Transcript
VGA L2-2 Training Materials Basic Knowledge
CCER2-2 VER 1.2 ASUS Confidential
VGA Introduction Overview 1.
Image Basic --------------------------------P3~P26
2.
Graphics Card Component -------------P27~P36
3.
Interface ------------------------------------P37~P57
4.
VGA Products -----------------------------P58~P59
5.
Structure Explaining----------------------P60~P65
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VGA Introduction
1. Image Basic
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Equipment Image acquisition
Image display
Computer system
Image storage 4 ASUS Confidential
Sampling Analog to Digital(signal)
Sampling Pixel
Analog signal
Digital signal
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Sampling Analog to Digital(image)
Sampling Pixel
(a) Analog Frame
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(b) Digital Frame
Frame and Pixel 24 Pixel
20
row 24×20 column Frame 7
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Pixel
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Color Format RGB -R (Red) -G (Green) -B (Blue)
If R=G=B Gray level image R=G=B=0 Black R=G=B=1 White
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Color Image Color Images - R frame - G frame - B frame
+
+ R frame
G frame
B frame
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Color Image R Frame
G Frame
B Frame
R,G,B 3 gray-scale image B R
G
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Image File Format BMP(Windows Bit MAP) -Microsoft -2(1 bit) ~ 16777216(24 bits) colors GIF(Graphics Interchange Format ) -1987, CompuServe -256 ~ 16777216 colors -PC, UNIX (Workstation), MAC,…. -Lossless compression JPEG or JPG (Joint Photographic Experts Group ) -Loss compression
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Colors and Pixel -4 bit: 16 colors -8 bit 256 colors -16 bit 65536 colors -24 bit, 32 bit 16777216 colors
640×480 800×600 1024×768 1152×864 1280×1024 1600×1200
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Colors
24 bits 224=16777216
16 bits 216=65536 14
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Colors
4 bits 24=16
8 bits 28=256 15 ASUS Confidential
Resolution
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Resolution Table Review of Display Resolution Resolution Name Pixel Resolution Video Graphics Array(VGA) 640x480 Super VGA (SVGA) 800x600 Extended Graphics Array (XGA) 1024x768 1280x960 Super XGA (SXGA) 1280x1024 Ultra XGA (UXGA) 1600x1200 High-Definition TV (HDTV) 1920x1080 1920x1200 1920x1440 Quad XGA (QXGA) 2048x1536 Quad Super XGA (QSXGA) 2560x2048
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Resolution
640×480
1024×768
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800×600
Resolution
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Refresh Rate
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Glossary API(Application Programming Interface) Open GL(Open Graphics Library) DirectX Twin View
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API API(Application Programming Interface) -Graphics library interface -Don’t care hardware -3D software hardware(Graphic chip) -DirectX, Open GL, Glide,…..
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Open GL Open GL -(SGI)Silicon Graphics Inc. -2D & 3D API -Windows, Unix, OS/2 -120 libraries(functions) zoom in,zoom out, rotate, fog,………
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DirectX DirectX -Microsoft Platform -Game, multimedia -Direct Draw:Video interface -Direct 3D: 3D images -Direct Input:Joystick -Direct Play:Internet, communication -Direct Setup:Install, setup
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DirectX DirectX 7 DirectX 8 DirectX 9 DirectX 10 DirectX 11
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TwinView TwinView
Standard
Extended Desktop
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Clone
VGA Introduction
2.Graphics Card Component
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Graphics Card Component DVI-I connector for high quality LCD and 2nd VGA output
Video Memory Graphic Process Unit
Standard D-Sub VGA output
S-Video & Composite TV-out for bigger screen gaming and presentations 28
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PCI-Express
Graphics Card Component New 12V External Power Stylish and low-noise fan
HDMI
DDR5 1G Memory
Display port
PCI-Express
Dual digital DVI output for high quality LCD output
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What Is GPU? GPU= Graphics Processing Unit The heart of a graphics card, functions for generating and manipulating 3D graphics elements, rendering objects with shading, lighting, texture mapping and other visual effects Engine Clock: Speed of GPU (measured by “MHz”) Two major GPU vendors
= New AMD
+
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Graphics Controller 3D engine 2D acceleration AGP/PCI interface Local memory interface Video input interface Display interface (to monitor)
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Graphics Card Component local bus
local memory
VGA
TV output
RAM
encoder
DAC
MPEG accelerator
graphics controller
BIOS
clock generator
TV input processor
graphics chip
AGP or PCI
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RAMDAC RAMDAC
local memory
256x8 RAM (lookup table)
DAC
RED analog
256x8 RAM (lookup table)
DAC
GREEN analog
DAC
BLUE analog
256x8 RAM (lookup table)
local bus
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RAMDAC RAMDAC -RAM Digital/Analog Converter
Video RAM
RAMDAC Digital data
Analog data Monitor
GPU
GPU: Graphic Process Unit
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Video RAM Video RAM, also known as frame buffer, is used to store GPU processed or to be extracted data. The picture on screen is composed of many pixels, each pixel uses 4~32 bit or even 64 bit data to control its brightness and color, the data must be stored by RAM , and then allocated by GPU and CPU, the final computed outcome will be transformed into pictures to be output to monitor. There are two-type RAM used by graphics card: -SGRAM
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Video RAM -SDRAM --TSOP Package
--BGA Package
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3. Interface
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PCI-E Bus
12V Pins 1-2
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3.3V Pins 8
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AGP Bus
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AGP Bus AGP -Accelerated Graphics Port -Developed by Intel Corporation -Demands of 3D graphics data throughput
Spec
AGP 1.0
AGP 2.0
AGP 3.0
Voltage
3.3V
1.5V
0.8V
Data Strobes
AGP 1X AGP 2X
AGP 4X
AGP 8X
Clock
66MHz
66MHz
66MHz
Data Lines
32 bits
32 bits
32 bits
Bandwidth
266MB/s 533MB/s
1066MB/s
2133MB/s
Backward compatible
NA
Yes(AGP 1X)
Yes (Only backward compatible AGP 4X)
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PCI-Express 1.0 HOST BUS
North Bridge
PCI-E X16 PCI-E X16 BUS
PCI-E SLOT
Memory BUS
Bus Width
Clock
Bandwidth(Unidirectional)
Bandwidth(Bi-directional)
PCIE X1
8bits
2.5GHz
250MB/s
500MB/s
PCIE X2
8bits*2
2.5GHz
500MB/s
1GB/s
PCIE X4
8bits*4
2.5GHz
1GB/s
2GB/s
PCIE X8
8bits*8
2.5GHz
2GB/s
4GB/s
PCIE X16
8bits*16
2.5GHz
4GB/s
8GB/s
PCIE X32
8bits*32
2.5GHz
8GB/s
16GB/s
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PCI-Express 2.0
HOST BUS
North Bridge
PCI-E X16
Memory BUS PCI-E SLOT
PCI-E X16 BUS
Bus Width
Clock
Bandwidth(Unidirectional)
Bandwidth(Bi-directional)
PCIE X1
8bits
5GHz
500MB/s
1GB/s
PCIE X2
8bits*2
5GHz
1GB/s
2GB/s
PCIE X4
8bits*4
5GHz
2GB/s
4GB/s
PCIE X8
8bits*8
5GHz
4GB/s
8GB/s
PCIE X16
8bits*16
5GHz
8GB/s
16GB/s
PCIE X32
8bits*32
5GHz
16GB/s
32GB/s
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AGP and PCI-E
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Interface Buses Bandwidth Comparison PCI
133MB/s
AGP 8X
2133MB/s
PCI Express 1X
250 [500]* MB/s
PCI Express 2X
500 [1000]* MB/s
PCI Express 4X
1000 [2000]* MB/s
PCI Express 8X
2000 [4000]* MB/s
PCI Express 16X
4000 [8000]* MB/s
PCI Express 2.0 16X
8000 [16000]* MB/s
*PCI Express is a two-way serial connection. *In the table the first number is the bandwidth in one direction and the second number is the combined bandwidth in both directions.
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Connector S-Video VGA DVI HDMI HDTV Other Connectors Video Quality Rule of Thumbs
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Separate video Pin 1 GND - Ground (Y) Pin 2 GND - Ground (C) Pin 3 Y - Intensity (Luminance) Pin 4 C - Colors (Chrominance)
S-Video is commonly used throughout the world. It is found on consumer TVs, DVD players, high-end video cassette recorders, Digital TV receivrs, DVRs, and game consoles. Almost all TV-out connectors on graphics cards can support S-Video. S-Video cables are used for computer-to-TV output for business or home usage. Because it is very simple to convert S-Video to composite signal (just the logical merging of the two through a filter capacitor is required), many electronics retailers offer converter adaptors for signal conversion. No conversion will improve image quality, but will allow connecting to otherwise-incompatible devices. Converting composite signal to S-Video is a little harder, because once Luminance and Colour are merged it is hard to take them apart without loss. Due to a lack of bandwidth, S-Video connections are generally not considered suitable for high-definition video signals. As a result, HD sources are generally connected to a monitor by way of analogue component video or wideband digital methods (usually HDMI or DVI). ASUS Confidential
VGA Connector VGA -15 pin
1
10
6 11
1 6
5 10 11
15
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5 15
VGA connector 5
1
10 15
6 11
"VGA connectors" and their associated cabling are almost always used solely to carry analog component RGBHV (red - green - blue - horizontal sync vertical sync) video signals along with DDC2 digital clock and data.
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Pin 1 RED Red video Pin 2 GREEN Green video Pin 3 BLUE Blue video Pin 4 N/C Not connected Pin 5 GND Ground (HSync) Pin 6 RED_RTNRed return Pin 7 GREEN_RTNGreen return Pin 8 BLUE_RTNBlue return Pin 9 +5 V +5 V (DDC) Pin 10 GND Ground (VSync, DDC) Pin 11 N/C Not connected Pin 12 SDA I²C data Pin 13 H SyncHorizontal sync Pin 14 V SyncVertical sync Pin 15 SCL I²C clock
DVI DVI(Digital Video Interface) -Traditional (D-Sub Connector): (1).Video RAM GPU RAMDAC CRT(D-Sub Connector) (2).Video RAM GPU RAMDAC ADC LCD(D-Sub Connector)
-DVI:
Video RAMGPU LCD Loss
Lossless
Analog signal
Digital only(DVI-V) (24 PIN) 49 ASUS Confidential
Combined analog & digital (DVI-I,24+4 PIN)
Digital Visual Interface
The Digital Visual Interface (DVI) is a video interface standard designed to maximize the visual quality of digital display devices such as flat panel LCD computer displays and digital projectors. It was developed by an industry consortium, the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG). It is designed for carrying uncompressed digital video data to a display. It is partially compatible with the High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) standard in digital mode (DVI-D).
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Pin 1 TMDS Data 2-Digital red - (Link 1) Pin 2 TMDS Data 2+Digital red + (Link 1) Pin 3 TMDS Data 2/4 shield Pin 4 TMDS Data 4-Digital green - (Link 2) Pin 5 TMDS Data 4+Digital green + (Link 2) Pin 6 DDC clock Pin 7DDC data Pin 8 Analog vertical sync Pin 9 TMDS Data 1-Digital green - (Link 1) Pin 10 TMDS Data 1+Digital green + (Link 1) Pin 11 TMDS Data 1/3 shield Pin 12 TMDS Data 3-Digital blue - (Link 2) Pin 13 TMDS Data 3+Digital blue + (Link 2) Pin 14+5 VPower for monitor when in standby Pin 15 GroundReturn for pin 14 and analog sync Pin 16 Hot plug detect Pin 17 TMDS data 0-Digital blue - (Link 1) and digital sync Pin 18 TMDS data 0+Digital blue + (Link 1) and digital sync Pin 19 TMDS data 0/5 shield Pin 20 TMDS data 5-Digital red - (Link 2) Pin 21 TMDS data 5+Digital red + (Link 2) Pin 22 TMDS clock shield Pin 23 TMDS clock+Digital clock + (Links 1 and 2) Pin 24 TMDS clock-Digital clock - (Links 1 and 2) C1 Analog red C2 Analog green C3 Analog blue C4 Analog horizontal sync C5 Analog groundReturn for R, G and B signals
Display port DisplayPort is a digital display interface standard produced by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). It defines a royalty-free, digital audio/video interconnect, intended to be used primarily between a computer and its display, or a computer and a home-theater system. application:
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Display port
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Display port
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High-Definition Multimedia Interface Pin 1 TMDS Data2+
The High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a licensable compact audio/video connector interface for transmitting uncompressed digital streams. It represents the DRM alternative to consumer analog standards such as RF (coaxial cable), composite video, S-Video, SCART, component video and VGA, and digital standards such as DVI (DVI-D and DVI-I).
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Pin 2 TMDS Data2 Shield Pin 3 TMDS Data2– Pin 4 TMDS Data1+Pin 5TMDS Data1 Shield Pin 6 TMDS Data1– Pin 7 TMDS Data0+ Pin 8 TMDS Data0 Shield Pin 9 TMDS Data0– Pin 10 TMDS Clock+ Pin 11 TMDS Clock Shield Pin 12 TMDS Clock– Pin 13 CEC Pin 14 Reserved (N.C. on device) Pin 15 SCL Pin 16 SDA Pin 17 DDC/CEC Ground Pin 18 +5 V Power (max 50 mA) Pin 19 Hot Plug Detect
HDTV YPbPr = Component output
• Component output for 480i, 480p, 720p and 1080i • Video quality: Component > S-Video > Composite
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Other Connector
3D glasses output CCD/TV Box input VGA monitor output S-Video
TV output
Composite
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Video Quality Rule of Thumbs
<
<
Composite TV-Out < S-Video (black) < HDTV YPbPr (RGB) < VGA D-Sub (blue) < DVI (white) < Displayport (black) <= HDMI
<
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≦
4. VGA Products
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VGA 產品 MARS/2DI/4GD3
PCI-E N/A Mars Serial
EAH6850 DC/2DIS/1GD5
PCI-E N/A Serial Splendid HD Serial XG Station Serial
XG Station Splendid MA3850M
AGP N/A Serial
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5. Structure Explaining
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H/W Architecture
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New
Bandwidth-------AGP AGP 1X = 66MHz*4Byte*1 = 266MB/sec AGP 2X = 66MHz*4Byte*2 = 533MB/sec AGP 4X = 66MHz*4Byte*4 = 1.066GB/sec AGP 8X = 66MHz*4Byte*8 = 2.133GB/ sec
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AGP 4X v.s 8X
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Bandwidth-------PCI-Express 1.0
PCI-Express 1X = 2.5G*4Byte*1 = 250MB/sec PCI-Express 2X = 2.5G*4Byte*2 = 500MB/sec PCI-Express 4X = 2.5G*4Byte*4 = 1GB/sec PCI-Express 8X = 2.5G*4Byte*8 = 2GB/sec PCI-Express 16X =2.5G
=4GB/sec
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Bandwidth-------PCI-Express 2.0
PCI-Express 1X = 5G*8Byte*1 = 500MB/sec PCI-Express 2X = 5G*8Byte*2 = 1GB/sec PCI-Express 4X = 5G*8Byte*4 = 2GB/sec PCI-Express 8X = 5G*8Byte*8 = 4GB/sec PCI-Express 16X =5G*8Byte*16=8GB/sec
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Q&A
END
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