the door steps
of
-
,
w ith
merchants
’
houses or propped up and s till blee ding hid away in church porches The rapier not only became the brave ,
,
,
.
m an
’
s defence but the refuge of the dete c ted cheat and the ,
angry gambler
Friendships were ended and ambition
.
,
interrupted by one thrust and long lines ,
broken from of
up
by a single pass
o
f
arms
of
ancestry cruelly
Hot bloods fresh
.
,
peril in the Indies were not respectful
life
,
.
of
the holines s
Madcaps broken from college had often to fight
their way sword in hand through armed serving men the -
,
retainers
of
,
,
rivals or
of
enemies
Many a battle
.
w as
les s
dangerous th an one night spent at a tavern when the wine ,
had flowed somewha t fas ter than usual and the dice the ,
,
of
representatives about too often
castles
an d
o
f
man sions had tumble d ,
.
It was now all poking and thrusting no broad red ,
slashes that hurt but did not kill ,
r
.
Just as the bowyer
idiculed the first hand guns so did the ,
smi th despise the first Toledos English,
.
English
blade
The rapier was called nu
jus t as moustachios are
n ow
called so by those
who do not wear them ; i t was tho u ght to be murderous
,
E NGL AND
’
s n An s r nRE s
1 84
an d
s treet
tavern
fights ,
.
accustomed to gu ard their throats
from
the S panish swords and the bully s dagger who scarcely passed a day witho ut breathing the mselves with a ’
,
friend
at the fencing school with all the eagerne ss of
me n
whose pride and safety are both interested in their attain ment
of
a diffi c ulty
There was perhaps, a pride in feeling
.
,
’
that one s own life and that
of
,
of
strength cussed
a thin steel sword
of
ministry
.
new parry was dis no w
discu ss a
When the rapier superseded the
,
ever
A
.
,
sword and buckler old fallen ,
,
court and in city j ust as we
at
change
ano ther depended on the
me n of
and that the days
lamented that
E ngl and
manly fighting were gon e
had for
.
The duel in
England
never reached the popul arity that
it did in Fran ce during years of Henry I V
’ .
5
Elizabeth
sway
,
400 0
’
s reign
.
For eighteen
gentlemen are said to have
perished in private co mbat in spite of his edict of B lois and ,
other laws induced
The advice
.
th e
of
the wise Sully at last perhaps
King to act more severely ag ainst offenders
th ough he was always himsel f a secret ap prover .
m ode
of
of
,
the
trial which after all is less expensive and not ,
much more unc ert ain than
la w
m any
of
these d uels were
fiercely fought by men in the ir shirts armed with sword ,
and d agger
.
u
Any
accidental advantage was pressed to the
ttermost and all perhaps ,
for
’
a lady s glove or a stolen
L AW S
T HE
ribbon
OF THE D
The trial by battle
.
,
1 571
to Tothill Fields to ,
fight before the Queen ; Spelm an who ,
tions the event
1 85
.
once cl aimed and the
w as
champions were summoned in
U E LL E
present
w as
,
me n
The dispute was about property in the
.
island of Hastie in K ent ; but the complain ants not -
pearing the affair ended peaceably much to the ,
,
cation
of
a
p
m ort ifi
the crowd who do not like reprieves and think ,
,
themselves wronged by such dull events
.
The laws of the duelle were regulated by the most wire dr awn and fantastical principles
of
honour swelled into a ,
woe by the subtleties and Jesuitisms
of
’
the masters o fence
and the regul ations of their schools S av iolo the great master of this art advises strongly .
,
,
that all quarrels arising from words spoken in choler and w ine v
be made up un less ,
th e
inj ury was accompanied by
illany for which no wor ds could give satis faction
A mongst of
other causes
some men
t e s ie
wh o
of
.
quarrels he mentions the habit ,
would enter a room without any cour
or salutation to the company and taking a friend by ,
the sleeve urge
h im
fantastical mad ,
to go with them : upon this some other conceited fellow
,
”
ordinarily resented
the rudeness and blows and death would follow ,
* .
Sometimes also at weddings or great feasts a ,
,
,
Vince ntio Saviolo s Practis e , ’
1 5 75 , p
.
12
.
man
1 86
S
ne rle s s *
HAK S P ERE S E NGLAND ’
.
man would approach a gentlewoman talking to
some friends and retired from the c ompany and solic it her ,
to dan c e with him without notic ing those to whom she ,
w ould follow ,
was c onversing : a quarrel
the friends and .
kins folk would fall to blows and frays ensued wherein ,
often many men lost their lives was a habit Trieste
,
o
f
.
A nother
staring at men s faces in the streets tw o
s aw
Th e
they kne w them and ,
citizens replied
said the other
o
f
f
the C i ty as ked ,
if not W h y
B ecause we have eyes
,
o
they stared ”
That
.
.
”
,
is the crows fault in that they have not ’
“ ,
picked them out
,
Word grew from word and a hot fight
” .
ensued in whic h one of the brothers was slain and ,
,
the gentlemen hurt : one c
At
.
brothers who being stared out
countenance by some you ng gentlemen if
strife
of
’
S av iolo
the ci tizens
cause
o
f
t w o of
them being hurt in the leg and
aptured although much beloved in the City was soon aft er ,
,
beheaded 1 ’
.
Many
o
of
and unc ourteous
ld
soldiers considered it suspicious
any one to touch their swords whether ,
to admire the beauty
o
f
their temper or the richness
their hilt as this feigned curiosity ,
to by assassins
w as
o
f
som etimes resorted
.
Still more dangerous
w as
it to break coarse jokes or ,
Vincen t io S aviolo s Practis e , 1 5 75 , b ii ’
.
f Ibid
.
b ii .
.
.
’
S H AK e
1 33
the lie
w as
RE s
E NGL AND
.
divided into m any branches much ingenuity ,
being used by either party to avoid giving lenge
The
.
lie
cer ta in
of
the
l lie
s
p
e c ia
first chal
-
v
when generalised turned upon the
Tho u hast spoken to my discredit and
word there fore : prejudice
th e
my honest reputation and there fore dost ,
for
was more de finite as ,
example
-
,
in
lie
Alex
~
ander thou hast said that I being employed by his High ,
ness in his service at P adua have had secret conference th e
with ly e d
enemy and therefore I say th at thou hast ,
” .
The
ditiona l lie
c on
Touchstone would say was much ,
used by cautious and diplomatic men as it always gave ,
the prudent opportunities to escape
It ran thu s :
.
If
hast said that I have offered my lord abuse thou ,
and
if thou
lye s t,
sayest so hereafter thou shalt lie and as often ,
as thou hast or shall so say so ,
lye s t
thou
o ft
do I and will I say thou
” .
The answer to this was
,
Whereas thou chargest me tha t
I should say that thou art a traitor and th e reupon sayest ,
that I lye I answer that I never spake such words and ,
,
therefore say that whosoever sayest I have spoken such words he ly e t h ce e d
” .
A nother
reply was
,
Thou dost not pro
in this case like a gentleman neither according to the ,
S av iolo, b ii .
.
F OO L I S H L I E S
honorable custom will answer thee
knights which when thou shalt do I ,
” .
was divided by these p rofessors into branches —the lye general in respect o f the person
The t wo an d
of
1 89
.
lie in ge ne r al
,
the lye general in respect
of
the injury —the first was
when one said W hosoever hath reported of me that I have betrayed my lord dot h lye falsely This no gentleman ”
.
was compelled to answer th ou gh such challenges
w ere
,
rather dangerous in a hot blooded age -
The second ran t hus
“
'
,
An tony,
.
thou hast spoken ill
of
me and prej udiced my reputation and therefore I say that ,
”
This lie was thought of no value till the angry duellist entered in to particulars This lie o ften
tho u
lye s t
.
.
drove the defendant to prove his charge by law and so the ,
duel was frustr ated and money and hot blood wasted ,
The man,
lie in p
a r tic u la r
of
the speci al lie
w as
and specified the charge and offence
the brave This is an
.
example :
.
Silvano thou hast said that at the day of the ,
battle of St Quintin I did abandon the ensign wherefore .
,
I say thou liest '
,
”
and then produced his proo f that his
u
denied, and
the defendant refused to fight he was disgrace d
F oolis h
sed such words
If
enemy had
.
the charge could not be .
,
lies
consisted in Tmanife s t inconsistencies as ,
S aviolo, b ii .
.
I
t Ibid
.
b ii .
.
E NG L A ND
’
S H AKS P E R E s
1 90
when a man lost his girdle arid said ly e d
.
Whoever had stolen it
,
a fool in his hurry to give the lie would
in his t h roa
often say before his adversary could speak I am not an honest man thou ,
ing what was not yet spoken return
for
t hought
ly e s t
If thou
,
in thy throat
”
sayest
answer
,
To delay giving the lie
.
an insult even in presence ,
of
the prince was ,
degrading to a gentleman unless the enemy were ,
so ac companied as to render it dangerous to beard him Other sources called
“
inj
ur ie s
w as , if
first
the se c ond one said plied
“ ,
in
,
“ ,
of re
quarrel were what were pedantically
quited
and
inj
re d oub e
ld
ur ie s
”
The
.
you were called a thief to retort the c harge ;
if
you added fresh words
of
outrage as when ,
Thou art a false money maker
A nd
.
thou too and a homic ide ,
” ,
and
w it h all
”
.
you
re
S av iolo
sums up that in these difficult cases a bare countercharge
,
without giving the lie needed not necessarily produce a ,
d uel
.
The sword or civil proof (law followed according as a man valued his honour or reputation S av iolo with .
,
his usual high feeling and good principle contends that it ,
is no less the part
of
a cavalier to know how to sheathe
his s w ord than it is to kno w the civil proof is the proof
h ow
to draw it and that ,
reason and fighting the
of
,
S av iolo, b ii .
.
’
S H AK e
1 92
RE s
The most honourable
E
d uel
NGLA ND
.
was thought to
be
that in
which both the combatants fought in their shirts S a v iolo
rapier and poniard ; but and deadly
righ t
A
.
-
u
h a n de d
ad versary to fight left h anded -
allowed
no
he
man unless ,
w ith
condemns this as brutal
man could not compel his p adrion,
The
.
or se c ond
,
had physical defects; to wear
rain braces or any such defen ces or armour If one gentleman had lost an hand or eye his adversary was -
.
,
,
muffled or bound in the same part : a maimed man c
,
if
ompelled to fight wi t h his defective hand could de cline ,
the challenge
.
The time appointed risin g and the setting
for of
d uel "
the
the sun
was between the
If,
.
in that time the ,
challe nger did not appear the de fendant was not compelled ,
to fight on the day following without his own consent
,
and that
o
f
the lord who granted the field
.
The fight was continued till death or flight : sometimes the combatant
wh o
t he
first t ouched
ground
w as
declared
prisoner or the mem ber that touched the rails was cut ,
o
ff
.
and
The first who went if
ou t of
the lists became prison er ;
his horse was wounded or killed or his armour ,
broken he was not supplied with fresh ,
If
'
.
one was
dis
arme d his adversary might stab him be fore he could rise
,
,
S av iolo , b ii .
.
I MP E D I M E N T S
TO
THE
al though it was accounted a piece to give
him
his sword again
D
of
,
m ake
1 93
.
romantic generosity
The challenger gave the
.
first assault : no man under pain either to speak a word or
U E LL E
of
death was allowed ,
any sign when the duellists for
entered the lists ; and it was held a shame gentleman
,
combat
It was also held dishonourable to
.
ground
w hen
once in the meado w to repent
pened the arbitrator could forbid the battle ,
of
Traitors freebooters deserters ,
ru ffian s ,
,
c
f
the
hange the
an d
it hap
if
.
thieves
,
tavern haunters excommunic ated persons
,
,
,
robbers
o
,
qua rrel when once in the field
of
either
-
their colours
,
usurers and all other persons not living as gentlemen and ,
soldiers were refused the privilege ,
In
of
th e
field with honourable
horse and armour and
”
sound
,
Great infirm itie s ,
o
f
trum pet
.
tempests or floods were allowed to be ,
suffic ient impediments m an
.
,
,
ictor rides three times round
pomp
the duelle
duels when the defendant did not appear the
formal v
of
.
If
,
a title or fortune rendered a
suddenly after the challenge ,
,
o
his challe nger he was bound to find a ,
f
higher rank than
ch a mp ion
’ .
r
When the combat lasted till sunset without any decisive result the ,
d e fendant
was adj udged the vanquisher and ,
the challenger could be refused any further rights S aviolo, VO L
.
I
.
1 Ibid
b ii .
‘
.
O
.
of
b ii .
.
the
S HAK e
1 94
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
.
duelle : he that was overcome in the lists surrendered his armour garments and horse as trophies to the victor ,
,
paid the expenses
of
,
o
f
of
,
o
f
war
of
So severe was the code
.
S av iolo, following
honour in this age that the Marquis
if
the combat and a ransom j ust as
he had been a prisoner
,
a j udgmen t
Vas k, d enies that a man on c e c onquered
could recover his honour by suc c ess in a second combat : a man becoming disgraced after the challenge had been sent
h im ,
might be refused as an adversary
D egrees
.
rank were also on all occasions taken into consideration ,
,
of
.
Sometimes the wrong doer apologised to the man he -
had wro nged yielding up his sword and surrendering ,
h imself into his hands with all humility and sorrowfulness
,
upon which his former friend with the manly tenderness ,
which we should now in our ar t ificial state be ashamed ,
,
to own would em brace and li ft him ,
The quarrels t hus
o
f
up
.
maskers or night revellers were often -
made up merely to say ,
,
,
I spoke not such ill words
,
was held an insufficient apology unless he added if
I had I had spoken falsely ,
“ ,
you
w ith
An d
”
fendant first addressed his adversary : of
,
.
The full apology ran in the following form : the to kno w
”
“
de
I would be glad
wh at mind you gave me hard words S av iolo, b ii .
.
1 96
S
HA K SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
by rage rushed upon their enemies swords ’
,
hurt in spite
o
f
their skill ; others were
n
an
,
d w ere
ever able to
”
master t heir weapons " incul c ated lessons S av iolo .
e
of
morality and courtesy
teac hing his pupils to be more gentle and the more skill he obtained with his sword
c
ourteous
He
.
,
p refers
right to m ight law to arms and never to take adv an tage of his skill to challenge or insult those weaker than ,
,
Othe r s we suspect were great breeders of strife
himsel f
.
,
,
and fomenters
o
f daily
The pro fessors
o
f
brawls
,
.
rapier and dagger required in their
pupil not merely that he should force and thrust well and ,
strike right and c ross blows but that he should be p rudent keen sighted and agile and keep time with hand and foot ,
-
,
,
,
.
Some gallants fought with the rapie r and dagger ; some with the rapier and c loak like the Spaniards ; some with ,
the rapier ro t e c te d
d
bu ckler
d
others with the rapier alone 1 The parries were general ly made with the left hand an
,
by a gauntlet
reserved entirely was held out
at
fo r
an
,
and
'
.
not by the sword whi c h ,
w as
thrusting and striking ; the dagger
arm s length horizontally and seldom used ’
,
to s trike Sometimes the rapier stroke and the blo w the dagger were si m ultaneous .
.
B i 6 .
.
.
,
1 Ibid
.
b i 6 .
.
.
of
TH E
S a v iolo s ’
description and
the language
T
H I RD W AR D
1 97
.
”
of
the third ward will illustrate
subtleties
of
the fencing s c hools
.
You must stand with your feet together as if you ,
were ready to sit down and your rapier hand must be ,
within your knee and your point against the fac e ,
if
enemy ; and
of
your
your enemy put himsel f upon the same s toc c a d a
ward you may give a ,
at length between his
rapier and his arm whic h shall be best performed and ,
reach furthest side
if
Moreover
.
,
you shift with your foot on the right if
you could deliver a lo ng stoccata and ,
have per c eived that your enemy would shrink away you may
,
if
you list at that very instant give it him or ,
,
remove with your right foot a little back towards ’
h is
side and bearing bac k your body that his point ,
m iss
,
le ft
m ay
your belly you may presently hit him on the breast ,
with your hand or on the face a reverso or on the legs ; but
if
,
,
,
your enemy would at that time free his point to
give you an imbroccata you ,
m ay
turn your body
u
pon
your right knee so that the said knee bear towards the ,
right side and shi fting with your body a little keep your ,
,
le ft hand ready upon a sudden to find the weapon
o
f
your enemy and by this means you may give him a ,
punta riversa a stoccata or a riversa to his legs ,
A s tram azorm
,
was a cut
” .
a stoccata a thrust :
S aviolo, b i 1 5 .
o
3
.
.
but
’
s n Ax e
1 93
of
enough
RE s
E NGL A ND
.
this j argon as insufferably dull to describe as ,
it was exciting when first used In the cant
of
.
of
the professors the love ,
necessarily followed by a love
of
the rapier
virtue was
This science
.
required a man to be able strong active wise skilful easy tempered and valiant
,
,
,
.
military art they boas t ed could be ,
his profession without the knowledge his life was at the merc y
o
,
N o man professing the
-
,
,
f
c
alled perfect in
of
the rapier and ,
the poorest swordsman
.
It
.
made the brave man braver and even the coward cour ,
ge ou s ;
a
as no man but might quarrel so there was no one ,
who needed not to know how to defend himself and attack f
his enemy ; the hot headed needed to know the use
o
weapons and the
If
-
,
c
ool to maintain their neutrality
.
hunting and hawking strengthened the nerves and har de ne d
the body
for
war
rapier ? In the words
h ow
,
o
f
much the training
of
good Master V incent :
the “
It
seemeth unto me that I may with great reason say that the art and exerc ise
o
f
the rapier and dagger is much
more rare and exc ellent than any other mili t ary exercise o
f the
body because there is very great and ne c essary use ,
thereof not only in general wars but also in partic ular ,
,
combats and many other ac cidents when a ,
the perfect knowledge and practice but small
of
stature and weak
of
o
f
m an
having
this art although ,
strength may with a ,
20 0
S
HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
wanting amusement would send to breathe them fen c ing
-
.
a
to a tavern
.
masters frequently
matc hes on the
public stage sometimes before the Queen ,
occasions death followed these encounters
.
on
or
t wo
AB U SE O F
S
ERVA NT S
CHAP V .
S
ERVI N G
-
.
ME N
A ND
GE N T L E W O ME N
A ND
THE
B
U T TE R Y
To
onl
ca rry
y to
in
a
make
dish
le g
-
l ve s
y ou s a an d crin ge ,
s
an d s h if
R OO M
.
,
t a tre nch e r
,
ve not s ouls only t o h op e a ble s sing You th a t w e Beyond bl ack j acks or fl ag on Only t o cons ume meat an d drink an d fatten Up on re ve s ions l
Th at h a
K ITC H E N
T HE
.
S T I LL
Wh y Cre ate d
201
.
,
s
.
re
born
,
r
M as s inger s N ew Way ’
to P
ay
Old D ebts , Act i Sc 3
.
.
.
A serving man p roud i h e t and mind th at curle d my h air w ore gl oves in my cap serve d th e lus t of my mis t e s s h e a t a d did t h e act of d arkness with h er ; s wore as m any oath s s I s p ak e w o d s and brok e th e m in th e s we e t face of h e aven ; one th at s le p t in t h e contriv ing of lus t and w ake d t o d o it ; ly ; and i w ome n out p aramou e d ; th e Turk we re l ove d I de e p ly o ce d fal se of h e art ligh t of e ar bl ood y of h a d h og in s loth fox in s te alth wolf in -
n
,
ar
,
,
’
r
,
r
a
r
n
,
,
,
,
n
n
,
,
gre e dines s ,
n
e ar
d og in m ad ne s s, lion in p re y
r
-
,
,
,
,
”
.
King Lea r, A ct iii S c 4 .
.
Pu rit an S e rvants Fre nch Page s Irish run n ing F oo tm e n Horse s —L aw s of a O r dinance s House h o l d Fine s Th e C ook T h e S t e ward Pe tty Ofii S e r v an ts D inn e r s —D u tie s of a Page cers of t h e Cour t Th e ir Manners Th e Ch ap lain Poor Th e S erv ing Man Tu tor —L ane h am and h is D u tie s —A n A rchbis h op s S ervan ts Th e K itch e n —Myth o H abits of t h e Je s t er —Th e D inner l ogical Pas try L is t of D is h e s Th e Roy al Die t Co oking T h e Que e n s D inner s R e ceip t s Cock A le
Sh aks p e re
'
s
Abuse
of
S e r v an ts
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
-
«
.
’
r
.
.
.
,
.
.
—
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
.
T H E plays of Shakspere are filled with invectives against the servants of the sixteenth century ; only a
fe w
scenes
S
202
’
HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND
.
before the one which we have quoted honest irascible ,
,
K ent (half Me ne niu s and half Falc onbridge ) denounces A
Oswald the ste w ard as ,
,
knave a rascal an eater ,
,
of
broken meats ; a base proud shallo w beggarly three ,
,
,
,
suited hundred pound filthy worsted stocking knave -
lily livered -
,
,
,
action taking knave ;
a whoreson
-
,
gazing super servic eable -
,
-
,
riting slave ; one that woul d be a bawd in way service and nothing but the composition ,
beggar
oward pandar
c
,
,
glass
,
rogue ; one trunk
finical
of
a
-
of
inh e
good
a knave
,
” .
Indeed with the ex c eption ,
Timon and Orlando s trusty ’
of
the faithful steward
A dam ,
of
Shakspere s serving ’
men always drawn from the age are generally witty ,
,
quibbling
,
foolish ,
,
sly and pilfering
gaping domestic s
in C oriolanus quarrelsome and turbulent in R omeo and ,
Juliet
In the Taming
.
o
f
the Shrew and Merchant con fida n t e s
V enice they seem companions and ,
masters
In Twelfth Night they are players
.
jokes and sworn enemies stewards
Malvolio and
.
present us with a glimpse r a c te r :
of
Dr
of
a
practical
Simple however
’
s
ne w
,
,
phase in their cha
we mean the austere puritanis m that mar ked out
,
here and there among a crowd ,
vidual as that
their
pompous and meddling
C aiu s
.
of
f
o
of
w ay,
of
noisy pages one indi ,
something given to prayer something peevish ,
”
and Malvolio as a precisian
.
204
S
HAK S P ERE S E N G L A ND ’
.
Neapolitan fishermen they could throw their dangerous ,
skeans (knives ) to a hair s breadth The favourite nicknames of the populac e ’
.
ning men were foot ;
”
P umps
,
”
Linen stocking
”
-
,
,
for
the
r un
D usty
and
and jokes were not unfrequent at their speed
three s c ore mile a day or their seven miles an hour d ay
These Irish servants kept St P atric k s ’
.
of
.
with great
rejoicing and decked their hats on that national festival ,
with the green tuft
of
shamrocks that the Lon don C elts
still wear on the festival
of
T h ey were amorous and
fond
seem to have been notorio us love
o
f
usquebaugh English ,
happy
E lizabethans
-
of
for
whi c h was a greater novelty to the than to us
,
s
h w e e t faish !
Denis ,
and were known by their
B y C h re e s h shave me thou
ty
,
any greater vice than a
the old dramatist always
made them speak in this manner “
.
dancing and do not
They were generally called
.
D aniel, D ermot , P atrick ;
broken
that vermin hunting saint
”
P hair ish te King ? ”
,
ly e s h t l
”
C reesh pless
Sometimes to humour their master
they wo uld dress in the long yellow mantle peculiar to the Irish Chie ftain and dance the fading ( a national dance ) or sing as exiles the songs of their bleeding an d widowed c ountry ,
,
,
.
A
Mad Worl d
,
my
Mas t e rs
.
Th e
Wat er Poe t s Works '
.
’
H ARR I NGT O N S RULE S
F OR
S
ERVANTS
205
.
The favourite horse o f our gall ants was the Irish hobby horse and his atten d ant was most frequently an Irish ,
horse boy who stoo d shivering at the theatre door while ,
,
the gallant went warm into the play
* .
From Sir J Harrington s ( the translator of A riosto ) rules for servants we obtain a very clear conception of ’
.
,
of
the internal government in 1 5 6 6
A
.
servant who is absent from prayers to be fined
For u ttering an oath a door open A
a country gentleman s hou s e ’
fine
,
1d
and the same sum for leaving
.
.
of
2d
.
from
,
Lady
D ay
to Michaelmas for all ,
who are in bed after six or out after ten ,
.
The same fine from Michaelm as to Lady ,
who are in bed after seven or out after nine ,
A
fine
1 d for
of
.
a ny
.
,
,
.
.
fine
.
1 d for
of
.
an
y
man waiting without a trencher
or who is absent at a meal
.
of
For any one breakin g any A
for all
fine of 4d for any man detected teaching the children
obscene words A
Day,
bed unmade fire unlit or candle
box uncleaned aft er eight A
.
fine of
dinner
2d for .
the butler s glass ’
,
De kke r s Gull
’
s
.
any one who has not laid the table
by hal f past ten or the supper by six ’
1 2d
H
orn
Book
.
.
B e n Jons on s Iris h ’
Mas qu e
.
for
’
SH AKSP ERE s
206
A
E NGLAND
fine of 4d for any one absent a day without leave .
For any man striking another a fine ,
For any follower visiting the cook A
.
of
fine
1d
1d
,
,
,
,
fine of
1 d fo r .
.
.
broken hose untied shoes or torn doublet A
1d
any man appearing in a foul shirt
for
.
of
.
.
any stranger s room left for four hours ’
afte r he be dresse d A fine of 1 d if the hall be not clean ed by eight in winter .
.
and seven in summer The porter to be fined .
during meals A fine of 3d
1 d if .
the court gate be not shut
.
after
.
if
the stairs be not cleaned every Friday
d inne rfi"
All t hese
fines were deducted by the steward at the
quarterly payment
o
f
’
the men s wages
.
If these
laws were
observed the domestic discipline must have been almost ,
military in it
.
The red faced white capped cook ruled the roast in the -
-
kitchen ; his sceptre was a rolling
-
bruised the
marm aze t s
and
iron ; he was frequently d ried h im
up ,
p in ,
with which he
s c ullery boys as with a rod of i k and
c h ole r c
thirsty
,
for
the fire
and he was al w ays chopping at pil fering
fingers with his cleaver or flinging hot broth at some ,
H
arr ing on s
t
'
Nuga Antiq ues , p 1 05 .
.
’
'
E N GL A ND
SH A K S P ER E s
208
vain
his scraps
of
conceited
o
language and his inkling
the bows or nods
of
for
had mistaken him ance with the great len t
f
.
o
f
of
music
,
some passing noble who ,
a friend and proud ,
o
f
his ac quaint
to the rich fawning to the poor inso ,
,
Laneham who was a gentleman usher to the privy
"e
,
.
council describes himsel f as rising at seven and going to ,
chapel ; then after eight entering his lord s c hamber and ’
,
,
,
eating the manc het left
of
the previous night
for
livery ;
nothing can equal the foolish contented c omplac ency
w ith
which he des c ribes how he kept order in the ante room on -
P eace sirs wot ye where ye are ?
”
state occasions with
,
,
,
How he would be down upon unhappy listeners and
pryers ; or
,
if
would invite
the visitor happened to b e a friend how he ,
h im
into a seat u pon his bench ;
h ow ,
when
the ambassadors men c ame out they would he glories to ’
,
,
say ask him what it was o c lo c k or bid h im call for their lacquey The steward was the master s confidant and the terror ’
,
,
.
’
of
pil fering servants
.
’
It was the steward s business when his lord was ex ,
p e c te d,
to see that the supper w as ready the house trimmed ,
,
the rushes strewed the cobwebs swept the j acks and gills ,
,
cleaned and the carpets laid ; the serving men in their new -
,
Tw e l fth Nigh t
D e kke r s Gu ll ‘
.
’
s
H or n
B ook
.
L aneh am
.
PAGE S
TH E
fustian
2 09
.
and white stockings their heads combed sleek and ,
,
their coats brush e d ; their gar ters of corresponding colour
,
their daggers neatly sheathed and their shoes unpatched ; ,
no t
to S peak
of
th e
é
Diggory
last new
being dul y tau ght to ’
kiss his hand and make his cong as he held his master s s
tirrup
When his lord rose
.
the grace cup and ,
domo
o
f
w as ,
the morning he brought in
in
in fac t the lieutenant and major ,
the Elizabethan mansion
.
On all great occasions the stewards provided dinner
fo r
their master s poor neighbour s ; powdered bee f and venison ’
the rich ; P oor John ( salt fish ) and apple pyes for the lower ; one board for those who came for love and another
for
,
for those
who
mone y f“
came with
The pages were little P ucks smart R obin ,
that served a thousand purposes ’
cartel upon a rapier s point
,
ca
.
Goodfellows ,
They woul d present a
rry a perfumed letter in a ’
glove or slip a keeps ake j ewel into a fa v oured mistress s ,
hands bear your cloak be fore you to the play hold your ,
,
horse wait upon you at the tavern fill your pipe when ,
,
you lay u pon the rushes the tavern ; Will
w as
o
f
your
the stage and light you from ,
Argus
and your Mercury ; he
brushed your cloak and polished your rapier fastened your ,
love favour into your hat and picked ,
unseated in the tilt yard ; -
be
H arringt on s Nugae ’
VO L
.
I
.
P
y ou
u
p if
you were
spread your name and de Ant iquae, p 1 5 5 .
.
21 0
S
fended
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
your reputation tied your scarf and knotted your ,
points perfu med your rooms and c leaned yo u r tankard ; ,
he was the butt and playfellow m a n,
and the pet
of
of
the blue coated serving -
the ladies in waiting ; he
le d out
your
wife s Ic eland dog and carried her crossbow when she ’
,
hunted ; he was generally a scapegrace and crac krope
,
addicted to petty the fts pert malicious and quarrelsome ,
,
,
,
affecting all the swagger of a man and employed in masques ,
to play the female parts The common herd guish e d
o
.
f
serving men were generally distin -
by their blue c oats and silver badges
man who kept
a
A
gentle
good house maintained some twenty or
thirty tall sword and buckler men a dozen ,
grea t
.
of
whom on ,
occasions would follow armed at his heels ; these ,
men eager
,
their master s honour were always as e ager
for
,
,
’
,
to draw swords upon the servants
of
a rival house as
Sampson and B althazar were in R omeo and Juliet Every day in Cheap or Fleet Street there would be a repetition .
of
the scene in Henry V I between .
Gloster
’
s men and the
C ardinal s : a blue coat s aw a tawny coat walking proudly ’
down the opposite side the
“
bear
” ,
or the
ter s badge and the ’
,
clubs clubs ,
fray
.
” ,
“
o
f
the road ; he gave a shout
swan
fight
” ,
of
or whatever was his mas
began till the prentices cried
or the watch
,
,
if
it was night s topped the ,
212
S
Sp is e d
in
HA K S P ERE S E NG L A ND ’
the servants hall ’
for
.
his slovenliness he was ,
o ften drunken and frequently quarrelsome ; ,
n ow
the butler
broke his head in a drinking bout and now the ,
pinned cards and c ony tails to his cassock priests
of
To j udge from
.
E vans ,
Sir Oliver Martext and Sir Hugh
Abigail
the parish
Shakspere s day were no very shining lights ; ’
and the poet seems to lo v e to fall bac k as in R omeo and ,
Juliet and the priest
o
f
Tw o Gentlemen
an earlier age
of
V erona to the ideal ,
It is indeed true that he al w ays
.
mentions the old faith with a certain yearning fondness ; but we cannot believe that this arose from any attachment to popery when we remember his King John s masterly ’
,
denunciation
of
papal tyranny an allusion peculiarly felt
,
,
when the P ope s blessin g had perhaps just wafted a Spanish ’
fleet to our shores or the papal bull had been lately affixed ,
to the ve ry gate s o f the bishop s palace ’
Th e feet,
poor tutor slept
in
.
’
a truckle bed at his master s
sat below the salt never had but one clean trencher
,
,
seldom dared flog his pupil and got five marks a ,
One officials
of o
f
the most a m using ske tches extant the C o urt is to be found in
of
y e ar
"E
.
the minor
La ne h am
’
s
letter
,
describing the magnificent pageants presented be fore the Queen at K enilworth C astle Laneham
,
as
.
The author Master R obert ,
”
great a cox c omb as ever blotted paper as
B e aumont
,
and
F l e t ch e r, Scornful L ady
.
L A N E HAM
S c ott terms him by the from
E arl o f
,
21 3
.
a mercer by pro fession but preferred
w as
,
Leicester the B lac k P rince as he was called ,
,
his swarthy complexion to be C lerk and Keeper of the ,
P rivy C oun c il chamber door
His letter is writter to his
.
good friend Master Humphrey Martin mercer and is ,
of
,
interest as illustrative
o
,
manners
full
.
A fter
my hearty c ommendations I commend
heartily to you
U nderstand ye that sin c e through
It begins me
f E lizabethan
,
Go d
,
,
.
,
,
and good friends I am here placed at C ourt as
y ou
,
,
kno w in a worshipful room whereby I am not only ,
,
qu aint e d
with the most but well known to the best ,
and every o fficer glad
of
my c ompany
the entertainment given
,
the
by
for
Then alluding to ,
.
E arl
,
where things
”
,
R ight Honorable my
singular good Lord my Lord the says
ac
o
f
Leic ester
the persons places ,
,
c
” ,
he
ost devices ,
,
all that ever I saw ( and ye t I have been what under m y master and what in m y
strangeness and abundan c e ,
o
f
,
,
,
own affairs while I occupied merchandise both in France ,
and Flanders lo ng and many a day ) I so memorable I tell you plain ,
s aw
none anywhere
”
.
,
The amusing j ack in o ffice goes on then to describe his rise and progress which enables us to conjecture the origin ,
and career of many A n A rchbis h op
of
’
his contemporaries
s re
tinue
w as P
3
al mo s
.
t e qua l
to
y al ty s
ro
’
.
21 4
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
Having compared Leicester to the Macedonian Alexander and the R oman Caesar he c on t inues ,
“
It please d his Honor to
and so to
c
h e ar
me good
w
ill at first
,
ontinue to give me apparel even fro m his ,
back to get me allowance in the stable to advan c e ,
,
me
unto this worshipful o ffi c e so near the most honorable ,
council to help me in my lic ence of beans though indeed I do not so muc h use it
,
for,
I thank
permit my good father to serve now
,
,
,
th e
God ,
I need not to
stable whereby I go ,
in my silks that else might ruffle in my cut canvass ,
I ride
n ow
,
.
on horseback that else might many ti mes ,
manage it on foot ; am known to their honors and taken ,
forth
with the best that else might be bidden to stand ,
back myself : my good father a good relief that he fares ,
m uch
better by and none ,
first or sinc e
,
God
knows
Humphrey should I not ,
o
f
for
these
my desert either at ,
What say you my good friend
.
,
for
an d
ever honor
extol him
all the ways I can ? Yes by your leave while ,
me power to utter my
m ind ,
his honor as V irgil had a
,
o
‘
N a mq u e
S aep e
t
ll
wi
f
o
C aesar will I poet it ,
,
mih i s e m p e r D e u s , ill ins
e n e r n o s t ris ab o v ilibu s
For h e s h all be
His al t ars
t ill e
cr i
lends
having as good c ause
f Au gustus
little with V irgil and say ,
an d
God
in
imbuit
g
a n is
ara m ’ .
God t o m e t ill d e ath my l ife con s u m e s , I s acrifice with ince ns e an d p e rfum e s ’ a
.
’
S HAK S P E R E s
21 6
E NGL A ND
hole I am by and by on the bones
o
,
f
.
him
but now they
keep good order they know me well enough ,
friend ,
If
.
he be a
or suc h a one as I like I make him sit down by me ,
let the rest walk in
on a form or chest An d
here
do th m y
in good stead
God
s name
’
langu ages now and then stand
Frenc h my Spanish my
my
,
,
D utch,
my Latin ; sometimes among ambassadors men ’
m asters be
.
,
if
me
and
their
within the counc il sometime with the ambas ,
sador himself ofte n to ,
c
all his lac quey or
o clo c k ; and I warrant you I answer ’
h im
as
k
me what
roun dl y that ,
they marvel to see su c h a man there ; then laugh I and say nothing
Dinner
.
and supper I have twenty places ,
to go to and heartily prayed to ,
Sometimes I get to Master
.
P inner by m y faith a worshipful gentleman and as c areful ,
for
,
his charge as any man her Majesty hath ; there found
I very good viands ; we eat and be merry thank ,
the Queen
Himsel f in
.
moderate as
feeding
,
you
shall see any
,
an d
yet by your leave ,
,
more than he looked
for,
I have seen
by surfeit as he hath pluc ked ,
off
and
very temperate and
dish as a cold pigeon or so than hath c ome to ,
God
h im
h im
,
of
at meat
even so by and
his napkin wipe d his ,
knife and eat not a morsel more like enough to stic k ,
his stomach ;
,
t wo
a
in
days after some hard message from the ,
higher o fficer perceive ye me being a search his faithful ,
,
,
dealing and diligence had found him faultless
” .
L ANE HAM
MU S I C I A N
A
AS
21 7
.
In afternoons and nights sometime am I with the right worship ful Sir
George
Howard as good a gentleman ,
’
as any that lives ; and sometime at my good Lady Sidney s chamber a n oble woman that I am as much bo und unto ,
,
as any poor man may be unto so gracious a lady and ,
s
al
ometime in some other place ; but
ways among the
gentlewomen by my good will (you know that comes always o f a gentle spirit) And sometimes when I see .
company accordingly then ,
c an
I be as lively too
Some
.
time I foot it with dancing now with my gittern or else with my cittern ; then at the virginals — you know nothing ,
,
,
comes amiss to me
Then carol
.
I
u
p
a song withal that ,
by and by they come flo c king about me like bees to honey ; and ever they cry another good L aneham ,
,
another !
( ah ! see a mad knave and had almost told all) ; then she gives once but an eye or an e ar why then m an a m I blest : my pace She says with my courage my cunning is d oubled sometime She likes it and then I like it much the b etter ; it doth me good to hear h o w well I can do And S hall I tell you when I see Mistress ,
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
’
,
,
.
to say truth what with mine eye as I ,
,
gloat it with my Spanish ,
m ine
Italian dulcets my
s os
p iros ,
D utc h
can
am orously
my French heighs ‘
my
double release
,
my high reaches my fine feignings my deep diapason
,
tuning my timing
,
,
,
,
,
my
loves
,
wanton warbles my ,
w 1 nn1 ng, m y
,
’
SHAx e
21 8
RE s
E N G L AND
.
and my twinkling I can pacify the matters as well as the ,
proudest God
o
them and was yet never stained I thank
f
,
,
B y my troth countryman it is sometimes nigh ,
,
.
midnig ht ere I can get from them y
most
ou
of
you now ?
my trade all th e livelong day ; what will
God
I thank you
Then have I told
.
save the Queen
and
my Lord
Farewell
.
.
.
Herewith meaned I fully to bid you farewell had not ,
the doubt come into my mind that here remains a doubt in you which I o u ght ( methought) in anywise to clear whic h is ye marvel perchanc e to see me so bookish Let
,
,
me tel l you in
fe w
,
.
,
words I went to school ,
’
both at P aul s and also at St form v 03
E
passed
is ta c intr o
ta p
l
a tu az .
sop s ’
Fables ,
es te , an d
Anthony s ’
.
.
and was re ad
,
forsooth,
In
the fi fth
in
Terence
beg an with my Virgil
,
Tityre
f I conned my rul es could construe and parse cum
,
,
of
with the best
them ; since then as partly you know
,
,
have I traded the feat
of
merchandise in sundry c ountries
,
and so got me languages whic h do so little kno w my ,
Go d
Latin as I thank ,
have much increased it
leisure sometimes when I tend not ,
w hereby
u
.
I have
pon the C ouncil
,
now look I on one book never another glories in,
and delights
—the
,
more ancient and rare the more
I told you I liked William o f Malme s bury so well because of his diligence and integrity per likesome tome ,
.
If
,
t -
S HA
2 20
K SPERE S E NGL A ND ’
pouvoir de la tres noble science de humain
.
m usique
l e s p rit ’
sur
.
Perceive ye me
I have told you a great matter ; me surely I was l ulled in suc h liking and so
for
now as ,
,
,
loth to leave
,
o ff
that much ado a good whil e after had ,
I to find me where I was ; and take ye this by the way
,
for
that
the small skill in music that
Go d
hath sent me
(you know it is somewhat) I ll set the more by myself while my n ame is Laneham peace of God Music is a ’
,
,
.
,
noble “
ar t
!
B ut stay a while see a short wit ; by troth I had ,
,
almost forgotten this day was a day In
1 5 6 1 A rchbishop
keep forty
retainers
c e llo r,
h ad
had
who
20l
grace
.
Tasker obtained a royal grant to His c hie f o fficers were his chan
.
three under servants ; his steward who -
a year and kept two
.
of
”
,
me n
and
tw o
geldings ; his
treasurer who did the same ; and his comptroller who ,
,
re c eived half that sum
.
He had also a chief almoner a ,
doctor and chaplain and a master ,
of
the faculties
chie f secretary kept one man and received year ; the gentleman
o
f
the hors e
,
20
The
.
nobles a
and three gentle
men ushers who received the same attendanc e and the ,
same wages chamber
,
.
Then there was a gentleman
w ith 3 l
,
and three gentlemen
.
waiters and a clerk
of
of
the private for
dining
the kitchen and buttery who ,
THE J
for
received
wages
E S TER
221
.
The master cook got
.
4
nobles
a year ; the larderers ostlers and four pages only ,
a year
,
,
.
.
We mu st add to these the yeomen grooms the yeoman usher
t wo
4 os
,
o
f
of
the scullery and
the gr eat chamber and
hall eight yeomen waiters ; besides pantlers ,
,
butlers
carvers cellarers and other yeomen offi cers yeomen ,
,
the horse master ,
,
of
,
parlour
c
,
the presen c e
,
of
There were also ,
.
The several wages
quart er by the steward
labourers
t wo
.
’
beth herself even keeping two — w a s the dread o
f
the dinner table
puddings when the cook s bac k ’
-
,
Eliza of
the
He stole
.
turned and wrung
w as
the hawk s necks to prepare them ’
.
these domestics were paid every
The Jester —still frequent in Shakspere s davs
kitchen and the wit
,
,
,
,
of
,
the privy chamber hall
hapel laundry and walk with ,
,
,
,
,
of
of
the barge porters gamesters sub
almoner slaughterman and gardener grooms
,
,
for
the spit ; he broke
open the dairy and stole the c ream ; he made toys
for
the
children and joked with the players ; he wore motley
,
and had sometimes a napkin and a black jac k hung at his -
girdle ; he was employed to carry presents and to divert my lord s melancholy ; he was fond ’
of
playing alone at
cards and getting behind the arras to string new riddles ; he sang songs and performed imitations
.
Sometimes he
222
w as
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
an idiot s ometimes a knave who affected a cross in ,
his wits
.
If
he was too dull he was sent away ; ,
if
too
witty he was sent to the porter to be whipped : so me ,
times h e ran away to es c ape punishment and was brought home like a strayed ,
At
C hristmas when the minstrels were playing above ,
and the Lin c olnshire bagpipe rousing the servants below the jester would stray from
th e
,
hall to the kitchen or ,
run in to say that there was a wen c h there who had eaten garlic and poisoned seventeen men who kissed her
.
They c alled their masters by their C hristian names and ,
were often faithful and affectionate
h im
In
all s orie s
cap
p ing
of
t
v e rs e s
m e l an ch oly w ith
Will
w it h h is
dd le s
ri
S om m e r s m as t e r,
and not o
.
( He nr y VH I
.
a nd
am u s ing
v e r d e ce n t
’
s
j e s te r)
we
find
h im w h e n h e was
conu ndru ms
.
224
S
HAK S P ERE S E N GLA ND ’
The dishes entered borne ,
sound
o
f
in
.
procession and to the
music ; the knight had his taster his cupbearer ,
,
and his carver ; there were crowds of bl ue c oated serving men with silver badges on their arms the steward with -
,
his chain and the ,
m ajor domo
with his white staff ; the '
-
pages and the serving maidens had all their distinct -
places hemmed in by grave c haplains and brawny hunts ,
men of
A ll
.
the c eremony
of
royalty was re tained in some
these baronial halls ; and no wonder the ruffs grew
sti ff and the beard grave and solemn ; no wonder there ,
were Justice Shallows and pompous nobles inflated by their servi c e whic h B urleigh received with such dignity
,
,
which to old Sac kville the Nestor ,
o
f
the Co u rt lent ,
only stateliness be c oming his learning and his years but ,
whic h to parvenus was dangerous and intoxicating The
E lizabethan
kitc hen
a subterranean world lit
w as
,
by infernal fires and quite independent ,
pomp and gravity above
.
.
o
f the
revelry and
There omnipotent as Jove ruled ,
,
the red nosed c ook over a small army o f martyrs with hot -
,
fac es of
and white c aps : his sceptre
knives swung at his side c hests ,
w as o
f
a
rolling pin a case
o
f
imprisoned stews and a bubbling
joints s c alding cauldrons
.
in
,
spices were his crown
jewels ; all day in this torrid region went sound
-
p
a hissing
of
pert urbed
u
those large s arcophagi called on earth
C
OU R S E
A ND D
E S ERT S
2 25
.
of
The pastry was not then a mere question c rust but a work ,
o
f
art requiring much
vulgar pie
mythological
st udy when Actaeon an d h is hounds in h as relief or the siege -
,
of
Troy were represented in raised paste
.
The sweetmeat rose in towers and battlements and ,
w as
gay with flags and gilded streamers ; nor was the peacock with gold beak and expanded tail yet forgotten or the ,
white toothed boar with the l emons in its mouth : oxen roasted whole were every day things and cooking was ,
altogether a science more epi c al and Titanic than even ,
Soyer could now dream The
Elizabethan
o
f
.
cooking was subtle and full of art :
local dishes were then more stric tly retained and less Devonshire
widely known ;
had its
w
hite pot and clouted
cream C ornwall its herring and pil chard pies Hampshire ,
,
for
was renowned lampreys
.
Gloucestershire for
its honey and ,
The Spanish
O glio
was however not ,
,
mon and we had French potages and many ,
of
dressing fish
uncom
D utch
ways
.
There was stewed broth
,
W heaten flu m me ry ,
smallage
gruel hotchpot barley potage and spinage broth ,
,
,
commencement
its
,
for
,
a
.
The second course was say lampreys P oor John and ,
,
mullet stewed oysters stock fish sturgeon and buttered ,
,
whitings with eggs VO L
.
I
.
,
.
Q
,
’ HA K P ERE S S E NGL A ND S
22 s
For the third
,
m arrow
.
puddings and blac k puddings
white pudd ings bag puddings and quaking puddings ,
,
,
.
For the fourth supposing it a Lord Mayor s dinner ’
,
fri c assees
,
veal stewed beef
of
,
c
,
apons in white broth
,
humble pies Scotch collops chicken salad veal toasts ,
,
shoulders
o
f
,
mutton c ooked like venison marrow pasties ,
P ancotto roast partri dges and wild fowl ,
,
,
,
.
For the last custards ( the g reat c ity delicacy) c ream and carr away cakes whipped c reams cheese c akes warden ,
,
,
,
,
pies hartshorn jellies cherry marmalade pear puddings ,
,
,
,
minc ed pies and white pots syllabubs su c kets and almond ,
marc hpanes Some
o
f
,
,
.
the dishes are c urious enough : there is one
the kernels
of
of
tulip stalks cooked like peas and soused ,
turkey boiled in white wine and vinegar and soaked ,
for
,
a month ; the sauc e fennel and vinegar
pi c kled goose wi th cloves
an
d
,
.
contain no pears and are form ed u
p
with sugar
,
the shape puddi ng
,
o v
f
c
,
cold chi cken c hopped m ade
up into a paste
the fruit : there is pith pudding and oatmeal
eal toast fried in butter and basted with currants
sugar and nutmeg ,
of
urrants and spic es ,
,
Those pear puddings
-
,
There is
ginger bran jelly pickled
capons and horse radish sauce ,
.
.
,
B eyond that is green goose pie and
imi tation red deer and after the pastry white cheese and ,
tansy
.
22 8
S
this was not
HA K S P ERE S E NGLA ND ’
.
the P uritans who shunned mince pies and
for
,
shivered at plum porridge B aked wild ducks and pigeons delighted the .
in buttered
our ancestors who revelled ,
,
fricassees ,
of
h aut g oit ts
with wine the
d u ra ilia
f
o
eggs marro w sops ,
garlic k sau c e more than in
and h ach y s whic h were not mu c h known till after ,
the R estoration
Elizabeth
.
breakfaste d on brawn and ale
,
because tea was not kn own and cho c olate was still confined ,
to Spain
A sparagus
.
d
and lettuce were then rare delicacies ;
ro c ket and tarragon served
s ibbol s ,
,
for
land still retained the endive and the cress
salad and H0 1 ,
.
C ock ale was one of the most sing ular beverages ever
composed and the receipt ,
to bear abri dgement Take
8
gallons
then take
4
lbs
“
.
of
for
its composition is too curious
.
of
him
ale take a co c k and boil
raisins
o
f
well
,
the sun well stoned t wo or ,
three nutmegs three or four flakes ,
o
f mace,
beat these all in a mortar and put to them ,
2
lb
.
of
quarts
dates o
,
f the
best sack and when the ale hath done working put these in and stop it c lose 6 or 7 days and then bottle it and a ,
,
,
,
month aft er you may drink it
,
” .
The Queen s own breakfast c onsisted generally ’
and bread and butter and ale : at least it did so in ,
Th e Cl ose t of Sir
K
.
Digby op e ne d , 1 677
.
o
f wine,
1 5 76 ,
G
U LL S
A ND
C
O NGER
2 29
.
not to forget mutton potage chic ken broth bee f and mut ,
ton
,
‘
1 9th
Her Sunday s dinn er on the ’
.
,
of
sisted
friants ,
o
,
f November, c on
beef mutton veal swan goose capons conies ,
,
,
custards and frit ters ,
,
,
for
the first c ourse
second lamb kid herons pheasant ,
,
,
,
cocks larks tarts and ,
,
fritters
,
,
,
,
,
For the
.
fo w ls , good w it s ,
pea
.
Her average dinner was varied with plovers veal pie s ,
,
custards boiled partridges bo iled beef snipes pheasants ,
,
,
,
chicken pies and tarts and cost on an average ,
dinner As
41
.
,
a
.
an exception she had b aked chickens sallets tongues ,
te al and deer s above all brewis
,
bitterns and baked larks and
d ows e tt s,
’
,
,
,
.
Her suppers were
o
f
the same kind on fast days ; the -
fish dinners were of great variety but much less expensive : ,
the first
haddo c k
,
whiting gurnet tench and brill ; the s econd sturgeon
,
conger carp eels lamperns chine of salmon perc h lobster
,
c
ourse inc luded long pike salmon ,
,
tarts
,
a nd
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
cre a ms ; the side dishes were sturgeon porpoise
,
,
fish collops and eggs dories soles and lampern pies cod ,
,
,
broiled conger bream and red fish
the second course
,
,
,
sometimes included warden pie smelts boiled veal boiled ,
mutton pullets partridges and panado ,
,
,
,
,
.
We rather shudder at such rich food as gulls and birds
” ,
( wh a tever short
of
a buzzard th ey may Q 8
be , )
great n or
is
S HA
2 30
K SPERE S E NGL AN D ’
.
porpoise inviting let alone bream and tench The powdered .
,
mutton
reminds us
of
Shakspere
.
The lower tables do not differ in anything but the less n
umber
of
dishes and the more frequent occasions ,
and stock fish and the c heaper food ,
of
diet for the Court in
1 2 7 sheep 1 2 71
14
.
cost
of
died
of
1 5 76 ,
.
of
ling
,
The whole charge
amoun ted to
the murrain or were stolen at a loss of ,
,
stock fish were eaten by cats and spoilt at a
1 4s
,
.
the free messes and charities were
5001
.
The stock fish had to be prepared by beating and is ,
frequently allu ded to in old plays
.
S HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
232
between the rich and poor
.
There was no jostling
.
classes and therefore no jealousy or arrogance ,
of
The
.
noble was more frien dly with his butler than now when ,
their dress is alike and the one is certain to be c oldly ,
insolent and the other vulgarly familiar
The chain the ,
.
jewel in the ear the slashed velvet and the Neapolitan ,
,
scent might all be imitated by the rich upstart ; but he ,
could not so easily hope to assume the or the studied gallantry
o
f
ai
the frequenter
rs
o
f
o
f
the Cour t
the tilt yard -
.
When merit rose it rose boldly and was recognised ,
,
without a murmur ; class distinction ,
the sam e A
,
an
d
dr ess remaining
.
description
of
the Queen s ’
convey a faint impression t h e times
of
favourite
dresses will
the most gorgeous apparel
of
.
Our present national colour black was in the golden ,
,
age reserved
for
lawyers and divines
.
This solemn and
melan choly hue c ould never have c lothed men who de lighted
the bright dyes
in
o
f
nature : nature does not use
muc h black either in her skies trees or flowers but a little ,
,
,
at night when men sleep and try to forget that they have ever lived when they rehearse death and shut the bed ,
room door
,
,
if they
can on griefs cares and sorrows ,
The bright Italian tint
,
o
f
never caught amongst a race
,
.
Shakspere s costumes was ’
of
undertakers or the eco ,
F O RE I GN F A S H I ON S
nomic people who wear blac k
c
‘
loth because it is the
dearest hottest and soonest shabby ,
t e rial,
,
and dread gaiety as
if God
,
A las ! for
any possible ma ,
had intended all men should
be sad and proud and selfish ,
of
colour were a sin and folly
if
who shun colour as
23 3
.
.
the jetting plumes the j aunty ,
c
loaks so ,
unpra c ti c al and impossible yet so fitting the time and age ,
before men were all tradesmen
an
d
London a mere
workshop ; before chivalry had died out ; when our nation was great though small ; when with no standing ,
,
army we were dreaded abroad and our fleets rode freely ,
,
in every sea to the
c
,
terror
o
An
f
omfort
o
f
the Protestant and the
the Spaniard and the Pope
Elizabethan
.
gallant revelled in Italian cutwork
ban ds murry Frenc h hats and gold Spangled hat bands -
,
,
taffety lined
embossed girdles laced satin doublets ,
paned tissue
,
,
ruffles
,
,
embroidered with pearl and drawn out with Spanish leather boots silver spurs and rich ,
,
,
an
d,
when
Elizabeth
peach coloured silk hose -
forsook
cloth sto ckings
In these he
.
flaunt e d
,
at the
C hina shops , B edlam and the Ex c hange : we see h im ,
advan c e with quaint courtesy
,
friend
and kiss his
daughter upon the cheek accosting her as
B en
Jons on s
Eve ry
Man
ou t of
h is
Humour
,
s
Pretty
,
’
’
Act iv S c 5 .
.
.
s n Ax e
234
Mistress
A nne
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
or he is a
strips the country
c
.
ountry gentleman who ,
miles round to feed his hawks
for
,
which he does not care to fly though his hand is always ,
strapped with jesses ; or he is a traveller and talks of ,
V enice, and prates o f the Piazza and the Procuratia, the ,
R ialto and the Magnifico s ,
of
soldier and talks ,
S trigonium,
and
of
A vocatori ;
and the
petronels and culverins ,
and the
The grave men
,
Leaguer
unmeaning and ,
garb
Milan gowns
,
,
Turks
,
the day expressed loudly and bitte rly
equally the Spanish guise A l main
an d
.
their disgust at the frequent chan ges t rav agant,
,
or is a
,
c
apric ious
th e
of
fashion ,
so ex
They despised
.
French toys
,
and the
shut their eyes to all B arbary sleeves m andillio n s from
Italy and French hose ,
,
.
They complained the body was pampered and the mind ,
star v ed by such fantasies
At
.
’
every tailor s shop they ,
curled their lips and sneered unremittingly at the busy ,
barbers
,
from
whose doors the gallants emerged with hair ’
long as a woman s or rounded like a dish with beards ,
majestic
a Turk round as a brush or spiked and sharp
as
,
like the Spaniards
,
The young men s pe rfume and ear ’
.
rings made them shiver and drove the P uritan downright ,
to
prayers
.
The satirists too in verse and prose were ,
,
foul mouthed and stinging as suc h gentlemen were bound -
,
to be even before they turned critics and reviewers ,
S HAK S P ERE S E NG L A ND ’
23 6
d u cing
to public life and public display
the ri c hness
o
f
dress
been the mistress
E lizabeth
.
of
.
,
m u ch
in c reased
herself is said to have full
many million hearts and
a
thousand dresses : the real fact is that bro c ades and em ,
broi d eries were too ric h to destroy and too well known to give away p o t ica lly
.
in
We do not believe that vanity ruled des Elizabeth s
mind or she would never have so
’
,
o ften alluded to her old age in her speeches to the Par lia me nt
.
Her weaknesses were all such as she could at
any fixed moment trample under foot The waxwork figure h ibit s
of
E lizabeth
at Westminster ex
her in her royal r obes as she may have appeared at
Tilbury or at K enil w orth of
.
.
She wears a kirtle and
very rich c rimson satin embroidered
front
o
f
silver the ,
the skirt being wrought in a bold coral pattern
,
and fringed and tufted bo ddice
w ith
boddice
w
ith S pangled silver fringe ; the
is v ery lo ng and slightly rounded at the point ;
the stomacher embroidered in quatrefoils intersperse d with rosettes and crosses R oman pearls me d allions ,
o
f
o
f
of
silver bullion large round ,
,
rubies sapphires and dia ,
,
mond s and is edged with silver lac e and ermine ; the ,
boddice
is cut low so as to d isplay the bosom without any ,
tucker or handkerchie f with a high ruff ,
of
guipure
of
the
Spanish fashion and sloping towards the bust ; the sleeves are turned over at the wrist with cu ffs and reversed
ROB ES rutfie s o f
carcanet
of
the material of
A ND J
E WE L S
2 37
.
the ruff ; about her ne c k is a
large round pearls rubies and emeralds while ,
long strin gs
o
,
,
pearls festoon over her ne c k and des c end
f
below the elbo w in tassels
.
velvet trimmed wi t h rows
Her royal mantle of
o
,
purple
f
ermine and gold lace is ,
attached to the shoulders with gold cordons and tassels and falls behind in a long train d ress
is
cut
was proud
th e
skirt
short to display her small feet ,
,
,
of
her under
f
whi c h she
o
.
She wears high heeled shoes -
with enormous white ribbon bows
of c
,
pale coloured cloth -
omposed
of
,
six loops
edged with silver gim p and in the c entre a large pearl ,
medallion ; her earrings are ci r c ular pearl and m edallions
ru
by
with pearl shaped pen d an ts ; her light auburn -
hair is frizzed
v
ery short above the ears but des c ends ,
behind in ri c h stiff cannon curls and is thickly beset ,
,
,
with pearls ; her royal crown is and placed very
fa r
a
fiioriate d
small and high
,
back on her head leaving her broad ,
round forehead bare ; a gold cordon with large tufted and S pangled gold tassels descends nearly to her feet A s Elizabeth
.
grew older she attempted more and
to hide the dilapidations
of n
ature by the resources
more
of
art
In a portrait at a hall in Suffolk her ruff is smaller ,
and resembles that worn by Mary Stuart when Queen France
.
It is formed
of
small circul ar quillings
of
o
.
,
f
silver
s HA x e
2 38
E NGL AND
’
RE s
.
guipure closely fitting round the throat and confined by ,
,
a rich collar tiful gold
of
rubies amethysts and pearls set in a beau ,
,
pattern with large pear shaped pearls
filagre e
-
,
depending from each lozenge
her
boddic e
is
of
rich white
brocade embroidered with bullion in broad d iagonal stripes ,
in a running pattern
o
f
hops and hop leaves ; it fastens
down the front is made tight to the shape and slopes to a ,
,
point ; it is ornamented betw een the embroidery with gems set in gold
filagre e
The
.
velvet edged with bullion
bo ddic e
is slashed
w ith
purple
.
The rich sleeves are surmounted in the shoulder with puffs
of
gold gauze separated with rubies and amethysts ,
and two small rouleaus wreathed with pearls and bullion ; the sleeves are slashed with velvet embroidered with ,
bullion decorated wi th gems and finished at the wrists ’
,
with quilted ruffles ribbon
of
the
Fro m her neck hangs the jewel and
.
G arter
.
The
George
is a large oval medal
lion pendant from a pale blue ribbon and is decorated ,
with rubies and amethysts in a lozenge setting her waist is a jewelled girdle ;
th e
head is an elegant coronal
of
R ound
skirt of her dress is
very full and faced with three stripes ,
.
o
f
minever ; on her
gems and golds miths work ’
,
placed on crimson velvet surmounted with a transparent ,
wreath of laure l leaves made of gold gauze and stiffened with gold wire ; lappets descend from this wreath
,
forme d
of
2 4o
s n Ax e
’
RE s
E NGL A ND
.
dia
two gold buttons shaped like tortoises ; on another a ,
mond clasp given her by the
E arl
,
fastened
a gown of purple c lo t h
of
Her list of New Year s presents ’
turned suitable gifts
of
,
o
f
Leic ester and which ,
silver for
.
which she always re
plate furnish us with many items of ,
her surroundings : one offi c er we find giving a night coif of cambric cut work and spangles with forehead cloth and a -
,
night border of
Dr
.
o
f
cut work edged with bone la c e -
The wife
.
J ulio the C ourt physician presents a cushion cloth ,
,
and a pillow case -
of c
ambric wrought with black silk;
Mistress Twist the C ourt laundress brought three h an dker ,
chie fs
o
f
,
black Spanish stuff edged with a bone lace of
Venice gold and four tooth cloths ,
of
coarse Holland
,
wrought with blac k silk and edged with bone lac e and blac k silk ; Mrs
.
A my
o
f silver
Skelton a royal kinswoman ,
,
i
s x
handkerchie fs of cambric edged with passament of gold and silver ; Mrs Montague the ,
.
s
ilk w o man, w
sleeves wrought with roses and buds
o
f
a pair
o
f c ambric
black silk ; Mrs
.
Huggins six handkerchie fs worked wit h murry and other ,
coloured silks ; Sir Philip Sidney presented a cambric smock ,
the sleeves and collars wrought with black silk work and edged with small bone lac e ruffs
of
f
gold and silver a suit of ,
cut work flourished with gold and silver and set -
with spangles Greville
o
c
ontaining four ounces
of
gold ; Fulk
brought a cambric smock the c ollar and sleeves ,
W AR DR OB E
’
ELIZABET H s
24 1
.
an d
wrought about with Spanish work of roses
Mrs C arr gave a sheet
of
.
fine cambric worked all over ,
with sundry fowls be asts and women ,
,
of
.
On another New Year s with a h alf moon -
of
of
divers coloured
cambric worked ,
.
’
sente d her with a fan
in
,
silks ; and Mrs Wingfie ld a night rail all over with blac k silk
letters ;
D ay ,
Francis Drake
Sir
pre
white and red feathers enamelled ,
mother
-
of
pearl and within that a
-
,
diamon d crescent studded with seed pearl portr ait on the one side
an d
w ith
,
her own
a c ro w and a device on the
other
.
At Greenwich ,
in
1 5 9 8,
appeared to He ntzne r s a
the year B urleigh died she ,
German
’
,
tourist s eyes dressed ’
,
,
in white silk bordered with pearls as large as beans and ,
,
over it a black silk mantle shot with silver threads her ,
long mantle being borne by a m arc hioness neck was an oblong coll ar
of
R ound her
.
gold and jewels ; her long
white hands sp arkled with rings and jewels ; pearl drops hung from her ears ; she wore a wig her bosom accordin g to the ,
uncovered
of
red hair ; and ’
English
maidens custom
of
’
the Queen s wardrobe in ,
that she had then only
99
robes
,
Nich oll s Progre s s e s , v ol 1 p .
I
.
R
1 6 00,
kirtles
1 26
‘
.
,
.
The list
VOL
h ad
.
.
1 15
.
,
shows us
26 9
gowns
,
’
s nA n e
2 42
E NGLAND
RE s
.
2 1 5 petticoats round loose and French oreparts 1 3 6 f ( ) W and 2 7 fans not to mention 9 6 cloaks 83 save guards ,
,
,
,
,
,
85
doublets and
Her gown s were tissue
c
,
lap mantles
18
,
of
,
,
,
.
the ric hest materials : purple gold ,
of
rimson satin cloth ,
gold cloth ,
of
silver white ,
velvet murray cloth tawney satin ash coloured silk white ,
,
cypres
,
c
,
,
loudy colour satin horse ,
-
fle s h
coloured satin
,
Isabella colour ed satin dove coloured velvet lady blush ,
,
satin drake s coloured satin and clay coloured satin ’
,
,
The c loaks are petticoats
of
of
of
perfumed leather black taffety ; the ,
of
blue satin ; the j upes
satin ; the doublets
.
of
orange coloured
straw coloured satin ; the mantles
white blush striped with red swan s down ’
,
e the following
The most characteristic dresses A frock
cloth f
o
of
silver
,
ch e c
.
ar
que re d
with red silk like ,
bird s eyes with demi sleeves a cut of crimson velvet ’
,
,
twisted on with silver lined with crimson velvet ,
A
mantle
of
white lawn cut and turned in ,
dered all over with works
of
roses honeysuckles and acorn s ,
,
One French kirtle
of
,
,
b i
e m ro
,
.
white satin cut ,
,
all of
over
,
.
Nich oll s Progre sse s , v ol iii p 502 '
.
.
.
e mbroi
Venice, gold,
silver and silk
.
,
silver like pomegranates
dered with loops flowers and clouds ,
.
( from M
.
S H A K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
24 4
.
coloured velvet embroidered with seed pearls ; her para ,
sol was
of
c r imson velvet damask strip e d with Venetian ,
gold and silver lac e
,
th e
handle mother
-
of -
pearl
.
Her jewels were both numerous and curious ; the head ornaments resembling a white lion with a fly on his side
,
a golden fern branch with a lizard ladybird and a snail -
,
upon it an Irish dart
o
,
f
,
gold set with diamonds a golden ,
rose with a fly and spider upon it a golden frog set with ,
j ewels a golden daisy and emerald buttons gown studs ,
of
,
,
rubies and pearls
,
an d
a chain
of
golden s c ollop shells
,
with chains of agate and jet A sumptuous magnific ence was the c haracteristic of the costume of this reign When .
.
Elizabeth n
E arl
visited the
obleman met her with
o
f
Hertford at
3000 followers,
yello w feathers in their hats and most ,
gold chains
When she visited Suffolk
.
,
Elvetham ,
that
with black and of
them we aring
200
bachelors
in
white velvet wi th as many burghers in black velvet c oats ,
and gold c hains and ,
horsebac k
serving men received her on
1 800
-
For the French ambassador s amusement in ’
.
1 55 9, 1 4 0 0
,
men
-
at
-
arms clad in velvet with chains ,
,
gold mustered in arms in ,
other occasion there was
Greenwich P ark ; a
of
ten knights in white led by the ,
,
an
to u rnament on Midsum mer
( Sunday ) Night at the P alace
knights in blue led by the
and on
of
E arl
of
Westminster between ,
E arl
of
E ssex,
R utland
.
and ten
The beauty
D
OUB L E T
HO SE
AN D
of
and delight of colour as one ,
God
245
.
’
s special me ans of
adorning His world was then u nderstood ,
of
The great essenti als summed up
the detail
.
E lizabethan
dress are soon
require a volume to itself
w ould
.
The ladies wore low dresses and s tomachers ruffs and ,
hats
fardingale s ,
,
scarves and velvet masks ,
frequently
,
carrying scented gloves feather fans and mirrors at their ,
girdles
,
,
C ountry women wore plain small quil led ruffs ,
.
unadorned hoods or simple broad brimmed hats -
,
The men wore long tight ,
-
fitt ing
.
doublets trunk hose ,
shoes with roses and short c loaks not forgetting the ,
,
,
in
separable swords and daggers always swinging at their belts ; the hat and feather and frequently jewel earrings ,
completed the attire
In
.
1 5 79
and trailing sword were all ,
cu
the large ruff long cloak ,
rtailed
at
Elizabeth
decree ; to use her own words they were
“
,
and
mons trous
be worn
” ,
insupportable
for
c
,
s special
foul disguise
harges and indecent to ,
Officers were placed at the corners
.
’
,
of
streets to
clip these swords and collars and a rencontre is known to ,
have taken place between the clippers and the retinue of th e French
ambassador
The doublets were
.
of
various fashions
,
an d
frequently
perfumed The Italian long and peaked tight and padded .
was called by the wits bellied
,
,
the peasecod
” .
n 3
” ,
and the
shotten
,
S H A K SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
2 46
.
The Fren c h hose were round and narrow and gath ered ,
with a series
o
or plain
were large and wide reaching down to the
h ose,
f
puffs round the thigh ; the gallygaskins
,
,
knees and guarded (or striped ) down eac h thigh The Venetian hose reac hed beneath the knee to the garter and .
,
,
were also guarded and tied with silk po ints
Sometimes
.
the trunk hose were globular and widened from the waist ; the ruffs were trained on wire supporters ; the skirts costly needlework cost sometimes as muc h as ,
,
of
a piece ;
1 0l
.
the sleeves were open and tied down the middle or were ,
,
merely banded at the shoulder round swelling and slashed ,
,
Sometimes they were
.
The hats had
.
c
oloured
ban ds and were stuck with feathers ; the stockings ,
,
of
silk were ornamented at the sides and embroidered with ,
,
gold clo cks at the ancle ; the cloaks were covered
w ith
lace and embroidered and the shoes had high cork heels ,
.
Looking glasses in the hat fans muffs gilded rapiers and -
,
,
,
spurs and stays were the peculiar fantasies ,
,
bethan fops
of
the
.
The poorer men wore plain belted doublets frieze,
Eliza
of
c
loth
and leather low hats or caps start ups or short laced -
,
,
boots long loose trowsers or tight cloth sto c kings and a ,
,
pouch by the girdle
.
Fairh olt s Cos t ume , ’
A
,
shepherd wore a russet jacket
H ol insh e d, Bul we r s ’
Anth rop omorp h i
.
S HA KSPERE S E NGL AN D ’
248
want
of
patriotism
.
They were always denouncing the
.
’
luxuries of fashion ; starch was to them
a devil s liquor
mirrors,
“
scarfs
the devil s spectacles ’
“
although they made them ; feathers
“ ,
although they lived by selling them
,
vanity
”
of
flags
ensigns
pride
”
of
,
,
R uffs, they said,
.
the devil himself would not wear — they were the cart ,
wheels
of
his chariot
the dungeons
hell
of
of
pride leading the direct way to ,
.
They were always depreciating the present by praising the past saying in the days ,
,
h e althfulle r, fairer
stronger
,
an
d
for
hardier
” .
of
their fathers
complexioned longer lived of
the face they asked in horror ,
could improve
God
,
,
When they heard ’
men were
,
ladies making washes if
they thought they
s work ; when they used hair dye
they remembered the text hair white or black
Women s curls they considered
”
’
.
of
perdition
.
s aw
ruffs they told frightful stories ,
devil had a ppeared to a gentlewoman laundress would
if
Thou canst not make one
,
snares to entangle poor souls in the nets
When they
,
at
of
h ow
Antwe rp,
.
the
whose
set her ruffs to her mind ; the devil
n ot
set her ruffs and she looking in the glass became at once ,
greatly s
hape
a kiss
,
,
enamoured with him
of
for
he had appeared in the
a brave and proper y oung man who demanded ,
for
S tubbe s,
,
his pains
.
He then strangled her so says ,
with a solemn and we hope believing ,
,
face,
and
R UFF S she
die d mis e rably, ’
AN D
ST
AR C H
her body being
249
.
m etamorphosed
in to
blue and black colours most ugglesome to behold ; and ,
face,
her
which before was so amorous became most ,
deformed and fearful to look upon ,
When the day
.
o
f
her burial came four men attempted to lift her rich and ,
sum ptuous co ffin nor could six stir it from its place ; the ,
by standers m arvelling prised up the coffin lid and found ,
,
the body to be taken away and a black cat ,
and deformed sitting in the c offin setting ,
of
and frizzling behol ders
,
,
of
v
ery lean
great ruffs
hair to the great fe ar and wonder ,
of all
” .
Men who could believe such stories were fitting pro to rail at a harmless folly that at least injures no
p h e ts
,
one and benefits the poor ,
borrowers
of
fashions
E ven in
.
these days we were
.
’
The ladies hoods were French and Italian ; the gallan t s ’
doublet was French his hose ,
German ,
his ruff Italian
,
his shoe Flemish his hat Spanish his sword blade came ,
,
from
-
Toledo his socks from ,
Gran ada
.
The hats to enter into detail were high or
low
and
peaked
,
flat
,
an d
were ornamented with bands black
,
,
white russet red green and yellow ,
feather
an d
,
,
,
,
,
Sometimes the
.
was looped up with a jewel at other times a gold ,
St ubbes
’
s
Anatomie
of
Abuse s , p 3 7 .
.
SH AK SPERE S E NGLAND ’
25 0
.
chain was wound rou nd the band and fastened
w ith
cameo or a
velvet
,
'
t afle ty ,
ro w
o
s c ars ce n e t ,
and worth
f
pearls
wool or ,
a piece
These
.
of
were
o
f
,
beaver then a great rarity ,
E ven
.
bat s
a
,
serving men and country -
men wore velvet or taffety hats curiously pointed and ,
shaped much to the disgust of all Puritans ,
.
Some adopted
the French fashion and wore them without b ands ; the ,
f
greater
number
feathers ,
which were seen even on chil dren s caps
o
these were adorned with
S
pangled
’
.
The ruffs were of cambric Holland or lawn m any a quarter of a yard deep that flapped in the wind but ,
,
,
,
,
looked very miserable after rain mu c h to Master ,
d elight ; frames
S t ubbe s s ’
they were stith y starched and supported by ,
o
f
gilt wire ; these were richly worked with silk
and laced with gold and silver
The shirts were
.
,
the
of
finest linen worked with silk and stitched with open ,
seams
,
c
,
osting from
1 08
.
to
1 01
.
a piece the poorest shirt ,
not being purc haseable at much less than a nob le
The
.
old men were always deriding these e ffeminacies and ,
talking
o
f
the time when their fathers wore black and
white frieze coats and hose ,
of
undyed housewives kersey
that lay close and tight to the leg
’
,
.
The doublets were very long and quilted and very ,
hot and made fro m necessity loose being stuffed with ,
five or six pounds
,
of
bombast ; they were generally
of
SHAK SP ERE S E NGLA ND ’
252
cloth silk velvet and others ,
,
,
of
taffety and satin ; some
in the Spanish others in the French or ,
S ome
were
S
.
D utch fashions
hort and reached s c arcely to the girdle
,
others to the knees and ,
Some had capes
an d
,
m any
were trailin g to the ground
,
s
ilk three
deep down the back or round the skirts ,
were generally ric hly lined
,
an d of
,
They
.
a different colour and ,
were hung or studded with bugles or points of gold and silver
.
others none ; they were striped
with velvet or bordered with gold lace or fingers
.
,
and
tassels
.
Their boot hose was of the finest linen worked with various coloured silks in various patterns and devices of ,
,
birds and beasts and cost o ften as much as ,
The hilts
of
.
a pair
.
the swords were sometimes silver gilt
,
the blades rested Good
1 01
in
velvet sheaths
stories were told
of
d
an
.
the large trunk hose -
.
Thieves were said to conceal all their plunder in them : po or b ullies kept their small wardrobe in the same portable repository ingly
.
At
a c ertain banquet it was lau gh
reported that a certain gall ant having torn ,
his
h ose with a nail unknown to hi mself rose up dripping ,
sawdust till
all
his stuffing had run out like the sand of
an hour glass and left h im chap fallen -
,
,
-
to be slowly restuffed at his leisure
.
an d
,
The doublets are
full of gaps and rents and the s leeves of ,
unfas hionable all
shapes and
’
L ADY S DRE SS
2 53
.
colours
”
cried the critics
,
economist
In the old times
.
”
said the
,
men were satisfied with fine kers ey hose
,
leather jerkin ; coat gown and cloak of brown blue or ,
,
,
pink velvet and fur : doublet
o
f
sad tawney
.
,
Merchants
’
yielded least to the corruptions
o
f
the times ; but as to ,
their wives they rivalled the ladies in their caps and ,
r uffs and ,
,
fardingale s
.
an d
The ladies not only painte d of
hair
fal se
rouged but used
various colours which was frequently changed ,
without regard to consistency ; thei r locks were trained on wire
frames ,
and wreathed with gold and silver
c uriously wrought
B esides this , they wore pendant
.
ornaments
of
bugles and brooches rings and je wels ,
for w igs
supply the great demand
.
To
women went round to
buy the tresses of country girls, and in London female th ieves not unfrequently decoyed children archways and robbed them these mountains of
art
,
their hair
of
Out
.
doors
were crowned with French hoo ds
hats caps and kerchiefs ,
of
lonely
up
.
The
artifice r s ’
,
flau nt e d
wife
in her velvet hat ; the merchant s wife in her Fren c h ’
hood ; and the peasant in her taffety or wool hat lined ,
with
silk and velvet
.
C a wls
of
gold and silver network
or rich glittering tinsel were not uncommon others lattice caps coming to a point above the forehead ruffs were of the finest cambric
,
st iffi
y
.
w ore
Their
starched and often ,
S HAK SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
2 54
.
in three or four layers and frequently covered with ,
quaint emblems or with stars
o
f
Some were wrought with borders with purled lace
gold and silver thread o
f
.
openwork and others
.
The ladies often wore doublets and jerkins tight bo -
,
s ome d
those
like a modern riding habit and made jaunty like -
of
a page but toned down the breast and trimmed ,
,
with wings welts and pinions at the shoulders ,
the finest c loth frequently cost
of
gowns
,
The
.
a yard
408
.
.
They were embroidered with lace three fingers broad or ,
with velvet stripes ; many wore trailing sleeves others had ,
them tight slashed and pointed with silk ribbons tied in ,
,
true love knots -
or
fine
-
,
Some had long c apes faced with velvet ,
.
wrought silk taffety and ric hly fringed
while
,
’
others gowns were simply peaked down the back of
petticoats were of
taffety
fr inged
the finest c loth but the greater part ,
with silk ; and their kirtles were
same rich materials
of all
th e
bright colours curious ly
and their slippers were '
and green velvet or ,
of
.
Their sto c kings were worked
The
.
o
f English
,
of
black white yellow ,
,
,
or Spanish leather em
broidered with gold and silver thre ad
.
The
Elizabethan
ladies were curious in scents and peculiarly fond
of
,
musk and civet sweet powders and pomanders which they ,
wore in chains
.
,
The lover knew
o
f
’
his mistress s
a
p
S HAK SP ERE’S E NG LAND
2 58
.
cloth cotton or baize with a fi xed round collar ; their ,
,
,
of
shoes were to be
E nglish
and
hides unpinked ;
girdle and g arters to be cloth or leather
th eir
They were to
.
wear no sword but merely a knife ; and no ring or silk ,
ornament Halls
of
O ffenders were to be publicly whipped in the
.
their Companies and their term lengthened
s ix
,
months and a master ,
c
onniving fined
6 8 8d .
No
.
a
p
prentice might attend either dancing or fencing schools or ,
keep chests
for
clothes out
his master s house
of
laws we need not say were not always obeyed ,
,
These
’
.
.
The students at Lincoln s Inn were fined for wearing ’
long hair and ruffs ,
,
c
loaks boots and spurs going ,
,
abroad without their gowns or ,
gay coloured doublets or hose
for
,
wearing any white or
-
The municipal dress was bailiffs and aldermen
of
.
of
different desc riptions
The
.
C olchester received their Queen
clad in damask and satin coats with satin sleeves in their ,
s c arlet gowns with caps and black velvet tippets ; while ,
the Town C ouncil were in grogram and silk cassocks
,
with silk doublets and gowns and caps ,
,
.
On great c ivic
oc c asions the London arc hers to the number ,
men richly dressed
942
,
of
of
3000
them wearing golden chains
,
would march from Merchant Taylors Hall through Moor fields to S mith fie ld there to shoot at the target In ’
,
1 5 8 8,
when Hugh
Offly,
.
the merchant adventurer was ,
R
’
BU RGHE S
D RESS
' .
S HA K SP ERE S E NG LA ND ’
2 58
C H A P V III .
C
My
H E AT S
T
,
H I E VE S
traffi c is s h e e ts ;
likewis e a s n ap p e
,
B e ing,
r u p of uncons id e re d
t rifie s
.
A ND
I
as
B
E GGA R S
littered und er Me rcury e ve nu is t h s illy ch e at
r
e
e
’
Th ie v e s ,
R e ign
S e v e r ity
an d
de s p e rat e
d ar ing
L ore l
Cock
Ta le , Act iv S c 2 .
S t a t u te s
.
”
.
.
of
.
th e
Pun is h m e nts The Egyp tians Th e ir D r e s s a nd Mann e r s Mo on Me n Mann d e re rs an d Cl ap p e r D u dge on s H aunt s a nd F e s tival s Gip sy Pr ie s t s an d K ings Ju ggle rs Gangs O a th s an d L aw s L angu age and S ongs —O rde rs of R ogue s B an ditti —D om A n e c dot e s of e ac h m e r e rs Hooke rs Tinke rs A bram Me n S h a m S ore s ( Po or To m ) Cou nt e r fe it S o l die rs Th e Cr ank S t or y F re s h w ate r Marine rs Fr at e rs — Pall iar ds H or s e S te al e rs —R ogue s p a r exce lle nce —Th e Wil d Rogue Th e Up r ig h t Ma n T h e R uffi e r — F e m al e Thie ve s S h am Th e T av e rn Bu ll y an d Brav o Th e F arm e r in P au l s S ick C h u r c h y ar d Cr o s s B it ing Gam e s t e r s Tr icks Th e Trav e l Th e Com p o s ition o f a Gang l ing Conj uror Th e B arn acl e and h is D up e We l sh Me n Th e av e nging S h oe m ake r Gu ll .
La w
was
,
Win ter s
Eliz abe th an
.
am,
my
:
.
of
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
gr op ing
G il
.
.
Wo od p e cke r B l as Tricks
Th e
.
D e lu de r
.
.
and
h is Cre w
Fe rr e t ing
.
Th e Eagl e
.
Us u r e rs
a nd
th e
F al cone rs Vis itor of S mith
.
P oor S ch ol ar s Jacks of t h e Cl ock H ou s e Th e T h e R ank R id e rs T h e S h ifte r Th e H ors e Tricks fi e ld Th e Jingle r L amb P ie Th e Jacks in t h e B ox Tr icks on C arriers —F au n Gue s t s —D rap p age Cu t Purse s F os t e r s L ift B at F o w l ing S p oon D rop Ch op Ch ain Ch e ap S to ne Carry ing Coun tr y Ge nt l e me n at P aul s p ing an d
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
-
.
.
—
-
.
.
’
.
.
.
.
’
S HA K SP ERE S E NGLA ND
28o _
ungratefully to fresh
names
D on
Quixote we shall meet with ,
of
Elizabeth
against the stretchers of
and the wearers
of
s reign are directed chiefly
worsted makers -
of
,
bury and the clothiers ,
of
,
and long and
,
these
In one decree the
.
d the
hawks eggs
ru fis ,
interfered too much an
’
’
,
Norwich,
Essex , w ere
of
line n the stealers
edicts were vexatious in the extr eme
places in
nder
’
long swords long
Government
.
u
.
The statutes
rapiers
.
drapers
of
Shrews
B arking Dedham and other ,
,
specially protected
P oor laws were
.
passed ; and certain men were allowed to beg with a license : no butcher could be a tanner to import cattle tallow or ,
raw
,
hides girdles rapier ,
sheaths horse harness points and gloves ,
,
,
It was forbidden
.
.
,
R iver fish
was
p reserved
and so were partridges and pheasants
forbidden to
hawk before harvest ; ho urs of work were fixed
from fiv e
to seven in summer and an hour later in winter ;
as
It was
.
,
two hour s and a half were allowed for rest and sleep Laws .
were m ad e against disb an ded soldiers who took to robbing and murdering ; and the pursuit by hue and cry on ,
horse and foot was rendered imperati ve in every town ship Servants could not be dismissed without written ,
.
testimonials as
if they
.
The manners
of
the people were regulated
had formed but one patriarchal family
We begin with the gipsies as ,
p
.
a r exce l ence
l
the here
P HAR A O H S
C HI
’
d it ary
beggars
of
L DR E N
28 1
.
of
the age the bearers ,
the noisy
wooden clap d ish : and when we remember that -
cording to trustworthy Holinshed put to death in Henry VIII
.
s
may easily c on c eive the number A rmy
o
f
Martyrs
The severity of
sons
o
f
persons were
,
reign
’
o
f
ao
,
the ft alone we
fo r
,
these survivors
of
the
” .
our early codes had driven the dark
P haraoh to despair
.
B y the
Henry VIII
22
.
they were given a month s notice to leave England and condemned to be hun g as felons if apprehended after that ’
,
time
V agabonds were burnt in both ea rs unless some
.
,
respectable man offered to take them into his service and on the second
,
ence were punishe d with death :
Off
the 2 P hilip and Mary r e enforced this law and it was again revived by Elizabeth -
,
.
Their great chief in Henry the
Eighth
s time was C ock
’
L orel a thie f about who m pamphlets are still extant ; then ,
cam e
Ra t s e e t h e
Highway ; B rown the cut purse ; and -
,
Justic e Greybeard a masked highwayman whose robberies ,
,
at
Gadshill
of
Falstaff s valour
Shakspere probably had
in
view when he wrote
’
In
.
this stern age forgers ears were cut
disembowelled ; poisoners boiled d e re rs
off,
’
to
and traitors
death and female mur ,
sometimes burnt at the stake ; vagabonds were sent
to the galleys or whipped at the cart s tail ’
,
s
3
.
At
this time
S HA K SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
282
th e
.
statute book mentions with alarm the increase -
of
vaga
bond bands ; children were stolen or decoyed to join the parties
purses were cut at c hurches in courts ,
and even in
th e
p
r es e nce
;
c
of
j ustice,
lerks and j ustic es were bribable
,
and under sheriffs and constables were accomplices -
thieves
.
The
Egyptian
gipsies in
Elizabeth
’
s reign were a very
different race from the tawny w anderers who our green lanes and purple heaths Egyptians , of
and still bore trac es
having fled into
lane
of
E urope ,
no w
infest
They called themselves
.
of
their Indian origin and
s c ared by the trump
o
f
Tamer
They were not then mere poachers terrible only to ,
.
the poultry yards but were hal f banditti lying out u nder ,
,
bushes and dreaded by the wayfarers as a strange ferocious ,
people
.
D e c ker
calls them a people more scattered than
the Jews and more hated beggarly ,
,
in condition beastly ,
advantages founded
.
in
in
apparel barbarous ,
behaviour and bloody ,
if they
meet
B oth B en Jonson and B eaumont and Fletcher
plays upon their adventures
.
They were sometimes called moonmen or madmen and ,
were supposed to paint their faces and not to be born
o
f
o
f the
Moorish colours
a swarthy c omplexion
,
they seldom
stopped in a place more than a day and went in companies ,
about fourscore strong and dividing into foraging parties ,
of
five or six ; the elder children were carried in panniers,
S HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
284
.
Upon holidays they dispersed in small companies through
towns and villages ; and when the striplings and maidens gathered round them to have their fortunes told they ,
picked their pockets or cut their purses
They were
.
fre
quently j oined by thieves pe dl ars and itinerant cheats ,
,
,
and occasionally their gang would seduce a farmer s ’
daughter to join their troop feared ,
It was at one time indeed
.
during this reign that ,
,
if
bands would grow too powerful dare to chastise
not soon checked these ,
for
the country j ustice to
.
The wandering rogues not gipsies though o ften asso ,
,
ciates with them de re rs
,
divided into two classes —Mann
w ere
and C lapper
D udgeons
.
The former had taken the
’
beggars oath the latter were beggars born ,
ke nne s ,
certain tave rns or bowsing
.
They had
all
h ennes
or
and stalling
houses for receiving stolen goo d s ; the innkeepers of these places were generally horse stealers cut purses cheats or -
,
retired highwaymen
,
,
Here the gipsies baked their sto len
.
sheep cutting the m
u
bro ught the proceeds
of
,
into earthen pots
p
;
here were
their house breaking ; and here -
they divided their spoil at
midnight,
the host and hostess
being chief sharers as soon as the hue and cry had ceased ,
Their great annual rendezvous was the Holyrood fair Da rrest , near
Tewkesbury
* .
.
at
To this came all the beggars
D e cker s Engl is h Vill an ie s , ch 1 8 '
.
.
C
OU N T R Y
C O NJU R O R S
26 5
.
tha t Ireland produced and all the rogues that had been ,
whipped at the London cart s tail ; hither they flocked ’
fro m a hundred miles distance and
from
’
,
England
The ragged booths were full
.
of
of
all parts
stolen clothes
which were sold at night and removed before daybreak The sturdiest thief was chosen lord
o
,
-
-
day ended generally with a b attle royal u
.
the fair and led
f
about his needy army from ale house to ale house the booths and flung
,
The
.
some tore down
the empty c ans ; others broke their
p
j ugs over their fellows heads ’
;
the women swore and
stabbed and the men cursed and fought ,
At
.
this fair the
gipsies bought clothes and new stamps (shoes ) for the whole year here they came to hear the news and to learn ,
what gentry were good at giving and E very
p
a tr ieo
A c cording
in the P eak district muster
of
,
,
was the place
of
their
-
o
f ,
,
countrymen by their dances and To wn s h e a d,
’
lasses Frances o the C astle P rue ,
,
E aton ,
aptain and
to B en Jonson some spot
D erbyshire
capers C ockrel C lod ,
c
.
He represents the olive colour ed spirits
.
attracting a crowd
of
were naught
gipsy gang had its j ackman or
or
frequent
wh o
and C hristian
o
of
f D orney ,
nd
and P uppy ;
a
for
the P a rk Long Meg ,
who bring with them
P uffin the bag piper, and Tom Ti c kle Foot the tabourer -
.
’
Gre e n e s
Ground work of Cone y Cat chin g, ch 1 5 .
.
SHA K S P ERE S ’
26 6
E NGL AND
.
The gipsies tell fortunes and pic k pockets ; one loses a race of ginger and a jet ring ; another a gilded nutmeg and ,
a row
of
bride
lace ;
pins ; a third some hob nails bodkin and a
w h it e
,
,
another a thimble and a skein
blue thread ; a fourth
The Practice
,
ballad of Whoop B arnaby ; ’
and dog s leather gloves
* .
of
be
o
s ow o f
P iety
C oventry ”
and the
,
,
,
details all the exploits deprived the sultan
of
f
a fifth his knife and sheath, The patri c o in a song he sings
“
mother
o
,
,
Egyptian
a daring young
f
the hen roost -
of
h ow
:
his wives
her darlings cleared the hedge ,
of
,
th e
the linen
bleaching in the moonlight and milked the cows before the ,
dairy maid had risen
.
Sometimes rubbed with walnut j uic e and hogs grease ’
-
,
the gipsy visits noisy fairs as a conjuror eats
flax , of
art
,
an d
spits fire
,
draws ribbons from his nose ; he pro fessed
legerdemain and his words were ,
presto ! B egone there !
,
th e
Hey ! pass !
,
ibus m a le ntibus !
silver ram !
trim tram ! come along b ul lets three with a
and
a s ce nt
,
such magical phrases as was
He y !
,
‘
com e
aloft !
Hocus pocus 1
“ ,
sa sa
”
Sometimes it
! flim flam ! t aradu mbis !
west north south ! N ow fly ! like Jack with a ,
,
east,
bu mbis
” .
He very often united in one person the three ch aracters of B e aumont
and
Fl t
’
e ch e r s
Be ggar s B ush , Act ’
Sc 1 .
.
26 8
S
h eaped
HAK S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
over all ; and these coverlets were often stolen by
the more dexterous and light finge re d thieves less sleepy -
,
or less drunken than their fell ows
.
Their chief had var ious nicknames ; as Dimber
Damber,
Hurley burley -
,
High Sheri ff the C onstable the ,
,
Ew e , t h e
0 11i C ompoli,
,
General
G reat B ull
.
N urse, the
The White
Lamb were names used by female beggars ,
l so
Their haunts were called Stop hole
a
rechristened ; one Sheepcote they
A bbey,
-
.
others the B lue B ull
,
the
P rancer, the C ow s U dder, the G reen Arbour, the B lazing ’
Star ; and these stations distance apart
w
ere generally at an equal
.
The oath a
of
this order
of
knighthood consisted
of
nine
rticles which all companions and messmates took if we
may
,
,
credit
Decker,
from evidence sent of
who says that he founded his book h im
and from his own examinations
thieves brought be fore C ounty :
him
as High C onstable
of
a
Thou shalt my true brother be keeping thy faith to ,
,
the other brothers as to myself and keeping my secrets ,
Thou m atters
s h alt
,
take part with me and my brothers in all
.
Gr e e ne
.
’
s
Groun dw ork of Co ne y Catch ing, 1 5 92
.
C AN T I NG S O N GS
ill
Thou sh alt revenge me when s it ive
-
spoken
of.
( Sen
beings !)
Thou shalt see me want me to
26 9
.
for
nothing thou canst help
.
Tho u sh al t share thy winnings with me
.
Tho u shalt keep true appointment by day and night
.
Thou shal t teach no householder to cant nor confess ,
to
them anything
.
Thou shalt do no h urt to any Maw nde r but with thine own hands and mill (kill ) brotherhood ,
an
y
of
who betray secrets
the
.
C lothes , hens , geese , pigs , and bacon are thy wages ,
and thou shalt t ake them wherever thou canst have them All
” .
orders of this ragged brotherhood mustered in if
strong numbers at assiz es to hear ,
the prisoners con
fessed and to guard against their treachery
.
The slang language or Pedlars French was s aid to ’
‘
,
,
have been invented by a thief who was hung about The
gip s e y
language we kno w to have a Sanscrit bas is
The thieves language seems a mere ’
combination of
German ,
Welsh and Irish words illustrate the genus
of
.
Spanish
French
,
chance
an d
even
The following specimens will
this still living speec h
De cke r s Engl ish '
,
P olyglotic
.
-
Vill anie s , ch
.
.
19
.
S HAK SP
2 7o
ERE S E NGL AN D ’
Stowe you ben cove and
.
ben whids and bing we
ac t
,
to R ome (hold your peace good fellow and speak good words and go we to London ) to nip a bung ; so shall we have lower for the bowsing ken ( to c u t a purse ; so ,
,
,
shall we have money
for
the drinking house ) ; and when we bing back to the De w s e vile w e will filch ( and when we go back to the c ountry we will filch ) some ,
duds
o
f
the
'
ru
fim an,
or mill the ken
for
a lag
( some linen from the hedges or rob a house ,
of
duds
for
a lot
of
The following canting song is a still better example : Th e
r ufiin cly ,
t h e n ab of t h e barm an
be ck
.
( Th e d e v il take t h e h e ad of t h e cons tabl e ) If w e maun d p a nnam lap or r u fl p e ck ( If w e be g butt e rm ilk m ilk or bacon O r p op l ars o f Yar m e r h e c uts bring t o t h e rufimans , ( O r p o tt age h e bid u s off t o t h e h e dge s ide ) Or e l s e h e s w e ars by t h e l igh tm an s ( O r e l s e h e s w e ars by t h e d ay l igh t ) T o p u t ou r s t am p s in t h e h arm an s ( T o p ut ou r fe e t in t h e s t ocks ) Th e r u fiian cly t h e gh os t o f t h e barm an be ck ( Th e d e vil take th e s ou l of th e co ns table ) If w e h e av e a boo t h w e cly t h e j e rk ( If w e rob bu t a booth w e are w h ip p e d at t h e p os t If w e m ill s ome d u d s fr om a bow s ing ke n ( If w e s te al bu t s om e cl oth e s fr om a n ale h ou se ) O r n ip a bu n g th at bat h bu t a co in ( Or cut a p u rs e th at h ath bu t a h al fp e nny,) O r drop t h e j igge r o f a ge ntry c ov e s ke n ( O r op e n t h e l atch of a ge nt l e man s door ) .
'
,
,
,
,
'
,
,
,
,
,
,
.
.
.
,
,
-
,
’
,
'
,
,
’
s n Ax e
2 72
RE s
E NGL AND
A s gl imm e r by t h e s al omon ( L ike fire o f t h e s tars )
.
.
.
I !
t
as
Wh at th ough I no cas te r w e ar ( Wh at th ou gh I h ave no h at ) N or t ogm a n h av e n or s l ate
,
,
'
No sh e e t S t ore s
or s h ir
,
o f s t ro mm e l
( Ple nty
of s t r aw e
A nd in t h e
( An d
t
lie in
s
we
kip p e t t
s a e
r
ll h ave h e re h av e h e r e )
we
’
,
,
lib in
t t
s a e
.
in th e barn ) .
d arkm an s th e n t o bou s e an d mort, ( Good n igh t t o l ass an d t ap and dr ink, Th e bie n co v e s bings a w a s t , ( Th e brav e co v e s gone aw ay by R ome cov e s dine , by t h e L ondon cove s ) For h is long lib at l as t ( For h is long h om e at l as t ) B ie n
,
,
and
,
.
.
Wh e n th e ligh tm ans up do th ( Wh e n d ay aw ake s )
ll
ca
,
,
Marge r y
( Th e Th e
k cackl ing c h e t w it h c oc
a
( And In
a
( In
p ra te r from t h e ne s t, from it s r oos t ,)
h e r h e ns t oo
.
all.
)
bo w s ing ke n w il t fe as t,
a n ale
-
h ou s e w ilt fe as t,)
Th e re if lowr e w e w a nt, w e ’ ll mill
( Th e n
if w e w an t m o re w e
ll s t e al )
‘
A gage , or n ip for t h e a h ung ; ( A qu ar t p ot , or cut a p urse B e n bo ws e th e n s h all bou s e t h y fill,
( Th e n And
sha
l t h av e
c ras h a
goo d dr ink,) ’ grunting c h e at th at s young t h y fill
of
.
ke n,)
R AC E O F
THE
AIN
273
.
king p ig )
( A nd
e at a s uc
B ing
a
w as t t o
( C om e th e n
to
0 , m y D o x ie ,
Will h e ave ( R ob
a
a
.
v ile th e n
R om e
.
,
Lo n do n ) o h m y de ll .
boo th ,
and
,
bot h
gre e ,
a
booth ,
A n d t ry n ing ( A nd e s cap e
Of
C
s c ap e , a n d all
is w e ll
.
these words many are still retained by modern
thieve s : as cly boose sto w flag kens ,
,
,
,
,
others have
&c ; .
,
been promoted into the current language : as queer cove ,
&c
.
,
Their derivation is not diffi c ult to ascertain ; some
are French Many
o
f
(bon ) vile ( town ) the words are mere synonyms as glaziers as
be n
.
,
,
( eyes ) stamps ( shoes ) glimmer (fire) lap ( milk) prancer ( a horse ) ruffm an s (bushes ) A mongst the E lizabethan thieves words still retained ,
,
,
,
.
,
’
,
mort ( a wom an ) bord ( a shilling ) cant drawer hose f umbles hands r u fiian ( prig ( ) ) ( L eaving the gipsies we will now pass on to the great
w e find
-
,
,
,
,
,
,
of
family
Of the
rogues in general various orders
organised divisions rogues priggers ,
of
of
.
rogues there were the following
r utfle rs ,
upright men h ookers wild ,
,
prancers (horse stealers )
p
,
D e cke r s Engl is h Vill anie s , ch 1 9 T D e cke r s L an th orn and Cand le L igh t, ch 1 ’
.
.
'
.
VO L
.
I
.
T
.
all ard s ,
y
2 74
S
fraters,
prigs
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
pedlars
,
c
,
urtals
j ackmen (petition c arriers ) B edlam whip ja c ks c ranks
,
Irish rogues
Abram
ragmen
,
men mad Toms ,
,
of
(feigned mutes) ( men who pretended they had been
,
and
,
.
,
m li m e re rs g
,
do mm e re rs
,
ruined by a Some
of
d angerous
meddling
these were really banditti travelling in bands ,
,
to meddle with and still more dangerous when They were men who carried knives who ,
.
co ul d ride unbridled horses who had seen Spanish blood ,
shed who had known all classes ,
o
f
life who would stab ,
your enemy for a crown or serve you as Sp y 0 1 servant The wild and unenc losed country afforded lurkin g places '
.
to these bands in green dingles bare heaths gravel pits ,
and shaded lanes of
,
They were any
.
m oment
the next j usti c e who with or without ,
their ears cut
off,
,
,
at the mercy
la w ,
c
ould hav e
their noses slit their hands branded ,
,
and have them whipped through the j eering town ; he could load them with irons thro w the m into damp and ,
putrid cellars or freeze th em in the stone towers ,
castle prison These i
s as s n s .
c
of
the
.
ruelties hardened them from rogues into as
Not knowing where to begin in this ragged
army we c ommence with ,
D e cke r s ’
L anth orn
and
Candle
L igh t
,
ch
.
1
.
2 76
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
some days and then conveyed it to the alehouse where ,
,
they obtained about half its price
One
.
o
f
these men
once came to a farmer s house at midnight and opened a ’
,
dr aw
window
o
f
a ground
-
flo or
bed in which slept a man and o ff
room near whic h stood a ,
boys
tw o
the hooker drew
all their coats and coverlets and sheets and left the m ,
,
,
still asleep lying in their shirts to awake and believe ,
,
Goodfellow
that R obin
books
carr ied their h ands
over the hole
they fitted
c
had paid them a visit
They
.
oncealed by day and kept their
o
,
f
of
the top
the staff into which
” .
The real
were generally W elshmen and
d om m e re rs
,
craved charity by groaning and lifting up their hands in a piteous and besee c hing manner once stopped near ,
D artford ,
by
One
.
Greene
of
these men was
and a servant
of
the Lord K eeper a gentleman very cunning in the science ,
of “
surgery
and
.
m ake
I will work a miracle
” ,
this dumb man speak
” .
he said to
G reene ,
They agreed at ,
first to tie his fingers together and then rub a stic k ,
between them till he spoke but finally led ,
n
,
,
h im
into a
eighbouring house and tying a halter to his wrists hung
him
,
,
for
some time over a beam till he cried
for God s ’
sake to let him down ; they then took from him a purse D e cke r s Engl ish Vill anie s, ch 1 8 ’
.
.
’
T O M o B E D LAMS
1 5d
contain ing
2 77
.
of
and gave it to the poor people
.
the
house and the rogue and his companion were then taken ,
to the next justices exposed publicly on the pillory and ,
well whipped
.
generally thieves were notorious
Tr a ve lling tin ker s ,
,
picking up stray kettles c
,
c
for
hafers or pewter dishes when ,
,
alled in to a gentleman s courtyard to do some work ’
.
A
drunken tinker with a dog once stopped six thieves and ,
stripped them
,
of
and hiding
4 L,
,
thick wood es c aped all pursuit ,
thieves
;
says
Of
,
and
G reene
for
a day or two in a
The pedlars were often
.
reminds us
of
late it is a great practic e
A utolyc u s o
f
when he
the upright man
,
when he hath gotten a booty to bestow the same upon a ,
p ac kful
o
f
for
wares and so goeth a time ,
because he would live wi thout suspic ion and wigs were the ordinary disguises
.
of
his pleasure False beards
these smooth
tongued rogues who must have been often Spanish spies ,
and Jesuit emissaries A mong
other
c
” .
lasses
of
beggars were the common A bram
maunders or beggars the ,
men or discharged
m admen ,
the counterfeit soldiers and the men who carried
petitions
and
,
In the
,
the men with
Abram
Gree ne
’
s
men
ar
we
tific ial sores
.
’
recognise Shakspere s Poor
Groun d work of Cone y Catching, ch 9 .
'‘
1
3
.
S HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
a7s
Tom a well known
c
-
,
lass
o
.
impostors in his day who
f
,
affected to be either idiots or madmen lately dis c harged from
B edlam
Tom went generally half nake d without -
.
,
shirt or hose his legs and arms bare and a sheet hung ,
,
about his body ; his eyes were starin g his hair long and ,
filth ily of
knotted and he carried in his hand a stout staff ,
ash or hazel or sometimes a crooked stic k from which ,
he hung his dole
o
f food
Women children and v illagers
.
,
,
fled fro m these cheats who were the bugbears with which ,
nurses frightened peevish infants to sleep men generally tatooed their flesh with paper urine ,
marks
o
f
,
an
.
These
Abram
upon their arms pricking
.
,
awl and rubbing it with brown
an
d
F R
.
gunpowder
Sometimes they bore red
.
manacles or wore iron rings upon their wrists ; ,
they generally carried a horn in whi c h they put any ,
liquor they could get of
.
man had a pecul iar way
Each
playin g his part affe cting idiotic gestures and crazed ,
looks and generally using some unme aning words as ,
,
“
well and wisely
of
” ,
in every senten c e to eviden c e a decay
wit ; some whooped
bellowed others spoke in a
d
an
,
piteous hollo w voice and a ,
These two modes
of
fe w
petitioning
the cured or in c urable madman No w
.
c ording as they played
a c
,
,
danc ed and gambolled
we
here subjoin :
dame well and wisely what will you give poo r ,
Tom now ? One pound
,
of
your sheep s feathers to make ’
S HA
28 0
K S PERE S E NG LA ND ’
or left arms below the elbow as ,
.
cause d by pike or ball
if
.
They went armed with short crab tree cudgels and were -
the boldest and most impudent
of
,
beggars knocking boldly ,
at any door and accepting no repul se ,
this place
”
.
Gentle
these bearded men would whine
,
,
rulers of
bestow y our
rewa rd upon poor soldiers that are utterly maimed and for God
spoiled in Her Majesty s late war as well ’
,
cause as Her Majesty s
An d
’
.
bestow one piece
of
’
s
your ’
small silver upon poor men as somewhat towar ds a meal s meat to succour them in the ,
cause
w ay
of
truth and
for God s ’
These men always exhibited a sealed letter w hich
’ .
they called their discharge from the colours
.
Their artificial sores were produced by plasters
o
f
nu
slacked lime and soap mixed with the rust of old iron ; ,
fe w
this in a ,
hours raised a red bleeding sore which ,
,
was e as ily cured by brown paper smeared with butte r and wax
.
Many of these cheats were discarded serving men -
sore
of
elbow
The
.
the sham soldiers was on the left arm below the of
t he
sham masons above the elbow ,
of
the sham
grooms or running footmen on the back of the hand as if ,
’
crushed by a horse s foot T h e ir w ors t
sore s
* .
we re ma de by
ap
p lying p l ais te rs
of c ro w
-
foot,
l t bruis e d t oge th e r t h e r aw fle sh be ing th e n s tre w n w ith rats ban e ; th is from l o ng u s age c e ase d t o giv e th e m any ia co nv e nie nce t h ough th e y ke p t it u nh e al e d from we ek t o w e ek s p e arw or
t
,
an d s a
,
,
,
,
.
T HE
of
The writers
-
for
crown
n ow
28 1
.
they paid a scrivener hal f
;
writin g them
counterfeit impression justices seals
MA N
petitions and begging letters were as
numerous then as a
UP R IGH T
of
,
and sealed them with the ’
n o ble m e n s ,
gentlemen s
’
or
,
’
.
These letters generally contained certain stereotyped phrases as
Some have entertained angels unawares
,
Solomon saith unto the Lord
” ,
or
He who giveth to t he poor lendeth
,
,
They generally contained also
’ .
tions to constables to help them
to
d ire c
lodgings or to curates ,
begging them to persuade their parishioners to charity
.
The crank s favourite illness was epilepsy or the falling ’
,
s
ickness ; and they frequently carried testimonials signed
by
“
five men
of
worship in Shropshire
sometimes they
went half naked wearing rag bandages about their heads ,
and ke eping a piece
o
f
to foam at the mouth to ex c ite compassion The followi ng story is related by Hallow c
D ay , 1 5 6 6 ,
m on t h s ,
white soap in their
,
in order
.
G reene
Upon All
:
early in the morning a counterfeit ,
rank came to the cloister at Whitefriars where several ,
great ladies lay without the liberties
of
London
.
Here he
began lamentably lamenting and pitifully cry ing to be ,
relieved declaring with rue ful moanings his painful and ,
miserable disease : except an old patched loose leather jerkin he was naked from the waist upwards ; about his ,
28 2
S
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
head was wound a foul c loth his beard and chin were ,
also tied up ; and in his hand he held an old felt hat to receive alms ; his face was streaming with fresh blood as ,
,
if he
had fallen in his agony ;
with mud
Good
.
an
d
his dress was besmeared
masters quoth he ’
,
,
I have the grievous
and painful disease called th e falling sickness ;
’
he then
went on to say he had fallen down in a lane by the water ,
side and had shed almost all the blood out
o
,
f
his body ;
as it had rained very fast all the morning and he was ,
smeared with mud a poor honest woman that d w elt near ,
brought
,
a c loth to clean himsel f ; but he refused to
h im
use it saying he should then fall a bleeding again and ,
,
,
not be able to stop himself
In answers to questions he
.
,
said his name was Ni c holas Jennings he was born at ,
,
Leicester and had ,
I it
c an
by
h ad
get no remedy
the falling si c kness eight years
for
the same said he ’
,
,
for
.
I have
kind : my father had it and my uncle before me ; ,
and I have been these two years here and about London and half in
and a
y ear
p e c t ing
him sent to B edlam and found no such man had
Be dla m
,
been a patient
z
’
a bystander
,
,
s us
,
.
Two boys were then set to watc h him
.
He begged all day about the Temple then went into a ,
lane leading into some fields at the back ,
of
C lement s Inn ; ’
there he smeared his face with fresh blood from a bladder ,
full tha t he carried about him and daubed fresh dirt on ,
2 34
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
after turned fresh water sailor and was next seen begging in Whitefriars as a dis tressed hat maker not many months -
,
after his first capture
.
,
in
He was then dressed
blac k frieze coat a new pair ,
o
f
a good
white hose a good felt hat ,
on his head not to forget a shirt worth some ,
of
,
Flanders work
B eing again given in charge, the con
.
stable refused at first to apprehend so respectably dressed ,
,
a man ; and the deputy
of
the ward required se c urity
of
his prosecutor before he would send the crank to Ludgate On his
w ay
captured “
to prison the rogue escaped but was again ,
,
” .
’
His house in Master Hill s rents was searched ,
found
,
to be well furnished ;
c
,
and
ontaining a good joint table
and a fair cupboard garnished with pewter was
.
an old ancient woman and well ’
,
His wife
.
do
to
,
At
.
the
C ounter the man confessed his deceit ; and after three days ,
w as
removed to B ridewell ; he was then stripped naked
,
and bei ng c lad in his loathsome crank dress exposed in ,
the Cheapside pillory in both his costumes ,
He was then
.
sent to the mill and his portrait being taken was whippe d ,
,
,
’
at the c art s tail through London to his own door with h is picture borne be fore him After some further imprison ,
.
ment in B ridewell he was released on promise ,
fOrth
lead ing an amended life Gr e e ne
’
s
o
f
” .
Groundw ork o f Cone y Catch ing, ch 1 1 .
.
hence
HO R SE of
The ships
ST
EAL I NG
28 5
.
the fresh water mariners
an old writer
qu aintly says were sunk on Salisbury Plain ; the men ,
were generally Irish and sometimes fro m Somersetshire ; ,
they carried petitions with the forged signatures
o
,
or six gentlemen deposing that the petitioners
h ad
,
f
five
either
been shipwrecked or robbed by pirates near the coast
o
f
C orn w all or Devon and set on shore at some haven town ,
They seldom visited those counties but haunted Wilts ,
.
,
H ants B erks Oxfordshire Hertfordshire Middl esex and ,
London s
,
,
if
as
,
,
,
going down the Thames to seek their l
hips and goods : or
e se
went into Surrey and Sussex or ,
by the sea coast into Kent ; begging alms to return to their county the
.
They so metimes counterfeited the seal
Admiralty,
fo r 2 s
of
which they could get forged at Portsmouth
The magistrates used frequently to burn these
.
licenses and confiscate the money found in the petitioners
’
,
pockets
.
Fraters carried a blac k box at their girdle containing ,
’
copies
of
house
for
th e
,
the Queen s Letters P atent given to some spital ,
the relie f o f the poor men too o ften negle c ted by ,
idle and well
-
fe d
proctors
o
f such
Greene
poor houses :
mentions a constable who told him that he had heard ,
great carousing at midnight in one Gre e ne
’
s
of
these houses ; the
Groun dwork of Cone y Catch ing, ch 1 6 .
.
S HA
2 86
me n
K SP ERE S E N GL AND ’
.
were laying wagers pitching the bar and casting the ,
,
axletree ; going in he found a pig roasting by the fire
,
,
and the men
fallen
to blows
.
They were strong and
sturdy lubbers he says who would have carried prize at any country games If
also
o
,
,
Abr a h am m en,
ff
.
of
they told pitiful stories
cruelties they had suffered in B edlam : Stradling one ,
these knaves pretended to have been a servant ,
and to have gone
’
S tourt on s ,
the
m a d for
of
the f
o
Lord
grie f at his ex
he first fell into a deep pensiveness and then for
e cu tion :
,
a year or more lost his wits
.
Lastly he was take n with ,
a marvellous palsy that shook both head and ,
The p
a llia r
or
ds
cla
pp
er
dudgeons ,
were generally We lshmen ; a nation from
like the n ow
domme re rs ,
rem ar kably free
mendicancy : they took their wives with them and ,
carried forged m arriage licenses in their pockets
If t hey
.
were Irishmen and were detected they feigned to speak ,
,
no
English
They also exhibited artificial sores produced
.
,
by spearwort or real sores produced by arsenic ,
H or s e
-
,
l
s tea ers
.
f generally dr essed in j erkins o f leather or
white frieze and carried a holly wand in their hands walk ,
,
ing through meadows and pastures where they might find
Gre e ne
1 Ibid '
.
‘
s
ch .
Groundwork of Cone y Catching, ch 7 .
6
.
.
’
S HAs
2s s
E NGL AND
E EE s
.
Kent and s aluted the company courteously treating the ,
par son of the parish to some October and staying till every ,
one was gone
.
They then begged the goodman
of
the
house and his wife to sit down with them and requ ested ,
to know where that priest dwelt as they had an uncle in ,
orders living somewhere near and they thought it must ,
have been him though they had not seen him since they were six years old
The goodwife said cheerfully Master
.
P arson was an honest m an well beloved, an d of good wealth, ,
and resident in the place fi fteen years at least o
f G od
’
then you re twins
” ,
Mercy
.
said the foolish woman ; and
,
taking them into the hall windo w pointed out the parson s ’
,
house with her finger god father
” ,
said one
of
mean not to trouble God
He is not only my uncle but my
.
the p ai r
ou r
but we are weary and ,
uncle to night -
,
but to morrow -
willing we wil l see him and do our duty ,
,
”
Finding
.
that he kept no servants but an old woman and a boy and ,
lived in a lonely house they at las t allowed themselves to ,
be persuaded by
th e
honest ale wi fe to go there that night
and find better lodging than she
c
ould give
Having
.
taken a grace cup they departed late and viewing the ,
,
,
house retired into a wood to arrange their attack ,
.
Find
ing it stone walled and the windows thick with mullions -
,
they determined on poli cy rather than force and about ,
twelve of the clock approached the parson s ch amber ’
'
T
window
R IC K S O N
T
R A VE LL ER S
2 89
.
The dog barking the parson awoke and began
.
,
to cough ; the boldest rogue then groaning loudly begged for
C hrist s sake, some relief for the hun gry and thirsty ’
and am like to lie with out the doors all night
”
-
were relieved with some small piece of the stocks n
ight
,
if
of
,
u
,
nless he
money being safe ,
he ventur ed into a house at that time
of
The parson giving him t w ope nce bade him lie in ,
,
.
his outhouse till morning
God
.
.
rogue ;
and
in
heaven may
you
reward you
find it
”
As
.
”
said the
,
the parson
then put his hand to shut th e win dow the rogue slipped on a horselock that prevented it repassing through the small mullions and declared he would chop
o
,
he did not give them three pounds alarmed agreed to give ,
four
ff
his fingers
if
The parson much
.
,
marks
,
all
he had in the
house having lent six pounds to a neighbour not six days ,
be fore
Then calling to the old housekeeper who slept in ,
,
.
the lo ft over head he sent fo r the money and t hey released ,
,
him on the condition that he should spend twelve pence next day at the ale house on the hill which he did -
B enedicite
,
quoth the ale wi fe
” ,
“ ,
.
they be merry thieve s
by the mass and I warrant you they mean to buy no land with the money A
wild
” .
ro ue
g
Gre e ne VO L
.
I
.
,
,
,
’
s
’le
was always a born beggar
On one
.
Groundwork of Cone y Catching, ch 5 .
.
290
S
o cc asion one
o
f
HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
these
me n
.
met a poor honest huckster
riding homeward fro m a London market and demanded a ,
penny
for God
,
’
s sake to keep him a tr ue C hristian ,
.
Seeing a tall man c arrying a quarter staff and one fit to serve in the wars the huckster took out his purse to give the ,
knave
a penny but observing him draw out eight shillings
,
the rogue bade him deliver it all or he would beat out his brains
a penny would not quen c h his thirst
for
,
leapt over a hedge into a wood and disappeared The up r igh t
ma n
,
a r t i ce r
fi
or mere labourer
idle or
icious with ear cropped at the pillory or seared in the ,
,
hand he had determined to prey upon
m ankind
,
favour ite s
.
had very o ften been a serving c reature
but sometimes an v
He then
.
c
Their
.
ounties were Somerset Wilts B erks Oxford
hire Hertfordshire Middlesex ,
,
S urrey and K ent ,
,
,
D espising
.
,
E ssex ,
,
Suffolk Norfolk ,
,
whipping the sto cks and ,
even the triple tr ee they wandered about in companies one ,
thir d beggars and
,
two
thirds thieves
At
.
a husbandman s ’
door they stoutly demanded c harity de claring that they ,
had served in the wars that they sought service and ,
would be glad to work
for
their living
If ofie re d ‘
.
meat
and drink they would generally re fuse it with scorn ,
and demand money
.
As
they strolled about the yard they
took care to mark the bolts and gates
an d
the places where
the pigs and po ultry were kept knowing that ,
,
if an
ill star
S H Ax e
292
of
’
con ferring a sort
o
E NGL A ND
RE s
f
.
rogues knighthood upon young ’
thieves ; they called it
Stalling to the roge
”
Taking
.
the novi c e to an ale house he pawned his best garment -
,
some t w enty pence and then calling ,
,
bowse
”
a quart pot
,
saying
of
a
“
gage
o
f be n
ale he poured it over his head ,
,
I stall thee to the roge so that from hen c eforth
“
,
,
it shall be lawful
for
thee to cant in all plac es
mentions a copper c auldron s
for
for
tamped with his arms which ,
o ff
and carried hal f a mile a fir b u sh
on
a heath
o
f
his
w as
full
,
of
ferrymen
,
and
.
pewter dish es
stolen from his outhouse
by an upright man and hid in ,
The thief learning that
.
,
reward had been o ffered to all the tinkers Kent Street
Greene
’9
B arm e s ie
o
f
Southwark
,
Street and noti c e to the ,
on the Thames left it there ,
for
two years
um
touched and it was at last found by a man hunting
for
,
rabbits who striking his staff into the bush hit the caul ,
,
,
dron and thou ght at first he had dis c overed a ,
The name The
of up r igh t
R uffle r
bonds by ,
ed soldier
2 8t h ,
or
t re a s u re
man was of c ourse ironical
was d e clared K ing Henry V III
.
:
of
the
Empire
"E .
.
o
f
Vaga
he was generally a disband
a discarded serving man ; his demand
for
alms was alternately imperative or meek as he met with ,
concession or resistance
,
H arman s Cave at ’
fear
or defian c e : he exhibited
for Common Curs itors, 1 5 73
.
R UFF L I NG
29 3
.
sham wounds either received in drunken frays or pro ,
,
d uc e d
that
by a c rid herbs
always declaring in a piteous voice
had been maimed and bruised in the wars
he
soldiers
o
,
Old
.
this reign howe v er seldom disgraced the m
f
,
,
selves by begging and oftener took to desperate robberies ,
of
escaping the bullet only to die at last ,
rope
These
.
ru
ffle rs ,
,
the tigh t
when begging failed robbed from ,
their own c ompanions or plundered old women going to ,
file r,
market old men or children : the
ru
was ennobled and became what
w as
,
,
,
man
An
.
,
old fruit seller who -
,
was
c
in a year or two
alled an ,
in the habit
twice a week to London to sell peascods near Shooter s Hill by ’
t wo
ru ffle r s
the master and the other a servant ,
one
; ,
c
o
,
f
w as
u
pright
f
going
o
once met
whom seemed
arrying his c loak :
the old man who had made a good market and had ,
,
in his purse was glad ,
c
of
their company
,
the
o
ld
man
,
you
.
en tered into
of
the hill and
saw all the coast clear they seized the old and led him into a wood :
1 08
an d
onversation ; when they reached the top ,
,
,
m an
N ow by my troth
s bridl e
’
” ,
quoth
are a merry gentleman indeed : I kno w
you mean rather to give me th an take from me ,
the
servant with angry words threw the cloak over the ,
,
gardener s fac e and demanded his money ; he told them ’
,
he had but ten shillings in white money ; not knowing
of
an old angel which he had told his wife to lay up safely : U 3
294
s n Ax e
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
.
the gentleman thie f then sear c hing him began to curse '
,
h im,
saying :
may a
Good
“
Lord what a world is this ,
believe in the same ! what an old knave and
m an
a false knave have we here
they th en le ft the old man
to return alone and sorrowing to scold his wife ,
neglect
! h ow
for
,
her
.
The female thieves
c
arried sheets at their backs ; and
wallets in which to put the malt wool bacon or bread ,
,
,
and cheese which they obtained as alms : they would often ,
j oin in robberies
Sometimes they would carry
.
for
sale
,
baskets and cap cases with lac es pins needles thread and ,
,
,
,
,
round bright coloured silk girdles : they bought rabbit skins -
and stole clothes
o ff
,
hedges and obtained meat and cheese ,
from dishonest maid servants : they took children with them who were ,
u
se ful to c reep through small windows
and to do the more deli c ate part of a burglary these women knitted or made bed along the road
.
v allan ce s
of
these
M any of
as they walked
They were ac c ustomed to leave their
money in various plac es in the hands of friends notorious
.
,
A mazons
.
The most
a woman with one hand
,
named B ess B ottomly who was known to have murdered
,
w as "
,
at least two children ,
.
O cc asionally a runaway servant
joined these bands : the older women carried the children on their backs slung in sheets ,
well known name -
of
this age
.
.
Huffing Kate is also a
29 6
s n Ax e
oaths roll
EE s
He was always boasting
.
o
E NG LA ND
’
f
of
.
having been on the
Tilbury ; and was generally at the smoking shop
,
or playing at cards : he defied the constable ; th ough D ogberry
call ed
for
the lanthorn to see the fellow and ,
h im
bade the beadles tell terror
o
f t he
the rogue s name
He was the
’
.
drowsy bell man ; and was known in the -
smoking alleys around B edlam and in the in famous haunts ,
of
P ic k thatch and T urnbull Lane
His sanctuaries were
.
R am Al ley, in Fleet Str eet ; Fulw ood s R ents
Milford
’
Lane Strand ; ,
t h olo m e w
Ely R ents ,
,
C old Harbor, Savoy ; St B ar .
and Montague C lose : he was the roaring boy
,
who tore the ale wives ruff and flung his d inner at the ’
,
gaoler ; and who ended his days on a gallows at St Thomas a Watering s in the B orough : his ’
al
ways to give the stab
w hi c h al
he
foun d
was
wore a dirty feather in his hat
he swore came from a c ountess s ’
ways given him by the
threat
Great
fan :
Turk
.
.
,
his rapier was He was often
at n oon asleep on the ale bench ; and was known to -
be able to swallow more
c
h arnico
than one hundred
Flemings or more than a dozen of those ,
D utch
who eat pickled herrings at St K atherine s ’
.
was drunk he talked ,
of
D rake ;
.
sailors
When he
and declared he once took
a prize that contained enough rubies to pave C heapside : ,
R owl and s ‘
L ook to I t
,
or
I ll ’
s t abbe
Ye , 1 6 04, p
.
29
.
C
he
R O SS B IT I NG -
29 7
.
was always a great gambler ; suspe c ted hated and ,
feared
by every one
,
.
Some thieves atten ded fairs dressed as serving men and lawyers the
’
c
lerks ; and visited St P aul s Westminster and ’
.
Ex c hanges ,
t wo
fem ale
a cc omplic es
passed
fo r
c
with religious punctuality arried papers in their
religious
markets with a basket ,
farmers o
f
fu ll
those villainous cutpurses
of
A
,
h ands ,
and
eggs on their arms ; complaining
of
“
Their
.
wives ; or attended the
’
loudly
thieves
,
,
The world being never so bad or so ,
” .
good story that reminds us of some of Gil B las s shifts
is told
’
,
of
,
a farmer who coming to a London tavern began ,
,
,
over his wine to laugh at his c ompanion s fears ’
,
of
,
being
robbed ; he showed his broad pie c es ; rang the m on the table ; and then drivin g his dagger through the board
,
challenged any thief in the born world to dare to touch his purse
A
.
thie f sitting near
h im immediately
went out
,
and told his gang of the farmer who had denied their power ; ,
and a plan was instantly laid to entrap the unfortunate countryman
.
The next morning he had not taken three ’
steps in St P aul s C hurchyard before two sergeants laid .
,
their hands on his shoulders and arrested him on account ,
of
,
a sham action which the rogues had entered against
him
,
Spluttering and indignant the farmer swore strug
.
,
,
gled and remonstrated ; a cro wd began to assemble ,
,
d
an
S HA
2 98
K S PERE S E NGL A ND ’
the thieves were foremost w as
in
.
it : they told him the arrest
shameful and illegal ; the c hur c hyard was safe sanc and always had been ; no sergeant had right to put
t uary ,
foot in it : the sergeants getting hustled became alarmed ,
and raised the terrible war cry prentices
’
of
o
f
the city
C lubs
,
”
The
.
Fleet and C heap flo c ked to the call and took ,
part for their masters against the resc uers
the crowd
w as
at last driven away and the sergeants hot and torn ,
,
d ragged
,
,
the farmer to a neighbou ring tavern : on arriving
there he found he had been robbed ,
of
l Ol
.
in gold and ,
3l
.
in white money : but there was no h elp : in such crowds robberies were always frequent ; and
this moment a
at
letter arrived from the thieves bidding the sergeants to ,
release their prisoner as by some ac c ident they had mis ,
taken their man : bruised angry and penniless the farmer ,
,
,
chop fallen regained his cloak and hurried home to
m uch
he
,
,
,
laughed at by his n eighbours and scolded by his wife ,
This sort
of
tri c k was
l led Cr os s biting, from
ca
-
.
the
’
thief 8 name who first elevated it into a science The watch were not always old
me n
of
.
the
Dogberry
stamp though often pompous cowardly knavish and ,
,
ignorant ; their cry
w as
,
D own
bills were formidable weapons Gre e ne
’
s
Thie v e s
,
,
with them
.
F alling O ut ,
1 6 37
.
” ,
and their
S
300
If
HAK SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
of
the party
f false
ones and
he happened by any chance to win one ,
would change the good dic e dag ger
If
.
a p air
for
crying out that he was a
c
,
A
all
the
who dared to
.
The followin g is one
.
an d
he won the lights were put out
The miscellaneous stra tagems endless
,
,
,
stop them
o
heat fly at him with his
gamblers fled with the stakes stabbing
of
swindler
this age
,
fo r
his wits end even ’
master sad said ,
is gone and
n
“
,
o
o
f
f Elizabethan
the best :
,
having worn every trick ~
boy into Yorkshire
,
a meal
,
for,
,
othing le ft then hey ,
I
.
am
at
The p age seeing his
.
Master take no care ;
the dudgeon heft
cheats are '
h is
threadbare travelled with
my
.
! for
young and ,
when all
the knife with
h ave
crotchets
in
head ; and while I have my five senses we will not
'
want
Take lodgings in
.
lustily
,
spare no
c
ost ;
t h e fairest an
d
inn in York ; call for
leave me to pay ’
Th e
master gladly as sented to the boy s plan
.
all.
They
repaired to the best inn ; took the best room —for the boy whispered to the landlord that his master was no co mmon
man ,
victuals ;
th e
and would need extraordinary provision of tapster said the C hief Justices of the Shire .
were then sitting there about a commission but that he ,
should have what attendan c e was possible after prowling up a pair ,
of
.
stairs found his ,
The boy soon way
into the
S WI N D L
’
ER S PL O T
30 1
.
commission room where a good store of plate stood at a ,
side settle -
.
P eeping in the boy hurried the largest gilt ,
goblet under his clo ak and descending to a back court ,
,
,
threw it into an old well ; then stepping into the kitchen ,
to watch the dinner he to ld the landlord that was
D octor P inchbe c k
master
h is
,
the gre a t physician ; upon hearing
which the tapster went up to bid him welcome d D inner
over the goblet was missed ; the servants and ,
in
guests were searched but all ,
vain ; the goodman
an
d
his wife were ready to weep to think they kept such knaves about them as to let a cup worth without any hope
of
recovery
.
be stolen
9l
.
The boy said if they ,
entreated his master to take the pains he co uld cast a ,
figure and fetch it again with heave and ho a word that I told you
” .
,
but not
D octor, for
u
in
p
the passion of
to stand his friend or else he were undone ; under ,
standing that by ,
a
spec ial gi ft in astronomy that
given him he could tell ,
him,
“
The landlord then ran
haste and besought Master God,
!
as he was born
D octor
o
f
of
God
had
marvellous matters ; promising
woman
,
403 fo r
his labour
.
.
at first pretended to be afraid
o
f
The
the law but at ,
last consented for friendship s sake to s t rain a little his ’
,
,
c
onscience requiri ng only to be le ft alone ,
This time the
Doctor
colour which he kept ,
fo r
two hours
.
spent in painting his face a livid
for
such purposes telling the host ,
SHA
302
when the ti me was
u
K S PERE S E N G L AND ’
p,
.
that he had with much danger to ,
himself yet with great good fortune discovered that the -
,
cup had been thrown into a well in the back court an hour the
w ell
In
.
was drawn dry ; the landlord descended
in the bu cket ; the cup was found ; and t he astrologer s ’
fame established a month s board
.
The
D o c tor
got in return his
403
.
and
’
.
Soon afterwards a ,
the report n
of
c
ountry gentleman attrac ted by ,
P in c hbe c k s cunning came to learn if his ’
,
ext c hild would be male or female
his head
d
an
,
answered
meward it is a girl ,
” .
“ ,
,
The gentleman muc h o ffended at ,
,
c
alled him dolt
,
patch ass coxcomb and knave and went ,
days after the gentlewoman ,
f
o
repentant
at
Great
.
cunning A fair
of
Four
.
in labour and was
the gentleman
deeply
,
his violence came and craved pardon ,
and o ffered
Doctor
house
a boy and girl ;
fell
way
h is
,
,
d elivered
shook
From meward it is a boy ; to
so ambiguous and foolish an answer ,
Do c tor
The
.
h im
lodging and board
tales ran thro u gh the
D octor Pin c hbeck
c
o
f
the
his own
in
ountry
o
f
the
.
was soon after held near the gentleman s house ; ’
and a c ountryman laughing at the skill ,
o
f
the
Doctor,
o ffered to venture twen ty nobles that he should not be able to tell what he held in his hand wager
,
d
an
.
Several took the
they went in a party to see the
Doctor
.
On
S HA
304
house told ,
Doctor e
th e
h is
.
gentleman that he had jus t seen the Exeter for
executed at
xpl ained
K S PERE S E NGL AN D ’
previous tric ks of
To the subtilties
a murder ; and this news
.
Elizabethan
the
classes fell victims : the poor prentic e
gamblers
all
the country gentle
’
who had come to London about his lawsuit ; the
m an,
merchant ; the young law student ; and the farmer each ,
in
turn
.
The gangs o f gamblers consisted generally
of
four
men :
the setter or decoy duck the verser and b arnacle the ,
,
accomplice and the rutter or bully who
u
,
,
to fight or intimidate the ruined man
,
if
sed his sword
he attempted to
draw his dagger : these men dressed as honest civil ,
for
gentlemen lay wait ,
Street or the Strand ,
As
.
,
frieze if it
h im ,
,
soon as they spied a plain country yeoman well and
cleanly dressed cried
their victims in Paul s in Fleet ’
,
in
homespun russet in summer or stout ,
were winter and with a ,
There is a cony :
,
p ouc h
at his side they ,
the setter then walked up to
and saluting him said :
Sir
,
,
are welcome to London ; how do all
God
save you ; you
our
good friends in
the country ? I hope they all be in healt t ryman,
The coun
pleased but surprise d would answer : ,
Gre e ne
'
s
Art
of
Cone y Catch ing, 1 591
.
Sir all ,
GANGS
th e
our friends in
O F R O GU E S
305
.
country are well thanks be to ,
but tr uly I kno w you not ; you must pardon me :
God ; ”
the
setter then discovering his country by his manner
Wh y Sir are you not from (such
speaking answe red :
,
,
a
of
,
If the yeoman said
an c e was formed at once
If
.
Yes
,
he said
” ,
the acquaint ”
No,
,
the setter
was equally prepared and replied : ,
In good sooth Sir I know you by your fac e and I ,
,
,
have been in your company be fore ; I pray you let me ,
crave your name and the place of your abode ?
”
Having
,
foun d out this the swindler ,
h ad
the cony thoroughly in for
his grasp ; he would then apologize him
a friend
for
quart
o
f
wine his
layed in .
his and beg him to come ,
as some am ends
business
.
If
for
,
,
,
,
,
ve rser “
an o
having been de
the yeo m an consented he was
verser his accomplice informed him name
share a
a nd
he did not the setter le ft him ; and joining the
If
lost
,
of
having mistaken
d
ff
of
the names
of
of
the countryman s ’
his neighbours and sent the ,
to meet the countryman at the next turning
What goodman B arton !
”
,
says he
“ ,
.
Ho w fare all
our friends about you ? You are well met : I have the wine
fo r
you :
you
are wel ome to London c
craved pardon but he knew ,
h im
man B arton ? said the rogue ”
,
not
” .
“ .
The yeoman Not me goo d ,
Have you forgot me ?
Wh y I am your neighbour s kinsman ; and h ow doth Mr ’
,
VO 1 1
.
I
.
.
3 06
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL AN D ’
my friend ?
Good
your remembran c e times
.
Lord that I should ,
out of
I have been at your house a score of
They then agree to go and have some wine at a
” .
tavern and the cards were soon produc e d ,
failed ,
be
If
.
this trick
one of the accomplic es dropped a shilling in the
yeoman s way and when he picked it up claimed shares ; they then went and h ad a bott le of wine together and the ’
,
,
snares were set
stratagem also failed a third man
If this
.
,
would come running up and ask the c ountryman ,
if
he
were not of suc h a village and if he would fo r twelve pence ,
do a mere stranger suc h a favour as to c arry back a letter to the parson of the parish
.
Then as the letter was not yet
written th ey ad journed to a tavern to drink while he wrote it the verser meeting them on their way ,
.
,
Once in the tavern the verser and setter agreed to play ,
at card s for
for
a pint of wine ; while the former ran to c all
a pack the latter told the cony when he ,
mark which when he bid
o
f
cut
the c ards to
all the greatest pac k was undermost and
h im
,
call a card
n
,
ame that ; and they would
soon cheat the fellow who was absent out of a quart of wine
.
On the ac c omplic e s return a game at mum chance or ’
,
decoy was proposed ; a game and plain as a pike sta ff ;
without poli c y or knavery
,
the setter not knowing
play was taught the rule ;
h ow
and the cony the honest ,
stranger was invited to call a card ; and following ,
to
th e
308
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
will I can make them come together again ,
It is done
.
thus : when you have taken out the four cards lay two ,
of
together above and draw up one ,
them that it may be
seen put another in the midst and the third at the ,
,
bottom ; so
w ill,
where you
ou t
three c ome together
,
for
the bottom knave is cut to lie upon both the upper knaves
.
N ot one in a thousand perceive at first that the cards are
not the ones first showed ; that requires a quick eye a ,
sh arp wit and a reaching hand ,
for
this tri ck ;
w ith
”
” .
N ow gra mm e rcy Sir ,
says the delighted con y
“ ,
I ll ’
this among my neighbours when I get home ,
the game
c
,
domineer ’
Soon
.
hanged ; as they sat drinking the barnacle ,
thrust open the door looked in and stepped back like one ,
afraid to intrude said ;
I cry you mercy gentlemen
.
,
I thought a friend
my boldness drink a
,
cu
p
”
N o harm
.
of
o
f
”
,
he
mine had been here ; pardon said the verser ;
,
”
wine with us and welcome
’7
I pray you The barnacle
.
then sits down and drinks to the c ony and proposes a game of c ards till his friend comes — primero primo visto ,
,
,
sant one and thirty or ,
,
but an ignorant man
ne w
at c
cut
The verser said he
.
ards and began at mum chance ,
They play five up and the verser wins five games ,
to speak S
” ,
says the barnacle ;
“
I believe the honest man
pies some card therefore I ll prick the bottom card ,
does so and wins
of
.
Leave
.
”
’
t wo
w as
.
He
the set swe aring tis his ill luck ’
,
THE
and there cut
w as
C
O NY
B IT
3 09
.
no deceit and he would play twelve pence a ,
The verser then winning two or three shillings the ,
.
barnacle said
I came hither
,
I ll ’
an idle hour but
in
,
either win my money bac k or lose all in my p urse ;
and
as he says this he would dra w out a purse holding three or four pou nds and dash it upon the board ,
whispered the cony to go hal f ; he his
ruin was complete
my
card comes first
n acle ;
and the c ony wins
twelve pence
cried the winning cheat ; last
It was only c hanc e
.
forty
wins
No w
’
cried the barna
,
“ .
A way
wit h the witch
”
thought the gull
,
” ,
there was
and the next time the cony
came the ti me to strike the death blo w -
barnac le chafing borrowed some money ,
,
I hope the c ards will turn at
to one on my side
.
,
He loses three or four times
.
and at last wins a good stake ”
onsents and now
T w elve pence upon this card ;
.
fo r
c
The verser
.
,
and the following trick is played
of
The
.
the tapster
,
He first looked at the
.
botto m card but shuffled after still keeping it unchanged ,
,
and then set down the cards the cony cut ,
o ff
th ree cards
,
.
of
,
The verser to en c ourage ,
’
which the barnacle s card
is the uppermost ; then showed the cony the botto m card of
’
the other heap and set it upon the barnacle s card ; and
then the barnacle called his card ; the cony knowing
h is
card is the third and fourth card pawned his rings
his
,
,
sword and ,
his
,
cloak ; then comes the barnacle s card out ’
x
3
310
S
HA K S P ERE S E N GL AND ’
.
and strikes him dumb and he rushed out
o
,
sighing and perhaps a beggar
f
the room
.
Sometimes a hardy and subtle man would defy the cheats refuse to pay and bring the m before a j ustice ; ,
but they generally contrived to escape by some twist or other A
.
story is told
even
f
o
dagger of
of
a Welsh gentleman who was stripped
his sword but discovering their tric ks dre w his ,
on
,
,
them at Ludgate and would have stabbed one ,
th e robbers be c ause he would not restore his money ,
Some passers
by
interfered and the rogues escaped into ,
here t h e irascible victim followed them a card in
’
P aul s
-
'
:
,
one hand his bare dagger in the other ,
English ,
broken u
p
A
for
searching
w as
.
ard
c
I
them one ,
h im
and persuaded
a c ard to o
f h is
,
c
rying out
loot ne s s
l but
in
as
he
own countrymen came
to put up quietly with his loss
"e .
On another o cc asion they robbed a poor shoemaker T who had come to buy leather at St Edm on ds bu rv fair of ,
.
twenty marks
,
Soon afterwards one
.
up on s u spic ion and brought be fore B ury sessions
sent
.
replied
,
w here
o
f
them was taken
th e
j ustices at the
the shoemaker happened to be pre
The rogue bein g examined and asked his profession ,
Marry I ,
Gre e ne
’
s
Art
am
of
,
a gentleman and live on my ,
Cone y Catch ing
.
1 Ibid '
.
312
or
S
HA K S P ERE S E NGL AN D ’
.
hundred pounds in twenty shilling pieces
t wo
-
experien c e he knew to an acre
B y long
.
much the losing player
h ow
was worth and as he s c ratc hed his head and paced ,
easily
u
and down the room as
p
nu
he wanted the ostler
if
,
he takes him to a side windo w and tells him that he was
,
forsooth ,
,
sorry to see so hones t a gentleman in bad luck
but that
dice were made ”
the w isest
,
and that
,
for
o
f women
s bones and will cozen
’
his father s sake Sir Luke Little ’
,
brain (he had learned the name from the drawer) if it pleased him he need not leave off play for a hundred pound ,
,
or
t wo
The yo uth eager to redeem his losses accepted
.
,
,
the money ordinari ly with grateful thanks
.
The gold was
poured upon the table and a hard bond was hastily drawn ,
up for the repayment at the next quarter day deducting so -
,
fo r
much If
the s c rivener s expense at c han ging the piec es ’
.
he lost the usurer hugged his bond and laughed in his ,
sleeve
.
If
Sir
A ndrew
steal silently out Th e
o
f
won the ,
g
ull ro
g
p er
would then
the noisy room to avoid repayment
.
day that the bond became due Hunks was sure not to
be within and ,
,
if
seen in some way c ontrived to make the ,
debtor break the bond and then trans formed himself into ,
t wo
sergeants who
c
lapped the youth in prison
thence he usually escaped shorn
o
f
.
From
a goodly manor or fair
lordship worth three times the money and whi c h was to ,
be entered u pon by H u nks three months after his young
W OO D P E C KER
T HE
friend
c
of
ame
age
31 3
.
an unpleasant thought when the ox
was roasting whole the bells ringing and the tenants ,
shouting
,
.
The Woodpe cker ” was a parasite hanging about ordi naries who observing a lucky player would o ffer him a ,
,
,
jewel a cloak or a diamond ring , rating it at perhaps ,
l 5l
.
,
,
when it was worth
at every hand he drew 4 01
.
a night
and bargaining to receive
1 03
,
.
B y this means he o ften realised
.
.
When the leaders heard come into
or
of
1 2, 0 0 0 l
.
a young gallant
n
ewly
ready money they met in ,
solemn conclave and dis c ussed how best to besiege him S c outs were sent to dis c over his lodging
to go
,
.
in
ambush and mark his apothe c ary s shop or the place in ’
,
Fleet Street where he took his pipe noon
.
of
The wit
of
smoke in the after
the band was c hosen to s c rape ac quaint
ance with the novice who after a ,
,
fe w
days of interchanged
compliments invited him to an ordinary and introdu c ed ,
him to the gang garters kissed ,
.
h is
They embraced him bowed to their ,
hand and at last inveigled him to p lay ; ,
the false dice were not at first produced and he wins ,
The
Eagle , w h o
.
was the best player picked him bare the ,
Woodpecker aided his new friends ; and the D e cke r s '
L anth orn
and
Cand le
L igh t
,
ch .
Gu llgr op e r
3
.
S HA
31 4
K S PERE S E NGL A N D ’
.
appeared with his friendly and exhaustless bag most impudent cheat
of
bluntness and sincerity beat the drawers he were a
m an
-
all was the B ully
,
B ut the
.
wh o
He ro ared and cursed
.
affected
for
wine
,
and twirled his moustaches as if ,
,
eater
He
.
rude and bold
w as
,
an d
cared
not on whom he spit or whose clo ak he tore with his ,
spurs ; he had scars on his face and a singular mark on the ball of the left thumb — supposed by his enemies to be ,
the hangman s brand badly erased — and was always clap ’
ping his hand with grisly oaths to the hilt of his rapier If
the gallant were
o
f
the Master Matthe w breed and ,
rather white in the region gan
o
f
be
the liver this B oabdil ,
by picking a quarrel with him then making it up ,
,
turned his champion
an
d
,
,
,
of
,
bosom friend praising his dress
and carriage imitating his gestures and introducing to drunken masters
.
fence
him
.
B y and by he taught him
c
of
ertain mysteries h is
and Primero j ust sufficient to tempt ,
not suffi cient to enable him to win
.
Gleek
dupe to play but
He
,
n ow
sits at
his
elbow and advises him the card to play helping his ,
,
ac complices by pre c oncerted signs
.
A
of
motion
the
glove meant five and thirty ; curling a lock of hair p rime ; ,
r ubbing the nose nine and twenty ; and each finger ,
sents a separate sum
.
The woodpecker steps
in
re
p re
next
,
and lends him j ewels or garments to be paid for by so ,
31 6
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGLAN D ’
were drawn from the phraseology the science
of
hawking
.
the fal c oner and
of
,
.
Fe rr e t e rs were o ften spendthrifts who unable to obtain ,
any more credit were reduced to use some gull ,
of
acquaintance a s a means
extortion
of
their
They induced him
.
to run in debt and determined to raise a loan not get money he must get commodities
,
he
If
.
can
—part wine or ,
part clothes ; the gang then send out a tumbler to borrow ,
5 00 l
.
at some goldsmith in Cheap or some tailor of B irchin ,
To excite the gull s impatience the tumbler (a mere agent only caring for the interests of the gang) Lane
’
.
,
,
would generally come back and declare the citizens were hard pressed and would lend nothing
.
They then sent
him out again with fresh hopes like a dov e from the ark ,
,
to borrow anything brown paper or lute strings so he -
,
raised the sum idea
of
After
.
,
mu c h running about to give ,
an
the trouble he had taken the tumbler pretended ,
to find a citizen scrivener
.
,
the five names are
an d
if
He inquires
,
of
the m are ruined men but ,
the fi fth was still firm and good o
f four
himself upon the
men
g ull ,
o
to a
they were good men and true
and finds immediately four in the names
h anded
f
.
The c itizen then puts
straw as makeweights relying ,
whose expectations he takes care ‘
to investigate ; the bonds are then sealed in haste and ,
the goo ds deli v ered
.
The tumbler was then again all
on
T HE
MO N EY
B
R OKER
31 7
.
the stretc h to resell the goods and obtain any sum how ,
ever small
of
,
,
ready money ; but the tradesmen generally
refused to take the goods again but at a reduction per cent
The tumbler trying several other
.
o
then
m e n,
,
f 30
went bac k to the gang the open mouthed gull being the -
,
m ost
of
eager
all and declared that no one in the city ,
would take the wares but by good fortune he had met a ,
friend
( himsel f) who for 1 0L would procure them a C hapman to buy the goods at the 3 0 per cent reduction ,
,
.
.
”
Fall a pest on these curmud geons i cry the rogues and ,
consen t to the bargain ; the money is then paid down on the tavern table
.
more
,
and
1 5 0l ,
the gull loses 1 01
,
.
a nd
the p ayment made
the unseen friend
of
B y the wares
.
the tumbler gets
the tumbler himsel f another
amongst five the gull gets only ,
661
.
The usurious tradesman
al
divided
Sack and sugar
ends the night and wine washes out regret ,
1 0 L:
.
ways began his game by
appearing extremely backward : he disdained bonds would rather trust a gentleman
on
,
—h
e
his word ; he had been
o ften deceived ; he had debtors —now in sanctuary in P aul s in Milford Lane —his estate would not h e ar ,
’
,
,
such losses
.
D iscouraged
by this repulse the gallant
bowed himself out and spent the evening in disconsolate ,
festivity
.
The next morning ho wever a broker would come and ,
,
o ffer to get tradesman friend o
f
’
s n Ax e
318
of
h im
RE s
very obdurate
The broker in reality a
.
,
the u surer pretended to be entirely in the service ,
the youth and over a ,
cu
of
p
wine they arrange what
they are to say when they visit the rich The gallant is to be an eldest or the suitor if be
.
th e
goods as a loa n from
the day before
of
E NGL AND
of
s on
m an
at the shop
with large expectations
,
fe w
hun d red pounds in satin and dress
.
They go to the citizen who at first takes no no t ice ,
,
them ; then asks what they lack ,
at
and
what they wo ul d
last listens to the gallant s entreaties and the ,
broker s assuran c es m an
,
The c itizen would be glad to do
.
’
a pleasure tho he hath had m an y losses lately : ,
he will let him have a hundred pounds worth ’
d it ie s if
f
o
’
’
any
,
a rich wido w who could be carried eas ily
but spent a
buy but
.
he can be paid at the end
of
six
of
commo
m onths ;
thing only he desires another name to the bond ,
man s life is frail and brittle and then where is ’
,
dred pounds ? ”
After
,
for
his h un
muc h persuasion the broker signs of
the bond on a promise ,
taining another share
one
fo r
receiving hal f the goods
his trouble in disposing
the goods themselves not being worth
of
th e
,
o
h
them
,
bond
on c e broken the usurer invited the gallant to supper and ,
then arrested him releasing him perhaps on condition of ,
his paying
5 ool for
last resource
.
of
the
1 00 1
.
on his father s death ’
.
The
the unhappy gull was then Newmarket
’
s n Ax e
a2 o
Marching boldly
up
RE s
E NGL AND
to the Hall the s c holar salutes ,
the steward or singles out the decentest a
sks him
for
.
of
the blue coats
,
the good knight his master and says he is a ,
gentleman come from London on business which he must d eliver
é
to his worshipful ear only ; he then mounts
stair behind the servant and with a ,
,
low
up
the
cong addresses
the staring j ustice thus : Sir I ,
am
a poor scholar ; and the report
of
your
many virtues hath drawn me hither ven turously bold to ,
,
fix your worthy name as a patronage to a poor short discourse whic h here I dedicate ( out of my love ) to your A s he con c ludes he pro noble and eternal memory ,
7,
.
,
duc es a book bound in vel lum and ri c hly gilt tied with ,
ribbons at the four corners and with his worship s name ’
,
and a long dedi c atory epistle on the sec ond leaf
.
The knight having been previously informed that the ,
s c holar has a servant and horses begins ,
to
thank
h im for
his love and labour ; and remembering what cost he ,
h as
been at and how
far h e
has ridden to come to him
,
cherishes his young and tender muse with four or five angels inviting him to stay break fast or ,
,
if
the house points towards eleven to dinner ,
and bows and kissing ,
of
.
the sundial
of
With thanks
hands and smiles at the patron s ’
,
pretty daughter who is m u c h struck by the London ,
schol ar the rogue leaves laughing in his s leeve ,
.
The first
FA L C O N ER
THE
of
question or no ? ”
n
h is
'
co m
p anion
He cries
as he takes horse is
Straws
“ ,
3 21
.
Straws
,
and they ride to a
eighbouring town and at the first ivy bush enter the ,
fairest
room and sit down to the best dinner they can
ord er sharing profits be fore they speak a word ,
The
.
cozener then tells the whole story ; how he bore himsel f
,
what the patron said and ,
h ow
well he came
o
ff
Then
.
both c li nk their glasses together and c all the knight a ,
fellow ,
noble
and cough
and laugh
,
,
and swear they
were glad they had gulled him ; and that by their troth ,
they had never know n a merrier day their budget next day
of
.
They then open
books and lay a fresh scheme
the
fo r
.
The Falconer and the Mongrel as they were called ,
were generally poor hac k writers —the one patching the book and the other superintending the printing ,
t hen
obtained a list
o
f the
names
of
the gentlemen
of
,
a fresh name to ea c h c opy
o
f
the book
.
u
,
p
They
.
particular county ; and using the same dedication t ac h e d
,
some ,
at
In term
time and during a P arliament the tricksters confined ,
themselves especi a lly to London p e ct e d
the trick and sent ,
off
.
If
a gentleman sus
to the stationers in St Paul s ’
.
C hurc hyard and from t hen c e to the printers they still ,
contrived to foil him ; t aine d VO L
no
.
I
.
fo r
the books at the printers
con
dedication and the Mongrel took good care to ,
Y
322
HA K S P ERE S E NG L A ND ’
S
say that
th e
’
dedic ation was not printed till the patron s
consent h ad been obtained A
still lower
forgotten
c
lass
o
.
f
these rogues bought
old
p
,
,
with an alphabet
an d
,
arried about printed the name
o
of
f
they stopped Ja cks
letters which they
any gentleman whose
name they c ould obtain from the host The
u
books parti c ularly sermons pasted in a printed
dedi c ation c
.
o
f
the
inn
at which
.
th e
l
-
,
,
of
were c heat s
c ock h ous e
f same stamp ; they however o
c
nearly the
arried about manusc ripts
and illuminations with dedi c ations flourished in gold and colours
This roguery appealed too strongly to the gulls
.
to be ever unsu cc essful unless the patron proved an ,
author or a retired ac tor The Vis it or
r was
’
w ho
kne w the tri c k
a thie f whose stratagems are well
described in the following story servant in London had leave ,
s u n t ide
.
to go down into
An
.
o
f
honest youth a ,
his master at Whit
country to see his friends
th e
who lived fi fty miles from Temple B ar wake he made acquaintan c e
o
f
At
.
,
a country
a P uritan s c holar whom ,
he invited to stay at his mother s house and to return ’
with him to London as their journey both lay that way ,
The honest seeming man stayed -
ke
Dec
1
'
’
r s
Gre e ne
’
s
L an th orn
an d
C and l e
at
.
the house all the
L igh t
,
ch .
6
.
Gro un d wo rk o f Co ne y Cat ching, 1 5 92
.
E NGL A ND
’
SH A K S P E R E s
3 24
.
constantly that he was unwilling to enter into the ac tion had not the money been lost in his c ompany
He the]
.
drew a c irc le on the g round and having uttered man ,
,
strange words and c abalistic mutterings in a sort side
o
of
divine fury ,
for fear
the visitor asked the youth C ry !
these
if
replied the other
Suddenly stopping
.
he had heard nothing cry
I would not hear you again
.
the other
,
you cried so as
,
l Ol
’
tis all
,
w ell
if
”
repeated
towards St
.
Go
,
A lbans ,
pa c e
”
,
n
and under a green turf on the o
f
.
,
London The
an
,
d
ff
sight laughe d ,
,
c
loak bag -
.
,
The lad
,
never found the visitor "
f
with both horses the money
youth s full
g
of
finding himsel f cozened went quietly
S h / te r ’
o
’
é
but
o
the young man ; the rogue flinging
his fill and then rode turning
hi1)
his n ame that stole it
,
c o n fid in
.
to the furthest oak in the highway
himsel f on the turf as soon as he was out and the
’
either m u st ye run but go an ordinary
A way w ent
.
quoti
,
,
,
horses be untied
”
U pon that th e
.
stir till you return nor may either
not
'
twice
ye remember the words
side lies your mon ey and a note I may
fo r
Then
.
The yo un g man joy fully repeated them frie nd
ried three time
the gull thinking
,
,
”
c
U nder a green turf by the eas
,
him mad shook horribly “
,
an oak go thither go thither
f
‘
,
o
re
f t(
.
was a thie f who ran away fro m taverns
Gre e ne
’
s
Gr ound work of Con e y Cat ch ing
.
THE
S
H IF T ER
325
.
without paying reckonings and was generally a m an
o
,
f
wit and ingenuity who was seldom contented with the of
or stratagem
The following s t ory is told
craft
.
money unless he
w in
mere obtaining
c
o uld
o
it by art
f
one
of
the
.
of
The knave going booted and spurred got leave ,
,
carrier to ride a little way out
of
a
London on his hac kney
.
C oming to the inn where the carrier that night would
lodge he set up his horse and entered the hall where ,
three and thirty clothiers returning to the north were -
-
about to dine bearing he ,
Struc k by his courtesy and gentlemanly
.
w as
unani mously plac ed by t hem at the u pper
end of the table by the hostess His conversation delighted .
,
the table
and some musicians entering and beginning to ,
play he requested the hostess to lay d own to the fire ,
them a shoulder then
c
o
f
mutton and a c ouple
ollected a noble
for
f
c
apons ; he
them and on the bill coming ,
to half a crown a man he ordered a posset -
o
for
-
o
f
sack to each
the company and jestingly o ffered to serve the hostess as her deputy and collect the reckoning Suddenly
of
,
.
feigning to run out and hasten the posset he slipped ,
mounted his horse and was never heard ,
This jest was attributed to a wit really the bold achievement less rogue
of
.
x 3
of
of
o
ff,
afterwards
the day but ,
.
w as
an anonymous and penni
S HA
3 26
The R ank R iders guests who took
K SP ERE S E N G L A ND ’
f
o
generally went six or seven in
c
fille d ,
-
in
the
Garter
the
S nafiie ;
They
.
,
,
c
”
ompany their purses
well dressed booted and spurred
keeper they cheated they farmer,
German
were cheats aki n to the
“e
mine host
well
.
The inn
.
alled the C olt ; the gulled
and the plunder the R ing ,
Tw o
.
of
them dressed as gentlemen and the rest wore blue coats ,
as
s e r v in
They generally entered
gme n
.
th e
best inn of
the place dirty and dusty asking their servants ,
,
footman h ad
gone back
blue coats answere d -
w
,
their
ith their horses to which the ,
Yes
“
if
Here then they stopped ,
,
several days —living in c lover keeping the rust ,
off
spigots and never bating t he re ckonings a penny ,
show they were gentlemen
'
o
f
noble extraction
.
the
—to
In the
meantime their servants ascertained from what county the innkeeper came where ,
ostlers and chamberl ain were
th e
born and what other c oun try gentlemen were their fellow ,
guests
.
They then
,
coal fires bragged ,
emote and
r
u
in t he o
f
gaping circles round the sea
their mas t ers
nknown shire describe d ,
’
estates in some h ow
many hawks
they kept and how many hounds and began to swear that ,
they had come u
up
to re c eive some hundreds
of
pounds
pon land which they had lately sold and would harbour ,
De cker s '
L an th orn and
Can dl e
L igh t
,
ch .
’
s n Ax e
32s
RE s
E NGLA ND
.
returning the host began to smell a trick ,
an d
He runs up
.
down as busy as a c onstable on Shrove Tuesday
with a hue and cry at his heels and a plentiful store ,
stout cudgels c
dresses four
s c ore miles
off,
had sold their
horses at some country fair floated away half the
m oney
,
of
in seas
wine and star ted
o
,
ff
in search
hosts and pleasantly situate d inns R u nning
at
of
B ut alas ! by this time our friends h ad
.
hanged their
,
th e
rin
g
of
confiding
fresh
.
was a trick frequently practised
by these R ank R i d ers when afraid to continue their game till the cheat was in s ome degree forgotten
Having har
.
boured themselves in some country to wn they would first ,
m ake
inquiries what gentlemen
dwelt within half a dozen
o
f
m iles
worth or rich farmers of
their ambush ; they
then arranged their routes and divided east west north ,
,
and south like pirates branc hin g ,
Th e
o ff
from
a rendezvous
Strollers as they were then c alled having arrived ,
,
the gate
of
,
,
servant tying his points ,
from
.
at
their intended gull boldly knocked inquired ,
for him by n ame and stepped freely in
h is
,
,
.
The blue coated -
he comes just fresh perhaps
as
the brewery seeing a gentleman in full feather tells ,
,
master a gentleman wishes to speak with him
.
The
master coming bustling out salutes him with ceremony ; ,
but looking up finds he has not the honour of knowing his ,
v
isitor
.
N o , sir, it
m ay
be so
” ,
says the stroller
,
but I
RUNNING
R I NG
THE
AT
3 29
.
pray you sir to walk a tur n or two with me in your ,
,
orc hard or garden bo w ,
”
The ge ntleman consenting wi th a
.
,
the rogue begins :
Sir I am a gentleman born to ,
better means than my present fortunes allo w me ; I served in the fiel d and had command t here ; but long peace (you kno w sir ) is the canker that ea t s up soldiers so it hath ,
,
me
,
,
I lie here not
.
,
where staying ,
u
far
o ff,
in the country at mine inn
pon the despatc h
o
f
,
some business I am ,
indebted to the house in monies so that I cannot with the ,
,
credit them
of
a gentleman leave the house till I have paid ,
Make me sir so mu c h beholden t o your love as
.
,
,
to lend me forty or fi fty shillings to bear my horse and ,
myself to London
fro m
,
d ay
when c e within a ,
or two I ,
shall send you many thanks with a faith ful repaymen t ,
your c ourtesy
of
” .
The honest man touched with this tale and seeing a ,
,
courtier
of
good address and fashionable doublet believes ,
his words is sorry that he is not at the present time ,
so well furnished as they could wish ; but twenty shillings would stead
h im,
if
m iscarry
.
If
o
f
he might c ommand i t
as it were a pity any hones t gentleman should a matter
a matter for
,
so small
they could not o btain their first
request the strollers would abate
little of their dignity ; and falling from twenty shillings to ten — from ten to five a
,
—take at last even two shillings or may be a sixpence ,
,
S HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
3 30
from
.
a poor husbandman who might o ffer it with an ,
apology
At
.
night the strollers met
and laughed over the rogueries was the notorious lo c ality ; a jade
.
a servant
“
in P aul
’
s and a
was a proverb indic ating a thie f and
S m it h fie ld
The horse coursers
.
the day
,
S m ith fie ld (famous fo r martyrdoms )
B ut fo r horse tri c ks
horse in
of
their rendezvous
at
'
of
this market purc h ased their
nags (good looking but diseased ) at small country fairs preferring attractive colours a milk white coal black or -
,
,
-
-
the
d apple
-
,
,
,
grey and c hoosing those whi c h were
pi
by white stars white heels a blaze or a stocking
cu ou s
,
.
,
,
’
These being gentlemen s horses generally sold ,
in c urable disease
These men
.
,
if
,
be sure to obtain a purc haser o
f
.
for
some
the horse were but
young and the disease c ould be hid d en modes
con s
,
On e
for
an hour would
of
their favourite
,
s aving their honour as the Irish witness kisses ,
his t humb instead
of
the B ible was to clap their hands ,
,
upon the beast s flank and pray the black plague should ’
,
take them
if
the horse was not
under five ( years old) meaning five fingers no t five years These jinglers as ,
.
they were c alled on a ,
into
S mith fie ld,
m arket
,
— day rode boldly prancing
having previously prepared their steeds
by various tric ks : 9*
,
if
it
h ad
glanders they blew a sneezing ,
De cke r s Engl ish Vill ainie s , ch 9 ’
.
.
S HA
332
thrashing
h im
of
a bough would drive h im into a gall op
.
time the groom approached the horse he struck
him beat him early and late ,
full
,
horse grew mad at his very voice him he rode him into market ,
,
fe d
.
and fastin g till the ,
Having thus scared
The way to detect this
.
trick was that a horse h is
.
in the morning till he got so sore and tender
that the shaking Every
K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
on this diet galloped whisking
tail up and down instead
keeping it still as horses of
of
,
good breeding and contented dispositions are in the habit of doing
.
The sham bidders and a c complices
were called s ki j acks p
R aces ,
the boys that rode the horses
goads
.
although scarcely a national amusement till established Ne w m arke t were common
.
,
’
s time
A guecheek
on a trot
the jingler
”
C harles II Elizabeth
of
It was not
.
stamp to lose
of
five miles
in
ncommon for men of the
u
1 0 01
.
on a race or ,
1 000
m arks
.
”
The Jacks in t he B ox were another clas s
of
swindlers
,
who practised chiefly on the tradesmen between Ludgate and Temple B ar
A
.
Jack scented and gilded would visit
’
a goldsmith s stall drawing a silver box from under his ,
p age s cloak poured from it twenty or forty angels in ’
,
ne w
gold : he would then say that he himsel f or some gallant ,
De cke r s E ngl is h Villa inie s , ch 1 0 ’
.
.
J
AC K
TH E
IN
B O X.
333
( who m he served) had occasion for 4 01 for a fe w days but being about to start for V enice he c ould not w illingly .
,
,
,
be dis furnished to lend for
o
f gold ,
and so prayed the demure c itizen for
white money upon this gold
h im
six days and ,
his good will he should re c eive any reasonable satis
faction an
y
The goldsmith thinking the pawn better than
.
,
bond threw down ,
in silver and the c heat left
40 1
.
,
with thanks and many c ongees
.
The days expired Jac k true to his word return s the ,
,
,
borrowed money the citizen sends one
o
,
for of
f h is
prentic es
’
the box and c ounts the angels whic h are safe and ,
ful l
,
number ; the box is then set on the counter and ,
,
while the citizen is busy re c koning Jack changes the ,
box
for
another
number
o
f
o
coppers
f
similar shape
,
The unsuspe c ting spectacled citizen
.
,
in the mean time finds a deficiency ,
gallant
o
f
the fact
containing the same
.
of
,
and tells the
Ja c k starting back as ,
if
suddenly
recolle c ting a mistake says he had laid by that ,
3 03 for .
a certain business and had forgotten to return it to the ,
bag ; then entreating the citizen to keep the gold he ,
,
hurries
o
ff
to fet c h the sum promising to be back in two ,
hours and that is the last he sees ,
of
Some
o
f him
.
these fellows at Christmas time repaired to the
country supplied with false dice to take part in mum ,
mings
,
,
and strip the revellers at taverns
.
A nother
of
33 4
S
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
their favourite tricks was to dres s as a lawyer or c lient and enter a shop with a budget arms
They then
.
c
of
o mmenced a
,
writings under their
c
onversation with the
tradesman ab out their suits at law and at last informed ,
him that their writings were bonds signed by the chie f ,
de alers
in
London N orwic h or B ristol and who would ,
not pay a penny
,
,
The tradesman knowing the name
.
,
of
a merc hant mentioned o ffered to buy the debt get it how he could The lawyer then pulled out his bonds ,
,
,
.
and showed the hand and seal ; upon this they c ompounded and
1 01
.
is paid upon a bond of
He then generally said
besides the forfeit ure
,
.
Faith ! these lawyers think me
,
as dry as a sieve and I have money to pay next week ,
and I doubt sh all not be able to c ompass it “
.
,
He r e are all
the leases and evidences on my lands lying in Oxfordshire ; I would you would lend me ter m or even ,
for
4 01
.
on them till the next
six months and then it shall be repaid ,
with interest or I will forfeit my whole inheritanc e which ,
,
is better worth tha n
1 00
marks a year
”
.
The wealth y c itizen greedy ,
of
the bargain and hoping ,
by some u nobserved clause to cheat the borro w er of all would lend him the money and trick out a fair bond on
,
,
the lands be fore a j udge — dis c overing at last that he ,
has lost A nother
,
and gained nothing but experience c
lass
of
,
.
cheats frequented ordinaries round the
SH A K e
33 6
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
Having obtained some information
.
’
a young gallant s
of
address and friends t hey would a cc ost him ,
in
the street
,
saying that a c ertain common friend of theirs had sent them ,
to do c ommendations to him and had given the m a bo we d ,
S
ixpen c e as a token to drink a quart
of
wine with
his sake : once in the tavern the bill
for
settled by the
left to be
was
foolishly
youth who had been so
ra w
h im
deceived One of these men went one day into a tavern in .
gate Street and called
fo r
a pint
of
wine
As
.
Alders
soon as the
drawer had brought it and left the room the faun guest -
,
called out with a contemptuous voice
Wh y what a
,
,
goblet hath this fellow brought us here ; it will not hold half a draught
.
Ho
ho ! What no attendance here ?
!
,
Then I ll carry it mysel f ; ’
drin k r
in these squirting cups if
oom as ,
his clo ak ,
Two Che
for,
'
of
pside
a
of
”
all things I love not to ,
He then ran out
.
face
.
i e
Dp
,
,
and
was heard
of
no
m ore
.
this class of t hieves met a prentice one day ’
car
rying a
bag
with
1 00 1
.
of
in
his m aster s and ’
,
,
if
they had been
thrusting their cold hands p layfully into his neck
and
throwing the skirts
Suddenly one re
the
,
,
b and
f
to call the drawer slipped the goblet under
in full noon stopped and s poke to him as friends ,
o
nd ered
of
of
their cloaks over
h is
the m throttled him by the wind
h im ins ensible
b e fore he cou ld utter a groan
,
TH E
L AW S O F
S
N APPA GE
3 37
.
and ran away laughing with the bag as if the whole had ,
been a j est
.
It being Open market at the time the people perceiving ,
a youth lying on the ground unable to move raised him ,
v itaa,
up chafed him and gave him aqua ,
,
till he became
sensible : at last looking about him he screamed for his ,
money ;
,
a hue and cry was then raised but all in vain ,
.
The thieves were generally followed by partners who if they were re fused a share gave information ,
robbe ry
Their
.
great
On
.
the
of
action was Westminster
o ne
occasion a young thief
theatre
Hall and country fairs
of
,
,
being refused snappage as it is called dressed ,
,
up
a friend
as a serving man at Weyhill Fair and hearing that the -
violator c
of
,
the laws
of
his trade had just taken a pu rse
ontaining thirteen nobles sent him a message as ,
if from
the gentleman threatening
h is
life till he surrendered the
p urse and was laughed at
for
his pains
,
,
were sometimes sharers thieves At
of
,
The watchmen
.
this sort of snappage with
.
the great Stourbridge Fair t h e thieves met regularly
,
and held their revels at the n eighbouring to wn of B ots h am,
At
in wha t Greene c alls
an odde house
” .
this ve ry fair a celebrate d cutpurse performed a feat
fi de re d little s hort o f m iraculous even by his own aving bough t a large cheese fraternity H he m ,
.
.
,
2
33 3
S
paid
for
pieces
HAK SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
it and then desired the tradesman to ,
put it in the hood
an d
cut
it in
his cloak : while the
of
cheesemonger was c arefully packing it in the thief cut ,
o
ff the front
1 21
.
pocket
o
f
the tradesman s apron containing ’
,
The pickpo cket c elebrated this adventure
time by an annual feast
for
some
f
these
.
Society was preserved however by the dis c ord cheats ;
for ba d
o
,
,
they been u nited all the world had been ,
cozened Every distinct tri c k had a name and .
pro fession ; the following stratagem was s
tan c e the ,
Ja m es Fos ter
’
s
in itself
w as c
alled
lift from the name ,
o
f
,
a
for in
the thie f
who originated it and was prac tised in the following ,
way : irit o
The thief would go
a scrivener s shop to have a ’
letter written to his mother saying that his wife had run ,
away with a knave and had c arried
o
ff
all that he had
,
and that he had rather be hanged than troubled any more with su c h a baggage
The letter must be written in a
.
hurry he said because his father who would carry it ,
,
,
was j ust going to start
,
While he was dictating to the
.
scrivener he cast his eyes about the shop to see ,
if
there
was any doublet or hat lying on a settle or any boots ,
that he might
c
arry
o
ff
under his own clo ak
.
Then
leaning against the wall with his hands behind him he ,
S
a4o
his master s name ’
ostler
tw o
HAK S P ERE S E NGLAN D ’
the luggage giving the tapster or
for
,
pence or a groat
Sometimes these sort
.
o
f
for
of
the trouble
guarding it
.
thieves waited about inn gates
bareheaded and when a traveller arrived held his stirrup ,
as
if
they were the ostler or chamberlain
gentlemen out as
if
they were his
s e rv in
hal f an hour when the traveller ,
,
following
gme n
the
In about
.
busy at the fair
w as
,
they came running back to the inn pretending their master had sent the m for his cloak bag as he was about ,
-
for
to settle
some purchases
the landlord believing them ,
to be the gentleman s servant gave them the luggage with ’
,
whic h they disappeared A
.
.
a tric k frequently practised on London
Ch Op ch a in w as
goldsmiths
thie f first hired a
on credit or on his
friend
St Martin s and bought ’
,
.
of
,
’
c
hain
for
some days
s bond ; he then
for
a
fe w
w ent
pence a copper chain
the same size and shape next went to a goldsmith ,
and producing the gold chain o ffered to borrow ,
,
u
to
pon it
.
20 1
The tradesman applied the touc hstone and
finding it good tendered ,
h im
.
,
the money ; and while the
chain was lying on the counter the thief entered into conversation with the tradesman and pretending to play ,
with the chain substituted the copper ,
then left the shop Sp
oon
-
for
the gold and ,
.
dr op p ing
was a trick practised with success even
ST
in
1 6 26
A m a n,
.
ONE
C
ARRY I NG
34 1
.
dressed like a c lown walking in Silver ,
Street London late in the evening dropped a gilt spoon ,
,
,
wrapped up in paper ; and pretending to stumble on it ,
by ch ance got a crowd round him envying him his luck ,
The simple man however much to every one s surprise
.
’
,
,
cared nothing
for
the spoon
said with a stupid stare
“
,
,
No w ,
.
God
a
’
s will
,
he
shall I do with suc h a
w hat
Would some other body had found it for me ! Wh y said a for I know not w hat it is good for
gewgaw
”
”
.
bystander quoth he
,
“ ,
somewhat near you
” ,
shillings in my purse the cro w d disperse d
.
for
said the other ’ .
it ? ”
for
wilt thou take money
I would I had a crown
,
it “
,
The bargain
”
I will com e
.
for
w as
Aye ! ”
I have four
agreed on and ,
The clown appeared contented with
the bargain and went away s aying ,
,
,
Ay ,
marry this ,
money will do me more good than twenty spoons and ,
the m keep such toys that list
,
for
groat in my purse than a artload c
o
le t
I had rather have one f
such trumpery
” .
The purchaser rejoiced at cheating th e silly country ,
man hastened to a goldsmith with the spoon to discover ,
,
to his dismay that the spoon was mere brass gilt and worth about seven pence at the most
.
S tone
ying
ca r r
was the
ar t o f
cheating ale wives -
.
The
men who practised this trick generally did it by intimida tion
,
if
they were detected or arrested threatening z
3
the
s n Ax e
3 42
E NG L A ND
’
RE s
landlord with prose c ution
.
The host they selected as a
.
vi c ti m was generally a receiver
o
f
thieves or an old ,
Popish ser v ingman who m they had heard inveighing
against the s t ate that had imprisoned his master or ,
but
against some severe j ustice ; used in extremities At
these threats were only
.
first they would bring crowds
o
f friends
to their
house forc e the goodman or goodwife to dine with them ,
daily
on beef veal stewed capons and rabbits
feasted
,
,
and everything than
o
f
,
,
the best
They seldom stopped longer
.
months in any house
two
originated in the following
,
The name
.
s tor
y
z
o
f
this c heat
— A pretended gentle
woman c ame to the Norwich c arrier telling ,
h im
that she
was about to give up her househ old and remove into the country and wanted her things transported to Norwich ,
Tw o
s e rv in
gm e n
soon after brought a large c hest weighing
three hundredweight which she said contained linen ,
,
jewels money and plate ,
,
.
.
,
,
She would not depart till she
saw it safe pac ked : it was to be plac ed in the middle
of
the c ar t se c ure fro m thieves and to be sure and be kept ,
fro m
r
,
ain
A fe w
.
hours after she came
an d
wanted the cart again
.
unloaded to get five or six pounds from the chest to pay ,
for
some
t r ifle s
before she started
.
The carrier rather ,
than unload lent her the six pounds and the same evening ,
,
E NGL A ND
’
SH A K SP ER E s
3 44
.
and pulling away his hands first laugh ed and then
by ;
,
,
made a mistake
Go d forgive
started as
if
he said
wh at have I done ? I cry you heartily merc y
,
,
he
h ad
for
I ha v e mistaken you
.
me
” ,
.
my acquaintance ; an as like you
as two peas : therefore I pray you pardon me ,
,
harm done no harm done ,
” ,
”
“
.
No
said the gentleman good ,
naturedly but a little ruffle d and walked away : soon ,
’
after this he went to B ull s the celebrated ordinary and ,
took dinner with the rest of
P resently the drawer with a ,
h and , followed
clean trencher in one suit
.
,
by the tapster
,
in
a
greasy fustian with his apron on his shoulder and ,
his kni fe at his girdle entered and demanded the reckoning ; ,
many hands were thrust inquiringly into many pockets and
o ur
,
country gentleman dis c overing his loss began to ,
and cha fe and ru n u p and down like a madman : crying Well a— day that ever I was born ! Wh o am I ?
fume
-
,
,
who am I ? he then related his story and discovered that ,
he had been robbed by a c utpurse
That night however
,
he devoted to planning a stratagem to re c over his c rowns
,
.
,
and the next morning put it in practic e : he bought a fair ne w
pu rse with white strings and large tassels filled it ,
,
with brass counters and put it into the pocket letting the strings hang out as a bait
.
o
f h is
slops
,
He had not taken
'
three tur ns in P aul s before an old woman ague— struck ’
,
,
,
begged for charity ; he gave her a penny taking care to ,
S IR
’
R O GE R s
T
RICK
3 43
.
display his purse that it might be seen by any thieves ,
who were lurking near ; placing two servants at either end of
the aisle to watch ; as he pac ed along observing under ,
his ey ebrows any
on e
jostled him the rogue
wh o
,
yesterday who had been sitting under a pillar as
asleep
,
he was a prentice on an errand and
,
,
if
ran hastily by as ,
’
,
without Sir R oger s knowing it ’
,
of
one
the servin g
if
of
m e n,
gain sliced
a
seeing the stroke
o
,
ff
his purse
followed
the
thie f and doggin g him in to a cook s shop in Thames Street ’
,
,
apprehen ded him
as
a cutpurse seen in the act : the man
swore and stared and denied it all ; and his ac c omplice ,
,
coming down stairs de c lared the ,
“
”
gentleman was done
wrong to and would answer any acc user and that the ,
,
var let
,
if
he were well served should be stabbed ,
crediting an honest man at his own lodging w ere
,
for
dis
While they
.
’
threatening the serving man s death with many oaths
,
the master arrived who threatened to bring the rogues to ,
Tyburn unless his purse was restored ; on hearin g this ,
their c ourage fell they restored the money ,
an d
made a
reco m pense for the trespass but they were soon after ,
taken up for another robbery and were both hung ,
There is a good story told
of
.
a thie f who hearing that a ,
merchant had invited three or four friends to dinner came ,
to the house before the goodman had returned fro m the Exchange,
and asked boldly
of
the guests
if
his cousin
S HA
3 46
K SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
were yet come in ? they told him thinks he is very long
,
no
;
.
he replied
is past twelve
it
then walking a turn or two he said ,
o
f
Me
,
the clo ck :
In faith gentlemen ,
,
,
it were good to do something whereat we may be merry against my cousin comes home and to that intent I will ,
take this salt (cellar) that when he misses it we shall hear what he says to my c ousin his wife ,
,
”
.
The fello w then put the salt in his pocket and when the ,
company were engaged
in
talk ran down stairs and got
into the street : the cit izen coming home and bidding his friends
wel c ome missed the salt and asked his wife who ,
,
was busy cooking where it was ,
,
Where are your eyes ? ”
.
said the wife vexed at the interruption : the guests to ,
,
prevent a quarrel told him ,
theft was discovered
of
his friend s trick and the ’
,
.
In Pedlar s Fren c h a trick w a s called
trimming
’
cheats silver
“
,
of
white wool ;
,
The
sheep shearers ;
ch e ap
”
the gold
the gulls
trave llers
“ ,
th e
fle e c e ;
the bleaters
,
the ”
th e
” .
were rogues who procuring maps ,
the country marked out certain agreed routes and ,
,
well dressed and on stout geldings sallied forth east or -
,
west they cared not ; animated by a c hivalrous spirit ,
adventure worthy that
for
of
the hidalgo
o
f
of
La Mancha knowing ,
them every chimney smoked and every table
groaned : at the entrance of a town or village one traveller
’
SHAKe
3 4s
E NGLA ND
RE s
Strolling schoolmasters were not
u
.
ncommon also men ,
who to show their skill in writing hung ,
,
booths
specimens
purchased
of
of
v
”
arious hands
u
p
round their
w hich
they had
some poor scrivener
.
The mountebanks antim ony and lies
,
of
the age with their oils and drugs
,
,
are well sketc hed by B en Jonson
.
We subj oin fragments
of
the jargon which they delivered
on temporary stages erected in country market places, -
accompanied by the a trunk full
of
’
bu fioo ne rie s
of
their zany and with ,
medicines at their feet
We see the
.
P rofessor with his copper rings shining chain , better than ,
gold but not quite so valuable his yello w jewel his dirty ,
,
feather,
embroidered suit grave look and starched beard ,
,
.
Hush i he begins : Most noble gentlemen and my worthy patrons ! ,
I have nothing to sell little or nothing to sell though ,
,
I protest I and my six servants are not able to make of
my precious balsamso fast as it is fetched away from my lo dging by the worthy m e n o f the town the blessing
of
buy thee at too dear a rate ? A nd the world without thee by the mutability
of
,
for
0
health health,
o
f
the poor who ,
ca
when a humid flux or catarrh
,
air falls fro m your head into an ,
or shoulder take you a rose noble or angel ,
,
n since there is no enjoying
the rich the ric hes ,
.
of
arm
gold and
apply to the place affected ; see what good e ffect it
can
PANAC E A
TH E
349
.
work No no ; to this blessed unguent this rare ex traction that hath only power to disperse all m alignant .
,
,
,
of
humours that proceed either
hot cold moist or windy ,
,
,
causes ; to fortify the most indigest and crude stomach
,
aye were it one that through :extreme weakness vomited blood applying only a warm napkin to the plac e a fter the ,
,
u
nction and fricace ;
for
the
v e rt
ig ue
in the head putting ,
but a drop into your nostrils likewise behind the ears a ,
,
most sovereign and approved remedy ; the mal c aduco cramps convulsions ,
,
p ara le p s ie s ,
retired nerves ill vapours ,
o
f
,
epilepsies tremor cordia ,
of
the spleen stopping ,
,
the
liver the stone the strangury hernia ventosa iliaca ,
,
passio of
,
,
stops a dysentery imm ediately
,
c u re t
h
the torsion
the small guts and c ures melancholia and
d riaca,
,
h yp och o n
u
being taken and applied ac cording to my printed
receipt (shows his bill and vial and the zany s ings a song) It will cost you eight crowns and has c ured all the kings .
,
,
in C hristendom
.
Many have attempted to make this oil
,
of
crowns in the ingre dients (for there go to it sixty several simples besides some quantity of wasting thousands
,
human
fat for
conglutination whic h ,
we
buy
o
f
the anato
mists ) ; but when these practitioners come to the last .
decoction blo w blow ! ,
wretches dertake ,
.
,
G entlemen,
’
p ufi,
puff ! it flies in fumo poor ,
honourable gentlemen I will ,
by v ir tue of chemical art out ,
of
un
the honourable
SH A x e
3 50
E NGL AND
’
RE s
.
that covers your head t o extract the four elements ;
h at
,
that is to say the fire air water and earth and return
uyour
felt
yo
,
,
,
,
,
without burn or stain
For whilst others
.
have been at bowls I have been at my books and am ,
,
now past the craggy paths flowery plains
o
f
o
f
study and come to the ,
honour and reputation
.
You all know
,
honou rable gentlemen I never valued this ampulla or vial ,
at less than eight crowns but ,
to be deprived in c ourtesy
of
it
for
for
this time I am c ontent
six ; six crowns is the price then
I know you c annot offer me less ; take it or
.
leave it howsoever both it and I am at your service ,
as k
you not as the
demand
of
v
al u e
o
f
the thing
for
,
.
I
then I should
you a thousand crowns so the great ,
D uke
f
o
Tus c any has given me ; but I despise money having ,
negle c ted everything to come here to present you with the fruits
of
Well I ,
sent
o
f
( Z any sings another song ) in a humour at this time to make a pre
my travels am
.
.
c ofle r
the small quantity my
in c ourtesy and to the poor ,
contains to the rich
for God
s sake ; wherefore
’
,
now m ark I asked you six crown s and six crowns at other ,
,
times you have paid me : you shall
n ot
give me six crowns
,
nor five nor four nor three nor two nor one nor half a ,
,
,
,
,
one nor a shilling ; sixpence it will cost you or ,
expect no lower price
,
,
for
,
I will not bate a jot ; and
this I take away as a pledge
of
your love to c arry
S HA
3 52
K S P ERE S E NGLA ND ’
.
their honesty the young merchant or old usurer s c raped ,
,
a round sum together which the sha m o fficer took after ,
,
of
urging the strictness ce alm e n t
for
his oath and the danger ,
they then in a
;
,
fe w
of
con
days sent a confederate ,
more money and then another till the fraud gre w ,
suspe c ted
,
.
Another
sort
of
cheat would visit a retir ed country
place and pretending to be a young merchant in search ,
,
o
fa
had
wife marry some rich wido w and strip her ,
o
f
swindlers was the for
plausible sponging parasite who laid wait ,
of
C ourt men and young students in P aul s Walk or at ,
.
,
They would first enter into conversation
with them and praise their ,
ne w
acquaintance s taste ’
you were covetous they would tal k o f
th e
stone pro fessing to kno w great secrets
if
,
,
two
or three hundred pounds to set
were fond f
simple Inn
’
the theatre
o
all she
.
B ut a still more dangerous class
-
of
,
o
f travelling , they
u
p
.
If
philosopher s ’
they had but stills
knew every corner
If
.
o
f
you
France ;
V enic e they kne w every part from the R ialto to the
Gu de c ca,
stories they
of
saw
using Italian phrases every
m o m e nt,
Madame P adillia and R omana
.
an
d
telling
When
the gull mad to start they pretended they must ,
leave them as a nobleman had sent ,
for
them from
the
C ourt ; then such a conversation as the following fre
THE
PAR AS I T E
3 53
.
quently ensued if the youth had requested his friend to ,
join h im as a travelling companion : In faith I c annot tell though I would sooner spend ,
my life in your c ompa ny than but at this time I
am
in
any man s in ’
England ;
not so provided o f money as I would
there fore I can make no promise ; and
if
,
a man sho ul d
advent ure such a journey without money it were miserable ,
and
base and no man would c ar e ,
for
us
” .
N o money ?take no care fo r that for I have so much ,
land and I will sell it ; and my c redit is worth so much ,
and I will use it of
chamber
m ine ,
I have the keeping
.
w
hic h is an old down
vacation time is gone
c
of
,
a cousin s ’
ounsellor and at this ,
into the country ; we will
break up his study rifle his chests dive into the bottom of ,
,
his bags but we ll have to serve our turn ; rather than fail
,
we will sell his books pawn his bedding and hangings
,
’
,
,
and make riddance packing
of
all his household stuff to set us ,
”
.
T h ere are some hopes then yet but I shall go with ,
y ou , and
you have money
d omineer over m e
,
an
d
I none ; but you will
at your pleasure and I shall be well ,
set up toleave such possibilities in a slave in another country
With that his vic tim ,
E ngl a nd
to go and be
” .
of
course o ffered either to lend
him money or let him be his treasurer rather than he ,
VO L
.
I
.
A A
’
s H AK S P E R E s
3 54
should think his
E NGL AND
were insinc ere
'
o fie r s
feign ed
would then with some ,
.
.
The swindler
reluctance accept the ,
invitation promising to husban d the money so as to ,
,
spend with the best and yet ,
m ake
it go twice as far
.
Then away to the Low C ountries and so up into Italy
.
,
In the first town
of
panion and leaving ,
of
gentleman
garrison the rogue thre w him
penn iless
,
c
off
his com
ompelled him to turn
a company and enter the army ,
For fear
.
of
pursuit the cheat c hanged his name and assumed that
of
some nobleman ; when pursued he escaped by the alias
,
,
.
These fellows manners were pleasin g and adapted to ’
,
if
every taste ; for
you were amorous they gave you receipts ,
philtres or presented you with rings that would procure ,
the affection been placed
of
.
any lady upon whose finger they had once
If you
to stand on the top strike
h im
dead as ,
had an enemy they would undertake ,
o
if
f P aul
’
s with a burning glass and -
,
with lightning as he walked under ; ,
or they would propose to fill a letter with needles l aid in certain mathematic al order whic h when the p acket was opened would sp ring up and fly into the reader s body as ,
,
’
,
,
if d ischarged
graceful
with gunpowder
m ann er w as
.
A
smooth ton gue and a
the pe c uli ar characteristic of these off ;
rogues : it was almost impossible to shake them
as
they would lend you money study your humours imitate ,
your dress and contri v e ,
to
,
meet you at every turn
.
356
S
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
strolling players and robbed the foolish gentleman while ,
he sat expec ting the comedy to begin
.
The London cutpurse often c arried meal in a bag and ,
,
entering a shop as a purchaser would suddenly fling a ,
’
h andful
o
whip
with a bale or a salver
off
Of
the white dust in the merchant s eyes and
f
,
.
the C ourtesans we can say little
They generally
.
dwelt in the suburbs particularly in the B ishop ,
o
f
Win
chester s rents in Southwark ; a taffeta gown was their ’
favourite
dress
The more artful oc c asionally entered the
.
city and played the P uritan plainly clad and lodging ,
at the house
o
f
,
some s crivener
with a scrivener under preten c e up
.
If
Sometimes one resided
.
of
having a bond drawn
her lovers were gallants then she was a lieu ,
tenant s wife in the Low C ountries and her friends young ’
,
soldiers bringing letters ; f
was master
o
A lexan dria,
or
if m erchants ,
then her husband
a ship and had sent tidings from V enice S cande roon ; if
,
shopkeepers then she was ,
buying goods to send to her husband at Rye B ristol or ,
,
York ; if mere apprenti c es then a sempstress who starched ,
their bands
.
If
stopped at
n
ight by the halberdiers rug ’
gowns her lover was her uncle or her brother and her ,
,
absent husband was then a justice s clerk or a nobleman s ’
servant a shop
.
for
’
Sometimes she turned music mistress or kept ,
complexions
and face washes
.
L I TT L E
E AS E
3 57
.
The old law was rough handed and deaf to the c ries -
of
the prisoners
fe s s io n,
.
,
The Tower had its rack to induce
con
a nd
with
D aughter,
its S c avenger s ’
its rats and bilge water where
if
,
its Little
E ase
the wretch pale and ,
strained by the torture re fused to plead he was pressed ,
to death
,
V agabonds were dragged over the Thames at
.
the stern
o
f
s h e e p s t e ale rs
a boat ; poisoners were boiled to death ; had their hands cut
rogues were burn t
off ;
in the hand ; and pirates were hun g at low water mark -
of
and exposed to the washing the guillotine
w as
three tides
Halifax
At
.
,
in use ; and a thirteen penny felony
brought a horse loving Yorkshireman s head to the axe ’
-
In
s
pite
of
all this severity
keepers were
in
,
la w
was powerless
or c loak bag
.
Inn
.
constant co mbin ation with highwaymen
and it was dangerous to let an ostler touch your
.
ca
p
-
case
,
,
V illagers o ften refused to leave their work
and join the noisy hue and cry which is ,
reserved
n ow
for
mad dogs ; and would on such occasions answer an ,
,
angry interrogation with a stolid I have other business
” .
Of now
Go d
restore your loss !
Highway robberies were very
numerous about C hristmas wanted money to revel
,
,
when needy spendthrifts
.
the bailiffs watchmen gaolers and prisoners ,
,
,
treat : A A
3
we
’
S HA x e
3 58
'
The city wat c hmen leigh himself on one ,
E NGLA ND
RE s
.
were worse than useless
a le
of
.
B ur
his journeys to London observing ,
watchmen at every town end and a plump ,
of
Enfie ld,
with long staves gathered un der a penthouse at stopped and asked them
for
twelve
whom they waited thinking ,
of
they were merely drinking or standing out for
They said they were watching
a young
the rain
m an
.
with a
hooked nose (one of B abbingt o n s conspiracy) ; they had been placed there by one B ankes the head constable and ’
,
had nothing but the hooked nose given them as a means of
detecting the o ffender
The vexed statesman writes to
.
Walsingham the Se c retary thus : ,
I came fro m
As
,
London homeward in my c o c he I saw at every town s ’
,
end the number staves ; and
,
u
of
X
.
or XII
ntil I came to
y nge
Enfie ld,
of the m but that they had stayed ayne or to drink at some
r
under dozen
p e nty ce s of
al
ehouse
at ale houses
.
a plump where there
with long
s ta nd
.
,
I thought no o ther
for for
a v oy ding of
so they did stand
B ut at Enfie ld, fyndyng a w as
no rayn e I bethought ,
myself that they were appointed as watchmen apprehending called some
of
of
the
for
the
suc h as are missing ; and thereupon I ,
,
them to me apart and asked the m wherefor ,
they stood there ? Some
of
the m answered
Sh aksp e re So cie ty s P ap e rs ’
.
,
To take
S
36 0
HA K S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
whipping C hrist ; their hair hangi ng about their ears and ,
their hose fastened with pewter buttons
.
They usually began by inveigling their victims into a tavern by entreating them to be of good c heer and apologising for being c ompelled to perform their duty ,
,
.
They were they would say but ministers
o
,
,
f
the
law,
and
would do what kindness lay in their po w er to provide bail or so ften the creditor
.
When the C ounter gate
w as
opened the prisoner s name ’
w as
enrolled in the B lac k B ook and he was asked
was
for
Hole
.
if
he
the Master s Side the K night s Ward or the ’
’
,
At ’
stran ger s
,
every fresh door a
c
fe e
was demanded the ,
if
loak or hat bein g detained in
prison language was called
ne w
prisoner was whether he was
pay the extortion which ,
The first question to a
he refused to
,
in by arrest or command ; and there was generally some knavish attorney in a threadbare black suit who for would o ffer to move for a Habeas Corpus and have him ,
out presently much to the amusement
o
,
v
f
the uncombed
illanous looking men who filled the room some smoking -
,
and some dressing
.
At
dinner a vintner s boy who was in
waiting filled a bowl full
’
of
claret and compelled the
Fe nnor s Comp te r s Commonwe al th , 1 6 1 7, 4 ’
’
.
ne w
P R I S O N F ARE
36 1
.
prisoner to drink to all the so c iety ; and t he turnkeys wh o
,
were dining in another room demanded another ,
tester
for
At
the
of
a quart d
en
o
f
wine to drink the new comer s health ’
a week when the prisoner s purse ’
,
.
gre w
thin he was generally compelled to pass over to the ,
’
Knight s side and live in a humbler and more restricted ,
manner and
if
Here a fresh garnish
.
o
f l 8d
was demanded
,
.
this was refused he was compelled to sleep over ,
the drain ; or
if
he chose to sit up to drink and smoke ,
,
in the cellar with his companions till the keepers ordered every man to his lodging If
.
a prisoner was proud or refused to share his pro ,
visions and wine with the keepers he
w as
,
treated
and
,
frequently
for
lo c ked up
generally ill
some pretended
o ffen c e : to generous spendthrifts turnkeys were pliant and obsequious taki ng them out with them to arrange matters ,
with their creditors but demanding a ,
for
fe e
of
half a crown
suc h a privilege besides a dinner at an ordinary ,
.
If
they ever showed ki ndn ess to a si c k prisoner it was only ,
in order to obtain money from his friends C heats
,
decoys
,
d
an
informers
,
if
they had money
were better treated t han the gentleman t at io n ;
the latter
,
if he
was poor
room to sleep on the boards
,
an d
,
w as
if
.
of
,
the best repu
thrown into a dark
there was no spare bed
was compelled to herd with s ome ten or a dozen
,
r u ffi ans ,
S
35 2
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
cheating bakers and lying bankrupts ,
The more prisoners
.
the merrier the gaoler : the bookkeeper
,
would
fe e
.
in
slac k seasons
the beadles to keep the watch awake and
plenis h the prison
Deaf
.
,
re
to all pity they allowed the ,
poor debtor to die untende d and paid no ear to his groan ,
ings when he was once past paying fees
.
Yet with all ,
these exactions gaolers like thieves never got rich being ,
,
,
,
perpetually forced to c ompound with creditors for prisoners they had suffered to es c ape ing stories are told :
.
best is that
th e
escapes m any amus
O f these
o
f
a poor man who for
frost bitten with want and poverty had pined -
,
,
three
long winters in the Hole as the most loathsome purgatory ,
o
f
the C ounter
w as
c
ontemptuously c alled ; determining to
es c ape he obtained leave to go out with his keeper and ,
arrange matters
w ith
spending the best part
h is o
f
remorseless creditors
After
.
the day in walking up and down
the c ity the keeper seeing they obtained no money would ,
,
,
have h astened his ward bac k to prison prisoner
,
“ .
N ay
,
”
said the
seeing you have been so good as to stay out
with me so long I desire you to do me that honest o ffice ,
as to go into a barber s shop and stay while I am trimmed ’
,
which I
h ave
not been these twelve months ; and to
re ”
compense you for your pains I will give you your shaving The keeper wishing to save a groat the barber getting .
,
,
out his chair and napkins combs balls and sponges ,
,
,
,
fal ls
’
s HA K e
364
RE s
E NGLAND
.
and twelve counsellors : prayers were said only twice a day
,
and they had their punishments and laws
There were
.
to be seen cobblers and tailors and saddlers working ,
,
,
physi c ian s that heal diseases and cooks that cause them ; ,
attorneys that help to make laws and gall ants who live ,
to break them A bout
.
nine o clock when ’
,
Bo w
B ell rang the council ,
swept out the co c k lo ft spread a green carpet on the table -
,
before the steward
an d
,
stoups to fill the m in papers
o
f
tobac c o
.
went down the ladder with his
th e
c
ellar and to brin g up some ,
Then beg an the supper and aft er that ,
the reckoning trials were heard by the counc il and offen ,
ders were fined or wh ipped the drunkard ,
sac k
fo r
a whole
d ay ,
the thief deprived
and the liar s credit stopped
allowed no
w as
of
his penny loaf
,
’
.
The sergeants frequ ently changed their dress appear ing ,
as merc hants councillors butchers porters ,
,
purpose ;
if
they were in searc h
,
o
f
,
suited their
as
a farmer at a London
inn dressing as country gentlemen with slashed boots ,
,
and Spurs of
.
V arious stories are told
o
these the following may be depended A
f
their stratagems ;
cu z
Norwich man being indebted to some London mer
chants took great pre c autions against arrest admitting no ,
,
one into his house and parleying ] with all those that knocked from an upper window ; the credi tors vexed and ,
,
B A I L IE F s
’
ST
R A T A GE M S
36 5
.
piqued engaged three sergeants from the Wood Street ,
C ompter, promising them an angel t ake
the man
The wiliest
.
o
a
piece
-
if
they c ould
the band learning t hat
f
,
from
the N orwi c h man re c eived weekly letters dressed himsel f as a porter in a
w
home
,
hite frock a red cap
,
,
and a rope round his shoulders ; he knocked and a d mitted and while the debtor ,
,
presently pulled sergeant
ou t
reading the letter he
w as
h is m ace ,
,
and de c lared himself a
The prisoner died in gaol soon after
.
On another oc c asion some ,
w as
c
.
reditors agree d
u
pon a
meeting with a re frac tory debtor and promised to bri ng ,
a c ouncillor and s c rive ner with them ; arranging at the s a me time that
tw o
sergeants should attend t hem and ,
represent the barrister and at t orney and
The day comes
.
,
councillor appears with double ruff and c lose cut
th e
-
beard the s c rivener with ink horn at his girdle pen at -
,
,
his ear and parc hment and wax
his hand ; hal f a
in
,
dozen sergeants are placed in ambush by the door
They
.
go up and find the gentleman surrounded by half a dozen of
his
men
The councillor requests privacy and as soon ,
.
,
as the servants are dismissed the scrivener steals to the ,
window seat where -
,
for h is
th e
debtor kept a loaded pistol ready
defence and discharges it out ,
preconcerted signal
for
the bailiffs
,
o
f
the window as the
wh o
rush up sword ,
’
K SP ER E S E NGL AND
SHA
36 6
.
in hand and compel the outwitted gentleman to pay his ,
debt
.
A nother of their
tricks was the following : —A bankrupt
merchant intending to change the ,
h is
goods
for
had prepared
a ir ,
a sudden passage into the
Low
The vats which he had prepared wanting
all
C ountries
m ending,
.
he
ordered his maid to hire th ree or four coopers to repair them
The
.
m aid ,
bribed by the creditors told the m the ,
secret and half a dozen sergeants were at once sent dis ,
g uised
as workmen
As
.
soon as the merchant came to
give them the orders they flung down their hammers
,
leapt out of the casks drew out their maces and dragged ,
,
him to prison
.
These bailiffs were full
of
expedients to extort money
.
When they had arrested their man they always began by taking him to some ale house where they all drank at his -
,
charge and persuaded them that they were his friends ; that but for the haste
of
the creditor they would rather
have given another man h alf a crown to arrest have done it themselves
for forty ,
h is
than
shillings ; that they were
sorry to do their offic e on him and only kept that
h im
him
there
creditor might have time to grow merciful
.
If
the poor gentleman had never been arreste d before they at ,
once marked him down as a milch under pretence
of
fetching
one
cow
of
them then
the creditor would go ,
,
u p and
‘
q Ax e 3 58
E NGL AND
RE s
W AR :
entreat the keeper to use him tenderly frac t ory
.
.
l
'
J. ‘
lt
they would drag him by the heels a quarte r
a mile over the stones and throw
him
o
f
int o prison stunned
,
maimed and bleeding A lways brutal they were gen erally thievish and as .
,
,
,
false
to the creditor as they were cruel to the debtor
.
Sometimes they would arrest a man without warrant in hopes
of
extorting money
send a gallant war ning
Sometimes to obtain a b ribe ,
.
of
for
their coming ;
a brac e
,
of
angels they would let a prisoner esc ape from their fangs ; and though th eir legal ,
fe e
was but a shilling would not ,
stir from the C ounter gate under a crown or a noble for
From a prisoner they had no claim by statute
.
more
than a groat but a wretc h in debt seldom escaped from ,
them with hat purse or sword ,
If
,
.
a prisoner jostled them or even c alled them v arlet
,
they took
h im
be fore the L ord Mayor
prison to pine away fortunate
fo r
,
an d
threw
h im
in
half a lifetime unless he was ,
enough to have good friends or a
fat
purse
.
If
a prisoner struck them in momentary heat or by ac cident
,
they instantly entered an ac tion and c arried it on to the last
.
of
battery against him
,
The beadles and watc hmen
were no less to be dreaded than these sergeants and were ,
generally in league and in
fe e
with the keepers
of
the
C ounters receiving a groat for every man they arrested ,
.
R IC H
POO R P R I S O N ER S
A ND
36 9
.
The ri c h drunkard however disorderly they were in the ,
,
of
habit
carrying home ; the poor however quiet they ,
conveyed to gaol
,
They were not u nfrequently cruel in
.
their o ffi c e hacking and maiming their prisoners with their pondero us halberds — the sufferers
the dis c harge
of
,
were generally gallants
who
had sallied from some tavern
sword in hand or paraded the streets wi t h torches shouting ,
th e
and attacking
watch
The c onstables deputies were ’
.
generally more unj ust more senseless and more ,
t io n a t e
,
,
than even the c onstables themselves
e x t or
.
I
There are as many sins through the gates
o
the streets of a city
f
” ,
says an old writer
“
,
looking
a prison as there are walking through
”
In that menagerie
.
o
f
c
rime the g aol ,
,
were crowded the poor knight the beggarly exquisite the ,
,
distressed gentleman the bankrupt tradesman the prating ,
,
pettifogger the juggling lawyer ,
scrivener A
,
and the
fraudulent
.
large class
of
prisoners were voluntary prisoners and ,
these in c luded the knavish citizen the shrewd prodigal ,
and the crafty bankrupt
The first
.
of
these having a
good name on Change would use it to obtain ,
50 00 1
worth
.
o
f
goods and selling them ,
,
,
for
4 0 00 1
.
or
ready money
run into the country a little before settlement day
.
When
writs were out against him he retired into the C ity and ,
VO L
.
I
.
B B
,
,
SHA K S P ERE S
E NGLA ND
’
a7o
.
there hiding himsel f despatched a bankrupt friend to ,
gociat e
with his creditors
ne
.
B y trusting young gen t lemen, he said, he h a d undone
himsel f and prayed to be allowed to walk the s treets to ,
raise his fortune once again ; and
if
the rascal did get into
prison he generally escaped by paying one quarter ,
debt in bonds and useless paper of
second class
A
wh o
hopes
extortin g four or
though
f
,
if foun d
two or three years A
.
paid two sergeants to arre s t them in
money
o
the
these volunteers were spendthrifts
w antin g
,
of
fiv e
pounds from their friends
out they were o ften left in prison ,
,
for
.
third class were men who were released
by
charitable
~
legacies who about C hristmas or ,
,
E aster, wh e n fp ris one rs
owin g small debts were discharged persuaded a friend to ,
arrest them dividing the charity they received with the ,
sham debtor A fourth class were highwaymen who .
,
w hen
,
the hue
and cry was hot at Newmarket posted to London and got ,
themselves arrested till the c hase grew cool
.
The gaolers generally ban krupt traders were ,
,
able purse leeches and
c
int ole r
ruel extortioners polite to the ,
rich terrible to the poor They demanded as much as 4 03 at entrance 1 2d for dining a shilling for the porter .
,
.
23
.
,
.
,
,
for his bed if the prisoner lay alone and so much ,
to
3 72
S
HA K S P ERE S E N GL AND ’
of
we have beheld the animal instin c ts th e
expense
of
every nobler feeling
d issect
the m as means
of
c
man developed at
Hating the vermin
,
.
whom we pin down as in a
.
ollec tion we still sto p to ,
dis c overing higher truths ; we
cannot but confess however disgusted with their vices ,
,
that we admire the perfec tion to which they brought their strata gems and the energy and untiring perseverance ,
with which they worked them out
Hal f the intellect
.
expended in virtuous obje c ts would have made them
Wilberforces or Howards ;
h al f
the subtlety Talleyrands ,
and Metternichs : but a little more constancy and courage and they might have been Wolfes and deduct a quarter
of
their knowle dge
of
Abercrombies
About
:
human nature and ,
they would have mad e prime ministers as good as even now blessed with
,
We
are
.
the shifts and wiles
of
these
D Alfarach e s ’
there
was a daring and c ourage beside which modern burglary seems sneaking and con t emptible p e t ually
dr ove
.
threatening these wearers
The gibbet was per of
the dagger and ,
them to despair by the utter hopelessness
reformation ; they staked their lives to
Fortune ,
'
of
and
a
the
world who always won by the game took c are the debt ,
w as
paid
,
.
F AL C O N
TH E
FI S T
O N T HE
3 73
.
C H AP IX .
HU N T I N G H nt ma I u
n,
s
Me rrim an
Brach
S aw
,
l
An d
coup e ’
ch arg e
.
HAW K I NG
A ND
th e e te nd e r w e ll my
t h e p o or
c ur ,
is
.
h ound s ;
e m bos s e d
Cl ow d e r w ith t h e d e e p m outh e d brach -
t th ou n ot
a
,
lve m ad it g ood t fault c ol d
boy , h ow Si
r
e
At t h e h e d g o er in th e I w ould not los e t h e d og fo twe ty p e c rn
.
es
,
n
r
:
ound
Ta ming
” .
th e
f
o
S h rew, Ac t i S c 1 .
.
.
Hun ting E l iz abe th an d S tor y of a S t ag at B ay h e r Cr o s s B o w J argon of t h e H awking F ie l d B ra w l s P as s ion ate L ov e of t h e C h as e S e v e n S or ts o f F al c o n s —N a me s &c Th e B arbar y a n d P e re g rine F a l co n s S acr e and L an e r Me r l in an d H obby H a wks D u t ie s o f a F al c o ne r S ign s of F l igh t of t h e H e ron D e s cr ip tion o f th e goo d and ba d H aw ks Me w Tr a ini ng o f t h e H a wk F ligh t t o t h e F ie l d T o m ake a H aw k bo l d S u rg e ry S e w in g up t h e Ch ara c t e rs o f B ir d s Ho w t o r e c o ve r a c o w e d B ir d Eye s F a lcon T rain ing Th e F ly ing a t t h e Par tridge F alcone r s D u tie s S p arr o w H a wk B ad H abits and h o w t o cu r e th e m D is e as e s of H awks H u n ting A H u nts m an s D u t ie s Ho w t o track 9 H art Mo d e o f H un ting H abit s of t h e D e e r S ubtle t ie s o f t h e D e e r R e w ar d ing t h e D ogs Fr e n ch Bre aking up t h e de a d D e e r an d E ng l is h Manne r —R oy a l P ic Nic s —A ge o f a D e er kn own H unte rs S up e rs titions H are H unt ing by his H orn s S ub t le t ie s of t h e H are
R om ance
o f old
.
.
-
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
’
.
.
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,
.
.
’
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.
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.
'
.
.
.
.
IT
must have been rare days at
ladies
in W hite
Enfie ld
“
when tw elve
satin ambled out upon their
Nich oll s Progre s s e s , ’
v ol
B B
.
3
i p 17 .
.
.
( S tryp e )
.
p alfrie s ,
3 74
S
HAK S P ERE S E N GL AND ’
.
attended by twenty yeomen in green to hunt the hart and ,
were met in the
c
,
hase by eigh ty arc hers in scarlet boots
and yello w caps and bearing gilt bows ,
Lady
E lizabeth
,
who
presented the
with a silver arrow winged with a pea ,
’
co c k s p lume and prayed her to cut a deer s throat with ’
,
her own
m aidenly
han d
.
It
at Oatlands that when
w as
Queen she shot so many deer with her cross bow in the -
paddock where perhaps the ,
c
elebrated John Sel wyn the ,
huntsman who lies buried at W alton upon Thames in the ,
full u
heat
-
-
of
,
the chase leapt bare headed and with spurs -
,
pon the run ning stag kept his seat grace fully and guiding ,
,
the brute with his drawn sword stabbed it dead at her ,
Majesty s feet re c eiving a b u gle horn to wear as his ’
,
insignia is
that
B ut the best tale of the old ch ase an d its d an gers
.
o
f
Wilson a follower o f the ,
Sir P eter Lee
,
of
Earl of E ssex
:
he says
,
Lime in C heshire in vited my Lord one ,
,
summer to hunt the stag ; and having a great stag in chase
,
an
d m any
gentlemen
in
pursuit the stag took soyle
,
,
and divers whereof I was one alighted and stood with ,
,
swords drawn to have a water
c ut
at him at his c oming o ut of the
The stags there being wonderfully fierce and dan
.
gero n s made us youths more e ager to be at him but he ,
,
escaped us
al l ;
and it was my
from hurting him (the
w ay
m is fortune
to be hindered
being slippery) ; and by a fall
,
S HA Ke
3 76
in
E NGL AN D
’
RE s
.
the lake where the hounds pursued it ,
.
Leaving at
five the royal train returned to the castle at nine in the ,
,
dusk lit by torches ,
.
‘
The ban dog was a variety of m as tifi with rough yellow ,
grey hair and shades
of
bla k ; it attack e d on the flank c
and its bite was keen and dangerous
,
.
The jargon of the hawking field was much of this fashion
.
Well c ast
alo ft ah !
off
well flown
-
,
ing in his saddle ;
“
no w
she hath seized the fowl h er 4
gins to plume
’
and check her Ay e ,
says one leap ,
,
she has taken her at the
and strikes her down like a thunderclap No w
”
re be ck
” ,
souSe ,
” .
says another
and
— rather stand still ,
her not
” .
but our merlin first plumed the fo w l and twice ,
her from the river t hough her bells had not both
re me w e d
,
one weight one was a semitone above the other it sounded ,
,
too full and spoiled her m o unting
.
,
Mine too ,
talons ;
”
” ,
says a third
“ ,
saw her claws full
yo u
her
singles and
seized a fowl withi n her of
long singles ; the
stained with bloo d
feathers , t e rrial
both her petty
of
her legs were
”
.
You lie Doddyp e ck your hawk s but a ke s tril ’
,
”
.
,
S c urv y P atch you have not a good hawk on your ,
Pe mh :
01
'
a good hound in your kennel
” .
B
A ll
j ealous
3 77
.
Al l
that love Singleton draw ,
Tre v ilian, A nd
I R D I NG
lug out
for
” .
so the brawls of
that stand
o
hot headed country gentlemen
f
-
the reputation
of
of
their horses and ’
hawks fames were apt to b re ak forth
,
their
’
,
.
Hawking had a charm about it unknown to many modern amusements
o
f the fie ld
the pursuit the struggle ,
,
the suspense we re all in c onceivably ex c iting ; no wonder ,
quarrels arose about the merits
o
f
w agers were laid u pon the suc c ess too shared in it ,
fox
known to
,
o
peculiar birds or that ,
f
their flights
Ladies
.
that alone gave it a so c ial charm
and
hunting
,
un
.
B irding was a s c ience requiring li fe long study as every -
sort
of
falcon
had it
,
peculiar food
ow n
spe c ial training and distin c tive manage m ent were written on the disease ing and other pe c uliarities ,
o
.
watc h the keen eyed birds
f hawks ,
nin g its spearlike beak and at a ,
the hunting it ,
w as
required
Huge books
.
lo w
delighted to
round the crane shun ,
of
m oment
rushing like a thunderbolt upon their prey A s for
d
and on their moult
High and w hirl
-
an
,
advantage
.
associated with dewy boughs
and bossy oaks and ladies with bended cross bo ws and the -
,
sharp shot
o
f
,
the arquebus and horns pealing and dogs ,
baying trampling cavalcades through forest arches and ,
,
shout and laugh and song ,
,
.
3 7s
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
When Shakspere tells us that Master Ford had gone birding he means that he had gone hawking
for
”
,
ing was the favourite amusement many centuries
o
f
,
hawk
gentle and simple for
.
A
c
pa c k
ast of hawks requi red almost as mu c h c are as a small
o
hounds
f
man and
a busy and important
w as
boys had no idle time
h is
,
The falconer
.
o
f
it ; there were
always young birds to watc h and feed ; the training and ,
prac tising
an
,
d
education was unc easing it was all but ,
night and day work ; and when they did go out to fly at the heron by the brook side or at the partridge in the stubbles a grand ,
frame
was master fal c oner with his square
m an
,
h is
round his waist on whi c h ,
hawks would perch
,
with their hood and bells on and their scarlet tufts ; and ,
he himself the birder c onspi c uous with his lure and horn ,
,
,
,
and gloves and pouch an d sword The huntin g too though slow and intermi ttent and .
,
,
,
,
fo x
not a mad break ne c k thing like -
-
hunting was wild ,
and dangerous with stags at bay and gored horses and ,
trampled
d ogs
.
V ery wise and subtle too were the old ,
,
hunts m en in trac king the bu c k to c overt and telling his ,
age and size by the marks trunk
.
A s for their
his frettings on the oak
hare hunting it w a s tame and S piritless
compared to ours and ,
of
-
fox
-
hunting of those days
w as
mere
S HA
as o
and
K S PERE S E NGL AND ’
were then in their prime
,
beauty and use ; their
fo r
of
first feathers were moulted at the end From January to
A pril
their
they were full mewers when -
,
were come ; and they became strong
and wild and almost unfit to tame ,
.
The peregrine fal c ons came c hiefly from Cyprus
A lexandri a,
and C andia but were sometimes found about
,
,
R avenna as if driven in by the weather ; they were ,
various
.
.
D ecember
feathers
ne w
the first year
the Ital ians said that hawks were
peculiarly subj e c t to disease From May till
.
c
of
olours — white russe t brown turtle and pure ,
,
,
white ; but these las t were rare and kept ,
,
fo r
princes
A
.
good haggard or peregrine falcon had a flat crown and ,
,
broad
fa n
W hite
linings to the thighs ; it moved its wings leisurely
-
tail a white garland environing the head and ,
,
and seldom and excelled most hawks at a long flight and ,
,
was less impetuous and rash than the falcon gentle though
a
large bird and with bigger talons ,
,
l
a
.
The B arbary fal c on was a small rare bird known by ,
its red plumes under the wing and used in May and June ; ,
it came c hiefly from the Levant but was not flown much ,
in
England
The
Gerfalcon
beautiful fist
,
and
.
o
f
was
,
however the largest and mo s t ,
all falcons sitting upright and stately on the ,
flying at anything particularly the heron crane ,
,
,
F RE NC H F AL C O N S
38 1
.
from
goose and bustard ; these birds were brought ,
Levant and N orway
A lexandria,
and sometimes from R ussia and
of
so fierce and hardy a nature that
They were
.
the
they were very diffic ult to reclaim requiring the gentle hand ,
of
a keeper who was c ourteous and full
of
patience
keen eyed brown plumed bird was used by the -
-
Emperor
R ussia to strike the raven ; Ivan Va glav ich making
of
h is u
,
This
.
woodmen cut down a pine
pon it
if
the prey took shelter
.
The Sacer was found in the Levant and ,
used
w as
against the h are the chough the partridge the kite and ,
,
,
the bittern ; it was supposed to breed
in
,
R ussia
To
.
attract the kite towards this fal c on the huntsm an tied a foxtail
rock
W here
The in
c
to the leg
of
a mallard and let it fly beneath the ,
the kite dwelt
La ne r s
.
built in France in high trees and forests or ,
rows nests in c li ffs near the sea ’
pheasant
,
ba re ,
an
than other falcons
d
.
They killed the
law and would endure coarser food
c
,
they were known by their white heads
and short thick beak ; they were colour spotted with white ,
.
o
f
a mottled and russet
Unlike the falcon gentle
,
they could not be won by kindness but were sloth ful and ,
required severe keepers The Tunisian falcon was u sed
for
the hare
.
,
.
w as
a bird
of
sluggish flight and ,
3 82
S
HAK S P ERE S E NG L A ND ’
.
The small merlins were used to strike thrushes larks ,
sparrows and partridges being ,
,
fie rce r
,
and hotter in flight
than any other hawks ; they were however so ,
,
difiicult
to tame that in the cage they would o ften in a rage tear ,
,
off
,
their own feet
They
.
w
ere little bigger than pigeons;
but very blood thirsty and cruel in the pursuit and nim -
,
bler than any other bird u pon the wing The Hobby was the smallest the highest yello w
all hawks
,
ye t
one
of
the breast was spotted and the legs
fly e rs ;
,
These hawks were
.
of
.
c
arried by men
who
went
out with nets and span iels and who sent the bird aloft to ,
drive
th e
larks to the ground when they were captured ,
.
Sometimes the fal c oner held the hobby on his fist and ,
merely showed it to the bird whom he then caught with ,
a running noose and pole fmm d
in Persia
E urope
,
.
The Tercel hawks were
Gree c e , Africa,
and in many parts
of
The male was c alled the tercel and was used ,
.
particularly against the partridge ; the heaviest were generally the best and the finest came fro m Ulster and ,
Tyrone
.
The signs
of
a good bird were clear eyes a small head ,
,
long ne ck long thighs and hard flesh ; he must be eager ,
,
to feed patient and fierce ,
,
.
the falconer to darken the suddenly ;
if
One test m e w,
of
courage was
for
and then touch the bird
it leapt at once to its feet without fear it was
s n Ax e
3 34
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
.
tied to high perc hes lest they should hang themselves
,
nor so near together as to fight and pe c k each other
.
At
fal cons
the flight he had to keep his
groun d that he might help his brother
tied on the
fal coner
At th e
.
river side he had to re c all his hawk in time enough to -
’
prevent any in terferen c e with other men s flights and to ,
be cautious not its full height
to
pull down his bird u ntil it had risen to
.
He was also obliged with medicines
for h is
have his pouch well supplied hawks — mummy powder washed to
,
aloes cloves nutmegs and s affron : besides this he carried ,
,
,
,
a store of lures hoods jesses coping irons to clip the hawk s ’
,
,
,
,
beaks and talons cauterizing
buttons
,
iron and silver tools
” ,
and many small
.
To keep a hawk in good condition it was held advisable ,
not to fly it at first more than
,
flights in a morning,
tw o
as it made it greedy and more willing to mount and ,
h old
staunchly after its prey : a young hawk was spoiled
by being flown above little brooks g ulleys and places ,
,
much sh aded with bus h and tree as suc h plac es required the use of the dogs and muc h noise and clamour which ,
,
thwarted the hawk in its flight
.
The sign of a bad hawk was when it played ,
Turbe rv ille , p 78 .
.
th e
slug
F L I GH T
THE
AT
H ER O N
3 85
.
gard and would not mount hovering and winding like a ,
kite and flying from the lure ; this was often the fault ,
the falconer
,
if he
had kept his b ird too hungry and let it ,
fly too soon or too late : it was the duty c
of
o
f
fal
a good
oner to observe at what hour and in what weather each
particular bird
fle w
best ;
th e
constant punishment
for
lazy bird was to hood it at once and keep it without food ,
a
.
.
The flight at the heron was considered the noblest and stateliest flight but not one requiring much education in ,
the bird
The heron returned to the
.
the beginning
of
English
rivers about
Marc h ; and the youn g falcons were
prac tised upon a heron whose beak was sheathed in a reed so that it could not hurt its enemy w ith
it was then rewarded
its brains and heart with which it was ,
glove
If herons
.
falconer
,
fe d
u
pon the
were scarc e as they generally were the ,
,
covered the heron s head and ne k ’
c
with
’
calf s
skin keeping a live pigeon under its wing to reward the ,
bird
for
d ays ,
its readiness to attack
the falcon
w as
.
After
doing this several
at last flown at the unguarded bird
,
the keeper taking care to hurry soon to the rescue and ,
disable the heron that it m ight not kill its assailant Fran c e
it was usual to let
the crane and in ,
the lark or linnet The VO L I .
.
me w
England
fly
.
In
three hawks at once against
a whole cast
of
merlins even at
.
or yard where hawks were kept lured and C C
3 86
S
HAK SP ERE S E NGL A ND ’
manned was a place c arefully tended ,
begun about St The best
me w
.
George
was a
’
s
low
Day,
.
The mewing season
.
of
and in the middle
chamber
concourse and fac ing the north ,
.
fa r from
,
April
.
any noise or
In the mid dle stood a
table six feet broad with a rim round it four fingers high ; ,
,
this enclosure was filled with sand and gravel with free ,
stone pillars about a cubit long to whic h the birds were ,
tied
enough apart to prevent quarrels
far
,
liked
for
the stone they
its c oolness ; the gravel th ey swallowed to help
digestion ; and the sand assisted in clearing out their mews : the leash freely
of
the falcon was tied to a ring that ran
round a cord that girded the stone
At
.
birds hoods were removed and they were also ’
,
headed
night the fe d
bare
.
good falconer slept in the mew to separate any hawks
A
that might quarrel ; it was better to have a fresh room for every bird but with di v isions ; four might be kept in the ,
same enc losure ; each bird required t welve foot space and ,
eac h east
me w
for
two windo w s one north ,
warmth ; each bird had
for
t wo
coolness the other ,
perches one ,
windo w and every week baths were set ,
fe d
were
for
for
each
them ; they
through a small door by the falconer s boys who ’
,
used a stick a foot and a half long upon which the ,
hawk s meat was bound to prevent the bird ’
away
.
dragging
it
E NGL AND
’
S H AK s P E R E s
as s
birds were from
with cut meat and taught not to hide it
fe d
the keeper
.
,
.
The taming a hawk required great patience and j udg ment in a falconer ; nor
w as
his task without labour : no
mother wi t h her first child could spend more time upon of
her care than this overlaboured retainer
the noble ; he
had to watch thr ee days and nights the bird which he had first hooded taking ,
o
ff
the covering to feed her and ,
gradually as she be c ame more acquainted with him and rathertamer removing it more frequently and in places ,
,
more or less frequented ; the birds then had to be taught to c ome to his fist to be
fe d,
and instructed to mount the
perch by having a live pullet tied to it on which it was ,
allowed to gorge : the lure
w as
rendered attractive in the
same way : the bird then was trusted with a wider liberty
,
and brough t to attend to its keeper s c all twice a day each ’
,
time at a longer distance and it was then taught to fly to ,
the fal c oner fowl
.
Now the real practice commenced : a live ,
was first released and the hawk
wa s
,
allowed to seize
it and was always gorged with it upon its lure ,
the end
of
,
fe d
At
about forty days it was c onsidered a thoroughly
trained bird but before being taken to the field and
.
with clean meat
.
Turberville , p 1 99 .
.
w as
bathed
R IVER S POR T In train ing a hawk
for
3 89
.
river sport it was necessary to
let the bird into the wind and teach it to strike its prey ,
away from the water decoying it down
w ith
,
if it
a live fowl
refused to come or remained still in any degree wild
The flight at the heron
w as
the
c
rowning sport
.
of
falconry ; and a falcon that could strike the spear beaked -
bird was reserved
for
this sport alone
,
for
that a hawk accustomed to dare the heron
it was found
if
on c e taught
to attack hum bler prey turned sluggard and lost its coura e g
.
The flight to the field was a distinct sport from a flight to the ri v er
The hawks trained to the latter were
.
al
way s
ac c ompanied by spaniels and taught to know the dogs ,
and to like to be amongst them and the dogs in the same ,
man ner were taught to know the birds by being constantly kept in their company
.
The hawks were instructed by
being at first gorged and the reward gradually diminished being then it killed
fe d
with the head and brain s
every fowl
.
The third description flight
of
,
flight was called the great
In this the victims were cranes wild geese
.
bus t ards
of
,
,
birds
fp
o
a r a dis e
,
bitterns and s hovellers whic h ,
were hun ted either with or without dogs
,
.
’
In the old barons m ansions there were generations of s
ervants
wh o
spent their lives in nursing hawks C C
3
.
.
E NGL AND
’
SH AK SP ER E s
390
The
followmg
.
description by a royal falconer
,
,
of
h ow
to make a hawk bold and hardy and love its prey will ,
,
convey some impression children If
all
d ay
of
th e
o
f
,
the way in which the fierc e
crag and forest were nursed and fondled
you would have your hawk hardy
,
keep
.
her often
long upon your fist and feed her with pul let flesh ,
early in the morning ; then set her abroad in the sun
,
with water before her that she may
dr ink
’
and bathe as ,
hawks do love ; then take your hawk upon your fist and ,
keep her there till bed time and then leave a candle ,
be fore her that she may wake all night morning hour ;
,
if
if
,
,
not spirt over her with wine and water then ,
,
sun
then let her fly feed
Then in the
she hath bathed set her in the sun for an
set her in the .
.
or before the fire till she be well an d
gorge her but if she kill nothing ,
her with a simple leg
running wate r ;
reward her if she kills
o
f
a
hen
washed in clean
the next day fly her again and
and,
The only danger
dry :
,
” .
in
this plan was that it sometimes
Weakened the bird so muc h that it
prey and it then lost courage ,
It was not unusual
for
w as
unable to kill
its
.
’
the falcon e r to take his falcon s
first victim and sprinkle the raw flesh with cinnamon and sugar candy for this ,
game
e v e r a ft erw ards .
m ade
the bird prefer that sort of
3 92
S
both
o
f
HAK S P ERE S E NGL AND ’
them so that when the bird ,
fle w
.
to a bush to feed
quietly on its prey the bells might betray it to the for
coner ;
fal
in trying to scratch up the hood the truant
bird betrayed itsel f to its master
.
B irds that bore the
hood with patienc e were preferred to the
fie rce r
ones as ,
they could be carried better in the rain and the falconer '
could cover them with his c loak
and they did not weary
themselves by struggling and pecking at the fist Some hawks were others c
The
.
W ilder
of
.
course much easier tamed than
bird
,
if
it refused food had to be "
,
oaxed in various ways : the falconer first rubbed its feet
with warm flesh
,
c
hirping and whistling as he rubbed ;
at other ti mes he held a live bird to its be ak or bruised it against its perch till it cried upon which the sulker ,
would often strike it wi t h its talon s and begin to feed
.
’
Sometimes the falconer would pick a live bird s breast bare and invite the hawk to eat ,
It was a good sign diat e ly
to eat
.
if
.
a new caught bird began imme -
When it began to feed and come to the
’
keeper s chirrup or whistle the hood being
fe d
every time it
w as
w as
put on the bird
hooded to give it a liking to ’
the custom and taking care that the hood ,
,
w as
large
and
did not hurt the eyes : when it got very tame and eager for
prey the eyes were unsewn —the falconer watching all ,
night talking to it and accustoming it to voices and ‘
,
HO W T O
sounds and
now
,
RE C L AI M
39 3
.
and then putting on the hoo d
.
It was
thought t horoughly manned ( or tamed ) when it would allo w the hood to be put on and off before company bating (ruffling) The falconer had next to keep the al most reclaimed
Without
.
bird all night on a tressel by his bed s head waking her ’
,
often and
feeding
unhooded or every act
of
s aw
her with live doves when she was
any one approaching —in
obedienc e or gentleness
fac t, for
.
The holes in the eyelids had then to be healed the ,
falconer
s
p it ting
water upon her head that she might rub
her eyes with her wings
He began then to tie a line
.
d istances ,
round his bird and trust it to short and rewarding it
for
A
ne w
o
f
it
every flight and feeding it with live ,
birds when it c ame to his whistle fly to him out
bathing
It was next taught to
.
a tree as he sat on horseback
.
reclaimed bird was generally flown with at first
before sunset feed ;
fo r
at this time the bird
w as
most
eager and sharpest set At noon the sun heat made her fierce and drove her to .
,
wild flight and towering fevers but at evening the near ,
time
of
roosting rendered its loss less possible
fa lconer chose a champaign country
far from
.
the woods ;
then the spaniels were uncoupled and the bird cast ,
whe n the partridge sprang
,
w hirring
up
.
If
Th g
o
ff,
it killed its
S HA
39 4
prey
,
th e
K SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
.
hawk was rewarded on the ground with the head
brains nec k and breast ,
,
o
f
the bird
The keeper then
.
mounted his horse and c alled his hawk rewarding it
if it
,
,
came
,
.
It was held of great consequence that a hawk should not fail in
its first flight at great birds as this spoiled its ,
courage ; and onc e well entered at great game it was ,
quickly taught s id e r e d
to
fly at small birds
no flight so pleasant as that
after the lark or linnet
.
Old falconers con
.
of
the sparrow haw k -
Two would sometimes fly together
,
and one drive the prey down to the o ther the lark running ,
among the horses rather than be taken by the hawk Great
c
.
are was taken in watching the feathers of hawks ;
lime and dirt
w as
removed from them by washing ; bruised
plumes were straitened and broken ones were mended ,
and needles thr ust into them ; lost quills we re replaced, and others substituted by a pro c ess called imping A falcon required quite different treatment fro m a hawk .
,
,
though it also had its j esses leash and bewets ; the keeper ,
s
,
.
for fear
troked it with a little stick
of
its beak
,
for
the
more a bird was handled the gentler and more familiar it became A soar falc on was fe d with live pigeons and then with the heart of a pig or a sheep and hooded and nu .
,
,
hooded first in
in
a
dark place and gradually in the light
the presence of men
,
and
,
dogs
.
Over
w atching
Was
396
S
HAK S P ERE S E NGL A ND ’
.
tented themselves by throwing the hawk a hurt fowl and ,
so drawing it away from the che c k
.
The falcon was trained to the dangerous c hase
of
the
heron by being taught to play with a bruised and wounded ,
bird and afterwards being ,
row
of
the wing bone
fe d
of
the end
At
.
with its heart and the mar t wo
or three days
the young falcon c ould be trusted to attack an uninjured heron but was generally first flown in company with another hawk at a timid and cowering bird ,
.
Great
pains was taken by the falconer to make his birds
sociable and fond
of
play ing together
wildest bird and tamest bird were and with the same piece bird was set out
for
of
meat
To e ffect this the
.
,
fe d
on the same perch
Sometimes the unruly
.
several hours on a frosty night and ,
the tame bird warmed at the fire ; the result
of
this was
,
that when they were both put back to their perch the ,
w ild
bird hud dled close to his companion to obtain warmth
and so they became friends
A fter
.
,
two or three nights
they were put out together in the cold till they gradually grew fond
o
f perching
together
The young sparrow hawk c one rs ,
.
w as
trained by Italian
fal
who first threw them quails with their feathers half
pulled out ; then
fe d
them with one that had been injured
and lastly with the wild bird ,
w as usual
.
If the
,
bird flew at a check it
to b e at her with it on the head and then to hood ,
F LY I NG
A T T HE
her without food or fondling
C
R ANE
39 7
.
Falcons were also taught
.
.
with counterfeit cranes and stuffed hares ; the latter were fa stened
tied by a string
to the falconer s saddle the horse ’
,
galloping to give it motion with the
The
.
hawk was then unhooded
,
B ack with the greyhounds back with the
cr
y
,
greyhounds
and rewarded when it struc k the prey
.
It
.
was then tried with a wounded leveret and taught to sur ,
render
it
came up
'
at the shout
of
B ack, back !
”
when the dogs
.
In flyin g at the par tridge or pheasant the hawk was ,
trained to take rest
in
a tree or
lure when the falconer c ried hey ho ! instead
”
of
If
,
bush ,
and to come to the
Ho bird ho ! hey ho bird ,
,
,
the hawk o ffered to carry
off
,
its game
strikin g it to the ground its talons were blunted
and clipped
,
.
The crane
generally pursued before sunrise as it
w as
was a sluggish
,
fly e r ;
the hawks were aided by greyhounds
in this flight which was seldom practised more than once ,
a day ; but
of
other flights a falcon could make ten
single hawking by being
fe d
if it
flight ; this
.
Hawks were made eager
early in the morning
It was held courage
,
of
for
in
a
the chase
.
’
great importance to recover a bird s
had been d epressed by a wound or failed in a
w as done
by allowing her to kill some easy
’
K SPERE S E NGL AND
S HA
393
victim and then to gorge its full ,
fle w
the sun in its back as it A nother
way
of
.
The goshawk required
.
.
training a hawk was
to
put a bird in a
hole in th e field and then to c over it over ,
w ith
a small
board to whi c h a string was tied ; the dogs were soon loosed the hawk unhooded and the bird released as if the ,
,
,
sp aniels had sprung it the hawk being allowed to feed ,
u
pon it as soon as it was struck
feed
.
It was held necessary to
a hawk more when it stru c k a c o c k than a hen and ,
to allow no new tame falcon to kill any but old birds
.
For the hawk the keeper would turn a wild duck on the water near a spot where some bushes might afford covert ,
for
his fal c on
falconer
.
As
soon as the hawk saw the duck the
beat a drum to frighten the b ird up and prevent ,
its diving In flying at the .
bare
it was requisite to furnish the bird
with some s afeguard against the hare s struggles ’
.
A fal
coner always carried some live thing in his pouch to reward h is
bird in case it ,
m issed
its prey ; sometimes training it
by tur ning out live birds before it with meat tied to their backs
.
A falconer s ’
duties were endless :
if
he was training a
young bird he had to rise early and taking it ,
hours on his fist to tap and stroke its
,
w ings
for
two
that it might
s n Ax e
4 00
E NGL AND
’
RE s
hawk to fly first at dab chicks -
,
for fear
.
that the stronger
birds might escape and discourage it and in order that ,
it might be taught to abandon all unc ertain prey cries on this occasion were
“ ,
”
Hey gar ! gar gar ! this ,
Wh y
was when the hawk first left the fist and ,
loo
Whist 1
” "E
and
The triumph
o
fa
The
.
was the note
of
recall
10 0 ,
why
.
good hawker was to be able to stop a
almost in its full flight and make it return to the
falcon
,
lure by whooping and whirling the hawker s glove round ’
the head
.
A mong
other precautions taken by the prudent falcone r
it was necessary to dry a hawk a fter its bathing
,
pull out some
of
and
to
its larger feathers to make the molt
quicker giving it water very seldom not more than ,
,
on c e a fortnight
.
Hawks were subject to many diseases T required great watc hfulness and according to their colour were treated ,
,
,
w ith
d ifferent
s ide re d
pepper
,
,
medicines : the black falcons being con ,
melancholic had hot and moist medic ines as aloes ,
c
,
ocks flesh and pigeons
white falcons as
’
,
matic had hot and dry ,
,
medi c ines,
,
p hle g
as spices and goats
’
flesh ; russet falc ons as choleric with cold medicines as ,
tamarinds vinegar ,
&c
,
Turberv ill e , p 1 5 1 .
,
,
.
These pet birds were subject to 1 Ibid '
.
.
p 21 5 .
.
Hw
s
’
Wo u ND s
40 1
.
agues epilepsy apoplexy giddiness catarac t pip worms ,
disease
,
o
f
,
,
,
,
the liver corns cold cancers and gout ,
of
In cases
,
,
,
,
.
severe wounds the falconer us e d his buttons
and cauterising tools which he always carried in the case ,
which held his knives and s c issors
.
Hawks frequently re ceive d dreadful inj uries from the heron s beak were bruised against a bush or even by ’
,
,
in
being shaken was hot oil loss
o
f
.
the falconer s bag : the co m mon remedy ’
Extraordinary
care was taken to prevent the
a feather and barley corns or small pellets
o
-
,
,
f
were plac ed in the holes to prevent their closing till feathers
appeared
the root away
the
of
of
,
ne w
Sometimes aqua v itae was poured on
.
the quill and
root
lard
c
losed in with
w ax,
to bring
the old feather ; broken plumes in the
wing were mended with feathers from other birds which ,
were gummed into the hollow of the lost ones
.
Sometimes
the real and false feathers were sewn together by the quill
—som etimes s pported by a thin slip
of
u
,
light wood while ,
occasionally a small needle was used as the support
.
N ot un frequen tly a hawk over matc hed was com pletely
spiked and driven to the ground bleeding and unfeathered * ,
On these occasion s when ,
substituted the feathers
the
of
.
tail was lost the falconer ,
a j ay which were carefully ,
T urbe rville , p 205 .
VO L
.
I
.
D D
.
E NGL AND
’
s HA K SP E R E s
40 2
in
inserted
the quills
with the yolk
of
egg
of
.
the old plumes and gummed on ,
.
Tu rberville much insists on a falconer being always provided with imping n eedles to serve -
,
h is
own turn
,
or
to len d to his companions ; so says the writer on Veneris ,
with honest earnestness greatly : by
m eans
it shall redound to his credit
“ ,
thereof he shall be accounted a gallant
gentleman and good fello w
” .
We must now hasten on to nobler g am e to c onsider the laws
of
,
a nd
proceed
stag hunting -
The white hounds or ,
.
gre ffie rs
came from Normandy ;
the fallow hounds were red and swifter and hotter ,
in th e
chase than white dogs but c ould not endure heat so well ,
Th e d un
,
,
of
other colours ; they were not
scent and feared nei ther water ,
.
The test n
.
of
,
swift but very good
The St Hubert dogs were gene
.
rally black but o ften cold
.
hounds were the favourite dogs of Franc e but
cou ld not wind or turn
n or
,
of
a good dog
was
that he had a long head
,
ostrils wide and large ears ; the haunches large the tail ,
,
tapering straight hams and thick legs ,
A
,
.
huntsman s first duty in a morning after he had ’
cleaned out his kennel was to call his houn ds together Turbe rville
’
s
Nobl e Art o f Ve ne rie
p 5 .
.
SH A K e
404
Another
means
o
f
E NGL A ND
’
RE s
.
tracking them was by the
breach
” ,
or boughs which their horns had torn down ; but this could not be done in the mewing season from March to June ,
The width and height
of
.
the openings they made in the
wood frequently gave the age and height
of
the deer
.
The s t ep was another indic ation and long steps between the slots augured well for the d ay s hunt ,
’
.
If a h untsman could discover an opening where a deer of
had passed he could tell by the height ,
ferns
h eight
he had torn down the ,
the frayings or marks
o
f
o
f
th e
’
the animal s body ;
’
a deer s horn upon a tree trunk
were also infallible signs to the pra c tised eye different seasons
At
brake and
of
the year
sought in very d ifferent places
.
.
the deer had to be
After
the rutting season
they were found browsing the heather especially when ,
th e
sun grew hot ; in
D ecember
w ithdre w in
they
herds
into the woo ds to escape the cold and feed on the e lder trees and brambles which still remained gre e n and if they ,
failed on mos s and bark ,
In
.
January they drew into small comp anies and betook
themselves to the pasture s ;
in
y oung
co rnfie ld s
and the old winter
February or March to the colewort patches or
to the young saplings in the meadows and in ,
Turbe rville
'
s
Ve ne rie , p 73 .
.
April
or May
H u N T S MAN s D U T I ’
ES
40 5
.
the y hid themselves in the thickets generally near some ,
feeding
spring occ as ionally tares ,
among the open pease or
.
In
June July and ,
,
A ugust
they frequented the copses
cornfie ld s
(except the rye and barley ) but in the rutting season they had no c ert ain haunt The huntsman s duty commenced the night be fore the and
,
.
’
hunt
Immediately after s upper he went to his master s ’
.
chamber or to the Mas ter
of
,
th e
Games if
he were the
’
King s servant and learnt in what direction he wished to ,
h u nt on the morrow going soon to bed that he might rise ,
early and
When he woke he drank a good draught
.
fe d
his d ogs ; then filling his own bottle ,
,
of
be
his dog s nostrils with vinegar to improve his scent
wine
washed
’
.
To meet a hare or partridge was thought an evil sign .
since suc h timid cre atur es would have fled be fore the d eer ;
It
but to meet a
fox
or rave n was held a good omen
.
necessary to take care not to get to the spring
w as
too soon
for fear
,
elsewhere
the deer might be alarmed and go
.
When the huntsman found a slot he began to beat the thicket holding ,
h is
were fresh and the
dogs back observing ,
de w
if
the tracks
was still on them — not caring
T urbe rv ille
’
s
Ve ne rie , p 76
D D
.
3
.
4 06
if
S
there were
c
HA K SP ERE S E NGL AND ’
obwebs over them or ,
water sinc e that might be the
a
fe w
of
minutes
.
the kee n est nose were not used being too
of
,
for
impatien t
full
they were
of
w ork
,
Hounds
if
.
the dull scent
of
the morning
When the
.
pric ker had dis c overed a hart and harboured him he ,
m arked
round the
c
all his c
,
d oubl ings
for
his
fe w m art s
,
place
of
rafty and full c
areless
of
stratagem
h untsman
a woodsman
m arked
o
f
the The
.
’
the deer s
,
.
satisfied himself with the merest
,
w ished
.
to find a hart by the eye he ,
the trac ks over night rose two hours before day ,
approa ching the
an d ,
for
exit and entrance because old harts were
slot and trusted too much to his hound If
m arked
hase knowing the deer would repeat them
freshest
A
and
and subtleties to be p repared
huntsman always made s ure before he left c
then beat
overt in ring walks to be sure the hart had
not es c aped ; then searc hed real
he
the place by breaking down twigs ;
crept to
th e
c
,
overt left his dog with his boy ,
,
spring and hid behind a tree —marking the ,
hart c ome to drink and observing his size and horns ; he ,
then observed the pl a c e and waiting half an hour went ,
for
his dog and trac ed the lair always carrying home ,
some lair
,
,
that
o
if
f
the
fe w m art s in
his horn
In going towards the
.
he heard the pies or j ays he hid hi mself again as
w as
,
,
a sign the deer
w as
still
a
-
foot
.
E NG L A ND
’
S H A KS P E R E s
4 08
.
boughs were called blemishes ; the cry to the dogs was There boy there ! to ,
huntsman
h im,
to
h im,
,
to him !
particular to mark the colour
w as
”
o
The true f
coat whether sallow brown black or dun ,
,
,
bellowed ; a bu c k alway s
,
belled
“
,
the hart s ’
A
.
hart
when a deer took to
the water he was said to take soil ; and when he came out ,
,
to break water On
A
.
all occasions
hart o
f
flayed and a
w as
,
of
great hunting relays
were sent to various parts
men
bare
of
stripped
.
horses and
the wood before
daylight every man with his horn round his neck and ,
his flask
at
his pommel ; these horsemen had to prevent
che c ks and separate the deer ,
pursue d by the .
if
more than one
w as
while the pric ker on horseback
bo u nd s ;
carried hunting poles to beat back the boughs
Th ey
.
then surrounded the c overt sending in the huntsman with ,
if
a dog in leash to course the deer and ,
when he c ame
to the lair it were empty he l aid his cheek or hand to it ,
to find
if
it was still warm crying to his hound ,
began to whimper
“
,
my boy ! to
h im
B ack back ! soft soft ! ,
knave
”
ware ware ! or blowing ,
,
”
,
or for
“
if
it ’
or
That s
Look ware look ware ,
the hounds shouted ,
,
,
C ome
near come near with the hounds ,
Old dee r were full
o
f
s ubtleties lying down in their ,
lairs with their feet drawn under them and often escaping ,
the notice
of
the hounds even at a foot distance ; some
HAR T
A T BAY.
4 09
times they turned and doubled and many went always in ,
distract
pairs that they might if pursued divide and ,
,
the
attention of the pursuers ; at other times they would join the herd
an d
betake themselves to a high road where the ,
scent would be lost ; their last hope was to fly to a river of
that they might break the line often perished at bay
When the scent
scent and there they ,
.
w as
lost the huntsman gave his whole ,
attention to the oldest and most tr usty hounds and as soon ,
one gave tongue he ble w his horn and set
as
cryin g
Hyke a Talbot
,
him to ,
if
h im
or
,
The deer it was found
,
,
,
,
,
To him
,
,
the hunt
Hyke a B eaumont ! to
there was a counter he cried
boys ! a counter to him to him s
,
on
eldom ran so well in a northe rn and southerly wind as in
an
east or westerly
.
Old deer often pretended to be exhausted ; but the true s igns
of
a failing deer were when he held his head
low
and his legs reeled his mouth grew black and his tongue ,
,
hung out dry and without foam A
hart at bay
w as
.
always dangerous ; but particularly
at the rutti ng season when his horns were thought to be ,
’
poisonous according to the huntsman s old adage : ,
“
If th ou be h u r t '
w ith
B u t barbe r s h an d
h art it brings th e e t o th y bie r, w ill boar s h ur t h e al ; th e re of th e n '
ne
ve r
fe ar
” .
When a horse took to the wate r the huntsman got a ,
S HA K e
41 0
E NGL A ND
’
EE s
.
boat and killed him where he met him or else allowing him to c ome on land cu t at him with his sword as he leapt ,
on the bank : the bay not dangerous as
in
,
a tree and
c ut
,
if
there was any covert near was ,
that event the woodman stole behind ’
t he
creature s throat
.
The breaking up the dead deer
was a ceremony
of
great importance : the huntsmen present at the fall blew the horn and whooped the dead mort to call the ,
bounds
and summon their companions : the chief hunter having arrived
dogs
t he
,
w ere
allowed to tear at the buck
moment and were then coupled ,
o
ff
for
a
till the reward came ;
green boughs were then cut and the stag laid upon them ,
with his four feet in the air and the chief hunter kneeling ,
down cut
off
the right fore foot and presented it to the ,
king or the c hief noble present ; next drawing his hunting ,
knife the huntsman slit the dead animal from his throat ,
to his belly and ,
,
c
utting
o ff
the hoo fs removed all the ,
skin leaving only the head ears and tail ,
a bowl
o
f
wine was called
tradition among the lovers broke
,
,
u
p
o
a deer before he
the venison never kept long
for, f
B e fore this
,
it being a wide spread -
v e n e rie ,
h ad
.
that
if
a forester
taken a draught
of
wine
.
In royal huntings a chafi ng dish was Turbe rvill e , p 1 32. .
lit,
and the choices t
E NG L AND
S H A E EP E R E E
u2 .
with a blast w ith
of
.
horns con cluded by throwing it to the pack
Here again boys ! here again ! now ending by turning the cold deer s skin upon them
a
o f,
cr
y
”
now I
,
“
,
,
’
.
This however Was the Fren c h manner : the English huntsman always began when the deer fell by handing ,
,
his wood kni fe was called
the chief person present to take what
to
-
,
,
of
brisket to see the depth o ff
in
the assay which consisted
,
the
fat ;
slitting the
the assayer then
cu t
the stag s head to try the goodness of his hun ting sword ’
,
and the strength all c lumsy cuts
o
f
his arm ; there were forfeitures
for
.
wit h
The royal huntings were attended
'
ce rt ain
dinners which were c onducted by stric t rule ,
pic
nic
.
They generally sele c ted a shady spot 1 by the side of some spring that ,
,
was not seen could be heard trickling
if it
,
through the wood
here the b utler bringing his mules or ,
carts wi t h pasties barrels and sand and camphor to cool ,
the wine
,
c
,
,
arefully placed their
water ; he then spread his
clot
flagons
h u p on
in the adj acent
the banks which the ,
cook covered with cold capons pigeon pies hams meats -
,
tongues
,
,
,
.
The banquet done the huntsmen came forward and ,
,
fe wmart s
kneeling presented the
Turbervill e , p 1 34 .
o ut
o
f
1 Ibid
their horns on
’
.
.
p 92 .
.
’
E UNr s MA N s '
L A NGUA GE
41 3
.
leaves the king then choosing which deer he would hunt ,
that morning
.
report of a huntsman on such an occasion as we
Th e
have described will give some idea of the hunting language ,
of
that day
.
Here are fewmets of a hart of ten my lord that I hav e harbour ed : I went this morning on the quest and my ,
,
,
hound soon scenting some beas t I held ,
h im
short and
drew afte r him when I saw the hart feeding hard by ; and ,
ifakins
but his head
’
w as
high and l ar ge and well palmed ; ,
he bore eight and ten and he seemed well fed ; then I ,
harboured him ; and found these fewmets and the slot ; the toes were large ; the joint bones round and short ; the shin bones great ; the hollow
de w
claws close and the
fo ot
” .
Wonderful things were reported
of
the
h art
it was
:
said to have a bone in its he art good for tremor cordis ; ,
the flesh of its head was a c ure
for
the bites
the burnt horn cured worms while the ,
reme dy
for
the gout
of
serpents
grease
was a
.
’
T urberville tells many reliable stories of the hart s saga city ;
he
had seen deer hun ted which were killed by fis h e r
men ten miles at sea ; they were said to shun a c opse if the huntsman merely spit on a leaf ; they were fiercest about the
iutting '
time and in the ,
middle
of September
.
S HAK S P E R E S E NGL A ND ’
41 4
They shed their horns m iddle
o
f
in February
.
and Marc h and by the ,
June the new antler c eased to gro w
D uri : g
.
the mewing se ason they hid themselves in thic kets but ,
appeared again about the end
o
f
July and began to ,
burnish their horns by rubbing them against trees and c
lay banks The age
.
o
f
a deer was known by its
born
at the end
:
of
the second year it had its first head at the third year six ,
bran c hes at the fo urth ten at the fi fth t welve ,
,
,
at
the
sixth fourteen and at the seventh the full beamed head ,
Every fresh
spike
of
the horn had its
peculiar
ow n
The old hare hunting lasted from September to when the wild flowers began to destroy the scent The c eremony at the death imposing as th at at the death c ut c
keep
hazel wands to
o
all to summon the field
dead
” ,
o
ff
,
~
f
o
f
.
April,
.
the hare was not so
a stag : the huntsman first
the dogs and ble w the death ,
c
rying all the while
“
Dead ,
stroking the best hounds and showing them the ,
hare ; he then skinned the hare and hung the gall and the ,
fur in
in a tree that the pack might not eat it dipped bread ,
,
’
the hare s blood and ,
fe d
the dogs ; and lastly tying ,
,
a
cord to the body to prevent any one hound seizing all Turbe rv ille , p 5 3 .
.
.
S HAK SP E R E S E NGL AND ’
41 6
m ore
amusement practised by not men one whipping
u
,
form
.
wallets
If o
than two or three hunts
the hound and another seeking the ,
they had young houn ds they carried with them ,
f food for
here now !
p
.
”
or
,
reward — the cries were
C overt
,
c
hard riding -
,
fence
,
,
quite unknown
.
,
-
Here
overt hyke in hyke in !
Here she sat here she sat to her again ! ,
,
splintering
,
n ow,
or
Our present
dare devil hunting was -
A C A T A LO G UE
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C L A S S IF I E D C hron ol ogy
IN D E X
nglo Saxons P age Turner s AMiddle A lair s T ables ges Sacred H i story of the World BHunsen s A ncient E ypt A ustrian C ourt V aydn s Index Swedish E mbassy W C hronolo Woods C rimean C ampaign Johns and yendar of V ictory N icola s Y ung s C hrist of H istory N icolaa s C hronology of H istory .
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